1
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Wang PF, Jiang F, Zeng QM, Yin WF, Hu YZ, Li Q, Hu ZL. Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38243312 PMCID: PMC10799425 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination of nerves. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS, as studies have shown abnormalities in mitochondrial activities, metabolism, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels, and mitochondrial morphology in immune cells of individuals with MS. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunctions in immune cells contributes to immunological dysregulation and neurodegeneration in MS. This review provided a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cells associated with MS, focusing on the potential consequences of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming on immune function. Current challenges and future directions in the field of immune-metabolic MS and its potential as a therapeutic target were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-Zi Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 233 Cai' e North Road, Changsha City, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Central Road, Changsha City, 410011, Hunan, China.
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2
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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3
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Britt RD, Porter N, Grayson MH, Gowdy KM, Ballinger M, Wada K, Kim HY, Guerau-de-Arellano M. Sterols and immune mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:47-59. [PMID: 37138729 PMCID: PMC10151016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The field of sterol and oxysterol biology in lung disease has recently gained attention, revealing a unique need for sterol uptake and metabolism in the lung. The presence of cholesterol transport, biosynthesis, and sterol/oxysterol-mediated signaling in immune cells suggests a role in immune regulation. In support of this idea, statin drugs that inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting step enzyme, hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, show immunomodulatory activity in several models of inflammation. Studies in human asthma reveal contradicting results, whereas promising retrospective studies suggest benefits of statins in severe asthma. Here, we provide a timely review by discussing the role of sterols in immune responses in asthma, analytical tools to evaluate the role of sterols in disease, and potential mechanistic pathways and targets relevant to asthma. Our review reveals the importance of sterols in immune processes and highlights the need for further research to solve critical gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Ned Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mitchell H. Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Megan Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Kara Wada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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4
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Blagov AV, Sukhorukov VN, Orekhov AN, Sazonova MA, Melnichenko AA. Significance of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12725. [PMID: 36361513 PMCID: PMC9653869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multiple sclerosis and the complexity of its etiology and pathogenesis require further study of the factors underlying the progression of this disease. The prominent role of mitochondria in neurons makes this organelle a vulnerable target for CNS diseases. The purpose of this review is to consider the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, as well as to propose new promising therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitochondrial function in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Ahmadi A, Fallah Vastani Z, Abounoori M, Azizi M, Labani‐Motlagh A, Mami S, Mami S. The role of
NK
and
NKT
cells in the pathogenesis and improvement of multiple sclerosis following
disease‐modifying
therapies. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e489. [PMID: 35229046 PMCID: PMC8865072 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that T cells become autoreactive by recognizing CNS antigens. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. In recent years, the impact of innate immune cells on MS pathogenesis has received more attention. CD56bright NK cells, as an immunoregulatory subset of NK cells, can increase the production of cytokines that modulate adaptive immune responses, whereas CD56dim NK cells are more active in cytolysis functions. These two main subsets of NK cells may have different effects on the onset or progression of MS. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are other immune cells involved in the control of autoimmune diseases; however, variant NKT (vNKT) cells, despite limited information, could play a role in MS remission via an immunoregulatory pathway. Aim We aimed to evaluate the influence of MS therapeutic agents on NK and NKT cells and NK cell subtypes. Materials and Methods The possible mechanism of each MS therapeutic agent has been presented here, focusing on the effects of different disease‐modifying therapies on the number of NK and NKT subtypes. Results Expansion of CD56bright NK cells, reduction in the CD56dim cells, and enhancement in NKT cells are the more important innate immune cells alterations following the disease‐modifying therapies. Conclusion Expansion of CD56bright NK cells or reduction in the CD56dim cells has been associated with a successful response to different treatments in MS. iNKT and vNKT cells could have beneficial effects on MS improving. It seems that they are enhanced due to some of MS drugs, leading to disease improvement. However, a reduction in the number of NKT cells could be due to the adverse effects of some of MS drugs on the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran
| | - Zahra Fallah Vastani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran
| | - Mahdi Abounoori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Alireza Labani‐Motlagh
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler Texas USA
| | - Sajad Mami
- Department of laboratory and clinical science, faculty of veterinary medicine Ilam University Ilam Iran
| | - Sanaz Mami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran
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6
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An Overview of Peptide-Based Molecules as Potential Drug Candidates for Multiple Sclerosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175227. [PMID: 34500662 PMCID: PMC8434400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) belongs to demyelinating diseases, which are progressive and highly debilitating pathologies that imply a high burden both on individual patients and on society. Currently, several treatment strategies differ in the route of administration, adverse events, and possible risks. Side effects associated with multiple sclerosis medications range from mild symptoms, such as flu-like or irritation at the injection site, to serious ones, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other life-threatening events. Moreover, the agents so far available have proved incapable of fully preventing disease progression, mostly during the phases that consist of continuous, accumulating disability. Thus, new treatment strategies, able to halt or even reverse disease progression and specific for targeting solely the pathways that contribute to the disease pathogenesis, are highly desirable. Here, we provide an overview of the recent literature about peptide-based systems tested on experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) models. Since peptides are considered a unique therapeutic niche and important elements in the pharmaceutical landscape, they could open up new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of MS.
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7
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Dadwal N, Mix C, Reinhold A, Witte A, Freund C, Schraven B, Kliche S. The Multiple Roles of the Cytosolic Adapter Proteins ADAP, SKAP1 and SKAP2 for TCR/CD3 -Mediated Signaling Events. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703534. [PMID: 34295339 PMCID: PMC8290198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the key players of the adaptive immune response. They coordinate the activation of other immune cells and kill malignant and virus-infected cells. For full activation T cells require at least two signals. Signal 1 is induced after recognition of MHC/peptide complexes presented on antigen presenting cells (APCs) by the clonotypic TCR (T-cell receptor)/CD3 complex whereas Signal 2 is mediated via the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, which binds to CD80/CD86 molecules that are present on APCs. These signaling events control the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex induces the activation of the integrin LFA-1 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1) leading to increased ligand binding (affinity regulation) and LFA-1 clustering (avidity regulation). This process is termed "inside-out signaling". Subsequently, ligand bound LFA-1 transmits a signal into the T cells ("outside-in signaling") which enhances T-cell interaction with APCs (adhesion), T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. After triggering of signal transducing receptors, adapter proteins organize the proper processing of membrane proximal and intracellular signals as well as the activation of downstream effector molecules. Adapter proteins are molecules that lack enzymatic or transcriptional activity and are composed of protein-protein and protein-lipid interacting domains/motifs. They organize and assemble macromolecular complexes (signalosomes) in space and time. Here, we review recent findings regarding three cytosolic adapter proteins, ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein), SKAP1 and SKAP2 (Src Kinase Associated Protein 1 and 2) with respect to their role in TCR/CD3-mediated activation, proliferation and integrin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirdosh Dadwal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Mix
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Coordination Center of Clinical Trials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Lazarević M, Battaglia G, Jevtić B, Đedović N, Bruno V, Cavalli E, Miljković Đ, Nicoletti F, Momčilović M, Fagone P. Upregulation of Tolerogenic Pathways by the Hydrogen Sulfide Donor GYY4137 and Impaired Expression of H 2S-Producing Enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E608. [PMID: 32664399 PMCID: PMC7402185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro effects of the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY4137 on the immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). GYY4137 specifically potentiated TGF-β expression and production in dendritic cells and significantly reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production in the lymph node and spinal cord T cells obtained from mice immunized with CNS antigens. Both the proportion of FoxP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells in the lymph node cells, and the percentage of IL-17+ CD4+ T cells in the spinal cord cells were reduced upon culturing with GYY4137. Interestingly, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from the MS patients had a lower expression of the H2S-producing enzyme, 3-mercaptopyruvate-sulfurtransferase (MPST), in comparison to those obtained from healthy donors. A significant inverse correlation between the expression of MPST and several pro-inflammatory factors was also observed. Further studies on the relevance of the observed results for the pathogenesis and therapy of MS are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Lazarević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Đedović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Piazzale A. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
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9
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Kunkl M, Frascolla S, Amormino C, Volpe E, Tuosto L. T Helper Cells: The Modulators of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020482. [PMID: 32093011 PMCID: PMC7072830 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of axonal myelin in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that is responsible for clinical symptoms such as muscle spasms, optic neuritis, and paralysis. The progress made in more than one decade of research in animal models of MS for clarifying the pathophysiology of MS disease validated the concept that MS is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder caused by the recruitment in the CNS of self-reactive lymphocytes, mainly CD4+ T cells. Indeed, high levels of T helper (Th) cells and related cytokines and chemokines have been found in CNS lesions and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, thus contributing to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the activation of resident astrocytes and microglia, and finally the outcome of neuroinflammation. To date, several types of Th cells have been discovered and designated according to the secreted lineage-defining cytokines. Interestingly, Th1, Th17, Th1-like Th17, Th9, and Th22 have been associated with MS. In this review, we discuss the role and interplay of different Th cell subpopulations and their lineage-defining cytokines in modulating the inflammatory responses in MS and the approved as well as the novel therapeutic approaches targeting T lymphocytes in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Frascolla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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10
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Rudolph J, Meinke C, Voss M, Guttek K, Kliche S, Reinhold D, Schraven B, Reinhold A. Immune Cell-Type Specific Ablation of Adapter Protein ADAP Differentially Modulates EAE. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2343. [PMID: 31632410 PMCID: PMC6779796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein ADAP is expressed in various hematopoietic cells including T cells, NK cells, myeloid cells, and platelets but absent in mature B cells. The role of ADAP in T cell activation, proliferation and integrin activation is well-accepted. We previously demonstrated that conventional ADAP knockout mice show a significantly attenuated course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To dissect the impact of different ADAP expressing cell populations on the reduced EAE severity, here, we generated lineage-specific conditional knockout mice. ADAP was deleted in T cells, myeloid cells, NK cells and platelets, respectively. Specific loss of ADAP was confirmed on the protein level. Detailed immunophenotyping was performed to assess the consequence of deletion of ADAP with regard to the maturation and distribution of immune cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The analysis showed equivalent results as for conventional ADAP knockout mice: impaired thymocyte development in ADAPfl/fl Lck-Cre mice, normal NK cell and myeloid cell distribution in ADAPfl/fl NKp46-Cre mice and ADAPfl/fl LysM-Cre mice, respectively as well as thrombocytopenia in ADAPfl/fl PF4-Cre mice. Active EAE was induced in these animals by immunization with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35−55 peptide. The clinical course of EAE was significantly milder in mice with loss of ADAP in T cells, myeloid cells and NK cells compared to ADAP-sufficient control littermates. Surprisingly, specific deletion of ADAP in platelets resulted in a more exacerbated disease. These data show that T cell-independent as well as T cell-dependent mechanisms are responsible for the complex phenotype observed in conventional ADAP knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Rudolph
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Clara Meinke
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karina Guttek
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Heidari Barchi Nezhad R, Asadi F, Abtahi Froushani SM, Hassanshahi G, Kaeidi A, Khanamani Falahati-Pour S, Hashemi Z, Mirzaei MR. The effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells treated with 17-b estradiol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6135-6146. [PMID: 31555971 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted aimed at exploring the modulatory effects of 17-b estradiol (17-bED) on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Following the isolation of bone marrow-derived MSCs from the bilateral femurs and tibias of the male Wistar rats, the cells were harvested and cultured in the presence of 100 nM 17-bED for 24 h. EAE was induced in male Wistar rats (8-12 weeks old) using guinea pig spinal cord homogenate, in combination with the complete Freund's adjuvant. The MSC therapy was triggered when all of the animals obtained a disability score. The symptoms were monitored on a daily basis throughout the study until the rats were euthanized. The mRNA expression of cytokines, including IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β together with MMP8 and MMP9 as the family members of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the brain and spinal cord tissues were examined using real-time PCR. The levels of splenocytes-originated IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines were also measured by ELISA. The MTT-based research findings showed that the infiltration of lymphocytes into the spleen decreased considerably. It was also observed that the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines decreased significantly, while the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased remarkably. It was also found that the mRNA levels of the examined matrix metalloproteinases (MMP8 and MMP9) were downregulated significantly. The findings of the present study indicated that the administration of 17-bED enhanced the efficacy of MSCs transplantation and modulated immune responses relatively in the EAE model, via the regulation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Heidari Barchi Nezhad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran
| | - Fateme Asadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran
| | - Ayat Kaeidi
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Hashemi
- Department of General Subjects, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mirzaei
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, 7718175911, Iran.
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12
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Kunkl M, Sambucci M, Ruggieri S, Amormino C, Tortorella C, Gasperini C, Battistini L, Tuosto L. CD28 Autonomous Signaling Up-Regulates C-Myc Expression and Promotes Glycolysis Enabling Inflammatory T Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060575. [PMID: 31212712 PMCID: PMC6628233 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) depend on the expansion of specific inflammatory T cell subsets, which are key effectors of tissue damage and demyelination. Emerging studies evidence that a reprogramming of T cell metabolism may occur in MS, thus the identification of stimulatory molecules and associated signaling pathways coordinating the metabolic processes that amplify T cell inflammation in MS is pivotal. Here, we characterized the involvement of the cluster of differentiation (CD)28 and associated signaling mediators in the modulation of the metabolic programs regulating pro-inflammatory T cell functions in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. We show that CD28 up-regulates glycolysis independent of the T cell receptor (TCR) engagement by promoting the increase of c-myc and the glucose transporter, Glut1, in RRMS CD4+ T cells. The increase of glycolysis induced by CD28 was important for the expression of inflammatory cytokines related to T helper (Th)17 cells, as demonstrated by the strong inhibition exerted by impairing the glycolytic pathway. Finally, we identified the class 1A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) as the critical signaling mediator of CD28 that regulates cell metabolism and amplify specific inflammatory T cell phenotypes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Manolo Sambucci
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurosciences, S. Camillo/Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, S. Camillo/Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, S. Camillo/Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Ghareghani M, Scavo L, Jand Y, Farhadi N, Sadeghi H, Ghanbari A, Mondello S, Arnoult D, Gharaghani S, Zibara K. Melatonin Therapy Modulates Cerebral Metabolism and Enhances Remyelination by Increasing PDK4 in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:147. [PMID: 30873027 PMCID: PMC6403148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disturbances have been implicated in demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Melatonin, a naturally occurring hormone, has emerged as a potent neuroprotective candidate to reduce myelin loss and improve MS outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of melatonin, at both physiological and pharmacological doses, on oligodendrocytes metabolism in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Results showed that melatonin decreased neurological disability scores and enhanced remyelination, significantly increasing myelin protein levels including MBP, MOG, and MOBP. In addition, melatonin attenuated inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Moreover, melatonin significantly increased brain concentrations of lactate, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (HMGCR). Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) mRNA and protein expression levels were also increased in melatonin-treated, compared to untreated EAE mice. However, melatonin significantly inhibited active and total pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), an enzyme under the control of PDK4. In summary, although PDC activity was reduced by melatonin, it caused a reduction in inflammatory mediators while stimulating oligodendrogenesis, suggesting that oligodendrocytes are forced to use an alternative pathway to synthesize fatty acids for remyelination. We propose that combining melatonin and PDK inhibitors may provide greater benefits for MS patients than the use of melatonin therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Linda Scavo
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Sciences and Environment (PRASE), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM U 1197, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Transplantation and Immunoregulation, Villejuif, France
| | - Yahya Jand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Farhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM U 1197, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Transplantation and Immunoregulation, Villejuif, France
| | - Sajjad Gharaghani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Sciences and Environment (PRASE), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Nociti V, Santoro M, Quaranta D, Losavio FA, De Fino C, Giordano R, Palomba N, Rossini PM, Guerini FR, Clerici M, Caputo D, Mirabella M. BDNF rs6265 polymorphism methylation in Multiple Sclerosis: A possible marker of disease progression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206140. [PMID: 30352103 PMCID: PMC6198951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its most common polymorphism Val66Met are known to have a role in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Evidence is accumulating that there is an involvement of DNA methylation in the regulation of BDNF expression. The aim of this study was to assess in blood samples of MS patients the correlation between the methylation status of the CpG site near BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and the severity of the disease. METHODS We recruited 209 MS patients that were genotyped for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. For each patient we quantitatively measured the methylation level of cytosine included in the exonic CpG site that can be created or abolished by the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism. Furthermore, we analyzed the clinical history of each patient and determined the time elapsed since the onset of the disease and an EDSS score of 6.0. RESULTS The genetic analysis identified 122 (58.4%) subjects carrying the Val/Val genotype, 81 (38.8%) with Val/Met genotype, and 6 (2.8%) carrying the Met/Met genotype. When the endpoint of an EDSS score of 6 was taken into account by means of a survival analysis, 52 failures (i.e., reaching an EDSS score of 6) were reported. When the sample was stratified according to the percentage of the BDNF methylation, subjects falling below the median (median methylation = 81%) were at higher risk of failure (IRD = 0.016; 95%CI = 0.0050-0.0279; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In patients with a high disease progression the hypomethylation of the BDNF gene could increase the secretion of the protective neurotrophin, so epigenetic modifications could be the organism response to limit a brain functional reserve loss. Our study suggests that the percentage of methylation of the BDNF gene could be used as a prognostic factor for disease progression toward a high disability in MS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Nociti
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Quaranta
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Losavio
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Fino
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Giordano
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Palomba
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Mirabella
- Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Siegmund K, Klepsch V, Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier G. Proof of Principle for a T Lymphocyte Intrinsic Function of Coronin 1A. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22086-22092. [PMID: 27566541 PMCID: PMC5063991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that were originally identified as modulators of actin-dependent processes. Studies analyzing complete Coronin 1a knock-out mice have shown that this molecule is an important regulator of naive T cell homeostasis and it has been linked to immune deficiencies as well as autoimmune disorders. Nevertheless, because Coronin 1A is strongly expressed in all leukocyte subsets, it is not conclusive whether or not this phenotype is attributed to a T cell-intrinsic function of Coronin 1A. To address this research question, we have generated a T cell-specific Coronin 1a knock-out mouse (Coro1afl/fl × Cd4[Cre]). Deletion of Coronin 1A specifically in T cells led to a strong reduction in T cell number and a shift toward the effector/memory phenotype in peripheral lymphoid organs when compared with Cd4[Cre] mice expressing wild-type Coronin 1A. In contrast to peripheral lymphoid tissue, thymocyte number and subsets were not affected by the deletion of Coronin 1a Furthermore, T cell-specific Coronin 1a knock-out mice were largely resistant to the induction of autoimmunity when tested in the myelin oligoglycoprotein-induced EAE mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, the phenotype of T cell-specific Coronin 1a deletion resembles the phenotype observed with conventional (whole body) Coronin 1a knock-out mice. In summary, our findings provide formal proof of the predominant T cell-intrinsic role of Coronin 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Siegmund
- From the Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1a, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Klepsch
- From the Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1a, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- From the Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1a, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- From the Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Strasse 1a, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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DNA Methylation: a New Player in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4049-4059. [PMID: 27314687 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological and chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by demyelination and axonal degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that immune system components such as CD4+, CD8+, CD44+ T cells, B lymphatic cells, and inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in inflammatory processes and myelin damage associated with MS. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of MS remains poorly defined. DNA methylation, a significant epigenetic modification, is reported to be extensively involved in MS pathogenesis through the regulation of gene expression. This review focuses on DNA methylation involved in MS pathogenesis. Evidence showed the hypermethylation of human leukocyte antigen-DRB1 (HLA-DRB1) in CD4+ T cells, the genome-wide DNA methylation in CD8+ T cells, the hypermethylation of interleukin-4 (IL-4)/forkhead winged helix transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), and the demethylation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/IL-17a in CD44+ encephalitogenic T cells. Studies also showed the hypermethylation of SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and methylated changes of genes regulating oligodendrocyte and neuronal function in normal-appearing white matter. Clarifying the mechanism of aberrant methylation on MS may explain part of the pathology and will lead to the development of a new therapeutic target for the treatment of MS in the future.
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18
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Huarte E, Jun S, Rynda-Apple A, Golden S, Jackiw L, Hoffman C, Maddaloni M, Pascual DW. Regulatory T Cell Dysfunction Acquiesces to BTLA+ Regulatory B Cells Subsequent to Oral Intervention in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5036-46. [PMID: 27194787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced during autoimmunity often become quiescent and unable to resolve disease, suggesting inadequate activation. Resolution of established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be achieved with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) fused to reovirus protein σ1 (MOG-pσ1), which activates Tregs, restoring protection, but requiring other regulatory cells to revitalize them. B cells have a dichotomous role in both the pathogenesis and recovery from EAE. Although inflammatory B cells contribute to EAE's pathogenesis, treatment of EAE mice with MOG-pσ1, but not OVA-pσ1, resulted in an influx of IL-10-producing B220(+)CD5(+) B regulatory cells (Bregs) enabling Tregs to recover their inhibitory activity, and in turn, leading to the rapid amelioration of EAE. These findings implicate direct interactions between Bregs and Tregs to facilitate this recovery. Adoptive transfer of B220(+)CD5(-) B cells from MOG-pσ1-treated EAE or Bregs from PBS-treated EAE mice did not resolve disease, whereas the adoptive transfer of MOG-pσ1-induced B220(+)CD5(+) Bregs greatly ameliorated EAE. MOG-pσ1-, but not OVA-pσ1-induced IL-10-producing Bregs, expressed elevated levels of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) relative to CD5(-) B cells, as opposed to Tregs or effector T (Teff) cells, whose BTLA expression was not affected. These induced Bregs restored EAE Treg function in a BTLA-dependent manner. BTLA(-/-) mice showed more pronounced EAE with fewer Tregs, but upon adoptive transfer of MOG-pσ1-induced BTLA(+) Bregs, BTLA(-/-) mice were protected against EAE. Hence, this evidence shows the importance of BTLA in activating Tregs to facilitate recovery from EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Huarte
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - SangMu Jun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Sara Golden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Larissa Jackiw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
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19
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Nosratabadi R, Rastin M, Sankian M, Haghmorad D, Mahmoudi M. Hyperforin-loaded gold nanoparticle alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing Th1 and Th17 cells and upregulating regulatory T cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1961-1971. [PMID: 27107531 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin an herbal compound, is commonly used in traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to use a hyperforin loaded gold nanoparticle (Hyp-GNP) in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Hyp-GNP and hyperforin significantly reduced clinical severity of EAE, which was accompanied by a decrease in the number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the spinal cord. Additionally, treatment with Hyp-GNP significantly inhibited disease-associated cytokines as well as an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokines in comparison to all groups including the free-hyp group. Furthermore, hyperforin and Hyp-GNP inhibited the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells while promoting Treg and Th2 cell differentiation via regulating their master transcription factors. The current study demonstrated the although, free-hyp improved clinical and laboratory data Hyp-GNP is significantly more efficient than free hyperforin in the treatment of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Ruck T, Afzali AM, Lukat KF, Eveslage M, Gross CC, Pfeuffer S, Bittner S, Klotz L, Melzer N, Wiendl H, Meuth SG. ALAIN01--Alemtuzumab in autoimmune inflammatory neurodegeneration: mechanisms of action and neuroprotective potential. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:34. [PMID: 26966029 PMCID: PMC4785638 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada®) is a newly approved therapeutic agent for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In previous phase II and III clinical trials, alemtuzumab has proven superior efficacy to subcutaneous interferon beta-1a concerning relapse rate and disability progression with unprecedented durability and long-lasting freedom of disease activity. The humanized monoclonal antibody targets CD52, leading to a rapid and long-lasting depletion, especially of B and T cells. Arising from hematopoietic precursor cells a fundamental reprogramming of the immune system restores tolerogenic networks effectively suppressing autoimmune inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite its favourable effects alemtuzumab holds a severe risk of side effects with secondary autoimmunity being the most considerable. Markers for risk stratification and treatment response improving patient selection and therapy guidance are a big unmet need for MS patients and health care providers. METHODS/DESIGN This is a mono center, single arm, explorative phase IV study including 15 patients with highly active RRMS designed for 3 years. Patients will be studied by a high-resolution analysis comprising a repertoire of various immunological assays for the detection of immune cells and their function in peripheral blood as well as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These assays encompass a number of experiments investigating immune cell subset composition, activation status, cytokine secretion, migratory capacity, potential neuroprotective properties and cytolytic activity complemented by instrument-based diagnostics like MRI scans, evoked potentials and optical coherence tomography (OCT). DISCUSSION Our study represents the first in-depth and longitudinal functional analysis of key immunological parameters in the periphery and the CNS compartment underlying the fundamental effects of alemtuzumab in MS patients. By combining clinical, experimental and MRI data our study will provide a deeper understanding of alemtuzumab's mechanisms of action (MOA) potentially identifying immune signatures associated with treatment response or the development of secondary autoimmunity. After validation in larger cohorts this might help to improve efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab therapy in RRMS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02419378 (clinicaltrials.gov), registered 31 March 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ali Maisam Afzali
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Maria Eveslage
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Pfeuffer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Radtke D, Lacher SM, Szumilas N, Sandrock L, Ackermann J, Nitschke L, Zinser E. Grb2 Is Important for T Cell Development, Th Cell Differentiation, and Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2995-3005. [PMID: 26921310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The small adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) modulates and integrates signals from receptors on cellular surfaces in inner signaling pathways. In murine T cells, Grb2 is crucial for amplification of TCR signaling. T cell-specific Grb2(fl/fl) Lckcre(tg) Grb2-deficient mice show reduced T cell numbers due to impaired negative and positive selection. In this study, we found that T cell numbers in Grb2(fl/fl) CD4cre(tg) mice were normal in the thymus and were only slightly affected in the periphery. Ex vivo analysis of CD4(+) Th cell populations revealed an increased amount of Th1 cells within the CD4(+) population of Grb2(fl/fl) CD4cre(tg) mice. Additionally, Grb2-deficient T cells showed a greater potential to differentiate into Th17 cells in vitro. To test whether these changes in Th cell differentiation potential rendered Grb2(fl/fl) CD4cre(tg) mice more prone to inflammatory diseases, we used the murine Th1 cell- and Th17 cell-driven model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to our expectations, Grb2(fl/fl) CD4cre(tg) mice developed a milder form of EAE. The impaired EAE disease can be explained by the reduced proliferation rate of Grb2-deficient CD4(+) T cells upon stimulation with IL-2 or upon activation by allogeneic dendritic cells, because the activation of T cells by dendritic cells and the subsequent T cell proliferation are known to be crucial factors for the induction of EAE. In summary, Grb2-deficient T cells show defects in T cell development, increased Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation capacities, and impaired proliferation after activation by dendritic cells, which likely reduce the clinical symptoms of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radtke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Sonja M Lacher
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Nadine Szumilas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Lena Sandrock
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Ackermann
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Nosratabadi R, Rastin M, Sankian M, Haghmorad D, Tabasi N, Zamani S, Aghaee A, Salehipour Z, Mahmoudi M. St. John’s wort and its component hyperforin alleviate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through expansion of regulatory T-cells. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:364-74. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratabadi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Tabasi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Zamani
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azita Aghaee
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohre Salehipour
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- School of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Conti P, Kempuraj D. Important role of mast cells in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 5:77-80. [PMID: 26856948 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a disease that occurs when the body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness which triggers neurological progressive and persistent functions. MS is associated with an abnormal B-cell response and upregulation of T-cell reactivity against a multitude of antigens. Mast cells are the first line of the innate immune system and act by degranulating and secreting chemical mediators and cytokines. Their participation on the central nervous system has been recognized since the beginning of the last century. They have an important role in autoimmune disease, including MS where they mediate inflammation and demyelinization by presenting myelin antigens to T cells or disrupting the blood-brain barrier and permitting entry of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The participation of mast cells in MS is demonstrated by gene overexpression of chemical mediators and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report the relationship and involvement between mast cells and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Conti
- Postgraduate, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - D Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA, USA.
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24
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Melero-Jerez C, Ortega MC, Moliné-Velázquez V, Clemente D. Myeloid derived suppressor cells in inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:368-80. [PMID: 26527182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the immune system elements and their relationship with other tissues, organs and systems are key approximations for the resolution of many immune-related disorders. The control of the immune response and/or its modulation from the pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory response is being deeply studied in the field. In the last years, the study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a group of immature myeloid cells with a high suppressive activity on T cells has been extensively addressed in cancer. In contrast, their role in neuroimmune diseases is far from being totally understood. In this review, we will summarize data about MDSCs coming from the study of neuroinflammatory diseases in general and their potential role in multiple sclerosis, in order to introduce the putative use of this extraordinary promising cell type for future cell-based therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Moliné-Velázquez
- Animal Experimental Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center (CIC), Campus de la Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
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25
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Garg N, Smith TW. An update on immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00362. [PMID: 26445701 PMCID: PMC4589809 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is the second most common cause of disability in adults in United States after head trauma. DISCUSSION The etiology of MS is probably multifactorial, related to genetic, environmental, and several other factors. The pathogenesis is not fully understood but is believed to involve T-cell-mediated inflammation directed against myelin and other related proteins with a possible role for B cells. The McDonald criteria have been proposed and revised over the years to guide the diagnosis of MS and are based on clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord to establish dissemination in time and space. The treatment of MS includes disease modification with immunomodulator drugs and symptom management to address the specific symptoms such as fatigue, spasticity, and pain. CONCLUSION An update on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and immunomodulatory treatment of MS is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Garg
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655
| | - Thomas W Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655
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26
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Infusion of Sulfosuccinimidyl-4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate-Conjugated MOG35-55-Coupled Spleen Cells Effectively Prevents and Reverses Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:129682. [PMID: 26258148 PMCID: PMC4516839 DOI: 10.1155/2015/129682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated our recently developed method for antigen-cell coupling using sulfosuccinimidyl-4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) heterobifunctional crosslinker in prevention and reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We demonstrate that infusion of MOG35–55-coupled spleen cells (MOG-SP) significantly prevents and reverses EAE. Further studies show that the protected animals exhibit significantly delayed EAE upon EAE reinduction. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from the protected mice to naïve syngeneic mice renders the recipient mice resistant to EAE induction. Unexpectedly, CD4+ T cell proliferation is similar upon ex vivo stimulation by MOG35–55 amongst all groups. However, further analysis of those proliferating CD4+ T cells shows remarkable differences in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (70% in MOG-SP groups versus 10–25% in control groups) and in IL-17+ cells (2-3% in MOG-SP groups versus 6–9% in control groups). In addition, we discover that MOG-SP treatment also significantly attenuates MOG35–55-responding IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. These findings suggest that MOG-SP treatment induces EAE protective MOG35–55-specific regulatory T cells and suppresses EAE pathogenic Th17 and Th1 cells. Our study provides a novel approach for antigen-based EAE immunotherapy, which can potentially be translated into clinical application for immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis.
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27
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Bowles AC, Scruggs BA, Bunnell BA. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1213:303-19. [PMID: 25173393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1453-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurodegenerative disease that presents after an auto-reactive immune response against constituents of the central nervous system. Demyelination, inflammation, and white matter lesions are all hallmarks of this disease. Clinical research supports the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as therapy for MS to ameliorate symptoms and pathology. MSCs can be isolated from multiple tissues, including adipose and bone marrow, and are able to migrate to sites of pathology, release anti-inflammatory factors, and provide immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects once administered. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an induced model of MS. EAE can be induced in several species; however, the mouse is commonly used for therapeutic testing. In the following chapter, scientists will be able to learn how to prepare reagents and MSCs (e.g., isolate, culture, and expand) as well as skillfully execute induction of EAE in mice and administer stem cell-based treatments. Standard methods used to evaluate the disease progression and analyze postmortem tissues are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C Bowles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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28
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Recks MS, Grether NB, van der Broeck F, Ganscher A, Wagner N, Henke E, Ergün S, Schroeter M, Kuerten S. Four different synthetic peptides of proteolipid protein induce a distinct antibody response in MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:93-106. [PMID: 25959684 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we studied the autoantibody specificity elicited by proteolipid protein (PLP) in MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In C57BL/6 (B6) mice, antibodies were induced by immunization with one of the two extracellular and by the intracellular PLP domain. Antibodies against extracellular PLP were myelin-reactive in oligodendrocyte cultures and induced mild spinal cord demyelination upon transfer into B cell-deficient J(H)T mice. Remarkably, also antibodies against intracellular PLP showed binding to intact oligodendrocytes and were capable of inducing myelin pathology upon transfer into J(H)T mice. In MP4-immunized mice peptide-specific T(H)1/T(H)17 responses were mainly directed against the extracellular PLP domains, but also involved the intracellular epitopes. These data suggest that both extracellular and intracellular epitopes of PLP contribute to the pathogenesis of MP4-induced EAE already in the setting of intact myelin. It remains to be elucidated if this concept also applies to MS itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha S Recks
- Department of Anatomy II (Neuroanatomy), University of Cologne, Kerpener Straβe 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicolai B Grether
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Alla Ganscher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Erik Henke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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29
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KhorshidAhmad T, Acosta C, Cortes C, Lakowski TM, Gangadaran S, Namaka M. Transcriptional Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) by Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2): a Novel Mechanism for Re-Myelination and/or Myelin Repair Involved in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1092-1107. [PMID: 25579386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive, neurological disease characterized by the targeted immune system-mediated destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells have a key role in orchestrating MS-induced myelin damage. Once activated, circulating Th1-cells secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines that foster the breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) eventually infiltrating into the CNS. Inside the CNS, they become reactivated upon exposure to the myelin structural proteins and continue to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that leads to direct activation of antibodies and macrophages that are involved in the phagocytosis of myelin. Proliferating oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) migrating to the lesion sites are capable of acute remyelination but unable to completely repair or restore the immune system-mediated myelin damage. This results in various permanent clinical neurological disabilities such as cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, bowel/bladder abnormalities, and neuropathic pain. At present, there is no cure for MS. Recent remyelination and/or myelin repair strategies have focused on the role of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its upstream transcriptional repressor methyl CpG binding protein (MeCP2). Research in the field of epigenetic therapeutics involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) inhibitors is being explored to repress the detrimental effects of MeCP2. This review will address the role of MeCP2 and BDNF in remyelination and/or myelin repair and the potential of HDAC and KAT inhibitors as novel therapeutic interventions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina KhorshidAhmad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Crystal Acosta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Surendiran Gangadaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada. .,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada. .,College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,School of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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30
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Moliné-Velázquez V, Ortega MC, Vila del Sol V, Melero-Jerez C, de Castro F, Clemente D. The synthetic retinoid Am80 delays recovery in a model of multiple sclerosis by modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell fate and viability. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 67:149-64. [PMID: 24709559 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by relapsing phases with ongoing neurological affectation that are followed by a remitting period in which inflammatory events are controlled and the patients partially recover. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the animal model most often used to study the inflammatory component of MS. Several cell types are involved in controlling the immune response in EAE and immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as important actors in the immunomodulation that occurs in EAE due to their ability to suppress inflammatory responses by inducing T cell apoptosis. In this study, we assessed whether MDSC differentiation may have consequences on the clinical course of EAE by treating mice around the peak of the clinical course EAE with the MDSC-differentiating agent Am80, an analogue of retinoid acid. Am80 administration abrogates the immunomodulation that occurs in EAE mice through different MDSC-related mechanisms: i) induction of MDSC apoptosis; ii) polarization of MDSCs to mature subsets of myeloid cells (dendritic cells/macrophages/neutrophils); and iii) altering their immunosuppressor phenotype. Consequently, T cell density increases and their viability is promoted, delaying the animal's recovery. Therefore, our data point to MDSC behaviour as a crucial factor in facilitating the transition from the relapsing to the remission phase in EAE, which should be considered for future immune-related therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moliné-Velázquez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Vila del Sol
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
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31
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Ruggieri S, Tortorella C, Gasperini C. Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of dimethyl fumarate (BG-12) for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:229-39. [PMID: 24707183 PMCID: PMC3972027 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s53285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the introduction of several therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapies are intended to work at different levels of the disease, typically targeting direct symptom management, brief corticosteroid administration for acute exacerbations, and the regular use of disease-modifying drugs. Nevertheless, in clinical practice, disease-modifying drugs or immunosuppressive treatments are frequently associated with suboptimal response in terms of efficacy and several side effects leading to poor patient adherence, so the proportion of relapsing–remitting MS patients not adequately responding to disease-modifying therapy have been reported to range from 7% to 49%. Natalizumab and fingolimod are the newest US Food and Drug Administration-approved agents that have been added to the MS treatment armamentarium, but their use is limited by a less known safety profile and recognized specific risk. Thus, there is an important need for new therapeutic strategies, especially those that may offer greater patient satisfaction and safer risk profile in order to optimize therapeutic outcomes. A number of potential therapies for MS are now in late-stage development. Effective, safe, and well-tolerated therapies may improve compliance and empower patients with a level of independence not presently possible. To meet these characteristics, most of these therapies are oral compounds. Herein, we review the pharmacology and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate (BG-12) to date and its role in the evolving marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, S Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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32
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Regulatory T-cell vaccination independent of auto-antigen. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e82. [PMID: 24626168 PMCID: PMC3972794 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, efforts to treat autoimmune diseases have primarily focused on the disease symptoms rather than on the cause of the disease. In large part, this is attributed to not knowing the responsible auto-antigens (auto-Ags) for driving the self-reactivity coupled with the poor success of treating autoimmune diseases using oral tolerance methods. Nonetheless, if tolerogenic approaches or methods that stimulate regulatory T (Treg) cells can be devised, these could subdue autoimmune diseases. To forward such efforts, our approach with colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae is to establish bystander immunity to ultimately drive the development of auto-Ag-specific Treg cells. Using an attenuated Salmonella vaccine expressing CFA/I fimbriae, fimbriae-specific Treg cells were induced without compromising the vaccine's capacity to protect against travelers' diarrhea or salmonellosis. By adapting the vaccine's anti-inflammatory properties, it was found that it could also dampen experimental inflammatory diseases resembling multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis. Because of this bystander effect, disease-specific Treg cells are eventually induced to resolve disease. Interestingly, this same vaccine could elicit the required Treg cell subset for each disease. For MS-like disease, conventional CD25+ Treg cells are stimulated, but for arthritis CD39+ Treg cells are induced instead. This review article will examine the potential of treating autoimmune diseases without having previous knowledge of the auto-Ag using an innocuous antigen to stimulate Treg cells via the production of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10.
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33
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Camperio C, Muscolini M, Volpe E, Di Mitri D, Mechelli R, Buscarinu MC, Ruggieri S, Piccolella E, Salvetti M, Gasperini C, Battistini L, Tuosto L. CD28 ligation in the absence of TCR stimulation up-regulates IL-17A and pro-inflammatory cytokines in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis T lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Bernardes D, Oliveira-Lima OC, da Silva TV, Faraco CCF, Leite HR, Juliano MA, dos Santos DM, Bethea JR, Brambilla R, Orian JM, Arantes RME, Carvalho-Tavares J. Differential brain and spinal cord cytokine and BDNF levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are modulated by prior and regular exercise. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Alabanza LM, Esmon NL, Esmon CT, Bynoe MS. Inhibition of endogenous activated protein C attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3764-77. [PMID: 23997223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein C (PC) is an anticoagulant involved in the interactions between the coagulation and immune systems. Activated PC has broad anti-inflammatory effects that are mediated through its ability to modulate leukocyte function and confer vascular barrier protection. We investigated the influence of activated PC on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. We modulated activated PC levels in the circulation during EAE induction through systemic administration of a mAb against PC/activated PC (anti-PC). We initially hypothesized that inhibition of activated PC may result in a heightened inflammatory environment, leading to increased EAE pathogenesis. Contrary to this hypothesis, mice treated with anti-PC Ab (anti-PC mice) exhibited attenuated EAE. Interestingly, despite reduced disease severity and minimal pathogenic conditions in the CNS, anti-PC mice exhibited considerable leukocyte infiltration in the brain, comparable to control mice with severe EAE. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells were diminished in the periphery of anti-PC mice, whereas various CD11b(+) populations were increased, notably the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a CD11b(+) subset characterized as potent T cell suppressors. MDSCs from anti-PC mice exhibited increased expression of T cell suppressive factors and effectively inhibited T cell proliferation. Overall, our findings show that activated PC inhibition affected EAE pathogenesis at multiple fronts, specifically increasing vascular barrier permeability, as evidenced by considerable leukocyte infiltration in the brain. Additionally, inhibition of activated PC modulated the functional responses of CD11b(+) cells, leading to the expansion and increased activation of MDSCs, which are suppressive to the CD4(+) T cells required for EAE progression, thereby resulting in attenuated EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Alabanza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Effect of stress on brain inflammation and multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:947-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kouakou K, Schepetkin IA, Jun S, Kirpotina LN, Yapi A, Khramova DS, Pascual DW, Ovodov YS, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Clerodendrum splendens: beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:149. [PMID: 23806004 PMCID: PMC3717075 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of leaves from Clerodendrum have been used for centuries to treat a variety of medicinal problems in tropical Africa. However, little is known about the high-molecular weight active components conferring therapeutic properties to these extracts. METHODS Polysaccharides from the leaves of Clerodendrum splendens were extracted and fractionated by ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Molecular weight determination, sugar analysis, degree of methyl esterification, and other chemical characterization of the fractions were performed. Immunomodulatory activity of the fractions was evaluated by determining their ability to induce monocyte/macrophage nitric oxide (NO), cytokine production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and severity of EAE was monitored in mice treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the most active polysaccharide fraction. Lymph nodes (LN) and spleen were harvested, and levels of cytokines in supernatants from LN cells and splenocytes challenged with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide were determined. RESULTS Fractions containing type II arabinogalactan had potent immunomodulatory activity. Specifically, the high-molecular weight sub-fraction CSP-AU1 (average of 38.5 kDa) induced NO and cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β, -6, -10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF; designated previously as TNF-α), and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte/macrophages. CSP-AU1-induced secretion of TNF was prevented by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist LPS-RS, indicating a role for TLR4 signaling. Treatment with CSP-AU1 also induced phosphorylation of a number of MAPKs in human PBMC and activated AP-1/NF-κB. In vivo treatment of mice with CSP-AU1 and CSP-NU1 resulted in increased serum IL-6, IL-10, TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, and MIP-1β/CCL4. CSP-AU1 treatment of mice with EAE (50 mg/kg, i.p., daily, 13 days) resulted in significantly reduced disease severity in this experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Levels of IL-13, TNF, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, and GM-CSF were also significantly decreased, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was increased in LN cells from CSP-AU1-treated EAE mice. CONCLUSIONS Polysaccharide CSP-AU1 is a potent natural innate immunomodulator with a broad spectrum of agonist activity in vitro and immunosupressive properties after chronic administration in vivo.
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Azami Tameh A, Clarner T, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Hassanzadeh G, Naderian H. Regional regulation of glutamate signaling during cuprizone-induced demyelination in the brain. Ann Anat 2013; 195:415-23. [PMID: 23711509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is associated with a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders and also seems to be involved in the pathology of demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination shows clear characteristics of MS such as demyelination and axonal damage without the involvement of the innate immune system. In this study, we have evaluated glutamate signaling during cuprizone-induced demyelination in the white and gray matter of mouse brain by studying the expression of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate-receptors and -transporters by Affymetrix gene array analysis, followed by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Cellular localization of glutamate transporters was investigated by fluorescence double-labeling experiments. Comparing white and gray matter areas, the expression of glutamate receptors was region-specific. Among NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A was up-regulated in the demyelinated corpus callosum (CC), whereas the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR2 was down-regulated in demyelinated gray matter. Glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) co-localizing with GFAP(+) astrocytes was increased in both demyelinated CC and telencephalic cortex, whereas Slc1a4 transporter was up-regulated only in CC. Our data indicate that cuprizone treatment affects glutamate-receptors and -transporters differently in gray and white matter brain areas revealing particularly regulation of GLAST and Slc1a4 compared with other genes. This might have an important influence on brain-region selective sensitivity to neurotoxic compounds and the progression of demyelination as has been reported for MS and other demyelinating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Grubić-Kezele T, Jakovac H, Tota M, Canadi-Jurešić G, Barac-Latas V, Milin C, Radošević-Stašić B. Metallothioneins I/II expression in rat strains with genetically different susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:152-63. [PMID: 23485922 DOI: 10.1159/000346546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compared to the Dark Agouti (DA), the Albino Oxford (AO) rat strain exhibits lower susceptibility to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we investigated the potential contribution of the heavy metal-binding proteins metallothioneins (MTs) I/II to these effects. METHODS Rats were immunized with bovine brain homogenate emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant or only with complete Freund's adjuvant. The expression patterns of MTs mRNA and proteins and tissue concentrations of Zn2+ and Cu2+ were estimated in the brain and in the liver on days 7 and 12 after immunization, by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, respectively. Additionally, the hepatic transforming growth factor beta and nuclear factor kappa B immunoreactivities were tested. RESULTS Clinical signs of EAE were not induced in AO rats, but they upregulated the expression of MT I/II proteins in the brain (hippocampus and cerebellum) and in the liver, similarly as DA rats. The transcriptional activation of MT-I occurred, however, only in DA rats, which accumulated also more zinc in the brain and in the liver. In contrast, intact AO rats had greater hepatic MT-I mRNA immunoreactivity and more Cu2+ in the hippocampus. Besides, in immunized AO rats a high upregulation of transforming growth factor beta and nuclear factor kappa B immunoreactivities was found in several hepatic structures (vascular endothelium, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that AO and DA rats differ in constitutive and inductive MT-I gene expression in the brain and in the liver, as well as in the hepatic cytokine profile, suggesting that these mechanisms may contribute to the discrepancy in the susceptibility to EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Male
- Metallothionein/genetics
- Metallothionein/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Species Specificity
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić-Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Abstract
Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, the consensus is that Th1 cells sensitized to myelin proteins in the periphery are recruited into the CNS and damage the myelin sheath. Natural killers (NK) are cells that spontaneously lyse tumor target cells and have immunoregulatory activity secreting multiple cytokines and chemokines, as well as interacting with cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. A great discovery in the field is the cloning of several inhibitory and activating receptors. Another important contribution is the discovery that these cells express many seven-transmembrane-spanning domain receptors which aid them in extravasations into injured tissues. Despite all this progress, the role of NK cells in autoimmune diseases including MS is still not quite clear. In this paper, I will summarize recent findings related to the effects of these cells in both MS and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Hence, I will discuss the effects of drugs used to treat MS/EAE and then explain their effects on NK cells. These include anti-CD25 or daclizumab, interferon-β (IFN-β), natalizumab, glatiramer acetate (GA), and fingolimod (FTY720). Finally, I will explain the contribution of the recently discovered NK17/NK1 cells in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, POB 1103, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Kaur G, Trowsdale J, Fugger L. Natural killer cells and their receptors in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 136:2657-76. [PMID: 22734127 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has crucial roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. While the adaptive immune cell subsets, T and B cells, have been the main focus of immunological research in multiple sclerosis, it is now important to realize that the innate immune system also has a key involvement in regulating autoimmune responses in the central nervous system. Natural killer cells are innate lymphocytes that play vital roles in a diverse range of infections. There is evidence that they influence a number of autoimmune conditions. Recent studies in multiple sclerosis and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, are starting to provide some understanding of the role of natural killer cells in regulating inflammation in the central nervous system. Natural killer cells express a diverse range of polymorphic cell surface receptors, which interact with polymorphic ligands; this interaction controls the function and the activation status of the natural killer cell. In this review, we discuss evidence for the role of natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We consider how a change in the balance of signals received by the natural killer cell influences its involvement in the ensuing immune response, in relation to multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurman Kaur
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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VIP deficient mice exhibit resistance to lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxemia with an intrinsic defect in proinflammatory cellular responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36922. [PMID: 22615845 PMCID: PMC3355097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with immunomodulatory properties. The administration of this peptide has been shown to have beneficial effects in murine models of inflammatory diseases including septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. However, the role of the endogenous peptide in inflammatory disease remains obscure because VIP-deficient mice were recently found to exhibit profound resistance in a model of MS. In the present study, we analyzed the response of female VIP deficient (KO) mice to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We observed significant resistance to LPS in VIP KO mice, as evidenced by lower mortality and reduced tissue damage. The increased survival was associated with decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-12) in sera and peritoneal suspensions of these mice. Moreover, the expression of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA was reduced in peritoneal cells, spleens and lungs from LPS-treated VIP KO vs. WT mice, suggesting that the resistance might be mediated by an intrinsic defect in the responsiveness of immune cells to endotoxin. In agreement with this hypothesis, peritoneal cells isolated from VIP KO naive mice produced lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to LPS in vitro. Finally, decreased NF-κB pathway activity in peritoneal cells was observed both in vivo and in vitro, as determined by assay of phosphorylated I-κB. The results demonstrate that female VIP KO mice exhibit resistance to LPS-induced shock, explainable in part by the presence of an intrinsic defect in the responsiveness of inflammatory cells to endotoxin.
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Batoulis H, Uhl M, Addicks K, Lehmann PV, Kuerten S. The magnitude of the antigen-specific T cell response is separated from the severity of spinal cord histopathology in remitting-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 2012; 60:794-805. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Chanaday NL, de Bem AF, Roth GA. Effect of diphenyl diselenide on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kuerten S, Lehmann PV. The Immune Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Lessons Learned for Multiple Sclerosis? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:907-16. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy I, University Hospitals of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, Cleveland, Ohio
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48
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Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 as a promising approach for immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis? Trends Mol Med 2011; 18:92-100. [PMID: 22078487 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancement in developing therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), drugs that cure this devastating disorder are an unmet need. Among the remedies showing efficacy in preclinical MS models, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 have gained great momentum. Emerging evidence demonstrates that PARP-1 inhibitors epigenetically regulate gene expression and finely tune transcriptional activation in immune and neural cells. In this review, we present an appraisal of the effects of PARP-1 and its inhibitors on immune activation, with particular emphasis on the processes taking place during the autoimmune attack directed against the central nervous system. One explanation is that drugs inhibiting PARP-1 activity protect from neuroinflammation in MS models via immunomodulation and direct neuroprotection. PARP-1 inhibitors have already reached the clinical arena as cancer treatments, and observations made in treating these patients could help advance treatments for MS.
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Huarte E, Rynda-Apple A, Riccardi C, Skyberg JA, Golden S, Rollins MF, Ramstead AG, Jackiw LO, Maddaloni M, Pascual DW. Tolerogen-induced interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) protect against EAE. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:328-41. [PMID: 22018711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Likewise, a new innate cell subset, interferon-producing killer DCs (IKDCs), shares phenotypic and functional characteristics with both DCs and NK cells. Here, we show IKDCs play an essential role in the resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon treatment with the tolerizing agent, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), genetically fused to reovirus protein σ1 (termed MOG-pσ1). Activated IKDCs were recruited subsequent MOG-pσ1 treatment of EAE, and disease resolution was abated upon NK1.1 cell depletion. These IKDCs were able to kill activated CD4(+) T cells and mature dendritic DCs, thus, contributing to EAE remission. In addition, IKDCs were responsible for MOG-pσ1-mediated MOG-specific regulatory T cell recruitment to the CNS. The IKDCs induced by MOG-pσ1 expressed elevated levels of HVEM for interactions with cognate ligand-positive cells: LIGHT(+) NK and T(eff) cells and BTLA(+) B cells. Further characterization revealed these activated IKDCs being MHC class II(high), and upon their adoptive transfer (CD11c(+)NK1.1(+)MHC class II(high)), IKDCs, but not CD11c(+)NK1.1(+)MHC class II(intermediate/low) (unactivated) cells, conferred protection against EAE. These activated IKDCs showed enhanced CD107a, PD-L1, and granzyme B expression and could present OVA, unlike unactivated IKDCs. Thus, these results demonstrate the interventional potency induced HVEM(+) IKDCs to resolve autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Huarte
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaniah Hassan-Smith
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB
| | - Michael R Douglas
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham and Department of Neurology, Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley
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