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Sumner ES, DeCastro J, Costa J, Gopinath DE, Kimani E, Hakimi S, Morgan A, Best A, Nguyen H, Brooks DJ, Ul Haq B, Patrikalakis A, Yasuda H, Sieck K, Balachandran A, Chen TL, Rosman G. Personalizing driver safety interfaces via driver cognitive factors inference. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18058. [PMID: 39103366 PMCID: PMC11300826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in AI and intelligent vehicle technology hold the promise of revolutionizing mobility and transportation through advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Certain cognitive factors, such as impulsivity and inhibitory control have been shown to relate to risky driving behavior and on-road risk-taking. However, existing systems fail to leverage such factors in assistive driving technologies adequately. Varying the levels of these cognitive factors could influence the effectiveness and acceptance of ADAS interfaces. We demonstrate an approach for personalizing driver interaction via driver safety interfaces that are are triggered based on the inference of the driver's latent cognitive states from their driving behavior. To accomplish this, we adopt a data-driven approach and train a recurrent neural network to infer impulsivity and inhibitory control from recent driving behavior. The network is trained on a population of human drivers to infer impulsivity and inhibitory control from recent driving behavior. Using data collected from a high-fidelity vehicle motion simulator experiment, we demonstrate the ability to deduce these factors from driver behavior. We then use these inferred factors to determine instantly whether or not to engage a driver safety interface. This approach was evaluated using leave-one-out cross validation using actual human data. Our evaluations reveal that our personalized driver safety interface that captures the cognitive profile of the driver is more effective in influencing driver behavior in yellow light zones by reducing their inclination to run through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Sumner
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA.
- , Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Jean Costa
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Best
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
- , Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kate Sieck
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Guy Rosman
- Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos, CA, USA
- , Cambridge, MA, USA
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Tirla L, Sârbescu P, Rusu A. Assessing the effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions on driving behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 199:107496. [PMID: 38359672 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This review aimed to quantitatively summarize the evidence concerning the effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions on driving behavior. A final pool of 138 studies, totaling approximately 97,000 participants, was included in the analyses and covered all types of driving behavior targeted by the interventions. Using a random effects model, significant results were found for almost all driving outcomes, both post-intervention and long-term. The strongest effect was for reducing distracted driving at post-intervention (d = 1.87 [1.12, 2.60], Z = 4.94, p < 0.001). The only non-significant effects were for reducing errors in the long term (d = 0.50 [-0.87, 1.86], Z = 0.71, p = 0.48) and driving under the influence at post-intervention (d = 0.35 [0.00, 0.71], Z = 1.96, p = 0.05). Concerning which type of intervention was more effective, feedback, training and motivational ones appear to work best. Educational interventions show only weak effects, while awareness interventions seem mostly ineffective. Overall, our results show that most interventions can reduce different types of driving behaviors, but there are specific aspects to be considered based on the targeted behavior.
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Julien-Sweerts S, Romo L, Blot E, Ordonneau P, Ingrand P, Gicquel L. CBT program to reduce recidivism risk for road crashes among adolescents and young adults: Results of a randomized controlled study and prospects. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20074. [PMID: 37810130 PMCID: PMC10559812 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Road crashes are the first cause of mortality for young adults aged 18-25 years and the human factor contributes to 90-95% of events. The present study was carried out to determine the efficacity of the ECARR2 recurrence prevention program among adolescents and young adults at high risk of having a new traffic crash in the following months. A total of 288 participants having had a traffic crash that required going to the emergency room, at high risk of accident recurrence (ECARR≥5) were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (n = 144) or the control group (n = 144). Results revealed that the risk of recurrence was highest during the first 6 months (66% of recurrences). In per-protocol analysis population, at 6 months after inclusion, the accident recurrence rate was 14.2% ± 3.3% in the intervention group, and 23.5% ± 4.0% in the control group. The intervention had an effect per se, independently of the other predictors (p = 0.020). This effect was mediated by the three interaction variables: BDI, Impulsive Behavior Scale lack of perseverance, and Orientation to Happiness engagement. It was therefore through these dimensions that the intervention had an effect. In conclusion, the ECARR score predicts the risk of recurrence, risk which is the highest during the first 6 months. Finally, results confirm the predictive validity of the ECARR scale. The ECARR score had an effect on the risk of recurrence regardless of group (p = 0.045) and was predictive of recurrence (p = 0.045).A brief psychological intervention such as ECARR2 program, offered to young people ar hight risk of having a new crash, just after the crash, seems to halve the risk of recurrence at 6 months. Future research should improve the brief psychological intervention and its access via a mobile application or few hours in high school or in a driving school given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430 Clipsyd, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Hôpital Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France. CESP, U1018 INSERM UPS
| | - Emilie Blot
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Laborit Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Pauline Ordonneau
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Laborit Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Ingrand
- INSERM CIC 1402, University Hospital of Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Ludovic Gicquel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Laborit Hospital, Poitiers, France
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Tokko T, Miškinyte G, Eensoo D, Harro J. Driving risks of young drivers with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with the dopamine transporter gene VNTR polymorphism. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:575-583. [PMID: 35130472 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2032330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of death for young adults, and young drivers with higher expression of symptoms of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could pose an even greater risk in traffic. Dopaminergic dysfunction has been found to occur in ADHD, with the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene VNTR polymorphism (DAT1 VNTR; rs28363170) being one of the most consistent genetic markers. Thus, we aimed at clarifying how the ADHD symptoms and the DAT1 VNTR relate to risk-taking behaviour in traffic, impulsivity and driving anger in young drivers. METHOD We used data of two traffic behaviour study samples (n = 741, mean age = 23.3 ± 7.2 years; n = 995, mean age = 22.9 ± 8.1 years) and the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS; traffic behaviour data n = 1,016, mean age = 25.2 ± 2.1 years). ADHD symptoms were assessed by self-report with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1) and impulsivity with the Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale. Traffic behavioural measures were either self-reported (Driver Behaviour Questionnaire, Driving Anger Scale) or obtained from databases (registered accidents and violations). RESULTS Drivers with more self-reported ADHD symptoms also reported more risk-taking in traffic and had more of recorded traffic accidents and violations. DAT1 9 R carriers had a higher probability of high traffic risk behaviour only if they also had ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION Higher level of ADHD symptoms is a significant risk factor in traffic, and carrying of the DAT1 9 R allele appears to aggravate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tõnis Tokko
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grete Miškinyte
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diva Eensoo
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Research Centre, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Kashani MM, Akbari H, Saberi H, Ghorbanipour R, Karamali F. Driving Fine and its Relationship with Dangerous Driving Behaviour Among Heavy Vehicle Drivers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2022; 26:266-272. [PMID: 37033749 PMCID: PMC10077724 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_45_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context There is a significant difference between actual and existing statistics of traffic fines; since some invisible fines and most of the visible traffic violations cannot be recorded by traffic officers. Therefore, dealing with driving fines and road fatalities is considered an important issue in social and public management worldwide. Aims Explore the factors associated with unsafe behaviors and getting traffic fines among a sample of Iranian heavy-vehicle professional drivers. Settings and Design The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran, from February 2019 to September 2020. Methods and Material This study used the driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ), demographic and driving characteristics, the number of fines, and structural equation modeling. Also, in this study 320 professional drivers participated. Statistical Analysis Used This article used structural equation modeling for Statistical analysis. Results The results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the data fit well with the theoretical model proposed in this study. The number of fines was directly predicted by both demographic and driving characteristics and risky driving behaviors. A significant relationship was observed between, driving hours, driving experience, and smoking, respectively, with a mistake, slip, and risky violation. There was a negative correlation between education and all four sub-scales of risky driving behaviors. Conclusions In order to reduce traffic fines, training courses on increasing attention and precision in drivers' observations and judgments are useful. The courses can decrease traffic violations by trying to change beliefs, attitudes, and social norms. It is therefore helpful to understand the ways to change the drivers' attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reihaneh Ghorbanipour
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Karamali
- Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Management, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Predicting driving speed from psychological metrics in a virtual reality car driving simulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10044. [PMID: 35710859 PMCID: PMC9203461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do some people tend to drive faster than others? Personality characteristics such as the evaluation of risk to oneself or to others, impulsivity, adherence to norms, but also other personal factors such as gender, age, or driving experience all may play a role in determining how fast people drive. Since driving speed is a critical factor underlying accident prevalence, identifying the psychological metrics to predict individual driving speed is an important step that could aid in accident prevention. To investigate this issue, here, we used an immersive virtual reality driving simulation to analyze average driving speed. A total of 124 participants first took a comprehensive set of personality and background questionnaires and a behavioral risk-taking measure. In the virtual reality experiment, participants were required to navigate a difficult driving course in a minimally-restricted, non-urban setting in order to provide baseline results for speed selection. Importantly, we found that sensation seeking and gender significantly predicted the average driving speed, and that sensation seeking and age were able to predict the maximum driving speed.
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Möller H, Cullen P, Senserrick T, Rogers K, Boufous S, Ivers RQ. Driving offences and risk of subsequent crash in novice drivers: the DRIVE cohort study 12-year follow-up. Inj Prev 2022; 28:396-404. [PMID: 35361665 PMCID: PMC9510411 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Penalties are a key component to improve road user safety, but previous studies suggested that they might not be successful in reducing crashing in offending drivers. However, these studies were not able to consider important crash risk factors in the analysis that might confound the results. Using data from a large prospective cohort study of young drivers in New South Wales, Australia, we explored if novice drivers with driving offences have a higher rates of car crash and if these differences are explained by established crash risk factors. Methods We used data from a 2003/2004 Australian survey of young drivers, linked to police reported offence and crash data, hospital data and deaths data up to 2016. We used Poisson regression models adjusted for confounders to estimate the association between driving offences during 2003–2006 with car crash during 2007–2016. Results The study cohort comprised 20 781 young drivers of whom 7860 drivers (37.8%) had at least one driving offence and 2487 (12.0%) were involved in at least one crash. After adjusting for confounders in the regression model, drivers with three or more driving offences had 2.25 (95% CI 1.98 to 2.57), 2.87 (95% CI 1.60 to 5.17) and 3.28 (95% CI 2.28 to 4.72) times higher rates of any crash, crashes that resulted in hospital admission or death and single vehicle crashes compared with drivers with no driving offences. Conclusion Measures that successfully mitigate the underlying risk factors for both, crashes and offences, have the potential to improve road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.,Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Teresa Senserrick
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Kelvin Grove, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queesnland, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- School of Aviation, Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Möller H, Ivers R, Cullen P, Rogers K, Boufous S, Patton G, Senserrick T. Risky youth to risky adults: Sustained increased risk of crash in the DRIVE study 13 years on. Prev Med 2021; 153:106786. [PMID: 34506819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if drivers who exhibit risky driving behaviours during youth (aged 17-24 years) have an increased risk of car crash up to 13 years later. We used data from the DRIVE study, a 2003/04 survey of 20,806 young novice drivers in New South Wales, Australia. The data were linked with police crash, hospital and deaths data up to 2016. We analysed differences in crash associated with 13 items of risky driving behaviours using negative binominal regression models adjusted for driver demographics, driving exposure and known crash risk factors. The items were summarised in one index and grouped into quintiles for the analysis. After adjusting for confounding, drivers of the third (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.30), fourth (RR1.22, 95% CI1.09-1.36) and fifth quintile (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.21-1.53) had higher crash rates compared to the lowest risk-takers. Drivers with the highest scores on the risky driving measure had higher rates of crash related hospital admission or death (RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.13-3.27), crashes in wet conditions (RR 1.35,95% CI 1.05-1.73), crashes in darkness (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.25-1.93) and head-on crashes (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.07-4.28), compared with drivers with the lowest scores. Novice adolescent drivers who reported high levels of risky driving when they first obtained a driver licence remained at increased risk of crash well into adulthood. Measures that successfully reduce early risky driving, have the potential to substantially reduce road crashes and transport related injuries and deaths over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Möller
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia; Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Graduate School of Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- School of Aviation, Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa Senserrick
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Gifty G, Zubair SM, Poobalan A, Sumit K. Effective interventions in road traffic accidents among the young and novice drivers of low and middle-income countries: A scoping review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Latent Class Analysis of Individual-Level Characteristics Predictive of Intervention Outcomes in Urban Male Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1139-1149. [PMID: 33821372 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Preventive intervention research dictates that new techniques are needed to elucidate what types of interventions work best for whom to prevent behavioral problems. The current investigation applies a latent class modeling structure to identify the constellation of characteristics-or profile-in urban male adolescents (n = 125, aged 15) that interrelatedly predict responses to a brief administration of an evidence-based program, Positive Adolescent Choices Training (PACT). Individual-level characteristics were selected as predictors on the basis of their association with risk behaviors and their implication in intervention outcomes (e.g., mental health, stress exposure, temperament, cognitive function, stress reactivity and emotion perception). Outcome measures included virtual reality vignettes and questionnaire-style role play scenarios to gauge orientations around aggressive conflict resolution, communication, emotional control, beliefs supporting aggression and hostility. A three-class model was found to best fit the data: "NORMative" (NORM), with relatively low symptomatology; "Mental Health" problems (MH-I) with elevated internalizing symptoms; and "Mental Health-E + Cognitive Deficit" (MH-E + Cog) with elevated mental health symptoms paired with cognitive decrements. The NORM class had positive PACT effects for communication, conflict resolution, and aggressive beliefs. Moderation was evidenced by lack of positive PACT effects for the MH-I and MH-E + Cog groups. Also, PACT classes with MH issues showed marginally significant worsening of aggressive beliefs compared to control students in the same class. Results suggest that a latent class model may identify "signatures" or profiles of traits, experiences and other influences that collectively-and more realistically-predict variable intervention outcomes with implications for more effectively targeting interventions than singular factors.
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Harro J, Laas K, Eensoo D, Kurrikoff T, Sakala K, Vaht M, Parik J, Mäestu J, Veidebaum T. Orexin/hypocretin receptor gene (HCRTR1) variation is associated with aggressive behaviour. Neuropharmacology 2019; 156:107527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Efficacy of intervention at traffic schools reducing impulsive action, and association with candidate gene variants. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:159-166. [PMID: 31182183 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among young people. Recognition of the contribution of impulsive behaviour may help novice drivers to behave more safely. Previously a brief intervention focusing on impulsive traffic behaviour conducted by psychologists in driving schools had been effective. The aim of this study was an independent re-evaluation of the effect of the intervention, as conducted by driving school teachers, and assessment of the potential associations with candidate genotypes. METHODS Driving school students (mean age 22.5, SD=7.9) were divided into intervention (n=704) and control (n=737) groups. Driving school teachers were trained to administer the intervention which consisted of a lecture and group work (1.5 h in total) on impulsivity. Traffic offences and crashes were monitored during 3 years, using police and traffic insurance fund databases. Functional polymorphisms of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter genes (DAT1 VNTR and 5-HTTLPR) were assessed. RESULTS The intervention significantly lowered general traffic risk and prevalence of traffic accidents. DAT1 VNTR 9R carriers, particularly males, had higher general traffic risk in the whole sample. Female 5-HTTLPR s' allele carriers of the intervention group had the lowest general traffic risk. Intervention was most effective in female DAT1 VNTR 10R/10R homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS Brief impulsivity-centred intervention appears as a promising strategy for preventing risk-taking behaviour in novice drivers and can be fully integrated to driving school curriculum.
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Relapse of drunk driving and association with traffic accidents, alcohol-related problems and biomarkers of impulsivity. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:84-92. [PMID: 30472966 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual biological predispositions should play a role in risky driving behaviour. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) gene polymorphisms have been identified as markers of impulsivity, alcohol use and excessive risk-taking. We aimed to find out how this knowledge on neurobiology of impulsivity applies to drunk driving and traffic behaviour in general. METHODS We have longitudinally examined the behaviour of drunk drivers (n = 203) and controls (n = 211) in traffic, in association with their alcohol-related problems, personality measures and the three biomarkers. We analysed differences between the subjects based on whether they had committed driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) violation in a 10-year time period after recruitment or not and investigated further, what kind of predictive value do the different biomarkers have in committing DWI and other traffic violations and accidents. RESULTS The original drunk drivers group had lower platelet MAO activity but further DWI was not significantly associated with this measure. Being a NPSR1 T-allele carrier contributed to the risk of repeatedly committing DWI. DAT1 9R carriers in contrast were involved in more traffic accidents by their own fault (active accidents), compared to 10R homozygotes in the whole sample. All groups with DWI also had significantly more alcohol-related problems and higher scores in maladaptive impulsivity compared to controls without DWI. CONCLUSIONS Established biological markers of alcohol use and impulsivity can be reliably associated with everyday traffic behaviour and help in contributing to the understanding of the need for more personalized prevention activities.
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Abstract
The objective of this work is to examine the human response to different interventions to determine its direct intervention effect and education effect on the speeding of novice drivers. Several experiments, in which participants received different interventions when they were speeding, were conducted on the simulating driving system. The direct intervention effect of different intervention methods was measured by speed reduction and the education effect of voice intervention was measured by questionnaires. A total of 60 novice drivers and 20 experienced drivers were involved in this study, and the personality, gender and driving experience were considered in the analysis. We found that the steer wheel vibration has a significant influence on the intervention effect, but the lighting does not. The driving experience has more impact on the intervention effect of voice intervention with the Rational Style. While gender mainly influences the intervention effect of Emotional Style. The education effect of voice intervention designed with Emotional Style performs better than Rational Style. The personality from Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) does not have a significant influence on the intervention effect. At last, a new driving style variable which can be calculated automatically from driving data was designed and the novel intervention strategy was proposed according to the research results. Our research provides a novel intervention strategy for drivers’ speeding behavior and gives an underlying insight into urban traffic safety, which is beneficial to ensure the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of the transportation system. It also serves as a reference for traffic safety research management agencies, the government, and the produced smart vehicles companies, providing guidance not limited to speeding intervention and aimed at improving other unsafe driving behavior.
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Wang X, Huang K, Yang L. Effects of socio-demographic, personality and mental health factors on traffic violations in Chinese bus drivers. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 24:890-900. [PMID: 30676085 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1567928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the association between bus drivers' socio-demographic characteristics, personality traits, mental health and traffic violations. This case-control study included 596 bus drivers who were recruited during October 2014 to May 2016, including 295 drivers with traffic violations and 301 drivers without traffic violations. The bus drivers' personality traits and mental health were assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). Drivers aged 26-35 years were 72% less likely to be involved in traffic violations compared to drivers aged ≤25 years (OR:0.284,95%CI:0.137-0.586). Drivers with ≤2 years driving experience were associated with almost a three-fold increased risk of traffic violations compared to ≥21 years driving experience (OR:3.174,95%CI:1.097-9.187). The OR value decreased with the increase of annual income (OR:4.631,95%CI:2.667-8.042;OR:3.569,95%CI:2.038-6.251;OR:3.781,95%CI:1.999-7.151). Occasionally drinking drivers and regularly drinking drivers, compared to nondrinking drivers, exhibited a higher risk of traffic violations (OR:2.487,95%CI:1.521-4.065;OR:3.271,95%CI:1.387-7.716).Extroversion and neuroticism were identified as significant factors associated with traffic violations (OR:1.262,95%CI:1.145-1.393;OR:1.159,95%CI:1.060-1.267).Somatization increased eleven-fold risk of bus drivers' traffic violations (OR:11.185,95%CI:4.563-27.419). The results revealed that bus drivers' traffic violations were mainly affected by specific socio-demographic characteristics, personality traits and mental health, which increase the risk of traffic violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , P.R. China
| | - Kaiyong Huang
- b Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- b Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , P.R. China
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Hatfield J, Williamson A, Kehoe EJ, Lemon J, Arguel A, Prabhakharan P, Job RFS. The effects of training impulse control on simulated driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 119:1-15. [PMID: 29966858 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in young driver training that addresses age-related factors, including incompletely developed impulse control. Two studies investigated whether training of response inhibition can reduce risky simulated driving in young drivers (aged 16-24 years). Each study manipulated aspects of response inhibition training then assessed transfer of training using simulated driving measures including speeding, risky passing, and compliance with traffic controls. Study 1 (n = 65) used a Go/No-go task, Stop Signal Task and a Collision Detection Task. Designed to promote engagement, learning, and transfer, training tasks were driving-relevant and adaptive (i.e. difficulty increased as performance improved), included performance feedback, and were distributed over five days. Control participants completed matching "filler" tasks. Performance on trained tasks improved with training, but there was no significant improvement in simulated driving. Study 2 enhanced response inhibition training using Go/No-go and SST tasks, with clearer performance feedback, and 10 days of training. Control participants completed testing only, in order to avoid any possibility of training response inhibition in the filler tasks. Again performance on trained tasks improved, but there was no evidence of transfer of training to simulated driving. These findings suggest that although training of sufficient interest and duration can improve response inhibition task performance, a training schedule that is likely to be acceptable to the public does not result in improvements in simulated driving. Further research is needed to investigate whether response inhibition training can improve risky driving in the context of real-world motivations for risky driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hatfield
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ann Williamson
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - E James Kehoe
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Lemon
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amaël Arguel
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia; Department of Educational Studies, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Prasannah Prabhakharan
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - R F Soames Job
- World Bank and Global Road Safety Facility, United States
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Eensoo D, Paaver M, Vaht M, Loit HM, Harro J. Risky driving and the persistent effect of a randomized intervention focusing on impulsivity: The role of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 113:19-24. [PMID: 29407665 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic accidents are a serious public health issue, and real-life traffic offences are an excellent indicator of the behavioural tendencies of impulsivity and risk-taking. We have previously reported on short-term efficacy of a brief intervention in driving schools to reduce traffic risks (Paaver et al., Accid. Anal. Prev., 2013; 50, 430-437), and have now addressed the question of whether does the impact of the intervention last for a few years, and whether traffic behaviour and the intervention effect are associated with the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) genotype as the central serotonin system is strongly associated with impulse control. Participants of the study were 1866 novice car-drivers (mean age 23.0, SD = 7.2 years). Data on traffic violations were obtained four years after intervention from the police database and on traffic collisions from the national traffic insurance database. DNA samples were available for 767 participants and 5-HTTLPR genotypes were classified using the triallelic model. For the observation period after the intervention, speeding, drunk driving and involvement in traffic accidents were significantly lower in the intervention group. 5-HTTLPR genotype was associated with traffic behaviour: The S'-allele carriers had significantly lower odds for speeding offences and traffic accidents. The lower prevalence of S'-allele carriers among those who had committed speeding offences was statistically significant in females, while the lower prevalence of having been involved in a traffic accident was rather observed in males. Statistically significant intervention effects were observed only in the L'/L' homozygotes who had higher prevalence of traffic incidents. Conclusively, the brief intervention in traffic schools had a significant impact on traffic safety within subsequent four years, and traffic behaviour was associated with the serotonin transporter genotype. These findings suggest that subjects who are less likely to self-regulate their driving habits while gaining experience would benefit from training of impulsivity recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diva Eensoo
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Paaver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helle-Mai Loit
- National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Luht K, Eensoo D, Tooding LM, Harro J. The association of measures of the serotonin system, personality, alcohol use, and smoking with risk-taking traffic behavior in adolescents in a longitudinal study. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:9-16. [PMID: 28844162 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1368702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the neurobiological basis of risk-taking behavior have most often focused on the serotonin system. The promoter region of the gene encoding the serotonin transporter contains a polymorphic site (5-HTTLPR) that is important for the transcriptional activity, and studies have demonstrated its association with brain activity and behavior. Another molecular mechanism that reflects the capacity of the central serotonin system is the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) as measured in platelets. The purpose of the present study was to examine how measures of the serotonin system (platelet MAO activity and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism), personality variables, alcohol use and smoking are associated with risk-taking traffic behavior in schoolchildren through late adolescence. The younger cohort of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (originally n = 583) filled in questionnaires about personality traits, smoking status, alcohol use and traffic behavior at age 15 and 18 years. From venous blood samples, platelet MAO activity was measured radioenzymatically and 5-HTTLPR was genotyped. During late adolescence, subjects with lower platelet MAO activity were more likely to belong to the high-risk traffic behavior group. Male 5-HTTLPRs'-allele carriers were more likely to belong to the high-risk traffic behavior group compared to the l'/l' homozygotes. Other variables predicting risk group were alcohol use, smoking and Maladaptive impulsivity.The results suggest that lower capacity of the serotoninergic system is associated with more risky traffic behavior during late adolescence, but possibly by different mechanisms in boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi Luht
- a Institute of Education , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia.,b Rescue College , Estonian Academy of Security Sciences , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Diva Eensoo
- c Institute of Social Studies , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Liina-Mai Tooding
- c Institute of Social Studies , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- d Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology , University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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Cordovilla-Guardia S, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Vilar-López R, Navas JF, Portillo-Santamaría M, Rico-Martín S, Lardelli-Claret P. Effect of a brief intervention for alcohol and illicit drug use on trauma recidivism in a cohort of trauma patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182441. [PMID: 28813444 PMCID: PMC5559089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Estimate the effectiveness of brief interventions in reducing trauma recidivism in hospitalized trauma patients who screened positive for alcohol and/or illicit drug use. Methods Dynamic cohort study based on registry data from 1818 patients included in a screening and brief intervention program for alcohol and illicit drug use for hospitalized trauma patients. Three subcohorts emerged from the data analysis: patients who screened negative, those who screened positive and were offered brief intervention, and those who screened positive and were not offered brief intervention. Follow-up lasted from 10 to 52 months. Trauma-free survival, adjusted hazard rate ratios (aHRR) and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) were calculated, and complier average causal effect (CACE) analysis was used. Results We found a higher cumulative risk of trauma recidivism in the subcohort who screened positive. In this subcohort, an aHRR of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.41–0.95) was obtained for the group offered brief intervention compared to the group not offered intervention. CACE analysis yielded an estimated 52% reduction in trauma recidivism associated with the brief intervention. Conclusion The brief intervention offered during hospitalization in trauma patients positive for alcohol and/or illicit drug use can halve the incidence of trauma recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cordovilla-Guardia
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Enrique Fernández-Mondéjar
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Vilar-López
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment. University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Addictive Disorders Network, RTA Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan F. Navas
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology. University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Rico-Martín
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pablo Lardelli-Claret
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health. Spain
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Hatfield J, Williamson A, Kehoe EJ, Prabhakharan P. An examination of the relationship between measures of impulsivity and risky simulated driving amongst young drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 103:37-43. [PMID: 28384487 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The risky driving of young drivers may owe in part to youthful motivations (such as experience-seeking, authority rebellion, desire for peer approval) combined with incompletely developed impulse control. Although self-reported impulsiveness has been positively associated with self-reports of risky driving, results based on objective measures of response inhibition (e.g., Go/No-go tasks) have been inconclusive. The present study examined interrelationships between measures of response inhibition, self-report impulsiveness scales, and responses to events during a simulated drive that were designed to detect impulsive, unsafe behaviours (e.g., turning across on-coming traffic). Participants were 72 first-year Psychology students. More speeding and "Unsafe" responding to critical events during simulated driving were associated with poorer impulse control as assessed by commission errors during a Go/No-Go task. These results consolidate evidence for a relationship between impulse control and risky driving amongst young drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hatfield
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann Williamson
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - E James Kehoe
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prasannah Prabhakharan
- Transport and Road Safety Research Centre (TARS), The University of New South Wales, Australia
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Polikarpova M. The problem of correlation between the concepts of "violent" and "dangerous driving" in modern national and foreign psychology. СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2017. [DOI: 10.17759/jmfp.2017060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
At present people in nearly all the countries of the world confront with the problem of "aggressive driving", which is particularly acute in the cities. The concept of "aggressive driving" exists in many countries of the world. But there are some differences in approaches to the definition of the content of this notion, which results in giving different names for this kind of driving. For example, in most European countries, as well as in some Asian countries people use the terms "careless driving" and "dangerous driving" ("dangerous driving"). In the United States and Australia a broader concept like "aggressive behaviour on the road" is in use. In foreign countries, there are laws and rules of the road, according to which "aggressive" driving is punishable by a fine, and in some cases, even carries criminal penalties. In Russia, the problem of "aggressive driving" nowadays has started to be treated at the legislative level, and on May, 2016 the Government of the Russian Federation enacted a regulation No. 477 “On amending the road traffic regulations of the Russian Federation ", which introduced the concept of "dangerous driving ", and on 08.06.16 the “Law on dangerous driving” was adopted. The term "dangerous driving" is not easy for understand and it raises questions among drivers, who are not completely aware of what exactly is considered to be "dangerous driving" and how to implement this notion in practice. This article provides an overview of current foreign and national researches, concerning the problem of "aggressive" and "dangerous driving", identifies the differences and similarities between the concepts of "aggressive" and "dangerous driving" as they are understood in Russia and abroad, and describes the factors that influence the emergence of aggression in drivers
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Sabre L, Harro J, Eensoo D, Vaht M, Kabel V, Pakkanen M, Asser T, Kõrv J. A New Risk Factor for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1946-1949. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liis Sabre
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology, Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diva Eensoo
- Department of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vaike Kabel
- Haapsalu Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, Haapsalu, Estonia
| | - Malle Pakkanen
- Haapsalu Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, Haapsalu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Asser
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology, Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janika Kõrv
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurology, Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Smorti M, Guarnieri S. Do aggressive driving and negative emotional driving mediate the link between impulsiveness and risky driving among young Italian drivers? The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 156:669-673. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1165169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Laas K, Eensoo D, Paaver M, Lesch KP, Reif A, Harro J. Further evidence for the association of the NPSR1 gene A/T polymorphism (Asn107Ile) with impulsivity and hyperactivity. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:878-83. [PMID: 25744621 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115573803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Administration of neuropeptide S (NPS) elicits anxiolysis, arousal and higher activity in rodents. In humans, the NPS receptor (NPSR1) gene rs324981 A/T (Asn(107)Ile) polymorphism is associated with fear responses and anxiety. We have recently revealed an association of NPSR1 with impulsivity-related traits and psychopathology. In the present study the association of the NPSR1 genotype with impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related symptoms was re-examined in two independent non-clinical cohorts. We used self-reports of two population-derived samples of the Estonian Psychobiological Study of Traffic Behaviour (EPSTB): a community car driving sample (n=491, MAge=37) and a driving school student sample (n=773, MAge=24). Impulsivity was measured with the Adaptive and Maladaptive Impulsivity Scale (AMIS) in both samples, and with the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) in driving schools only. For the latter sample, also measurement of ADHD symptoms was carried out with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). NPSR1 T-allele carriers had higher scores of impulsivity, motor restlessness and total ADHD scores. The effect on impulsivity originated from male participants but for ADHD symptoms the association was independent of sex. Thus we have confirmed in two additional population-derived samples that the T-allele of the NPSR1 rs324981 polymorphism is associated with increased impulsivity and ADHD-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariina Laas
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diva Eensoo
- Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Paaver
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Department of Translational Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Sommers MS, McDonald CC, Fargo JD. Emergency Department-Based Brief Intervention to Reduce Risky Driving: A Life Course Perspective. Clin Nurs Res 2014; 24:449-67. [PMID: 25412712 DOI: 10.1177/1054773814557668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) has promise as a clinical intervention for health-compromising behaviors. We used a randomized controlled design in an Emergency Department (ED) setting to determine the efficacy of a nurse-delivered SBIRT to address risky driving in people 18 to 44 years of age. Risky drivers (n = 476) were randomized to brief intervention (BIG), contact-control (CCG), or no-contact-control (NCG) groups and were followed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Outcomes included safety belt use, speeding, and driving through traffic lights. Safety belt use, times speeding between 10 and 19 mph over speed limit, and times driving through a yellow light declined significantly in the BIG as compared with the CCG at 3, 6, and 9 months. SBIRT reduced risky driving in our sample, but its effects did not persist after 9 months. We suggest that SBIRT has the potential to reduce vehicular-related injury in the 9 months after a brief intervention.
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Behavioural Change Techniques used in road safety interventions for young people. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang G, Yau KKW, Gong X. Traffic violations in Guangdong Province of China: speeding and drunk driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 64:30-40. [PMID: 24316505 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of speeding- and drunk driving-related injuries in China surged in the years immediately preceding 2004 and then began to decline. However, the percent decrease in the number of speeding and drunk driving incidents (decrease by 22%) is not proportional to the corresponding percent decrease in number of automobile accident-related injuries (decrease by 47%) from the year 2004 to 2010 (Traffic Management Bureau, Ministry of Public Security, Annual Statistical Reports on Road Traffic Accidents). Earlier studies have established traffic violations as one of the major risks threatening road safety. In this study, we examine in greater detail two important types of traffic violation events, speeding and drunk driving, and attempt to identify significant risk factors associated with these types of traffic violations. Risk factors in several different dimensions, including driver, vehicle, road and environmental factors, are considered. We analyze the speeding (N=11,055) and drunk driving (N=10,035) data for the period 2006-2010 in Guangdong Province, China. These data, obtained from the Guangdong Provincial Security Department, are extracted from the Traffic Management Sector-Specific Incident Case Data Report and are the only comprehensive and official source of traffic accident data in China. Significant risk factors associating with speeding and drunk driving are identified. We find that several factors are associated with a significantly higher probability of both speeding and drunk driving, particularly male drivers, private vehicles, the lack of street lighting at night and poor visibility. The impact of other specific and unique risk factors for either speeding or drunk driving, such as hukou, road type/grades, commercial vehicles, compulsory third party insurance and vehicle safety status, also require particular attention. Legislative or regulatory measures targeting different vehicle types and/or driver groups with respect to the various driver, vehicle, road and environmental risk factors can subsequently be devised to reduce the speeding and drunk driving rates. As the country with the highest number of traffic accident fatalities in the world, applying these findings in workable legislation and enforcement to reduce speeding and drunk driving rates will save tens of thousands of lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnan Zhang
- Center for Studies of Hong Kong, Macao and Pearl River Delta, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kelvin K W Yau
- Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiangpu Gong
- Center for Studies of Hong Kong, Macao and Pearl River Delta, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, China
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Scott-Parker B, Watson B, King MJ, Hyde MK. Revisiting the concept of the 'problem young driver' within the context of the 'young driver problem': who are they? ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 59:144-152. [PMID: 23792613 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For decades there have been two young driver concepts: the 'young driver problem' where the driver cohort represents a key problem for road safety; and the 'problem young driver' where a sub-sample of drivers represents the greatest road safety problem. Given difficulties associated with identifying and then modifying the behaviour of the latter group, broad countermeasures such as graduated driver licensing (GDL) have generally been relied upon to address the young driver problem. GDL evaluations reveal general road safety benefits for young drivers, yet they continue to be overrepresented in fatality and injury statistics. Therefore it is timely for researchers to revisit the 'problem young driver' concept to assess its potential countermeasure implications. This is particularly relevant within the context of broader countermeasures that have been designed to address the 'young driver problem' Personal characteristics, behaviours and attitudes of 378 Queensland novice drivers aged 17-25 years were explored during their pre-, Learner and Provisional 1 (intermediate) licence as part of a larger longitudinal project. Self-reported risky driving was measured by the Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS), and five subscale scores were used to cluster the drivers into three groups (high risk n=49, medium risk n=163, low risk n=166). High risk 'problem young drivers' were characterised by greater self-reported pre-Licence driving, unsupervised Learner driving, and speeding, driving errors, risky driving exposure, crash involvement, and offence detection during the Provisional period. Medium risk drivers were also characterised by more risky road use than the low risk group. Interestingly problem young drivers appear to have some insight into their high-risk driving, since they report significantly greater intentions to bend road rules in future driving. The results suggest that tailored intervention efforts may need to target problem young drivers within the context of broad countermeasures such as GDL which address the young driver problem in general. Experiences such as crash-involvement could be used to identify these drivers as a preintervention screening measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Scott-Parker
- University of the Sunshine Coast Accident Research (USCAR), University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia; Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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