1
|
Luo S, Luo S, Ren Z, Zhang H, Li X, Liu L. The influence of water safety knowledge on adolescents' drowning risk behaviors: a framework of risk-protect integrated and KAP theory. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1354231. [PMID: 38799683 PMCID: PMC11127589 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although previous research has examined the risk factors for drowning behavior among adolescents, it is unclear whether this association is influenced by water safety knowledge. This study aimed to examine whether water safety knowledge is associated with adolescents' drowning risk behaviors and whether drowning risk perceptions and attitudes could have a chain mediating role in the association between water safety knowledge and adolescents' drowning risk behaviors. Methods This study included 7,485 adolescents from five Chinese provinces and cities. We used the Drowning Risk Behaviors Scales (DRBS) to evaluate the risk of drowning behaviors. The Water Safety Knowledge Scale (WSKS) was used to evaluate the competence level of water safety knowledge. The Drowning Risk Perceptions Scale (DRPS) was used to evaluate the risk level of perceptions, and the Drowning Risk Attitudes Scale (DRAS) was used to evaluate the risk level of attitudes. Results The results of the mediating effect test showed that water safety knowledge (WSK) affected drowning risk behaviors (DRB) through three indirect paths. Drowning risk perceptions (DRP) and attitudes (DRA) have significantly mediated the association between WSK and DRB. In conclusion, DRP and DRA can act as mediators between WSK and DRB, not only individually, but also as chain mediators, where the direct effect is-0.301, the total indirect effect is-0.214, and the total mediated indirect effect is 41.5%. Discussion Water safety knowledge negatively predicts adolescents' drowning risk behaviors; water safety knowledge has an inhibitory effect on drowning risk perceptions. Water safety knowledge can directly influence adolescents' drowning risk perceptions and indirectly affect drowning risk behaviors through the mediation of drowning risk perceptions and attitudes comprising three paths: (1) the drowning risk perceptions mediation path, (2) the drowning risk attitudes mediation path, and (3) the drowning risk perceptions and attitudes mediation paths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Luo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulai Luo
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongyu Ren
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Liu
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morgan ER, Sakamoto I, Ardelean A, Diaz-Rohena A, Falk A, Starnes C, Rivara FP, Vavilala M. Caregiver perspectives on a water safety toolkit for child supervision. Health Promot J Austr 2024; 35:345-354. [PMID: 37277112 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Drowning is one of the leading causes of unintentional deaths among children and adolescents globally. Adult supervision is one method to decrease the risk of drowning among youth. METHODS We sought to assess the acceptability of a Water Watcher toolkit among children's caregivers. The toolkit consists of a badge-to designate the adult(s) responsible for supervision during water activities-and a smartphone application. When activated, the application blocks incoming calls, text messages and other applications, for example, mobile games and social media, as well as providing a button to quickly dial 911 and information for guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We conducted online and in-person semi-structured interviews of 16 adults residing in Washington State, United States and providing supervision to a child under 18 years of age for at least 20 h per week. Interview guides were developed based on the Health Belief Model and we performed content analysis on interview transcripts using an inductive approach. RESULTS When asked about Water Watcher tools, respondents generally reacted favourably towards the intervention, citing benefits of formally delegating a responsible party during group activities and elimination of distractions. Primary challenges to using the toolkit were social acceptability, competence with technology, and the independence of older children (i.e., those 13- to 17-years-old). CONCLUSIONS Caregivers recognized the importance of minimizing distractions, and many liked the strategy to formally designate responsibility for child supervision during aquatic recreation. SO WHAT?: Interventions such as the Water Watcher toolkit are generally considered acceptable and expanding access to these resources could reduce the burden of unintentional drownings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Morgan
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- College of Medicine, Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alan Ardelean
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alejandra Diaz-Rohena
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Allison Falk
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Cara Starnes
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frederick P Rivara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Monica Vavilala
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Davis CA, Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, Arastu AS, Giesbrecht GG, Cushing TA. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Drowning: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med 2024; 35:94S-111S. [PMID: 38379489 DOI: 10.1177/10806032241227460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The Wilderness Medical Society convened a panel to review available evidence supporting practices for acute management of drowning in out-of-hospital and emergency care settings. Literature about definitions and terminology, epidemiology, rescue, resuscitation, acute clinical management, disposition, and drowning prevention was reviewed. The panel graded available evidence supporting practices according to the American College of Chest Physicians criteria and then made recommendations based on that evidence. Recommendations were based on the panel's collective clinical experience and judgment when published evidence was lacking. This is the second update to the original practice guidelines published in 2016 and updated in 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Davis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Andrew C Schmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Seth C Hawkins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ali S Arastu
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Gordon G Giesbrecht
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Della Bona M, Crawford G, Royce B, Jancey J, Leavy JE. Using ERIC to Assess Implementation Science in Drowning Prevention Interventions in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:45. [PMID: 38248510 PMCID: PMC10815182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review identifies and describes the use of the Expert Recommendation for Implementing Change (ERIC) concepts and strategies using public health approaches to drowning prevention interventions as a case study. International calls for action have identified the need to better understand the implementation of drowning prevention interventions so that intervention design and implementation is improved. In high-income countries (HICs), interventions are sophisticated but still little is known or written about their implementation. The review was registered on PROSPERO (number CRD42022347789) and followed the PRISMA guidelines. Eight databases were searched. Articles were assessed using the Public Health Ontario Meta-tool for quality appraisal of public health evidence. Forty-nine articles were included. Where ERIC strategies were reported, the focus was on evaluative and iterative strategies, developing partnerships and engaging the target group. The review identified few articles that discussed intervention development and implementation sufficiently for strategies to be replicated. Findings will inform further research into the use and measurement of implementation strategies by practitioners and researchers undertaking work in drowning prevention in HICs and supports a call to action for better documentation of implementation in public health interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malena Della Bona
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health (CERIPH), School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6000, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johnson MB, Lawson KA. Caregiver water safety knowledge and views of toddler water competency. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:65. [PMID: 38093267 PMCID: PMC10716997 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is the leading cause of death for toddlers. When caregivers are knowledgeable about water safety, they can provide the best protection against drowning. The aim of this study is to survey caregivers of toddlers to better understand factors associated with water safety knowledge, attitudes about pool supervision, and toddler water competency skills. METHODS An online survey of 650 parents/caregivers of 1-4-year-old toddlers asked about the caregiver's water safety and swimming background and views on pool supervision. Surveys included a true/false section of ten basic water safety knowledge questions. Caregivers also reported on toddler swim lesson history and whether their toddler could perform six standard water competency skills. Linear regression identified factors predictive of water safety knowledge. RESULTS On average, caregivers selected the correct answer on six out of ten water safety knowledge questions. Water safety knowledge was predicted by the relationship of the caregiver to the toddler, gender, race, education, prior CPR training, caregiver swim capability, and reported pool supervision style. On average, caregivers reported that their toddler could perform half of the water competency skills. The majority of the toddlers had taken swimming lessons. One third of caregivers believed that after a toddler has had swimming lessons, they don't need to be watched as closely when they are in a pool. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that water safety knowledge is poor and that there are misconceptions about toddler supervision needs. Efforts are needed to improve water safety knowledge and to change perceptions about supervision among caregivers of toddlers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Johnson
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Dell Children's Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
- Kinesiology Department, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, 78209, USA.
| | - Karla A Lawson
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Dell Children's Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burnay C, Anderson DI, Button C, Cordovil R. Effect of baby swimming lessons on infants' avoidance of bodies of water. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22434. [PMID: 38010302 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the popularity of infant swimming programs, no evidence exists to determine whether they influence infants' judgments and behavior when confronted with bodies of water. We conducted two separate studies examining if the total number of swimming sessions an infant participated in predicted whether they avoided a body of water they could enter via an edge (Study 1-Water Cliff: n = 101 infants) or a slope (Study 2-Water Slope: n = 77 infants). The results revealed a significant interaction between number of sessions and type of entry into the water. Infants who participated in 10 or more sessions were more likely to avoid falling on the edge leading into the water but entered the water significantly more if they could access it via a slope. These findings suggest that while experience in baby swimming programs can promoted more adaptive behaviors on drop-offs leading into bodies of water, sloped entries may heighten drowning risks for young children with greater familiarity with water. Because we tested the two groups of infants in different countries, further research is warranted to determine if cultural differences in child rearing practices or variations in the content and/or teaching of the swimming programs might explain these intriguing findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Burnay
- Laboratory of Motor Behaviour, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David I Anderson
- Marian Wright Edelman Institute, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rita Cordovil
- Laboratory of Motor Behaviour, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson MB, Boriack ED, McConnell CM, Lawson KA. Impact of caregiver swimming capability on perceptions of swimming pool supervision of toddlers. Inj Epidemiol 2022; 9:40. [PMID: 36544224 PMCID: PMC9768878 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-022-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury-related death for toddlers within the USA. Keeping toddlers within arm's reach while swimming is recommended, yet many caregivers do not. Possibly, caregivers' attitudes are shaped by their expectations about whether they could quickly save a child. The aims of this study are to 1) explore caregivers' views of arm's reach pool supervision in various scenarios and 2) understand whether perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision are impacted by the caregiver's self-reported capability to swim the length of a standard pool. RESULTS Caregivers generally showed agreement with arm's reach pool supervision; however, arm's reach supervision was viewed as less necessary when a toddler was in shallow water, wearing a flotation device, or with an older child or teen. There was a significant effect of caregiver swimming capability on perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision, with non-swimmers and the strongest swimmers showing more positive perceptions of arm's reach pool supervision than caregivers reporting poor swimming capability. Female caregivers showed significantly more agreement with arm's reach pool supervision compared with male caregivers. Grandparents and parents showed significantly more agreement with arm's reach pool supervision than siblings. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers' views about what constitutes appropriate supervision are impacted by gender, the relationship to the toddler, and the caregiver's swimming capability. Findings suggest that a caregiver's ability to offer close supervision or respond in an emergency may influence their attitudes about what constitutes appropriate supervision. Caregivers may view arm's reach pool supervision as less necessary when additional layers of protection are in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly B. Johnson
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Dell Children’s Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX 78723 USA ,grid.267572.30000 0000 9494 8951Kinesiology Department, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209 USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Boriack
- Trauma Services, Dell Children’s Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX 78723 USA
| | - Carlee M. McConnell
- Trauma Services, Dell Children’s Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX 78723 USA
| | - Karla A. Lawson
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Dell Children’s Medical Center, 4900 Mueller Blvd, Austin, TX 78723 USA ,grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010002. [PMID: 36670553 PMCID: PMC9856909 DOI: 10.3390/children10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An international group of experts have developed a pictorial tool to measure perceived water competence for children aged from 5 to 8 years old: the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC). The aim of the present study was to verify the validity of this tool. In the first part of the study, 120 children were interviewed to investigate face validity of the PSPWC to ensure that all pictorial items were understandable. In the second part of the study, 13 scientific and/or pedagogical international experts were invited to assess the tool's content validity via an online survey. Face validity results revealed that children were able to understand and sequence correctly the aquatic situations in 92% of the cases. The average Content Validity Index (CVI) of the PSPWC ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, showing acceptable content validity. Feedback from experts and children resulted in a major improvement of the "exit water" situation and minor improvements concerning some other items. Experts confirmed that the PSPWC was globally appropriate for different countries and cultures, except for the situation "water entry by slide" which was not considered usual practice in some countries. The PSPWC opens up to new fields of research; useful both for the prevention of drowning and for the support of children's aquatic education.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dimitrić G, Jakšić M, Sadri F, Šajber D, Kaurin T, Zenić N, Tabakova E. How University Students Assess Their Water Skills. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:887216. [PMID: 35669559 PMCID: PMC9163658 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.887216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the gender differences between students' actual and perceived water abilities, how respondents assess risk in the described situations, and whether there are gender differences for those situations. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 students aged 19–20 years (males, n = 88; females, n = 62) from the faculty of sport and physical education, University of Novi Sad. Using calculated frequencies and estimates, students' self-assessment and actual measures of their swimming and survival skills and their perceived risk of drowning are described. Based on the results, Mann-Whitney U tests were applied. The differences between independent variables (gender) were analyzed according to dependent measures (water competency). To determine the significance of the relationship between actual and perceived skills, Spearman-rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The results of this study confirmed gender differences between students' actual and perceived water abilities, and that the male and female students had inaccurate perceptions of their own perceived and real water abilities. Both male and female students, with high precision, assessed their ability to swim long distances (rs = 0.601; rs = 0.694) just as female students assessed their ability to float (rs = 0.698). Male students greatly overestimated their backstroke swimming, while female students underestimated their ability to dive into the water. Both groups overestimated underwater swimming and underestimated their surface dive skill. Also, there was gender differences between students in assessing the risk for described situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Dimitrić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Goran Dimitrić
| | - Milorad Jakšić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Filip Sadri
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dorica Šajber
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kaurin
- Faculty of Law and Business Studies dr Lazar Vrkatić, Union University-Belgrade, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Zenić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Elena Tabakova
- Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mekkaoui L, Schnitzler C, Sidney M, Gandrieau J, Camporelli F, Potdevin F. Building the Foundation of Aquatic Literacy in 4-6 Years-Old Children: A Systematic Review of Good Pedagogical Practices for Children and Parents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106180. [PMID: 35627720 PMCID: PMC9141389 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Children between the ages of 4–6 years represent the population most affected by drowning accidents, while their early involvement in physical activity, and more specifically in aquatic activities is a key factor in their future physical life journey. The systematic review’s purpose was to identify aspects in the intervention’s studies with children and/or their parents that had a significant impact on the Aquatic Literacy (AL) dimensions mentioned as motor, psychological, affective, and cognitive. The PICO method was used to define the research question and PRISMA checklist searched for articles in nine databases: Cochrane, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were: (1) English language, (2) primary research, (3) population of 4–6 year old children or their parents, (4) intervention study design, and (5) results related to at least one of the AL domains. The strength of evidence and the risk of bias were assessed. Results showed relatively poor number of studies for such a vulnerable population regarding the drowning risk (n = 8 for parents and n = 14 for children intervention). Studies did not show a consensus on which educational approach was more beneficial than others. Concerning parental education, results were rather homogeneous, especially concerning the theoretical frameworks employed and the relevancy to include parents in swimming programs. The development of pedagogical tools for promotion and evaluation, based on the AL theoretical framework, could help to clarify the question of “how to teach” children to prevent drowning and engage young children in long-term physical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Mekkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (J.G.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-66-55-65-60
| | - Christophe Schnitzler
- Unité de Recherche 1342, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Michel Sidney
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (J.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Joseph Gandrieau
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (J.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabien Camporelli
- CLERSE, UMR 8019, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 59800 Lille, France;
| | - François Potdevin
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000 Lille, France; (M.S.); (J.G.); (F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aquatic Physical Literacy: The Effectiveness of Applied Pedagogy on Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Aquatic Motor Competence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010847. [PMID: 34682596 PMCID: PMC8535907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The goal of swimming school during early school age is to promote physical literacy. According to linear or non-linear pedagogy, a linear or non-linear approach teaching style can be used. The aim of our study was to investigate whether a different teaching methodology, as in using a teacher-centered approach (linear pedagogy), or a student-centered approach (non-linear pedagogy), could differently influence the perceptions of aquatic activity of children and parents. Parents of 100 children (53 females and 47 males, age 5.9 ± 0.3 years old) participating in the study were previously interviewed to ascertain their expectations regarding the swimming course. Participants were in a medium-high social context. Subsequently, considering the data of the incoming aquatic motor competence's tests, children were divided into a linear (LI) and non-linear (NL) pedagogy group. A total of 4 instructors were enrolled. Upon completing the swimming course, the aquatic motor competence's test was repeated, a pictorial scale of perceived motor competence was administered, and a questionnaire regarding the course was proposed to children's parents. Physical development and learn to swim resulted two of the most important reasons leading parents to choose swimming courses. LI achieved greater progress than the NL in actual motor competence (A.M.C.), while NL perceived a higher aquatic motor competence (P.M.C.) in 7 out of 10 items of the pictorial scale. Parents of children in LI, gave greater importance to the teacher's role, while NL's parents pointed the acquisition of children's abilities as pivotal. In conclusion, NL approach was more appreciated by children, while LI method was more rewarding for parents because initial expectations were satisfied.
Collapse
|
12
|
Denny SA, Quan L, Gilchrist J, McCallin T, Shenoi R, Yusuf S, Weiss J, Hoffman B. Prevention of Drowning. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-052227. [PMID: 34253571 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related death in children. In 2018, almost 900 US children younger than 20 years died of drowning. A number of strategies are available to prevent these tragedies. As educators and advocates, pediatricians can play an important role in prevention of drowning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Denny
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
| | - Linda Quan
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Tracy McCallin
- Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rohit Shenoi
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shabana Yusuf
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Weiss
- Phoenix Children's Hospital Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.,University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
D'Hondt E, Buelens L, Barnett LM, Howells K, Sääkslahti A, Costa AM, Jidovtseff B, Mertens L, Martelaer KD. Differences between Young Children's Actual, Self-perceived and Parent-perceived Aquatic Skills. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1905-1931. [PMID: 34154469 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211017864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury/death in children worldwide, perceptions of their actual aquatic skills are of critical importance. Children's self-perceptions may influence the risks they take, and parental perceptions may influence the degree of supervision deemed to be necessary for children in and around water. Accordingly, we examined the differences between young children's actual, self-perceived and parent-perceived aquatic skills. Using a three-way repeated measures ANCOVA, we analyzed data from 134 child-parent dyads (56.0% boys; M age = 7.1, SD = 1.1 years; and 71.6% mothers). We measured self and parental perceptions of the child's aquatic skills with the 'Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence' (PSPWC), and we applied the exact same 17 test items of the PSPWC to assess the child's actual aquatic skill level in the water. Controlling for years of swimming school experience, within-subject differences between the total scores on the 'Actual Aquatic Skills Test' (AAST) and both the child- and parent-completed PSPWC indicated lower than actual estimates of the children's aquatic skill level. The degree of disagreement against the AAST was more pronounced in parents than in 6-7 year-old children but was similar between parents and 8-9 year-old children, with these patterns being evident regardless of the children's sex. Our study contributes to an ongoing validation of the PSPWC and represents a key advance in assessing and comparing children's actual and perceived aquatic skill competence, using perfectly aligned instruments. Future research and practice might explore children's actual aquatic skills in different contexts (e.g., open water), include perspectives of non-parent caregivers and assess perceived and actual water competence across development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva D'Hondt
- Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lise Buelens
- Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Kristy Howells
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aldo M Costa
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Boris Jidovtseff
- Research Unit on Childhood, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lisa Mertens
- Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristine De Martelaer
- Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Olstad BH, Berg PR, Kjendlie PL. Outsourcing Swimming Education-Experiences and Challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010006. [PMID: 33374977 PMCID: PMC7792615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Norway, swimming and lifesaving education (swimming education) is an obligatory part of physical education, with explicit learning aims after grade four. After recent reports of Norwegian pupils achieving low scores in swimming abilities, the Government has outlined strategies for improving swimming education. There is a notable trend toward using external providers in delivering swimming education. This article examines the outsourcing of swimming education in Norwegian primary schools. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with school leaders, physical education teachers and swimming instructors involved in outsourcing arrangements. The outsourcing was organized through private providers, municipalities, or local swimming clubs. Data were analyzed thematically and separated into highlighted areas of outsourcing practices. The results showed that outsourcing may be a solution for schools that lack staff with swimming experience and knowledge. It also indicates that teacher courses, professional development through collaboration, and strategies for measuring quality would improve swimming education.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wickens N, Wallace R, Dare J, Costello L, Lo J, Nimmo L. Mobile phone use and social interactions among caregivers can reduce their ability to provide constant supervision to children at Australian public swimming pools. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32 Suppl 2:147-157. [PMID: 33253459 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Caregivers have a crucial role to play in keeping children safe at public swimming pool facilities, with the most common factor contributing to childhood drowning being a lapse in adult supervision. METHODS A mixed methods approach was used to collect observations (n = 301) and interviews (n = 10) with caregivers of children aged 0-10 years at two public swimming pool facilities located in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia (WA). RESULTS Of the 449 children observed, children aged 6-10 years were significantly less likely to be provided with ideal supervision (26%) compared to younger children aged 0-5 years (62%). Of the caregivers who were using their mobile phone while supervising children (n = 100, 22% of children observed), none provided ideal supervision. Overall supervision levels among caregivers differed with gender, with only 44% (n = 74) of female caregivers providing ideal supervision, compared to 72% (n = 96) of male caregivers. The 10 interviews revealed several themes, including the following: caregivers' perceptions of their supervision responsibilities; barriers to supervision; and awareness and perceptions of a communications campaign designed by the Royal Life Saving WA Branch, known as Watch Around Water (WAW). CONCLUSION Caregiver supervision at public swimming pools remains an important issue, particularly the use of mobile phones and its deleterious impact on supervision. The WAW program plays an integral role in educating caregivers of supervision responsibilities. Furthermore, this study adds to the limited evaluation of the WAW program, and thus will help guide future improvements to ensure caregiver supervision is consistent. SO WHAT?: Further research is needed to create strategies to reduce mobile phone use among caregivers, in order to provide safer swimming environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wickens
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ruth Wallace
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Julie Dare
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Leesa Costello
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Johnny Lo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Irwin J, O'callaghan F, Glendon AI. Predicting Parental Intentions to Enrol Their Children in Swimming Lessons Using an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Irwin
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University,
| | - Frances O'callaghan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University,
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland,
| | - Aleck Ian Glendon
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland,
- Work and Organisational Wellbeing Research Centre, Griffith University,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chan DKC, Lee ASY, Hamilton K. Descriptive epidemiology and correlates of children's swimming competence. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2253-2263. [PMID: 32573343 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1776947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the swimming competence of primary school children, and how it was related to swimming activity, non-fatal aquatic events, and demographic factors. Primary school students (N = 4959; female = 2705, male = 2241; age range = 5 to 14 years) across 28 schools in the 15 districts of Hong Kong completed the Swimming Competence Questionnaire, and questions about their swimming experience, non-fatal aquatic events, and demographic variables. Descriptive statistics showed that over 60% of children could swim more than 5m, but less than 50% could swim over 25m. Over 50% of children were able to perform some basic swimming skills (e.g., holding breath underwater, floating, poolside/kickboard kicking, and treading water). Swimming competence was positively predicted by the demographic factors (i.e., age, sex, family income, and parents' highest education level), swimming experience, learning experience, and swimming location. Treading water was the only factor of swimming competence that established asignificant negative association with non-fatal aquatic events. Current results can be used to target key groups to improve children's swimming competence and reduce non-fatal aquatic events; children from lower socio-economic backgrounds and with less swimming experience should be encouraged to participate in more formal learn to swim lessons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derwin King Chung Chan
- Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China.,School of Psychology, Curtin University , Perth, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kyra Hamilton
- School of Psychology, Curtin University , Perth, Australia.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University , Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perceived Versus Real Swimming Skills of Adolescents Under Standard and Challenging Conditions: Exploring Water Competencies as an Approach to Drowning Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113826. [PMID: 32481625 PMCID: PMC7312204 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared adolescents’ actual (expert assessed) front crawl swimming skills to their self-assessment in two conditions: in standard swimming (wearing a swimsuit and goggles) and in a simulated risk scenario (swimming in plain clothes without goggles). We postulated that education focused on water competencies is fundamental in preventing drownings. Experts evaluated the skills of 21 female and 21 male adolescents in both standard and challenging conditions. All were low-skilled swimmers aged 14–15 years. Participants were asked to self-assess their skills before and after each trial. Boys and girls covered the same distance in both trials. Their self-assessment did not change regardless of the difficulty of the conditions. Girls assessed themselves more accurately than boys. However, boys who underestimated their skills showed greater ability to utilise the experience gained from performing the task for a more accurate self-assessment. In conclusion, adolescents should be educated in total water competencies, and not merely in swimming skills. For girls, “water readiness” is thought to broaden their ability to adapt their swimming skills to nonstandard conditions. Aquatic education for boys should focus on developing self-reflection in order to create a long-lasting responsibility using their own swimming skills.
Collapse
|
19
|
Learning to Swim: An Exploration of Negative Prior Aquatic Experiences among Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103557. [PMID: 32438661 PMCID: PMC7277817 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Learning to swim via a structured program is an important skill to develop aquatic competencies and prevent drowning. Fear of water can produce phobic behaviors counterproductive to the learning process. No research examines the influence of negative aquatic experiences on learning to swim. This study explored the influence of children’s negative prior aquatic experiences (NPAE) on learn-to-swim achievement via swim school data. Children’s enrolment records (5–12 years) in the Australian Capital Territory were analyzed via demographics, level achieved and NPAE. NPAE was recorded as yes/no, with free text thematically coded to 16 categories. Of 14,012 records analyzed (51% female; 64% aged 6–8 years), 535 (4%) reported a NPAE at enrolment. Males, children with a medical condition and attending public schools were significantly more likely (p = 0.001) to report a NPAE. Children reporting a NPAE achieved a lower average skill level at each year of age. The largest proportion (19%) of NPAE reported related to swimming lessons. NPAE have a detrimental influence on aquatic skill achievement. We recommend increased adult supervision to reduce likelihood of an NPAE occurring, while also encouraging swim instructors to consider NPAE when teaching swimming and develop procedures to ensure a NPAE does not occur during instruction.
Collapse
|
20
|
Peden AE, Franklin RC. Causes of distraction leading to supervision lapses in cases of fatal drowning of children 0-4 years in Australia: A 15-year review. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:450-456. [PMID: 31667952 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Supervision is a strategy for preventing drowning among children. However, supervision lapses continue to be a contributory factor in child drowning. This study aims to identify, describe and analyse the causes of distraction leading to lapses in supervision in child drowning. METHODS A total population survey of all fatal unintentional drownings among children aged 0-4 years between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2017 was undertaken using data from the Australian National Coronial Information System. Among closed coronial cases, causes of distraction leading to lapses in supervision were collected as free text from closed case documentation and subsequently thematically grouped into categories. Univariate and χ2 analysis was undertaken (P < 0.01). RESULTS A total of 447 children drowned during the study period (62.0% male; 66.9% aged 1-2 years; 53.3% swimming pools; 79.4% falls into water). Of the 426 (95.3%) closed cases, common supervision lapses were due to indoor household duties (27.6%), outdoor household duties (12.6%) and talking/socialising (11.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study has identified common scenarios for distractions leading to supervision lapses including the link between indoor household duties and bathtub drowning deaths and talking/socialising for deaths in swimming pools and at rivers. Challenges include medical issues impacting sole carers. The 7% of cases where a supervision lapse occurred due to miscommunication are opportunities to further reinforce the need for a designated supervisor, particularly with two or more adults present. Study findings on distraction causes, and strategies to minimise them, should be incorporated into national public awareness campaigns aimed at parents and care givers of this at-risk group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard C Franklin
- Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Review of Nonfatal Drowning in the Pediatric-Age Group: A 10-Year Experience at a University Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Emerg Care 2019; 35:782-786. [PMID: 28719478 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the nonfatal drowning experience, risk factors, intrahospital assessment and postincidental outcomes for children admitted to King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia, over a 10-year period. METHODS Children up to the age of 14 years who were admitted with the diagnosis of nonfatal drowning from July 2005 to June 2015 were included. Data regarding demographics, timing, season and location of drowning, presence of an assigned lifeguard, duration of submersion and transport to hospital, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, temperature, pH, blood sugar level, total hospital stay, and discharge status were extrapolated, and their effects on the patient's outcome analyzed. Patients' outcomes were classified into either full recovery, moderate to severe neurological damage, or brain death. RESULTS Fifty-one subjects were included in the study; 66.7% were males, 57% were younger than 6 years, and 80% were Saudi citizens. Of the total cases, 94% recovered fully, and 6% were diagnosed as having brain death or discharged from the intensive care unit with severe neurological injury. Submersion time of more than 5 minutes, Glasgow Coma Scale of 4 or less, pH of less than 7.1, temperature of 35°C or less, and blood sugar of 180 mg/dL or greater were found to correlate with bad outcomes with great statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study were in line with results of most of the international and local studies on the subject. Significant defects have been concluded in prehospital medical care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Adequate swimming safety regulations, assignments of lifeguards, and parental education should be taken into consideration by media and involved authorities.
Collapse
|
22
|
Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, Arastu AS, Cushing TA, Auerbach PS. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Drowning: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:S70-S86. [PMID: 31668915 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Wilderness Medical Society convened a panel to review available evidence supporting practices for acute management and treatment of drowning in out-of-hospital and emergency medical care settings. Literature about definitions and terminology, epidemiology, rescue, resuscitation, acute clinical management, disposition, and drowning prevention was reviewed. The panel graded available evidence supporting practices according to the American College of Chest Physicians criteria and then made recommendations based on that evidence. Recommendations were based on the panel's collective clinical experience and judgment when published evidence was lacking. This is the first update to the original practice guidelines published in 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Schmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL.
| | - Justin R Sempsrott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, TeamHealth, West Valley Medical Center, Caldwell, Idaho
| | - Seth C Hawkins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Ali S Arastu
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tracy A Cushing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul S Auerbach
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sandomierski MC, Morrongiello BA, Colwell SR. S.A.F.E.R. Near Water: An Intervention Targeting Parent Beliefs About Children's Water Safety. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 44:1034-1045. [PMID: 31155670 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the S.A.F.E.R. Near Water program, an evidence-based and theory-driven intervention targeting parent beliefs relevant to keeping children safe around water. METHODS A nonrandomized trial was conducted. Parents with children aged two through five years who were enrolled in lessons either at a public or private swim organization in Ontario, Canada were recruited and nonrandomly assigned to either an Intervention (N = 92) or Control (N = 150) condition. All parents completed the same questionnaire measures two times over the course of their child's swim lesson session period, once at the beginning (preintervention) and again at the end (postintervention; approximately 9-15 weeks later). Questionnaires assessed parents' perceptions related to supervision, child drowning risk, water safety, and optimism bias. Parents in the Intervention condition participated in S.A.F.E.R. Near Water, an educational water safety program comprising in-person seminars, informational handouts, and posters. RESULTS The S.A.F.E.R. Near Water program was associated with increased knowledge in targeted areas and effectively communicated most of the intended messages. A series of primary regression analyses revealed that parents receiving S.A.F.E.R. Near Water demonstrated improvements in: beliefs about the value of supervision; judgments about children's swim skills and drowning risk; and perceptions related to swim lessons and children's supervision needs (sr2 range: 0.22-0.38). CONCLUSION These findings provide support for the feasibility and usefulness of a multifaceted, parent-focused, educational program delivered alongside children's swim programming to promote closer adult supervision of children around water.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nonadult Supervision of Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Results from 61 National Population-Based Surveys. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081564. [PMID: 30042321 PMCID: PMC6121274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite scarce empirical research in most countries, evidence has shown that young children are unsupervised or under the supervision of another young child while their adult caregivers attend work or engage in other activities outside the home. Lack of quality supervision has been linked to unintentional childhood injuries and other negative outcomes. Nationally representative, population-based data from rounds four and five of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and four to eight of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 61 low- and middle-income countries were used to estimate prevalence and socio-economic factors associated with leaving children under five years old home alone or under the care of another child younger than 10 years of age. Socio-economic factors included age and sex of the child, rurality, wealth, maternal education, and household composition. Large variations in the prevalence rates (0.1⁻35.3% for children home alone and 0.2⁻50.6% for children supervised by another child) and associated factors have been recorded within and across regions and countries. Understanding why and under what conditions children are home alone or under the supervision of another child is crucial to the development of suitable policies and interventions to protect young children, promote healthy growth, and support caregivers.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Drowning is a leading cause of death in children and is highly preventable. More than 10 people die of drowning in the United States each day, most of them adults. Rates of drowning are highest in children given their developmental vulnerabilities. Drowning incidents that result in cardiopulmonary arrest have a straightforward emergency clinical response, but the management approaches to the more common scenario of brief, nonfatal submersion is less clear. Clinicians must make clinical-care decisions based on evidence to provide safe and effective care in a timely manner and to help families avoid unnecessary anxiety. Such anxiety has been heightened by reports of unanticipated "dry drowning" appearing in the media. This article discusses this concept and provides guidance for clinicians. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(10):e354-e357.].
Collapse
|
26
|
Glassman TJ, Castor T, Karmakar M, Blavos A, Dagenhard P, Domigan J, Sweeney E, Diehr A, Kucharewski R. A Social Marketing Intervention to Prevent Drowning Among Inner-City Youth. Health Promot Pract 2017; 19:175-183. [PMID: 28950728 DOI: 10.1177/1524839917732559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water-related injuries and fatalities pose serious public health issues, especially to African American youth, a demographic group that drowns at disproportionately high rates. AIM The purpose of this study was to determine if a social marketing intervention targeting the parents and guardians of inner-city youth (U.S. Midwest) could positively influence their perceptions concerning water safety. METHOD Researchers employed a quasi-experimental design using matched pairs to evaluate the intervention. Participants consisted of parents who enrolled their children in a six-session survival-swimming course. Guided by the Health Belief Model, the researchers disseminated six prevention messages using six different channels (brochure, e-mail, SMS text message, postcard, Facebook, and window cling). RESULTS The findings from a two-way analysis of covariance revealed that treatment group participants' knowledge and perceptions of water-related threat all changed favorably. Additionally, all participants planned to reenroll their children in swim lessons. DISCUSSION A social marketing campaign using the Health Belief Model improved inner-city parents' knowledge regarding water safety and enhanced their self-efficacy. CONCLUSION This study provides practitioners with feasible strategies (prevention messages) to supplement swim lessons, with the ultimate goal of preventing drowning among at-risk youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron Diehr
- 5 Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alaniz ML, Rosenberg SS, Beard NR, Rosario ER. The Effectiveness of Aquatic Group Therapy for Improving Water Safety and Social Interactions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Program. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:4006-4017. [PMID: 28864911 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drowning is the number one cause of accidental death in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Few studies have examined the effectiveness of swim instruction for improving water safety skills in children with moderate to severe ASD. This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of an aquatic therapy program on water safety and social skills in children with mild to severe ASD (n = 7). Water safety skills were evaluated using the Aquatics Skills Checklist and social skills were measured using the Social Skills Improvement Scale. We provide preliminary evidence that children with ASD can improve water safety skills (p = 0.0002), which are important for drowning prevention after only 8 h of intervention. However, social skills did not respond to intervention (p = 0.6409).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Alaniz
- Children's Services Center, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, 255 E. Bonita Ave., P.O. Box 6001, Pomona, CA, 91769, USA.
| | - Sheila S Rosenberg
- Children's Services Center, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, 255 E. Bonita Ave., P.O. Box 6001, Pomona, CA, 91769, USA.,Casa Colina's Research Institute, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R Beard
- Children's Services Center, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, 255 E. Bonita Ave., P.O. Box 6001, Pomona, CA, 91769, USA.,Curative New Berlin Therapies, New Berlin, WI, USA.,Children's Services Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily R Rosario
- Children's Services Center, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, 255 E. Bonita Ave., P.O. Box 6001, Pomona, CA, 91769, USA.,Casa Colina's Research Institute, Pomona, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shen J, Pang S, Schwebel DC. Cognitive and Behavioral Risk Factors for Unintentional Drowning Among Rural Chinese Children. Int J Behav Med 2016; 23:243-50. [PMID: 26493071 PMCID: PMC10402915 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-015-9518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unintentional drowning is among the top causes of pediatric death worldwide and the leading cause of death for children under age 14 in China. Environmental factors such as abundant bodies of water and psychosocial factors such as lack of parental supervision contribute to heightened risk of pediatric drowning in rural China, but little is known about the role of individual characteristics such as knowledge and perceived vulnerability in the drowning risk of rural Chinese children. PURPOSE The present study aimed to explore the cognitive and behavioral risk factors for unintentional drowning among school-aged rural Chinese children. METHOD Two hundred and eighty children (mean age = 10.03 years, range 8-13) enrolled at an elementary school in rural Zhejiang Province, China completed self-report assessments of knowledge about drowning prevention, perceived vulnerability toward drowning, and history of non-fatal drowning experiences, as well as demographic information. A simulation task using a dollhouse assessed children's anticipated behaviors with water. RESULTS Fifty-two percent of the sample reported exposure to water sources at least once daily, and 21 % of the sample reported at least one non-fatal drowning experience in their lifetime. Regression analysis showed that male gender, better swimming ability, less safety knowledge, and lower levels of perceived vulnerability were associated with more self-reported risky practice in/near water. More safety knowledge also predicted safer behaviors in the dollhouse simulation task. None of the risk factors predicted self-reported history of non-fatal drowning incidents. CONCLUSION High exposure to water sources and non-fatal drowning experiences were found among school-aged children in rural China. Drowning risk factors included demographic, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics of children. Results offer evidence for developing interventions in both Zhejiang Province and other regions with similar geographic and population characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., CH 415, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Shulan Pang
- School of Public Health, Hebei United University, 46 West Xinhua Road, Tangshan, Hebei, 063009, China
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., CH 415, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schmidt AC, Sempsrott JR, Hawkins SC, Arastu AS, Cushing TA, Auerbach PS. Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Drowning. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27:236-51. [PMID: 27061040 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Wilderness Medical Society convened a panel to review available evidence supporting practices for the prevention and acute management of drowning in out-of-hospital and emergency medical care settings. Literature about definition and terminology, epidemiology, rescue, resuscitation, acute clinical management, disposition, and drowning prevention was reviewed. The panel graded evidence supporting practices according to the American College of Chest Physicians criteria, then made recommendations based on that evidence. Recommendations were based on the panel's collective clinical experience and judgment when published evidence was lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Schmidt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL (Dr Schmidt).
| | - Justin R Sempsrott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC (Dr Sempsrott)
| | - Seth C Hawkins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (Dr Hawkins)
| | - Ali S Arastu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (Dr Arastu)
| | - Tracy A Cushing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO (Dr Cushing)
| | - Paul S Auerbach
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (Dr Auerbach)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Garcia DM, Sheehan MC. Extreme Weather-driven Disasters and Children’s Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2015; 46:79-105. [DOI: 10.1177/0020731415625254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extreme weather events such as heat waves, extreme precipitation, and storm surges are likely to become more frequent and intense with climate change. Extreme weather-driven disasters (EWDDs) cause a substantial burden of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. We reviewed the published literature on EWDDs and their health impacts on children, and developed a conceptual model based on complex systems thinking to identify the health risks, vulnerabilities, and capacities of children in the context of EWDDs as a means of informing areas for adaptive intervention. We found that direct and indirect physical and mental impacts of EWDDs on child health are abundant and interrelate in complex ways. The literature review and modeling demonstrated the centrality of resilience at the level of the child and his or her direct environment, suggesting that mental health status may play a key role in a child’s experience of numerous other health outcomes of EWDDs. EWDDs interact with environmental and social systems and with individual children and their contexts in complex ways, the impacts of which are nonlinear and difficult to predict. Traditional perspectives on climate change-driven health impacts often overlook complex bio-psychosocial interactions, suggesting a need to work on preventive strategies to reduce vulnerability and build individual child resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary C. Sheehan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to better understand trends and risk factors associated with non-fatal drowning of infants and children in the USA using two large, national databases. METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample and the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases. The analytic sample (n=19,403) included children <21 years of age who had a diagnosis code for near-drowning/non-fatal drowning. Descriptive, χ(2) and analysis of variance techniques were applied, and incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population. RESULTS Non-fatal drowning incidence has remained relatively stable from 2006 to 2011. In general, the highest rates of non-fatal drowning occurred in swimming pools and in children from racial/ethnic minorities. However, when compared with non-Hispanic Caucasian children, children from racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to drown in natural waterways than in swimming pools. Despite the overall lower rate of non-fatal drowning among non-Hispanic Caucasian children, the highest rate of all non-fatal drowning was for non-Hispanic Caucasian children aged 0-4 years in swimming pools. Children who were admitted to inpatient facilities were younger, male and came from families with lower incomes. CONCLUSIONS Data from two large US national databases show lack of progress in preventing and reducing non-fatal drowning admissions from 2006 to 2011. Discrepancies are seen in the location of drowning events and demographic characteristics. New policies and interventions are needed, and tailoring approaches by age and race/ethnicity may improve their effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Felton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gil Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kenny MC, Wurtele SK. Teaching preschoolers safety rules: A pilot study of injury prevention. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2015.1065743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
|