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Vasu M, Ahlawat S, Choudhary V, Kaur R, Arora R, Sharma R, Sharma U, Chhabra P, Mir MA, Kumar Singh M. Identification and validation of stable reference genes for expression profiling of target genes in diverse ovine tissues. Gene 2024; 897:148067. [PMID: 38092161 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a widely-used technique for quantifying the expression of target genes across various tissues, as well as under different pathological and physiological conditions. One of the challenges associated with this method is the need to identify optimal reference genes (RGs) that maintain consistent expression levels under diverse experimental settings, thereby ensuring accurate biological interpretation. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of 18 candidate RGs (ACTB, BACH1, B2M, GAPDH, HMBS, HPRT1, PGK1, PPIA, PPIB, RPLP0, RPL19, RPS9, RPS15, RPS28, SDHA, TBP, UXT, and YWHAZ) across 10 ovine tissues (muscle, skin, kidney, liver, intestine, rumen, lung, testis, heart, and spleen) obtained from five individual sheep. We aimed to identify genes with stable expression across these tissues. A literature-based survey helped us shortlist candidate genes representing various functional classes from multiple livestock species. We employed four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta Ct (ΔCt), to rank these genes based on their stability. A consistent trend in the rankings was observed across these different algorithms. RefFinder was then used for a comprehensive ranking, integrating the outputs from the various methods. ACTB, PPIB, BACH1, and B2M emerged as the most stable RGs, while RPS9, RPS15, and PGK1 displayed variable expression. We validated our findings through qPCR analysis of four target genes (ACTN2, CRYAB, DLK1, and TRIM54) in the skin samples from two different sheep breeds. Based on these results, we recommend ACTB, PPIB, BACH1, and B2M as reliable internal control genes for qPCR experiments involving diverse ovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanthi Vasu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal.
| | - Vikas Choudhary
- District Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Karnal, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Haryana
| | - Rashmeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal
| | - Pooja Chhabra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal
| | - M A Mir
- Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goat, Shuhama (Aulestang), SKUAST-Kashmir
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Armenta-Leyva B, Henao-Díaz A, Ye F, Baum DH, Giménez-Lirola LG, Zimmerman JJ. Evaluation of a Porcine Endogenous Reference Gene (Internal Sample Control) in a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RT-qPCR. Vet Sci 2023; 10:381. [PMID: 37368767 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to "normalize" the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-qPCR. Study 1 evaluated the species specificity of the ISC by testing serum from seven non-porcine domestic species (n = 34). In Study 2, the constancy of ISC detection over time (≥42 days) was assessed in oral fluid (n = 130), serum (n = 215), and feces (n = 132) collected from individual pigs of known PRRSV status. In Study 3, serum (n = 150), oral fluid (n = 150), and fecal samples (n = 75 feces, 75 fecal swabs) from commercial herds were used to establish ISC reference limits. Study 1 showed that the ISC was porcine-specific, i.e., all samples from non-porcine species were ISC negative (n = 34). In Study 2, the ISC was detected in all oral fluid, serum, and fecal samples, but differed in concentration between specimens (p < 0.05; mixed-effects regression model). The results of Study 3 were used to establish ISC reference limits for the 5th, 2.5th and 1.25th percentiles. Overall, the ISC response was consistent to the point that failure in detection is sufficient justification for re-testing and/or re-sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Betsy Armenta-Leyva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alexandra Henao-Díaz
- Pig Improvement Company (PIC) México, Santiago de Querétaro 76040, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David H Baum
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gapdh Shows Altered Gene Expression in Alcohol Models. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objectives. Though glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) is one of the most commonly used housekeeping genes for comparison of gene expression data, studies have revealed that Gapdh expression is not constant at different developmental stages, and is modulated by many factors including ethanol. In view of this, in the present study, we investigated the effect of ethanol on Gapdh stability and expression levels in different model systems.
Methods. Evaluation of Gapdh stability was determined by comparison with three commonly used housekeeping genes in alcohol-exposed and control mouse blastocysts, embryos, and placentas (ActB, Hsp90ab1, and Atp5b), and in alcohol-dependent and healthy humans (ACTB, ATP5B, and HSPCB), and was ranked by the software program RefFinder. To detect the Gapdh expression patterns as a target gene, qRT-PCR analysis was applied.
Results. The order of expression stabilities obtained by the RefFinder ranked Gapdh as the most unstable reference gene in studied groups. The study of the expression dynamics of Gapdh showed significant upregulation in ethanol-exposed mouse blastocysts and embryos (FC = 1.56, p = 0.05 and FC = 6.0, p = 0.01) and downregulation in placentas (FC = 0.60, p = 0.01).
Conclusions. Our results revealed that the expression of Gapdh can vary in different model systems under ethanol exposure and imply the need for caution when using it as an internal control. This is the first report for statistically significant change in Gapdh expression after ethanol exposure during preimplantation mouse development.
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Korsten SGPJ, Peracic L, van Groeningen LMB, Diks MAP, Vromans H, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Butyrate Prevents Induction of CXCL10 and Non-Canonical IRF9 Expression by Activated Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells via HDAC Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073980. [PMID: 35409339 PMCID: PMC8999521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases are increasing and have an underlying low-grade inflammation in common, which may affect gut health. To maintain intestinal homeostasis, unwanted epithelial activation needs to be avoided. This study compared the efficacy of butyrate, propionate and acetate to suppress IFN-γ+/−TNF-α induced intestinal epithelial activation in association with their HDAC inhibitory capacity, while studying the canonical and non-canonical STAT1 pathway. HT-29 were activated with IFN-γ+/−TNF-α and treated with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. CXCL10 release and protein and mRNA expression of proteins involved in the STAT1 pathway were determined. All SCFAs dose-dependently inhibited CXCL10 release of the cells after activation with IFN-γ or IFN-γ+TNF-α. Butyrate was the most effective, completely preventing CXCL10 induction. Butyrate did not affect phosphorylated STAT1, nor phosphorylated NFκB p65, but inhibited IRF9 and phosphorylated JAK2 protein expression in activated cells. Additionally, butyrate inhibited CXCL10, SOCS1, JAK2 and IRF9 mRNA in activated cells. The effect of butyrate was mimicked by class I HDAC inhibitors and a general HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A. Butyrate is the most potent inhibitor of CXCL10 release compared to other SCFAs and acts via HDAC inhibition. This causes downregulation of CXCL10, JAK2 and IRF9 genes, resulting in a decreased IRF9 protein expression which inhibits the non-canonical pathway and CXCL10 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G. P. J. Korsten
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
- Tiofarma B.V., 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (S.G.P.J.K.); (L.E.M.W.)
| | - Laura Peracic
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Luka M. B. van Groeningen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Mara A. P. Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Herman Vromans
- Tiofarma B.V., 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands;
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
- Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.P.); (L.M.B.v.G.); (M.A.P.D.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.P.J.K.); (L.E.M.W.)
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Ayechu-Muruzabal V, van de Kaa M, Mukherjee R, Garssen J, Stahl B, Pieters RJ, van’t Land B, Kraneveld AD, Willemsen LEM. Modulation of the Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk and Related Galectin Secretion by DP3-5 Galacto-Oligosaccharides and β-3′Galactosyllactose. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030384. [PMID: 35327576 PMCID: PMC8945669 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were shown to support mucosal immune development by enhancing regulatory-type Th1 immune polarization induced by synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 agonist mimicking a bacterial DNA trigger). Epithelial-derived galectin-9 was associated with these immunomodulatory effects. We aimed to identify the most active fractions within GOS based on the degree of polymerization (DP), and to study the immunomodulatory capacities of DP3-sized β-3′galactosyllactose (β-3′GL) using a transwell co-culture model of human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IEC were apically exposed to different DP fractions of GOS or β-3′GL in the presence of CpG, and basolaterally co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated PBMC, washed, and incubated in fresh medium for IEC-derived galectin analysis. Only DP3-5 in the presence of CpG enhanced galectin-9 secretion. DP3-sized β-3′GL promoted a regulatory-type Th1 response by increasing IFNγ and IL-10 or galectin-9 concentrations as compared to CpG alone. In addition, IEC-derived galectin-3, -4, and -9 secretion was increased by β-3′GL when combined with CpG. Therefore, the GOS DP3-5 and most effectively DP3-sized β-3′GL supported the immunomodulatory properties induced by CpG by enhancing epithelial-derived galectin secretion, which, in turn, could support mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Melanie van de Kaa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Reshmi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Belinda van’t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Center for Translational Immunology, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Correspondence:
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A Fermented Milk Matrix Containing Postbiotics Supports Th1- and Th17-Type Immunity In Vitro and Modulates the Influenza-Specific Vaccination Response In Vivo in Association with Altered Serum Galectin Ratios. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030254. [PMID: 33805597 PMCID: PMC7998404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a specific milk fermentation process with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LactofidusTM), postbiotics with possible immunomodulatory properties are produced. We investigated the effects of this fermentation product (FP) in vitro using a model that allows crosstalk between intestinal epithelial (IEC) and immune cells. IECs were exposed to FP and αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after which the mediator secretion was measured. Additionally, using a murine influenza vaccination model, immune development was assessed. Mice were fed an AIN93G diet containing FP or lactose as control. Vaccine-specific immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and correlated to intestinal and systemic immunomodulation levels. In vitro, exposure to FP enhanced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A concentrations. Moreover, IEC-derived galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratios were increased. In vivo, dietary intervention with FP increased vaccine-specific DTH responses as compared to the lactose-receiving group. Although no effects on humoral immunity and vaccine-specific T-cell responses were detected, an enhanced systemic serum galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratio correlated with a shift in RORγ (Th17) mRNA expression over regulatory TGFβ1 in the ileum. This was also positively correlated with the increased DTH response. These results indicate that FP can enhance epithelial galectin-3 and -4 over galectin-9 release, and boost adaptive immunity by promoting Th1- and Th17-type cytokines under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Similar variations in galectin and immune balance were observed in the vaccination model, where FP improved the influenza-specific DTH response.
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Selection of Suitable Reference Genes for qPCR Gene Expression Analysis of HepG2 and L02 in Four Different Liver Cell Injured Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8926120. [PMID: 32733961 PMCID: PMC7376413 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8926120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has become a widely used approach to analyze the expression level of selected genes. However, owing to variations in cell types and drug treatments, a suitable reference gene should be selected according to special experimental design. In this study, we investigated the expression level of ten candidate reference genes in hepatoma carcinoma cell (HepG2) and human hepatocyte cell line (L02) treated with ethanol (EtOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetaminophen (APAP), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), respectively. To analyze raw cycle threshold values (Cp values) from qPCR run, three reference gene validation programs, including Bestkeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder, were used to evaluate the stability of ten candidate reference genes. The results showed that TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and tubulin beta 2a (TUBB2a) presented the highest stability for normalization under different treatments and were regarded as the most suitable reference genes of HepG2 and L02. In addition, this study not only identified the most stable reference genes of each treatment, but also suggested that β-actin (ACTB), glyceraldehade-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ), and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) were the least stable reference genes in HepG2 and L02. This work was the first report to systematically explore the stability of reference genes in injured models of HepG2 and L02.
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Xu HB, Tang ZQ, Wang J, Kong PS. Z-guggulsterone regulates MDR1 expression mainly through the pregnane X receptor-dependent manner in human brain microvessel endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:173023. [PMID: 32087256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently studies showed that pregnane X receptor (PXR) was expressed in human brain microvessel endothelial cells and coordinately induced multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) expression. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of Z-guggulsterone on MDR1 in human brain microvessel endothelial cells, and explored whether it involved modulation of PXR. The results showed that Z-guggulsterone (30 μM) simultaneously inhibited the expression of PXR and MDR1 at 24 h in human brain-derived microvessel endothelial cells (hBDMECs). Meanwhile, the levels of PXR and MDR1 expression were simultaneously reduced in PXR siRNA-transfected hBDMECs; MDR-1 siRNA-transfected hBDMECs showed significant decrease in MDR1 expression, but no change in PXR expression. Furthermore, Z-guggulsterone inhibited the activation of PXR in hBDMECs through decreasing the release of cAMP/PKA. Z-guggulsterone reduced the co-activator SRC-1 expression in hBDMECs, as to prevent the activation of MDR1 gene transcription. In addition, Z-guggulsterone (30 μM) at 24 h significantly inhibited the expression of human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) protein in hBDMECs. However, after treatment with Z-guggulsterone (≤30 μM), the level of MDR1 reporter gene activity was lower in human PXR-transfected cells than that in human CAR-transfected cells. The inhibition effect of Z-guggulsterones on MDR1 reporter gene activation was gradually enhanced with the increase of human PXR to CAR ratio, which was greater extent than that with the increase of human CAR to hPXR ratio. The present study suggested that Z-guggulsterone down-regulating the efflux function and expression of MDR1 in hBDMECs might be mainly through the PXR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhao-Qi Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping-Shi Kong
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Kamermans A, Verhoeven T, van Het Hof B, Koning JJ, Borghuis L, Witte M, van Horssen J, de Vries HE, Rijnsburger M. Setmelanotide, a Novel, Selective Melanocortin Receptor-4 Agonist Exerts Anti-inflammatory Actions in Astrocytes and Promotes an Anti-inflammatory Macrophage Phenotype. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2312. [PMID: 31636637 PMCID: PMC6788433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, available treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis (MS) are ineffective in preventing or reversing progressive neurologic deterioration, creating a high, and unmet medical need. One potential way to fight MS may be by limiting the detrimental effects of reactive astrocytes, a key pathological hallmark for disease progression. One class of compounds that may exert beneficial effects via astrocytes are melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonists. Among the MCR, MC4R is most abundantly expressed in the CNS and several rodent studies have described that MC4R is—besides neurons—expressed by astrocytes. Activation of MC4R in astrocytes has shown to have potent anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective effects in vitro, suggesting that this could be a potential target to ameliorate ongoing inflammation, and neurodegeneration in MS. In this study, we set out to investigate human MC4R expression and analyze its downstream effects. We identified MC4R mRNA and protein to be expressed on astrocytes and observed increased astrocytic MC4R expression in active MS lesions. Furthermore, we show that the novel, highly selective MC4R agonist setmelanotide ameliorates the reactive phenotype in astrocytes in vitro and markedly induced interleukin−6 and −11 production, possibly through enhanced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Notably, stimulation of human macrophages with medium from astrocytes that were exposed to setmelanotide, skewed macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that targeting MC4R on astrocytes might be a novel therapeutic strategy to halt inflammation-associated neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin Kamermans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Verhoeven
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bert van Het Hof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lauri Borghuis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Witte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merel Rijnsburger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kamermans A, Planting KE, Jalink K, van Horssen J, de Vries HE. Reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis impair neuronal outgrowth through TRPM7-mediated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production. Glia 2018; 67:68-77. [PMID: 30453391 PMCID: PMC6587975 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammation‐mediated demyelination, axonal injury and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms underlying impaired neuronal function are not fully understood, but evidence is accumulating that the presence of the gliotic scar produced by reactive astrocytes play a critical role in these detrimental processes. Here, we identified astrocytic Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7), a Ca2+‐permeable nonselective cation channel, as a novel player in the formation of a gliotic scar. TRPM7 was found to be highly expressed in reactive astrocytes within well‐characterized MS lesions and upregulated in primary astrocytes under chronic inflammatory conditions. TRPM7 overexpressing astrocytes impaired neuronal outgrowth in vitro by increasing the production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, a key component of the gliotic scar. These findings indicate that astrocytic TRPM7 is a critical regulator of the formation of a gliotic scar and provide a novel mechanism by which reactive astrocytes affect neuronal outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin Kamermans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E Planting
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Kerperien J, Veening-Griffioen D, Wehkamp T, van Esch BCAM, Hofman GA, Cornelissen P, Boon L, Jeurink PV, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM. IL-10 Receptor or TGF-β Neutralization Abrogates the Protective Effect of a Specific Nondigestible Oligosaccharide Mixture in Cow-Milk-Allergic Mice. J Nutr 2018; 148:1372-1379. [PMID: 29986071 PMCID: PMC6074790 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary nondigestible, short-chain galacto-, long-chain fructo-, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (GFAs) lower the effector response in cow-milk-allergic (CMA) mice; and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) were shown to contribute to this. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to the protective effect of the GFA diet in CMA mice. Methods Female C3H/HeOuJ mice, 3-4 wk old, were orally sensitized with cholera toxin (Sham) or whey and cholera toxin (Whey) 1 time/wk for 5 consecutive weeks and challenged with whey 1 wk later. The mice were fed a control or 1% GFA (9:2:1) (Whey+GFA) diet starting 2 wk before the first sensitization. In a second experiment, the mice were also injected with αIL-10 receptor (αIL-10r), αTGF-β, or isotype control antibodies 24 h before each sensitization. The acute allergic skin response, anaphylaxis score, whey-specific IgE, mucosal mast cell protease 1 (mMCP-1), and Treg frequency in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and intestinal Foxp3, Il10, and Tgfb mRNA expression were determined. Results In Whey+GFA mice, intestinal Il10, Tgfb, or Foxp3 mRNA expression was 2-10 times higher (P < 0.05) and the MLN Treg frequency was 25% higher compared with Whey mice (P < 0.05). The acute allergic skin response was 50% lower in Whey+GFA mice compared with Whey mice (P < 0.01), and IL-10 receptor (IL-10r) or TGF-β neutralizing antibodies prevented this protective effect (P < 0.001). The Whey mice had higher serum mMCP-1 concentrations and whey-immunoglobulin E (-IgE) levels than Sham mice (P < 0.01), whereas these were not higher in Whey+GFA mice, and neutralizing antibodies partially interfered with these responses. Conclusions Dietary GFAs enhance the Treg frequency in the MLNs and mucosal IL-10 and TGF-β transcription while suppressing the allergic effector response. Neutralizing antibodies showed that the allergy-protective effect of the GFA diet was mediated by IL-10 and TGF-β in CMA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Kerperien
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Désirée Veening-Griffioen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Hofman
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paquita Cornelissen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Prescilla V Jeurink
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Horrevorts SK, Duinkerken S, Bloem K, Secades P, Kalay H, Musters RJ, van Vliet SJ, García-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Triggering Promotes Cytosolic Routing of DC-SIGN-Targeted Antigens for Presentation on MHC Class I. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1231. [PMID: 29963041 PMCID: PMC6010527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-SIGN is an antigen uptake receptor expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) with specificity for glycans present on a broad variety of pathogens and is capable of directing its cargo to MHC-I and MHC-II pathways for the induction of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, respectively. Therefore, DC-SIGN is a very promising target for the delivery of antigen for anti-cancer vaccination. Although the endocytic route leading to MHC-II presentation is characterized to a large extent, the mechanisms controlling DC-SIGN targeted cross-presentation of exogenous peptides on MHC-I, are not completely resolved yet. In this paper, we used imaging flow cytometry and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to investigate the intracellular fate of DC-SIGN and its cargo in human DCs. Our data demonstrates that immature DCs and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulated DCs had similar internalization capacity and were both able to cross-present antigen targeted via DC-SIGN. Interestingly, simultaneous triggering of TLR4 and DC-SIGN on DCs resulted in the translocation of cargo to the cytosol, leading to proteasome-dependent processing and increased CD8+ T cell activation. Understanding the dynamics of DC-SIGN-mediated uptake and processing is essential for the design of optimal DC-SIGN-targeting vaccination strategies aimed at enhancing CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K Horrevorts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Danone Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Pablo Secades
- Division of Cell Biology, Dutch Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René J Musters
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Zheng S, Shan L, Zhuang Y, Shang Y. Identification of pyrG Used as an Endogenous Reference Gene in Qualitative and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Detection of Pleurotus ostreatus. J Food Sci 2018; 83:750-755. [PMID: 29465750 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a well-known edible fungus rich in nutrients, Pleurotus ostreatus has been used as an alternative to expensive wild edible fungi. Specifically, the fact that using P. ostreatus instead of other expensive wild edible fungi has damaged the rights and interests of consumers. Among the existing methods for detection of food adulteration, the amplification of endogenous reference gene is the most accurate method. However, an ideal endogenous reference gene for P. ostreatus has yet to be developed. In this study, a DNA extraction method for P. ostreatus was optimized, and pyrG was selected as a species-specific gene through sequence alignment. This gene was subsequently subjected to qualitative and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays with 3 different P. ostreatus varieties and 7 other species. A low detection limit of 5 pg/μL was obtained by TaqMan quantitative PCR, and no pyrG amplification product was observed in the 7 other species. No allelic variation was detected in P. ostreatus varieties. These experiments confirmed that pyrG was an ideal endogenous reference gene for the qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR detection of P. ostreatus. This method was also suitable for the examination of processed P. ostreatus samples and determination of adulteration in wild mushrooms. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The pyrG gene was chosen as an ideal endogenous reference gene for the qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR detection of P. ostreatus, and the detection limit was 5 pg/μL for the quantification. This method is used not only for raw materials but also for processed P. ostreatus products and other processed mushroom foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zheng
- Yunnan Inst. of Food Safety, Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Luying Shan
- Yunnan Inst. of Food Safety, Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yongliang Zhuang
- Yunnan Inst. of Food Safety, Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ying Shang
- Yunnan Inst. of Food Safety, Kunming Univ. of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Kostadinova AI, Pablos-Tanarro A, Diks MAP, van Esch BCAM, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Willemsen LEM. Dietary Intervention with β-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides and a Specific Mixture of Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Facilitates the Prevention of Whey-Induced Allergy in Mice by Supporting a Tolerance-Prone Immune Environment. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1303. [PMID: 29123515 PMCID: PMC5662887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) prevails in infants and brings increased risk of developing other allergic diseases. Oral administration of specific β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-derived peptides (PepMix) and a specific blend of short- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (FF/Bb) was found to partially prevent CMA development in mice. In this study, we aimed to expand the knowledge on the preventive potential and the underlying mechanisms of this approach. Three-week-old female C3H/HeOuJ mice were orally exposed to PepMix±FF/Bb prior to a 5-week oral sensitization with whole whey and cholera toxin as an adjuvant. The acute allergic skin response was determined after an intradermal challenge with whole whey protein. Following an oral challenge with whey, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the small intestine lamina propria (SI-LP) and mRNA expression of immune markers in the Peyer's patches (PP) were investigated. The early impact of PepMix and FF/Bb interventions on the immune system during the oral tolerance (OT) induction phase was investigated after the last OT administration. Pre-exposing mice to PepMix+FF/Bb partially prevented the acute allergic skin response compared to PBS and increased Tregs and activated T cells in the SI-LP compared to sham-sensitized mice. It also increased the mRNA expression of Tbet over GATA3 in the PP of whey-sensitized mice. Directly upon the 6-day OT phase, FF/Bb intervention enhanced cecal content levels of propionic and butyric acid in PepMix-fed mice and the former was positively correlated with Foxp3+ cell numbers in the colon. In the PP of PepMix+FF/Bb-exposed mice, IL-22 mRNA expression increased and IL-10 followed the same tendency, while the Foxp3 expression was increased over GATA3 and RorγT. In the colon, the Tbet mRNA expression increased over GATA3, while IL-22 decreased. In addition, the Foxp3+/GATA3+ and regulatory/effector T cell ratios in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the CD11b+/CD11b- conventional dendritic cells ratio in the SI-LP were increased. In conclusion, the FF/Bb diet facilitates the capacity of the specific BLG-peptides to partially prevent the allergic response after sensitization to whole whey protein, possibly by creating a tolerance-prone environment during the OT phase. Such a dietary intervention might contribute to tailoring successful strategies for CMA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska I Kostadinova
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alba Pablos-Tanarro
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara A P Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Léon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Crookenden M, Walker C, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Murray A, Dukkipati V, Heiser A, Roche J. Technical note: Evaluation of endogenous control gene expression in bovine neutrophils by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR using microfluidics gene expression arrays. J Dairy Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Bridel C, Koel-Simmelink MJA, Peferoen L, Derada Troletti C, Durieux S, Gorter R, Nutma E, Gami P, Iacobaeus E, Brundin L, Kuhle J, Vrenken H, Killestein J, Piersma SR, Pham TV, De Vries HE, Amor S, Jimenez CR, Teunissen CE. Brain endothelial cell expression of SPARCL-1 is specific to chronic multiple sclerosis lesions and is regulated by inflammatory mediators in vitro. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:404-416. [PMID: 28543098 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cell matrix modulating protein SPARCL-1 is highly expressed by astrocytes during CNS development and following acute CNS damage. Applying NanoLC-MS/MS to CSF of RRMS and SPMS patients, we identified SPARCL-1 as differentially expressed between these two stages of MS, suggesting a potential as CSF biomarker to differentiate RRMS from SPMS and a role in MS pathogenesis. METHODS This study examines the potential of SPARCL-1 as CSF biomarker discriminating RRMS from SPMS in three independent cohorts (n = 249), analyses its expression pattern in MS lesions (n = 26), and studies its regulation in cultured human brain microvasculature endothelial cells (BEC) after exposure to MS-relevant inflammatory mediators. RESULTS SPARCL-1 expression in CSF was significantly higher in SPMS compared to RRMS in a Dutch cohort of 76 patients. This finding was not replicated in 2 additional cohorts of MS patients from Sweden (n = 81) and Switzerland (n = 92). In chronic MS lesions, but not active lesions or NAWM, a vessel expression pattern of SPARCL-1 was observed in addition to the expression by astrocytes. EC were found to express SPARCL-1 in chronic MS lesions, and SPARCL-1 expression was regulated by MS-relevant inflammatory mediators in cultured human BEC. CONCLUSIONS Conflicting results of SPARCL-1's differential expression in CSF of three independent cohorts of RRMS and SPMS patients precludes its use as biomarker for disease progression. The expression of SPARCL-1 by BEC in chronic MS lesions together with its regulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro suggest a role for SPARCL-1 in MS neuropathology, possibly at the brain vascular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bridel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J A Koel-Simmelink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Peferoen
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Derada Troletti
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Durieux
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Gorter
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Nutma
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Gami
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Iacobaeus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Brundin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Kuhle
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Vrenken
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Killestein
- Department of Neurology, MS Centre Amsterdam, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T V Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H E De Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - C R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Fasciola hepatica glycoconjugates immuneregulate dendritic cells through the Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin inducing T cell anergy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46748. [PMID: 28436457 PMCID: PMC5402274 DOI: 10.1038/srep46748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) expressed on a variety of DCs, is a C-type lectin receptor that recognizes glycans on a diverse range of pathogens, including parasites. The interaction of DC-SIGN with pathogens triggers specific signaling events that modulate DC-maturation and activity and regulate T-cell activation by DCs. In this work we evaluate whether F. hepatica glycans can immune modulate DCs via DC-SIGN. We demonstrate that DC-SIGN interacts with F. hepatica glycoconjugates through mannose and fucose residues. We also show that mannose is present in high-mannose structures, hybrid and trimannosyl N-glycans with terminal GlcNAc. Furthermore, we demonstrate that F. hepatica glycans induce DC-SIGN triggering leading to a strong production of TLR-induced IL-10 and IL-27p28. In addition, parasite glycans induced regulatory DCs via DC-SIGN that decrease allogeneic T cell proliferation, via the induction of anergic/regulatory T cells, highlighting the role of DC-SIGN in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by F. hepatica. Our data confirm the immunomodulatory properties of DC-SIGN triggered by pathogen-derived glycans and contribute to the identification of immunomodulatory glyans of helminths that might eventually be useful for the design of vaccines against fasciolosis.
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18
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Rodríguez E, Carasi P, Frigerio S, da Costa V, van Vliet S, Noya V, Brossard N, van Kooyk Y, García-Vallejo JJ, Freire T. Fasciola hepatica Immune Regulates CD11c + Cells by Interacting with the Macrophage Gal/GalNAc Lectin. Front Immunol 2017; 8:264. [PMID: 28360908 PMCID: PMC5350155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, is a trematode zoonosis of interest in public health and livestock production. Like other helminths, F. hepatica modulates the host immune response by inducing potent polarized Th2 and regulatory T cell immune responses and by downregulating the production of Th1 cytokines. In this work, we show that F. hepatica glycans increase Th2 immune responses by immunomodulating TLR-induced maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs). This process was mediated by the macrophage Gal/GalNAc lectin (MGL) expressed on DCs, which recognizes the Tn antigen (GalNAc-Ser/Thr) on parasite components. More interestingly, we identified MGL-expressing CD11c+ cells in infected animals and showed that these cells are recruited both to the peritoneum and the liver upon F. hepatica infection. These cells express the regulatory cytokines IL-10, TNFα and TGFβ and a variety of regulatory markers. Furthermore, MGL+ CD11c+ cells expand parasite-specific Th2/regulatory cells and suppress Th1 polarization. The results presented here suggest a potential role of MGL in the immunomodulation of DCs induced by F. hepatica and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and immunoregulatory mechanisms induced by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Rodríguez
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Paula Carasi
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Sofía Frigerio
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Valeria da Costa
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Sandra van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Verónica Noya
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Natalie Brossard
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Teresa Freire
- Grupo de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República , Montevideo , Uruguay
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19
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Wang H, Zhang X, Liu Q, Liu X, Ding S. Selection and evaluation of new reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in Epinephelus akaara based on transcriptome data. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171646. [PMID: 28182746 PMCID: PMC5300273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Groupers are an economically important fish species in world fishery markets. Because many studies using RT-qPCR have addressed gene expression in groupers, appropriate reference genes are required to obtain reliable and accurate results. In this study, the most suitable reference genes were identified from eleven candidate genes of one of the most valuable species, Epinephelus akaara, in a range of different experimental conditions. Using the software packages geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and refFinder, three traditionally used reference genes, β-actin (β-ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), were identified as not suitable for E. akaara gene expression studies, whereas two newly identified reference genes, conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 5 (Cog5) and brefeldin a-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 1 (ARFGEF1), could be universally applied under all the tested conditions. These data provide the foundation for more precise results in RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in E. akaara and other Epinephelus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoxiong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wu J, de Theije CGM, da Silva SL, Abbring S, van der Horst H, Broersen LM, Willemsen L, Kas M, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. Dietary interventions that reduce mTOR activity rescue autistic-like behavioral deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:273-287. [PMID: 27640900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inhibition of the mTOR pathway improves behavior and neuropathology in mouse models of ASD containing mTOR-associated single gene mutations. The current study demonstrated that the amino acids histidine, lysine, threonine inhibited mTOR signaling and IgE-mediated mast cell activation, while the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine had no effect on mTOR signaling in BMMCs. Based on these results, we designed an mTOR-targeting amino acid diet (Active 1 diet) and assessed the effects of dietary interventions with the amino acid diet or a multi-nutrient supplementation diet (Active 2 diet) on autistic-like behavior and mTOR signaling in food allergic mice and in inbred BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mice. Cow's milk allergic (CMA) or BTBR male mice were fed a Control, Active 1, or Active 2 diet for 7 consecutive weeks. CMA mice showed reduced social interaction and increased self-grooming behavior. Both diets reversed behavioral impairments and inhibited the mTOR activity in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala of CMA mice. In BTBR mice, only Active 1 diet reduced repetitive self-grooming behavior and attenuated the mTOR activity in the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices. The current results suggest that activated mTOR signaling pathway in the brain may be a convergent pathway in the pathogenesis of ASD bridging genetic background and environmental triggers (food allergy) and that mTOR over-activation could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Lopes da Silva
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilma van der Horst
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laus M Broersen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martien Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Tsai CC, Wu KM, Chiang TY, Huang CY, Chou CH, Li SJ, Chiang YC. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) in response to fungus symbiosis to identify gastrodin biosynthesis-related genes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:212. [PMID: 26960548 PMCID: PMC4784368 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is an important Chinese medicine with several functional components. In the life cycle of G. elata, the orchid develops a symbiotic relationship with two compatible mycorrhizal fungi Mycena spp. and Armillaria mellea during seed germination to form vegetative propagation corm and vegetative growth to develop tubers, respectively. Gastrodin (p-hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside) is the most important functional component in G. elata, and gastrodin significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers. To address the gene regulation mechanism in gastrodin biosynthesis in G. elata, a comparative analysis of de novo transcriptome sequencing among the vegetative propagation corms and tubers of G. elata and A. mellea was conducted using deep sequencing. RESULTS Transcriptome comparison between the vegetative propagation corms and juvenile tubers of G. elata revealed 703 differentially expressed unigenes, of which 298 and 405 unigenes were, respectively up-regulated (fold-change ≥ 2, q-value < 0.05, the trimmed mean of M-values (TMM)-normalized fragments per kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM) > 10) and down-regulated (fold-change ≤ 0.5, q-value <0.05, TMM-normalized FPKM > 10) in juvenile tubers. After Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 112 up-regulated unigenes with KEGG Ortholog identifiers (KOids) or enzyme commission (EC) numbers were assigned to 159 isogroups involved in seventy-eight different pathways, and 132 down-regulated unigenes with KOids or EC numbers were assigned to 168 isogroups, involved in eighty different pathways. The analysis of the isogroup genes from all pathways revealed that the two unigenes TRINITY_DN54282_c0_g1 (putative monooxygenases) and TRINITY_DN50323_c0_g1 (putative glycosyltransferases) might participate in hydroxylation and glucosylation in the gastrodin biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression of the two unique unigenes encoding monooxygenase and glycosyltransferase significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers, and the molecular basis of gastrodin biosynthesis in the tubers of G. elata is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chu Tsai
- Crop Improvement Division, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Keh-Ming Wu
- Welgene Biotech. Co., Ltd., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Science, Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yen Huang
- Crop Improvement Division, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hung Chou
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Ju Li
- Crop Improvement Division, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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22
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Lim JL, van der Pol SMA, Di Dio F, van Het Hof B, Kooij G, de Vries HE, van Horssen J. Protective effects of monomethyl fumarate at the inflamed blood-brain barrier. Microvasc Res 2015; 105:61-9. [PMID: 26679389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis as they induce blood-brain barrier disruption and enhance transendothelial leukocyte migration. Thus, therapeutic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential could have clinical value in multiple sclerosis. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the therapeutic effects of monomethyl fumarate on inflammatory-mediated changes in blood-brain barrier function and gain insight into the underlying mechanism. METHODS The effects of monomethyl fumarate on monocyte transendothelial migration across and adhesion to inflamed human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were quantified using standardized in vitro migration and adhesion assays. Flow cytometry analysis and qPCR were used to measure the concomitant effects of monomethyl fumarate treatment on protein expression of cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, the effects of monomethyl fumarate on the expression and nuclear localization of proteins involved in the activation of antioxidant and inflammatory pathways in human brain endothelial cells were elucidated using nuclear fractionation and Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test. RESULTS Our results show that monomethyl fumarate induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and concomitant production of the antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 in brain endothelial cells. Importantly, monomethyl fumarate treatment markedly decreased monocyte transendothelial migration across and adhesion to inflamed human brain endothelial cells. Treatment of brain endothelial cells with monomethyl fumarate resulted in a striking reduction of vascular cell adhesion molecule expression. Surprisingly, monomethyl fumarate did not affect nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-кB suggesting that monomethyl fumarate potentially affects activity of nuclear factor-ĸB downstream of nuclear translocation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we show that monomethyl fumarate, the primary metabolite of dimethyl fumarate, which is currently used in the clinics for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, demonstrates beneficial therapeutic effects at the inflamed blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Lim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Susanne M A van der Pol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Flaminia Di Dio
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert van Het Hof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Human Steady State CD14+ and CD1a+ Antigen Presenting Cells and Epidermal Langerhans Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143519. [PMID: 26605924 PMCID: PMC4659545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous antigen presenting cells (APCs) are critical for the induction and regulation of skin immune responses. The human skin contains phenotypically and functionally distinct APCs subsets that are present at two separated locations. While CD1ahigh LCs form a dense network in the epidermis, the CD14+ and CD1a+ APCs reside in the dermal compartment. A better understanding of the biology of human skin APC subsets is necessary for the improvement of vaccine strategies that use the skin as administration route. In particular, progress in the characterization of uptake and activatory receptors will certainly improve APC-targeting strategies in vaccination. Here we performed a detailed analysis of the expression and function of glycan-binding and pattern-recognition receptors in skin APC subsets. The results demonstrate that under steady state conditions human CD1a+ dermal dendritic cells (DCs) were phenotypically most mature as measured by the expression of CD83 and CD86, whereas the CD14+ cells showed a higher expression of the CLRs DC-SIGN, mannose receptor and DCIR and had potent antigen uptake capacity. Furthermore, steady state LCs showed superior antigen cross-presentation as compared to the dermal APC subsets. Our results also demonstrate that the TLR3 ligand polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (pI:C) was the most potent stimulator of cytokine production by both LCs and dDCs. These studies warrant further exploration of human CD1a+ dDCs and LCs as target cells for cancer vaccination to induce anti-tumor immune responses.
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24
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Holst S, Deuss AJM, van Pelt GW, van Vliet SJ, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, Mesker WE, Tollenaar RA, Rombouts Y, Wuhrer M. N-glycosylation Profiling of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Association of Fucosylation with Differentiation and Caudal Type Homebox 1 (CDX1)/Villin mRNA Expression. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:124-40. [PMID: 26537799 PMCID: PMC4762531 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cancers such as colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with alterations in protein glycosylation. CRC cell lines are frequently used to study these (glyco)biological changes and their mechanisms. However, differences between CRC cell lines with regard to their glycosylation have hitherto been largely neglected. Here, we comprehensively characterized the N-glycan profiles of 25 different CRC cell lines, derived from primary tumors and metastatic sites, in order to investigate their potential as glycobiological tumor model systems and to reveal glycans associated with cell line phenotypes. We applied an optimized, high-throughput membrane-based enzymatic glycan release for small sample amounts. Released glycans were derivatized to stabilize and differentiate between α2,3- and α2,6-linked N-acetylneuraminic acids, followed by N-glycosylation analysis by MALDI-TOF(/TOF)-MS. Our results showed pronounced differences between the N-glycosylation patterns of CRC cell lines. CRC cell line profiles differed from tissue-derived N-glycan profiles with regard to their high-mannose N-glycan content but showed a large overlap for complex type N-glycans, supporting their use as a glycobiological cancer model system. Importantly, we could show that the high-mannose N-glycans did not only occur as intracellular precursors but were also present at the cell surface. The obtained CRC cell line N-glycan features were not clearly correlated with mRNA expression levels of glycosyltransferases, demonstrating the usefulness of performing the structural analysis of glycans. Finally, correlation of CRC cell line glycosylation features with cancer cell markers and phenotypes revealed an association between highly fucosylated glycans and CDX1 and/or villin mRNA expression that both correlate with cell differentiation. Together, our findings provide new insights into CRC-associated glycan changes and setting the basis for more in-depth experiments on glycan function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoann Rombouts
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, ¶Department of RheumatologyLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; ‡‡Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- From the ‡Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, ‖Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology and **Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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25
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Bennani-Baiti B, Toegel S, Viernstein H, Urban E, Noe CR, Bennani-Baiti IM. Inflammation Modulates RLIP76/RALBP1 Electrophile-Glutathione Conjugate Transporter and Housekeeping Genes in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139101. [PMID: 26406496 PMCID: PMC4583384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are often present at inflammation sites. This is the case of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of patients afflicted with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or multiple sclerosis, as well as in cases of bacterial meningitis, trauma, or tumor-associated ischemia. Inflammation is a known modulator of gene expression through the activation of transcription factors, mostly NF-κB. RLIP76 (a.k.a. RALBP1), an ATP-dependent transporter of electrophile-glutathione conjugates, modulates BBB permeability through the regulation of tight junction function, cell adhesion, and exocytosis. Genes and pathways regulated by RLIP76 are transcriptional targets of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory molecule, suggesting that RLIP76 may also be an inflammation target. To assess the effects of TNF-α on RLIP76, we faced the problem of choosing reference genes impervious to TNF-α. Since such genes were not known in human BBB endothelial cells, we subjected these to TNF-α, and measured by quantitative RT-PCR the expression of housekeeping genes commonly used as reference genes. We find most to be modulated, and analysis of several inflammation datasets as well as a metaanalysis of more than 5000 human tissue samples encompassing more than 300 cell types and diseases show that no single housekeeping gene may be used as a reference gene. Using three different algorithms, however, we uncovered a reference geneset impervious to TNF-α, and show for the first time that RLIP76 expression is induced by TNF-α and follows the induction kinetics of inflammation markers, suggesting that inflammation can influence RLIP76 expression at the BBB. We also show that MRP1 (a.k.a. ABCC1), another electrophile-glutathione transporter, is not modulated in the same cells and conditions, indicating that RLIP76 regulation by TNF-α is not a general property of glutathione transporters. The reference geneset uncovered herein should aid in future gene expression studies in inflammatory conditions of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bennani-Baiti
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Vienna General Hospital (AKH), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer-Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Noe
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Kooij G, Braster R, Koning JJ, Laan LC, van Vliet SJ, Los T, Eveleens AM, van der Pol SMA, Förster-Waldl E, Boztug K, Belot A, Szilagyi K, van den Berg TK, van Buul JD, van Egmond M, de Vries HE, Cummings RD, Dijkstra CD, van Die I. Trichuris suis induces human non-classical patrolling monocytes via the mannose receptor and PKC: implications for multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015. [PMID: 26205402 PMCID: PMC4513676 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The inverse correlation between prevalence of auto-immune disorders like the chronic neuro-inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS) and the occurrence of helminth (worm) infections, suggests that the helminth-trained immune system is protective against auto-immunity. As monocytes are regarded as crucial players in the pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases, we explored the hypothesis that these innate effector cells are prime targets for helminths to exert their immunomodulatory effects. Results Here we show that soluble products of the porcine nematode Trichuris suis (TsSP) are potent in changing the phenotype and function of human monocytes by skewing classical monocytes into anti-inflammatory patrolling cells, which exhibit reduced trans-endothelial migration capacity in an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier. Mechanistically, we identified the mannose receptor as the TsSP-interacting monocyte receptor and we revealed that specific downstream signalling occurs via protein kinase C (PKC), and in particular PKCδ. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive mechanistic insight into helminth-induced immunomodulation, which can be therapeutically exploited to combat various auto-immune disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0223-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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27
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Wu J, de Theije CGM, da Silva SL, van der Horst H, Reinders MTM, Broersen LM, Willemsen LEM, Kas MJH, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. mTOR plays an important role in cow's milk allergy-associated behavioral and immunological deficits. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:220-32. [PMID: 26027949 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is multifactorial, with both genetic as well as environmental factors working in concert to develop the autistic phenotype. Immunological disturbances in autistic individuals have been reported and a role for food allergy has been suggested in ASD. Single gene mutations in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are associated with the development of ASD and enhanced mTOR signaling plays a central role in directing immune responses towards allergy as well. Therefore, the mTOR pathway may be a pivotal link between the immune disturbances and behavioral deficits observed in ASD. In this study it was investigated whether the mTOR pathway plays a role in food allergy-induced behavioral and immunological deficits. Mice were orally sensitized and challenged with whey protein. Meanwhile, cow's milk allergic (CMA) mice received daily treatment of rapamycin. The validity of the CMA model was confirmed by showing increased allergic immune responses. CMA mice showed reduced social interaction and increased repetitive self-grooming behavior. Enhanced mTORC1 activity was found in the brain and ileum of CMA mice. Inhibition of mTORC1 activity by rapamycin improved the behavioral and immunological deficits of CMA mice. This effect was associated with increase of Treg associated transcription factors in the ileum of CMA mice. These findings indicate that mTOR activation may be central to both the intestinal, immunological, and psychiatric ASD-like symptoms seen in CMA mice. It remains to be investigated whether mTOR can be seen as a therapeutic target in cow's milk allergic children suffering from ASD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Lopes da Silva
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilma van der Horst
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Margot T M Reinders
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Laus M Broersen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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28
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Hertoghs N, van der Aar AMG, Setiawan LC, Kootstra NA, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH. SAMHD1 degradation enhances active suppression of dendritic cell maturation by HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4431-7. [PMID: 25825449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the lack of sterilizing immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the induction of immunity, and lack of DC activation might underlie the absence of an effective anti-HIV-1 response. We have investigated how HIV-1 infection affects maturation of DCs. Our data show that even though DCs are productively infected by HIV-1, infection does not induce DC maturation. HIV-1 infection actively suppresses DC maturation, as HIV-1 infection inhibited TLR-induced maturation of DCs and thereby decreased the immune stimulatory capacity of DCs. Interfering with SAMHD1 restriction further increased infection of DCs, but did not lead to DC maturation. Notably, higher infection observed with SAMHD1 depletion correlated with a stronger suppression of maturation. Furthermore, blocking reverse transcription rescued TLR-induced maturation. These data strongly indicate that HIV-1 replication does not trigger immune activation in DCs, but that HIV-1 escapes immune surveillance by actively suppressing DC maturation independent of SAMHD1. Elucidation of the mechanism of suppression can lead to promising targets for therapy or vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hertoghs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Angelic M G van der Aar
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Laurentia C Setiawan
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
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29
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Mirzaee S, Drewniak A, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Kaptein TM, Gharibdoost F, Geijtenbeek TBH. Herbal medicine IMOD suppresses LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in human dendritic cells. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:64. [PMID: 25870561 PMCID: PMC4375992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicines that stimulate or modulate the immune system can be used as innovative approaches to treat immunological diseases. The herbal medicine IMOD has been shown to strongly modulate immune responses in several animal studies as well as in clinical trials. However, little is known about the mechanisms of IMOD to modulate immunity. Here we have investigated whether IMOD modulates the immunological function of human dendritic cells (DCs). IMOD alone did not induce DC maturation nor production of cytokines. Notably, IMOD decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNFα by LPS-activated DCs at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose dependent manner. In contrast, treatment with IMOD did not affect LPS induced-production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, IMOD inhibited T cell activation/proliferation by LPS-treated DCs and skewed T-cells responses toward the T helper type 2 polarization. These data strongly indicate that IMOD has a potent immunomodulatory ability that affects TLR signaling and thereby modulates DC function. Insight into the immunomodulatory effect of herbal medicine IMOD may provide innovative strategies to affect the immune system and to help combat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Mirzaee
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Agata Drewniak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja M Kaptein
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Farhad Gharibdoost
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science Tehran, Iran
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Koning N, Kessen SFM, Van Der Voorn JP, Appelmelk BJ, Jeurink PV, Knippels LMJ, Garssen J, Van Kooyk Y. Human Milk Blocks DC-SIGN-Pathogen Interaction via MUC1. Front Immunol 2015; 6:112. [PMID: 25821450 PMCID: PMC4358221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of breastfeeding are well-recognized and include both immediate neonatal protection against pathogens and long-term protection against allergies and autoimmune diseases. Although several proteins have been identified to have anti-viral or anti-bacterial effects like secretory IgA or lactoferrin, the mechanisms of immune modulation are not fully understood. Recent studies identified important beneficial effects of glycans in human milk, such as those expressed in oligosaccharides or on glycoproteins. Glycans are recognized by the carbohydrate receptors C-type lectins on dendritic cell (DC) and specific tissue macrophages, which exert important functions in immune modulation and immune homeostasis. A well-characterized C-type lectin is dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), which binds terminal fucose. The present study shows that in human milk, MUC1 is the major milk glycoprotein that binds to the lectin domain of DC-SIGN and prevents pathogen interaction through the presence of Lewis x-type oligosaccharides. Surprisingly, this was specific for human milk, as formula, bovine or camel milk did not show any presence of proteins that interacted with DC-SIGN. The expression of DC-SIGN is found in young infants along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Our data thus suggest the importance of human milk glycoproteins for blocking pathogen interaction to DC in young children. Moreover, a potential benefit of human milk later in life in shaping the infants immune system through DC-SIGN cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Sabine F M Kessen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | | | - Ben J Appelmelk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Prescilla V Jeurink
- Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands ; Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Leon M J Knippels
- Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands ; Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition , Wageningen , Netherlands ; Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Yvette Van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Jones JD, Hamilton BJ, Skopelja S, Rigby WFC. Induction of interleukin-6 production by rituximab in human B cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:2938-46. [PMID: 25080282 DOI: 10.1002/art.38798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rituximab (RTX), an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is highly effective in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. The mechanism by which RTX treatment improves rheumatoid arthritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis is not easily related to B cell depletion alone. Prior studies have shown that RTX mediates a rapid stripping of CD20 and CD19 from the human B cell through a process known as trogocytosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in B cell phenotype resulting from trogocytosis would diminish the ability of B cells to promote autoimmune disease. METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with RTX under conditions that permitted trogocytosis. Changes in B cell phenotype and cytokine production were measured in the basal state and under conditions of activation with interleukin-4 (IL-4)/anti-CD40. The effects of RTX were characterized in terms of a requirement for interaction with the Fcγ receptor (FcγR) and other Fc-dependent interactions. RESULTS Trogocytosis induced a marked loss of surface CD19, IgD, CD40, and B cell-activating factor receptor, but did not alter induction of CD86 expression on purified B cells following IL-4/anti-CD40 treatment. Unexpectedly, RTX-dependent trogocytosis of normal human B cells in vitro led to a rapid up-regulation of IL-6 production, with no effect on the production of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, interferon-γ, or IL-10. This effect was Fc-dependent and required the presence of an FcγR-bearing cell. Moreover, this effect involved the release of preformed intracellular IL-6 protein, as well as marked increases in IL-6 messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSION RTX-mediated trogocytosis of B cells in vitro results in acute production and release of IL-6. The nature of this effect and how it is related to the acute infusion reactions seen with RTX administration remain to be determined.
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Broux B, Mizee MR, Vanheusden M, van der Pol S, van Horssen J, Van Wijmeersch B, Somers V, de Vries HE, Stinissen P, Hellings N. IL-15 Amplifies the Pathogenic Properties of CD4+CD28−T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2099-109. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kerperien J, Jeurink PV, Wehkamp T, van der Veer A, van de Kant HJG, Hofman GA, van Esch ECAM, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Knippels LMJ. Non-digestible oligosaccharides modulate intestinal immune activation and suppress cow's milk allergic symptoms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:747-54. [PMID: 25410019 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy in childhood and no effective preventive or curative treatment is available. This study aimed at comparing single short-chain galacto- (scGOS), long-chain fructo- (lcFOS) or pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) and/or mixtures of scGOS/lcFOS (GF) or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS (GFA) to prevent or treat food allergy. METHODS In the preventive protocol, C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed diets containing single oligosaccharides or mixtures GF or GFA throughout the study protocol. In the treatment protocol, GF or GFA was provided for 4 wk starting after the last sensitization. The allergic skin response and anaphylaxis scores were determined, after oral challenge whey-specific immunoglobulins were measured, and qPCR for T-cell markers and Foxp3 counts using immunohistochemistry were performed on the small intestine and colon. RESULTS Only in the preventive setting, the GF or GFA mixture, but not the single oligosaccharides, reduced the allergic skin response and whey-IgG(1) levels in whey-sensitized mice, compared to the control diet. Both GF and GFA increased the number of Foxp3+ cells in the proximal small intestine of whey - compared to sham-sensitized mice. Expression of Th2 and Th17 mRNA markers increased in the middle part of the small intestine of whey-sensitized mice, which was prevented by GF. By contrast, GFA enhanced Tbet (Th1), IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression compared to GF which was maintained in the distal small intestine and/or colon. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS during sensitization, both effectively reduce allergic symptoms but differentially affect mucosal immune activation in whey-sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kerperien
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mizee MR, Nijland PG, van der Pol SMA, Drexhage JAR, van het Hof B, Mebius R, van der Valk P, van Horssen J, Reijerkerk A, de Vries HE. Astrocyte-derived retinoic acid: a novel regulator of blood-brain barrier function in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:691-703. [PMID: 25149081 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions are characterized by the presence of activated astrocytes, which are thought to actively take part in propagating lesion progression by secreting pro-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, reactive astrocytes may exert disease-dampening effects through the production of trophic factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Astrocytic control of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial for normal brain homeostasis and BBB disruption is a well-established early event in MS lesion development. Here, we set out to unravel potential protective effects of reactive astrocytes on BBB function under neuroinflammatory conditions as seen in MS, where we focus on the role of the brain morphogen retinoic acid (RA). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), a key enzyme for RA synthesis, is highly expressed by reactive astrocytes throughout white matter lesions compared to control and normal appearing white matter. In vitro modeling of reactive astrocytes resulted in increased expression of RALDH2, enhanced RA synthesis, and a protective role for astrocyte-derived RA on BBB function during inflammation-induced barrier loss. Furthermore, RA induces endothelial immune quiescence and decreases monocyte adhesion under inflammatory conditions. Finally, we demonstrated that RA attenuated oxidative stress in inflamed endothelial cells, through activation of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor E2 related factor 2. In summary, RA synthesis by reactive astrocytes represents an endogenous protective response to neuroinflammation, possibly aimed at protecting the BBB against inflammatory insult. A better understanding of RA signaling in MS pathophysiology may lead to the discovery of novel targets to halt disease progression.
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35
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Kooij G, Kopplin K, Blasig R, Stuiver M, Koning N, Goverse G, van der Pol SMA, van Het Hof B, Gollasch M, Drexhage JAR, Reijerkerk A, Meij IC, Mebius R, Willnow TE, Müller D, Blasig IE, de Vries HE. Disturbed function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier aggravates neuro-inflammation. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:267-77. [PMID: 24356983 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro-inflammatory disorder, which is marked by the invasion of the central nervous system by monocyte-derived macrophages and autoreactive T cells across the brain vasculature. Data from experimental animal models recently implied that the passage of leukocytes across the brain vasculature is preceded by their traversal across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus. The correlation between the presence of leukocytes in the CSF of patients suffering from MS and the number of inflammatory lesions as detected by magnetic resonance imaging suggests that inflammation at the choroid plexus contributes to the disease, although in a yet unknown fashion. We here provide first insights into the involvement of the choroid plexus in the onset and severity of the disease and in particular address the role of the tight junction protein claudin-3 (CLDN3) in this process. Detailed analysis of human post-mortem brain tissue revealed a selective loss of CLDN3 at the choroid plexus in MS patients compared to control tissues. Importantly, mice that lack CLDN3 have an impaired BCSFB and experience a more rapid onset and exacerbated clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which coincides with enhanced levels of infiltrated leukocytes in their CSF. Together, this study highlights a profound role for the choroid plexus in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and implies that CLDN3 may be regarded as a crucial and novel determinant of BCSFB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Sarrami-Forooshani R, Mesman AW, van Teijlingen NH, Sprokholt JK, van der Vlist M, Ribeiro CMS, Geijtenbeek TBH. Human immature Langerhans cells restrict CXCR4-using HIV-1 transmission. Retrovirology 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 24990163 PMCID: PMC4227116 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual transmission is the main route of HIV-1 infection and the CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 is predominantly transmitted, even though CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 is often abundant in chronic HIV-1 patients. The mechanisms underlying this tropism selection are unclear. Mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first immune cells to encounter HIV-1 and here we investigated the role of LCs in selection of R5 HIV-1 using an ex vivo epidermal and vaginal transmission models. Results Immature LCs were productively infected by X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. However, only R5 but not X4 viruses were selectively transmitted by immature LCs to T cells. Transmission of HIV-1 was depended on de novo production of HIV-1 in LCs, since it could be inhibited by CCR5 fusion inhibitors as well as reverse transcription inhibitors. Notably, the activation state of LCs affected the restriction in X4 HIV-1 transmission; immune activation by TNF facilitated transmission of X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. Conclusions These data suggest that LCs play a crucial role in R5 selection and that immature LCs effectively restrict X4 at the level of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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García-Vallejo JJ, Ilarregui JM, Kalay H, Chamorro S, Koning N, Unger WW, Ambrosini M, Montserrat V, Fernandes RJ, Bruijns SCM, van Weering JRT, Paauw NJ, O'Toole T, van Horssen J, van der Valk P, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Bajramovic J, Dijkstra CD, 't Hart BA, van Kooyk Y. CNS myelin induces regulatory functions of DC-SIGN-expressing, antigen-presenting cells via cognate interaction with MOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1465-83. [PMID: 24935259 PMCID: PMC4076586 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that are recognized by DC-SIGN+ DCs and microglia that control immune homeostasis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a constituent of central nervous system myelin, is an important autoantigen in the neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its function remains unknown. Here, we show that, in healthy human myelin, MOG is decorated with fucosylated N-glycans that support recognition by the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on microglia and DCs. The interaction of MOG with DC-SIGN in the context of simultaneous TLR4 activation resulted in enhanced IL-10 secretion and decreased T cell proliferation in a DC-SIGN-, glycosylation-, and Raf1-dependent manner. Exposure of oligodendrocytes to proinflammatory factors resulted in the down-regulation of fucosyltransferase expression, reflected by altered glycosylation at the MS lesion site. Indeed, removal of fucose on myelin reduced DC-SIGN–dependent homeostatic control, and resulted in inflammasome activation, increased T cell proliferation, and differentiation toward a Th17-prone phenotype. These data demonstrate a new role for myelin glycosylation in the control of immune homeostasis in the healthy human brain through the MOG–DC-SIGN homeostatic regulatory axis, which is comprised by inflammatory insults that affect glycosylation. This phenomenon should be considered as a basis to restore immune tolerance in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Ilarregui
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Chamorro
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Koning
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W W Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - V Montserrat
- Division of Cell Biology, Dutch Cancer Institute, 1066X Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R J Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S C M Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N J Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of Functional Genomics and Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; and Department of Pathology, VU University Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University, 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - C D Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A 't Hart
- Alternatives Unit and Dept. Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands Department Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Y van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Yang H, Liu J, Huang S, Guo T, Deng L, Hua W. Selection and evaluation of novel reference genes for quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) based on genome and transcriptome data in Brassica napus L. Gene 2014; 538:113-22. [PMID: 24406618 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Selection of reference genes in Brassica napus, a tetraploid (4×) species, is a very difficult task without information on genome and transcriptome. By now, only several traditional reference genes which show significant expression differentiation under different conditions are used in B. napus. In the present study, based on genome and transcriptome data of the rapeseed Zhongshuang-11 cultivar, 14 candidate reference genes were screened for investigation in different tissues, cultivars, and treated conditions of B. napus. These genes were as follows: ELF5, ENTH, F-BOX7, F-BOX2, FYPP1, GDI1, GYF, MCP2d, OTP80, PPR, SPOC, Unknown1, Unknown2 and UBA. Among them, excluding GYF and FYPP1, another 12 genes, were identified to perform better than traditional reference genes ACTIN7 and GAPDH. To further validate the accuracy of the newly developed reference genes in normalization, expression levels of BnCAT1 (B. napus catalase 1) in different rapeseed tissues and seedlings under stress conditions were normalized by the three most stable reference genes PPR, GDI1, and ENTH and little difference existed in normalization results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time B. napus reference genes have been provided with the help of complete genome and transcriptome information. The new reference genes provided in this study are more accurate than previously reported reference genes in quantifying expression levels of B. napus genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Shunmou Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Tingting Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Linbin Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Wei Hua
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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Shang Y, Zhu P, Huang K, Liu W, Tian W, Luo Y, Xu W. A peach (Prunus persica)-specific gene, Lhcb2, used as an endogenous reference gene for qualitative and real-time quantitative PCR to detect fruit products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Schenk GJ, Dijkstra S, van het Hof AJ, van der Pol SMA, Drexhage JAR, van der Valk P, Reijerkerk A, van Horssen J, de Vries HE. Roles for HB-EGF and CD9 in multiple sclerosis. Glia 2013; 61:1890-905. [PMID: 24038577 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Early events in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion formation are loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system, and demyelination. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathogenic events are poorly understood. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) is a trophic factor that is induced by inflammatory stimuli and has previously been shown to interact with tetraspanins (TSPs), a family of transmembrane proteins that are involved in cellular migration and adhesion. Given the known roles of TSPs and HB-EGF, we hypothesized that HB-EGF and TSPs may play a role in the processes that underlie MS lesion formation. We examined the expression of HB-EGF and the TSPs CD9 and CD81 in MS brain and found that HB-EGF was highly induced in reactive astrocytes in active lesions. TSPs were constitutively expressed throughout normal appearing white matter and control white matter. In contrast, CD9 was reduced in demyelinated lesions and increased on blood vessels in lesion areas. In vitro studies revealed that expression of HB-EGF and TSPs is regulated during inflammation. Importantly, blocking either HB-EGF or CD9 significantly reduced the migration of monocytes across brain endothelial cell monolayers. Moreover, blocking CD9 strongly enhanced the barrier function of the BBB in vitro. Together, we demonstrate that these molecules are likely implicated in processes that are highly relevant for MS lesion formation, and therefore, HB-EGF and TSPs are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Vliet SJ, Vuist IM, Lenos K, Tefsen B, Kalay H, García-Vallejo JJ, van Kooyk Y. Human T cell activation results in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-calcineurin-dependent exposure of Tn antigen on the cell surface and binding of the macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27519-27532. [PMID: 23918927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.471045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) exerts an immunosuppressive role reflected by its interaction with terminal GalNAc moieties, such as the Tn antigen, on CD45 of effector T cells, thereby down-regulating T cell receptor signaling, cytokine responses, and induction of T cell death. Here, we provide evidence for the pathways that control the specific expression of GalNAc moieties on human CD4(+) T cells. GalNAc epitopes were readily detectable on the cell surface after T cell activation and required de novo protein synthesis. Expression of GalNAc-containing MGL ligands was completely dependent on PKC and did not involve NF-κB. Instead, activation of the downstream ERK MAPK pathway led to decreased mRNA levels and activity of the core 1 β3GalT enzyme and its chaperone Cosmc, favoring the expression of Tn antigen. In conclusion, expression of GalNAc moieties mirrors the T cell activation status, and thus only highly stimulated T cells are prone to the suppressive action of MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilona M Vuist
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Lenos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Vliet SJ, Bay S, Vuist IM, Kalay H, García-Vallejo JJ, Leclerc C, van Kooyk Y. MGL signaling augments TLR2-mediated responses for enhanced IL-10 and TNF-α secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:315-23. [PMID: 23744646 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs orchestrate immune responses to infectious pathogens and disturbances in tissue integrity. Equipped with C-type lectins, DCs can respond to environmental changes in glycosylation. Many C-type lectins are capable of modulating TLR activation, thereby facilitating tailor-made immune reactions. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the C-type lectin MGL and show that MGL engagement by agonistic antibodies or carbohydrate ligands couples to TLR signal transduction for increased IL-10 and TNF-α secretion by human monocyte-derived DCs. MGL triggering especially synergized with TLR2-induced pathways, leading to elevated IL-10 mRNA levels and enhanced TNF-α mRNA stability. In addition, MGL signaling promoted phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK and the transcription factor CREB. Whereas specific inhibitors of p90RSK blocked the MGL-induced cytokine secretion, AP-1 was not involved. Strikingly, NF-κB was only crucial for the IL-10 response and dispensable for TNF-α production. Together, our results demonstrate that MGL activation of the ERK-p90RSK-CREB axis converges with TLR2-induced pathways, thereby fine-tuning the DC maturation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Selection of stable reference genes in heat stressed peripheral blood mononuclear cells of tropically adapted Indian cattle and buffaloes. Mol Cell Probes 2013; 27:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Kivit S, Kraneveld AD, Knippels LMJ, van Kooyk Y, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Intestinal epithelium-derived galectin-9 is involved in the immunomodulating effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:625-38. [PMID: 23735749 DOI: 10.1159/000350515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention using nondigestible oligosaccharides, short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS), in combination with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V prevents allergic disease involving galectin-9. In addition, apical TLR9 signaling contributes to intestinal homeostasis. We studied the contribution of galectin-9 secreted by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC; HT-29 and T84) in Th1 and regulatory T-cell (Treg) polarization in vitro. IEC were grown in transwell filters, cocultured with CD3/CD28-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and apically exposed to genomic DNA derived from B. breve M-16V or synthetic TLR9 ligand in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS. Cytokine production and T-cell phenotype were determined and galectin expression by IEC was assessed. Galectin-9 was neutralized using lactose or a TIM-3-Fc fusion protein. IEC exposed to DNA from B. breve M-16V or TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS enhanced IFN-γ secretion by PBMC and increased the percentage of Th1 and Treg cells. Expression and secretion of galectin-9 by IEC was increased and neutralization of galectin-9 prevented the induction of IFN-γ secretion and also suppressed the production of IL-10 by PBMC. Furthermore, we show that galectin-9 induces Treg and Th1 polarization through interaction with antigen-presenting cells. Our findings show that galectin-9 secreted by IEC apically exposed to TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS is involved in Th1 and Treg polarization and may be a promising target to prevent or treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander de Kivit
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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de Kivit S, Kraneveld AD, Knippels LMJ, van Kooyk Y, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Intestinal epithelium-derived galectin-9 is involved in the immunomodulating effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides. J Innate Immun 2013. [PMID: 23735749 DOI: 10.1159/0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention using nondigestible oligosaccharides, short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS), in combination with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V prevents allergic disease involving galectin-9. In addition, apical TLR9 signaling contributes to intestinal homeostasis. We studied the contribution of galectin-9 secreted by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC; HT-29 and T84) in Th1 and regulatory T-cell (Treg) polarization in vitro. IEC were grown in transwell filters, cocultured with CD3/CD28-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and apically exposed to genomic DNA derived from B. breve M-16V or synthetic TLR9 ligand in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS. Cytokine production and T-cell phenotype were determined and galectin expression by IEC was assessed. Galectin-9 was neutralized using lactose or a TIM-3-Fc fusion protein. IEC exposed to DNA from B. breve M-16V or TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS enhanced IFN-γ secretion by PBMC and increased the percentage of Th1 and Treg cells. Expression and secretion of galectin-9 by IEC was increased and neutralization of galectin-9 prevented the induction of IFN-γ secretion and also suppressed the production of IL-10 by PBMC. Furthermore, we show that galectin-9 induces Treg and Th1 polarization through interaction with antigen-presenting cells. Our findings show that galectin-9 secreted by IEC apically exposed to TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS is involved in Th1 and Treg polarization and may be a promising target to prevent or treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander de Kivit
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial in the maintenance of a controlled environment within the brain to safeguard optimal neuronal function. The endothelial cells (ECs) of the BBB possess specific properties that restrict the entry of cells and metabolites into the CNS. The specialized BBB endothelial phenotype is induced during neurovascular development by surrounding cells of the CNS. However, the molecular differentiation of the BBB endothelium remains poorly understood. Retinoic acid (RA) plays a crucial role in the brain during embryogenesis. Because radial glial cells supply the brain with RA during the developmental cascade and associate closely with the developing vasculature, we hypothesize that RA is important for the induction of BBB properties in brain ECs. Analysis of human postmortem fetal brain tissue shows that the enzyme mainly responsible for RA synthesis, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, is expressed by radial glial cells. In addition, the most important receptor for RA-driven signaling in the CNS, RA-receptor β (RARβ), is markedly expressed by the developing brain vasculature. Our findings have been further corroborated by in vitro experiments showing RA- and RARβ-dependent induction of different aspects of the brain EC barrier. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of RAR activation during the differentiation of the murine BBB resulted in the leakage of a fluorescent tracer as well as serum proteins into the developing brain and reduced the expression levels of important BBB determinants. Together, our results point to an important role for RA in the induction of the BBB during human and mouse development.
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Oosterhoff D, Heusinkveld M, Lougheed SM, Kosten I, Lindstedt M, Bruijns SCM, van Es T, van Kooyk Y, van der Burg SH, de Gruijl TD. Intradermal delivery of TLR agonists in a human explant skin model: preferential activation of migratory dendritic cells by polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and peptidoglycans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3338-45. [PMID: 23467931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TLR agonists are attractive candidate adjuvants for therapeutic cancer vaccines as they can induce a balanced humoral and T cell-mediated immune response. With a dense network of dendritic cells (DCs) and draining lymphatics, the skin provides an ideal portal for vaccine delivery. Beside direct DC activation, TLR agonists may also induce DC activation through triggering the release of inflammatory mediators by accessory cells in the skin microenvironment. Therefore, a human skin explant model was used to explore the in vivo potential of intradermally delivered TLR agonists to stimulate Langerhans cells and dermal DCs in their natural complex tissue environment. The skin-emigrated DCs were phenotyped and analyzed for T cell stimulatory capacity. We report that, of six tested TLR-agonists, the TLR2 and -3 agonists peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyribosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) were uniquely able to enhance the T cell-priming ability of skin-emigrated DCs, which, in the case of PGN, was accompanied by Th1 polarization. The enhanced priming capacity of Poly I:C-stimulated DCs was associated with a strong upregulation of appropriate costimulatory molecules, including CD70, whereas that of PGN-stimulated DCs was associated with the release of a broad array of proinflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional profiling further supported the notion that the PGN- and Poly I:C-induced effects were mediated through binding to TLR2/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 and TLR3/MDA5, respectively. These data warrant further exploration of PGN and Poly I:C, alone or in combination, as DC-targeted adjuvants for intradermal cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinja Oosterhoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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48
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Żyżyńska-Granica B, Koziak K. Identification of suitable reference genes for real-time PCR analysis of statin-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51547. [PMID: 23251572 PMCID: PMC3519707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper data normalization in quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is of critical importance for reliable mRNA expression analysis. Due to a diversity in putative reference genes expression stability in different in vitro models, a validation of an internal control gene should be made for each particular tissue or cell type and every specific experimental design. A few approaches have been proposed for reference gene selection, including pair-wise comparison approach and model-based approach. In this article we have assessed the expression stability of eight putative reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GADD45A, GAPDH, HPRT1, PES1, PSMC4, YWHAZ, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with different statins and with TNF-α. The analysis was performed with three reference gene validation programs: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. We have shown that hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 gene (HPRT1) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide gene (YWHAZ) are the most stably expressed genes among the analyzed ones. Furthermore, our results show that β-actin gene (ACTB) is downregulated by statins and thus should not be used as a normalizing gene in a discussed experimental setup. A ranking of candidate reference genes stability values is provided and might serve as a valuable guide for future gene expression studies in endothelial cells. This is the first report on reference gene selection for RT-qPCR applications in statin-treated HUVEC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica
- Department of General and Nutritional Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Costa JJN, Passos MJ, Leitão CCF, Vasconcelos GL, Saraiva MVA, Figueiredo JR, van den Hurk R, Silva JRV. Levels of mRNA for bone morphogenetic proteins, their receptors and SMADs in goat ovarian follicles grown in vivo and in vitro. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:723-32. [PMID: 22697122 DOI: 10.1071/rd11195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the stability of housekeeping genes (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, β-actin, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), 18S rRNA, ubiquitin and ribosomal protein 19) and the levels of mRNA for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), -4 (BMP-4), -6 (BMP-6), -7 (BMP-7) and -15 (BMP-15), their receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II) and Similar to Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMADs) (-1, -5 and -8) in goat follicles of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0mm, as well as in secondary follicles before and after culture for 18 days. β-tubulin and PGK were the most stable housekeeping genes and the levels of mRNA for BMP-2 in follicles of 0.2mm were higher than in follicles of 0.5 and 1.0mm. For BMP-4, -6 and -7, the highest levels of mRNA were found in follicles of 1.0mm. The expression of BMPR-IB was higher in follicles of 0.2mm, whereas the levels of BMPR-II were higher in follicles of 0.5mm. The levels of mRNA for SMAD-5 were higher in follicles of 0.2mm, whereas SMAD-8 had higher levels in 0.5-mm follicles. After culture, follicles showed increased levels of mRNA for BMP-2 and reduced mRNA for BMP-4, BMP-7, BMPR-IA and SMAD-5. In conclusion, β-tubulin and PGK are the most stable reference genes, and BMPs, their receptors and SMADs have variable levels of mRNA in the follicular size classes analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J N Costa
- Biotechnology Nucleus of Sobral - NUBIS, Federal University of Ceara, CEP 62042-280, Sobral, CE, Brazil
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50
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Ribeiro-Viana R, García-Vallejo JJ, Collado D, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Bloem K, van Kooyk Y, Rojo J. BODIPY-Labeled DC-SIGN-Targeting Glycodendrons Efficiently Internalize and Route to Lysosomes in Human Dendritic Cells. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3209-19. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ribeiro-Viana
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC − Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio
49, Seville 41092 Spain
| | - Juan J. García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Collado
- Andalusian Centre of Nanomedicine
and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Andalusian Centre of Nanomedicine
and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Karien Bloem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC − Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio
49, Seville 41092 Spain
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