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Martins-Ribeiro A, Kizhedath A, Ahmed SS, Glassey J, Ishaq A, Freer M, Dickinson AM. A Human Skin Explant Test as a Novel In Vitro Assay for the Detection of Skin Sensitization to Aggregated Monoclonal Antibodies. TOXICS 2024; 12:332. [PMID: 38787111 PMCID: PMC11125788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics. However, the enhanced potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter during the production of mAbs. Furthermore, mAb aggregation may also present a potential health risk in a clinical setting during the administration of mAb therapeutics to patients. While the extent of immunotoxicity in patient populations is uncertain, reports show it can lead to immune responses via cell activation and cytokine release. In this study, an autologous in vitro skin test designed to predict adverse immune events, including skin sensitization, was used as a novel assay for the assessment of immunotoxicity caused by mAb aggregation. Material and Methods: Aggregation of mAbs was induced by a heat stress protocol, followed by characterization of protein content by analytical ultra-centrifugation and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a 4% aggregation level of total protein content. Immunotoxicity and potential skin sensitization caused by the aggregates, were then tested in a skin explant assay. Results: Aggregated Herceptin and Rituximab caused skin sensitization, as shown by histopathological damage (grade II-III positive response) together with positive staining for Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Changes in T cell proliferation were not observed. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase of IL-10 for the most extreme condition of aggregation (65 °C at pH3) and a trend for an overall increase of IFN-γ, especially in response to Rituximab. Conclusions: The skin explant assay demonstrated that aggregated mAbs showed adverse immune reactions, as demonstrated as skin sensitization, with histopathological grades II-III. The assay may, therefore, be a novel tool for assessing immunotoxicity and skin sensitization caused by mAb aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martins-Ribeiro
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arathi Kizhedath
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shaheda Sameena Ahmed
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Jarka Glassey
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Abbas Ishaq
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Matthew Freer
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Anne Mary Dickinson
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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2
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Yoshii Y, Matsumoto H, Igarashi C, Tachibana T, Hihara F, Shinada M, Waki A, Yoshida S, Naito K, Ito K, Higashi T, Kurihara H, Ueno M. Process to Remove the Size Variants Contained in the Antibody-Chelator Complex PCTA-NCAB001 for Radiolabeling with Copper-64. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1341. [PMID: 37895812 PMCID: PMC10610008 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physicochemical properties of antibody-drug conjugates is critical to assess their quality at manufacturing and monitor them during subsequent storage. For radiometal-antibody complexes, it is important to control the properties of the antibody-chelator conjugate to maintain the quality of the final product. We have been developing 64Cu-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody NCAB001 (64Cu-NCAB001) for the early diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic cancer with positron-emission tomography. Here, we characterized the larger size variants contained in the antibody-chelator conjugate PCTA-NCAB001 by multi-angle light scattering coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. Secondly, we developed a chromatographic method to remove these size variants. Lastly, we demonstrated the stability of PCTA-NCAB001 after the removal of size variants. Dimer and oligomers were identified in PCTA-NCAB001. These larger size variants, together with some smaller size variants, could be removed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The PCTA-NCAB001 product, after the removal of these size variants, could be stored at 4 °C for six months. The methods developed here can be applied to assure the quality of PCTA-NCAB001 and other antibody-drug conjugates to facilitate the development of antibody-radiometal conjugates for positron-emission tomography and radioimmunotherapy of malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yoshii
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Matsumoto
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan;
| | - Chika Igarashi
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Tachibana
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Fukiko Hihara
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Shinada
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuo Waki
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Department of Research, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., Tokyo 104-0031, Japan; (S.Y.); (K.N.)
| | - Kenichiro Naito
- Department of Research, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., Tokyo 104-0031, Japan; (S.Y.); (K.N.)
| | - Kimiteru Ito
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (H.M.); (C.I.); (T.T.); (F.H.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (T.H.)
| | - Hiroaki Kurihara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan;
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama 241-8515, Japan;
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3
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Jakob LA, Mesurado T, Jungbauer A, Lingg N. Increase in cysteine-mediated multimerization under attractive protein-protein interactions. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:891-905. [PMID: 36576211 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2158471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The CASPON enzyme became an interesting enzyme for fusion protein processing because it generates an authentic N-terminus. However, the high cysteine content of the CASPON enzyme may induce aggregation via disulfide-bond formation, which can reduce enzymatic activity and be considered a critical quality attribute. Different multimerization states of the CASPON enzyme were isolated by preparative size exclusion chromatography and analyzed with respect to multimerization propensity and enzymatic activity. The impact of co-solutes on multimerization was studied in solution and in adsorbed state. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions in the presence of different co-solutes were measured by self-interaction chromatography and were then correlated to the multimerization propensity. The dimer was the most stable and active species with 50% higher enzymatic activity than the tetramer. Multimerization was mainly governed by a cysteine-mediated pathway, as indicated by DTT-induced reduction of most caspase multimers. In the presence of ammonium sulfate, attractive protein-protein interactions were consistent with those observed for higher multimerization when the cysteine-mediated pathway was followed. Multimerization was also observed under attractive conditions on a chromatographic stationary phase. These findings corroborate common rules to perform protein purification with low residence time to avoid disulfide bond formation and conformational change of the protein upon adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A Jakob
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomás Mesurado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Wagner C, Innthaler B, Lemmerer M, Pletzenauer R, Birner-Gruenberger R. Biophysical Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Using Ion-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Light Scattering Detectors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12715. [PMID: 36361506 PMCID: PMC9655919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography coupled to light scattering detectors represents a fast and simple analytical method for the assessment of multiple critical quality attributes (CQA) in one single measurement. The determination of CQAs play a crucial role in Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-based gene therapies and their applications in humans. Today, several different analytical techniques, including size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), qPCR or ELISA, are commonly used to characterize the gene therapy product regarding capsid titer, packaging efficiency, vector genome integrity, aggregation content and other process-related impurities. However, no universal method for the simultaneous determination of multiple CQAs is currently available. Here, we present a novel robust ion-exchange chromatography method coupled to multi-angle light scattering detectors (IEC-MALS) for the comprehensive characterization of empty and filled AAVs concerning capsid titer, full-to-total ratio, absolute molar mass of the protein and nucleic acid, and the size and polydispersity without baseline-separation of both species prior to data analysis. We demonstrate that the developed IEC-MALS assay is applicable to different serotypes and can be used as an orthogonal method to other established analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wagner
- Analytical Development Europe, Takeda Vienna, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Innthaler
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Takeda Orth an der Donau, 2304 Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Martin Lemmerer
- Analytical Development Europe, Takeda Vienna, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Pletzenauer
- Gene Therapy Process Development, Takeda Orth an der Donau, 2304 Orth an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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5
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De Vos J, Pereira Aguilar P, Köppl C, Fischer A, Grünwald-Gruber C, Dürkop M, Klausberger M, Mairhofer J, Striedner G, Cserjan-Puschmann M, Jungbauer A, Lingg N. Production of full-length SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein from Escherichia coli optimized by native hydrophobic interaction chromatography hyphenated to multi-angle light scattering detection. Talanta 2021; 235:122691. [PMID: 34517577 PMCID: PMC8284068 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for several steps of the viral life cycle, and is abundantly expressed during infection, making it an ideal diagnostic target protein. This protein has a strong tendency for dimerization and interaction with nucleic acids. For the first time, high titers of NP were expressed in E. coli with a CASPON tag, using a growth-decoupled protein expression system. Purification was accomplished by nuclease treatment of the cell homogenate and a sequence of downstream processing (DSP) steps. An analytical method consisting of native hydrophobic interaction chromatography hyphenated to multi-angle light scattering detection (HIC-MALS) was established for in-process control, in particular, to monitor product fragmentation and multimerization throughout the purification process. 730 mg purified NP per liter of fermentation could be produced by the optimized process, corresponding to a yield of 77% after cell lysis. The HIC-MALS method was used to demonstrate that the NP product can be produced with a purity of 95%. The molecular mass of the main NP fraction is consistent with dimerized protein as was verified by a complementary native size-exclusion separation (SEC)-MALS analysis. Peptide mapping mass spectrometry and host cell specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the high product purity, and the presence of a minor endogenous chaperone explained the residual impurities. The optimized HIC-MALS method enables monitoring of the product purity, and simultaneously access its molecular mass, providing orthogonal information complementary to established SEC-MALS methods. Enhanced resolving power can be achieved over SEC, attributed to the extended variables to tune selectivity in HIC mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Pereira Aguilar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Köppl
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Fischer
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- BOKU Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Dürkop
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; Novasign GmbH, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria; enGenes Biotech GmbH, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Cserjan-Puschmann
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Wang Y, Lu J, Huang Z, Qian M, Zhang Q, Feng J. Process development of recombinant Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase production in Pichia pastoris intracellularly and its characterization as a potential biosimilar. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, McAuley A, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Identification of critical chemical modifications by size exclusion chromatography of stressed antibody-target complexes with competitive binding. MAbs 2021; 13:1887612. [PMID: 33616001 PMCID: PMC7899689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1887612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications (attributes) in the binding regions of stressed therapeutic proteins may affect binding to target and efficacy of therapeutic proteins. The method presented here describes the criticality assessment of therapeutic antibody modifications by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of competitive binding between a stressed antibody and its target, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), followed by SEC fractionation and peptide mapping characterization of bound and unbound antibodies. When stressed antibody and its target were mixed at a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:2, only antibody-receptor complex eluted from SEC, indicating that binding was not decreased to break the complex. When a smaller amount of the receptor was provided (1:1), the antibody species with modifications reducing binding eluted as unbound from SEC, while the antibody-receptor complex eluted as the bound fraction. Peptide mapping revealed ratios of modifications between unbound and bound fractions. Statistical analysis after triplicate measurements (n = 3) indicated that heavy chain (HC) D102 isomerization and light chain (LC) N30 deamidation were four-fold higher in unbound fraction with high statistical significance. Although HC N55 deamidation and M107 oxidation were also abundant, they were not statistically different between unbound and bound. Our findings agree with previously published potency measurements of collected CEX fractions and the crystal structure of antibody and HER2. Overall, competitive SEC of stressed antibody-receptor mixture followed by peptide mapping is a useful tool in revealing critical residues and modifications involved in the antibody-target binding, even if they elute as a complex from SEC when mixed at 1:2 stoichiometric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.,Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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8
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Abstract
X-ray crystallography is the main technique for the determination of protein structures. About 85% of all protein structures known to date have been elucidated using X-ray crystallography. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of proteins can be used in various applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, drug design , and basic research and as a validation tool for protein modifications and ligand binding. Moreover, the requirement for pure, homogeneous, and stable protein solutions in crystallizations makes X-ray crystallography beneficial in other fields of protein research as well. Here, we describe the technique of X-ray protein crystallography and the steps involved for a successful three-dimensional crystal structure determination.
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9
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Thomas SL, Thacker JB, Schug KA, Maráková K. Sample preparation and fractionation techniques for intact proteins for mass spectrometric analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:211-246. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Texas Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Jonathan B. Thacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Texas Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Texas Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Katarína Maráková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
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10
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Diedericks CF, Venema P, Mubaiwa J, Jideani VA, van der Linden E. Effect of processing on the microstructure and composition of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) seeds, flour and protein isolates. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Tian Z, Wang T, Tunlid A, Persson P. Proteolysis of Iron Oxide-Associated Bovine Serum Albumin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5121-5130. [PMID: 32208652 PMCID: PMC7311061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are a substantial nitrogen source in soils provided that they can be hydrolyzed into bioavailable small peptides or amino acids. However, the strong associations between proteins and soil minerals restrict such proteolytic reactions. This study focused on how an extracellular fungal protease (Rhizopus sp.) hydrolyzed iron oxide-associated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the factors that affected the proteolysis. We combined batch experiments with size-exclusion and reversed phase liquid chromatography and in situ infrared spectroscopic measurements to monitor the generation of proteolytic products in solution as well as the real-time changes of the adsorbed BSA during 24 h. Results showed that protease hydrolyzed the iron oxide-associated BSA directly at the surface without an initial desorption of BSA. Concurrently, the protease was adsorbed to vacant surface sites at the iron oxides, which significantly slowed down the rate of proteolysis. This inhibiting effect was counteracted by the presence of preadsorbed phosphate or by increasing the BSA coverage, which prevented protease adsorption. Fast initial rates of iron oxide-associated BSA proteolysis, comparable to proteolysis of BSA in solution, and very slow rates at prolonged proteolysis suggest a large variability in mineral-associated proteins as a nitrogen source in soils and that only a fraction of the protein is bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomo Tian
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre
for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Ecology
Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Persson
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre
for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Ecology
Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Gentiluomo L, Roessner D, Frieß W. Application of machine learning to predict monomer retention of therapeutic proteins after long term storage. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119039. [PMID: 31953088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important aspect of initial developability assessments as well formulation development and selection of therapeutic proteins is the evaluation of data obtained under accelerated stress condition, i.e. at elevated temperatures. We propose the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict long term stability in real storage condition from accelerated stability studies and other high-throughput biophysical properties e.g. the first apparent temperature of unfolding (Tm). Our models have been trained on therapeutic relevant proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, in various pharmaceutically relevant formulations. Further, we developed network architectures with good prediction power using the least amount of input features, i.e. experimental effort to train the network. This provides an empiric means to highlight the most important parameters in the prediction of real-time protein stability. Further, several models were developed by a different validation means (i.e. leave-one-protein-out cross-validation) to test the robustness and the limitations of our approach. Finally, we apply surrogate machine learning algorithms (e.g. linear regression) to build trust in the ANNs decision making procedure and to highlight the connection between the leading inputs and the outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, 56307 Dernbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
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14
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Analytical Platform for Monitoring Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2019; 36:152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Khago D, Bierma JC, Roskamp KW, Kozlyuk N, Martin RW. Protein refractive index increment is determined by conformation as well as composition. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:435101. [PMID: 30280702 PMCID: PMC6387658 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The refractive index gradient of the eye lens is controlled by the concentration and distribution of its component crystallin proteins, which are highly enriched in polarizable amino acids. The current understanding of the refractive index increment ([Formula: see text]) of proteins is described using an additive model wherein the refractivity and specific volume of each amino acid type contributes according to abundance in the primary sequence. Here we present experimental measurements of [Formula: see text] for crystallins from the human lens and those of aquatic animals under uniform solvent conditions. In all cases, the measured values are much higher than those predicted from primary sequence alone, suggesting that structural factors also contribute to protein refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domarin Khago
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
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16
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Gomes D, Kalman RK, Pagels RK, Rodrigues MA, Roberts CJ. Parallel chromatography and in situ scattering to interrogate competing protein aggregation pathways. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1325-1333. [PMID: 29717515 PMCID: PMC6032348 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation can follow different pathways, and these can result in different net aggregation rates and kinetic profiles. α-chymotypsinogen A (aCgn) was used as a model system to quantitatively and qualitatively assess an approach that combines ex situ size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with in situ laser scattering (LS) to monitor aggregation vs. time. Aggregation was monitored for a series of temperatures and initial dimer (ID) levels for starting conditions that were primarily (> 97%) monomer, and under initial-rate conditions (limited to low monomer conversion-less than 20% monomer mass loss), as these conditions are of most to interest to many pharmaceutical and biotechnology applications. SEC results show that modest decreases of ID levels can greatly reduce monomer loss rates, but do not affect the effective activation energy for aggregation. The normalized aggregation rates determined from LS were typically ∼ 1 order of magnitude higher than the corresponding rates from SEC. Furthermore, LS signals vs. time became variable and highly nonlinear with decreasing ID level, temperature, and/or total protein concentration. Temperature-cycling LS experiments showed this corresponded to conditions where dimer/oligomer "seeding" was suppressed, and high levels of reversible oligomers ("prenuclei") were formed prior to "nucleation" and growth of stable aggregates. In those conditions, aggregation rates inferred from LS and SEC are greatly different, as the techniques monitor different stages of the aggregation process. Overall, the results illustrate an approach for interrogating non-native protein aggregation pathways, and potential pitfalls if one relies on a single method to monitor aggregation-this holds more generally than the particular methods here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical EngineeringInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Rebecca K. Kalman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
| | - Rebecca K. Pagels
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
| | - Miguel A. Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical EngineeringInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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17
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Coupling Multi Angle Light Scattering to Ion Exchange chromatography (IEX-MALS) for protein characterization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6907. [PMID: 29720692 PMCID: PMC5931992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-angle light scattering coupled with size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS) is a standard and common approach for characterizing protein mass, overall shape, aggregation, oligomerization, interactions and purity. The limited resolution of analytical SEC restricts in some instances the accurate analysis that can be accomplished by MALS. These include mixtures of protein populations with identical or very similar molecular masses, oligomers with poor separation and short peptides. Here we show that combining MALS with the higher resolution separation technique ion exchange (IEX-MALS) can allow precise analyses of samples that cannot be resolved by SEC-MALS. We conclude that IEX-MALS is a valuable and complementary method for protein characterization, especially for protein systems that could not be fully analyzed by SEC-MALS.
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18
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Laptoš T, Omersel J. The importance of handling high-value biologicals: Physico-chemical instability and immunogenicity of monoclonal antibodies. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3161-3168. [PMID: 29556253 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review specifies the various chemical and physical factors that can influence drug stability and immunogenicity, and the treatment outcomes of antibody biologicals. Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to be more resistant to environmental changes compared with other proteins, the molecules themselves can be subjected to chemical and physical processes that promote their degradation and transformation into their specific amino-acid moieties. With increasing use of medicinal products that contain mAbs, and their self-administration by the patients, the issue of the correct manipulation of these drugs is of increasing importance. This review summarises the correct handling of mAb biologicals from the point of view of the pharmacist, clinical biochemist and patient, as is supported by relevant cases from the literature and our own data and experience. In particular, if there is a break in the cold chain, both healthcare professionals and patients need to be aware of the potential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics alterations to these biologicals. Furthermore, any alterations in the protein structure can induce harmful immune reactions, including anaphylaxis and cytokine storms, or result in the production of neutralising or blocking Abs. Overall, considering also that treatment costs usually remain high, drug stability can have a tremendous effect on the clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes of such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Laptoš
- Pharmacy Unit, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Omersel
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Vardar G, Altikatoglu M, Basaran Y, Işıldak İ. Synthesis of glucose oxidase-PEG aldehyde conjugates and improvement of enzymatic stability. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:788-794. [PMID: 28679282 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1345920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article, aldehyde derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was synthesized directly with sodium periodate agent. To obtain a conjugate which possesses better stability, PEG aldehyde was bonded to native enzyme with different molar ratios. The conjugation reaction turned out to be efficient and mild. Colorimetric method was applied to evaluate the enzymatic activity of native GOD and its derivatives by introducing another enzyme, horseradish peroxidase. The GOD-PEG aldehyde conjugate with polymeric chains exhibited reduced enzymatic activity towards the catalytical oxidation of glucose, but with significantly increased thermal stability and elongated lifetime. When GOD was modified with PEG aldehyde the enzymatic activity was decreased 40% at 30 °C. However, when incubated at 60 °C the GOD-PEG aldehyde conjugate still retained the enzyme bioactivity of 40% bioactivity left after 4 h, whereas the native GOD lost almost all the activity in 4 h. The polymer chain attached, the more reduction of the enzymatic activity resulted, however, the longer the lifetime and higher thermal stability of the enzyme obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökay Vardar
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Melda Altikatoglu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Yeliz Basaran
- b Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - İbrahim Işıldak
- b Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
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20
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Analytical Tools to Improve Optimization Procedures for Lateral Flow Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7020029. [PMID: 28555034 PMCID: PMC5489949 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochromatographic or lateral flow assays (LFAs) are inexpensive, easy to use, point-of-care medical diagnostic tests that are found in arenas ranging from a doctor’s office in Manhattan to a rural medical clinic in low resource settings. The simplicity in the LFA itself belies the complex task of optimization required to make the test sensitive, rapid and easy to use. Currently, the manufacturers develop LFAs by empirical optimization of material components (e.g., analytical membranes, conjugate pads and sample pads), biological reagents (e.g., antibodies, blocking reagents and buffers) and the design of delivery geometry. In this paper, we will review conventional optimization and then focus on the latter and outline analytical tools, such as dynamic light scattering and optical biosensors, as well as methods, such as microfluidic flow design and mechanistic models. We are applying these tools to find non-obvious optima of lateral flow assays for improved sensitivity, specificity and manufacturing robustness.
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21
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Rouet R, Langley DB, Schofield P, Christie M, Roome B, Porebski BT, Buckle AM, Clifton BE, Jackson CJ, Stock D, Christ D. Structural reconstruction of protein ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3897-3902. [PMID: 28356519 PMCID: PMC5393204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613477114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral protein reconstruction allows the resurrection and characterization of ancient proteins based on computational analyses of sequences of modern-day proteins. Unfortunately, many protein families are highly divergent and not suitable for sequence-based reconstruction approaches. This limitation is exemplified by the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates (B- and T-cell receptors), heterodimers formed by pairs of Ig domains. These receptors are believed to have evolved from an extinct homodimeric ancestor through a process of gene duplication and diversification; however molecular evidence has so far remained elusive. Here, we use a structural approach and laboratory evolution to reconstruct such molecules and characterize their interaction with antigen. High-resolution crystal structures of reconstructed homodimeric receptors in complex with hen-egg white lysozyme demonstrate how nanomolar affinity binding of asymmetrical antigen is enabled through selective recruitment and structural plasticity within the receptor-binding site. Our results provide structural evidence in support of long-held theories concerning the evolution of antigen receptors, and provide a blueprint for the experimental reconstruction of protein ancestry in the absence of phylogenetic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David B Langley
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mary Christie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Brendan Roome
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Porebski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ben E Clifton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daniela Stock
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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22
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Hetmańska M, Maciejewski A. The application of a UHPLC system to study the formation of various chemical species by compounds undergoing efficient self-aggregation and to determine the homodimerization constants (K DM) with values in the high range of 10 6–10 10 M −1. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates a new concept for the use of UHPLC method for identification of the species formed by a self-aggregating compound depending on its concentration and solvent used and to determine homodimerization constants, KDM = 106–1010 M−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hetmańska
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
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23
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Abstract
Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP) is one of the most popular fusion partners being used for producing recombinant proteins in bacterial cells. MBP allows the use of a simple capture affinity step on Amylose-Agarose or Dextrin-Sepharose columns, resulting in a protein that is often 70-90 % pure in a single step. In addition to protein isolation applications, MBP provides a high degree of translation, and facilitates the proper folding and solubility of the target protein. This paper describes efficient procedures for isolating highly purified MBP target proteins. Special attention is given to considerations for downstream applications such as structural determination studies, protein activity assays, and assessing the chemical characteristics of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lebendiker
- Protein Expression and Purification Facilities, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Edmond J.Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Tsafi Danieli
- Protein Expression and Purification Facilities, The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, The Edmond J.Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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24
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Wang EH, Nagarajan Y, Carroll F, Schug KA. Reversed-phase separation parameters for intact proteins using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3716-3727. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn H. Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Yashaswini Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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25
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Tam YJ, Zeenathul NA, Rezaei MA, Mohd Azmi ML, Bahaman AR, Lo SC, Tan JS, Hani H. Two-step purification strategy for enhanced recovery of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen fromPichia pastoris. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1135949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Theoretical approximations and experimental extinction coefficients of biopharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1523-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Küchler A, Bleich JN, Sebastian B, Dittrich PS, Walde P. Stable and Simple Immobilization of Proteinase K Inside Glass Tubes and Microfluidic Channels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25970-80. [PMID: 26536248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Engyodontium album proteinase K (proK) is widely used for degrading proteinaceous impurities during the isolation of nucleic acids from biological samples, or in proteomics and prion research. Toward applications of proK in flow reactors, a simple method for the stable immobilization of proK inside glass micropipette tubes was developed. The immobilization of the enzyme was achieved by adsorption of a dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugate from aqueous solution. This conjugate was first synthesized from a polycationic dendronized polymer (denpol) and proK and consisted, on average, of 2000 denpol repeating units and 140 proK molecules, which were attached along the denpol chain via stable bis-aryl hydrazone bonds. Although the immobilization of proK inside the tube was based on nonspecific, noncovalent interactions only, the immobilized proK did not leak from the tube and remained active during prolonged storage at 4 °C and during continuous operation at 25 °C and pH = 7.0. The procedure developed was successfully applied for the immobilization of proK on a glass/PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microchip, which is a requirement for applications in the field of proK-based protein analysis with such type of microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küchler
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian N Bleich
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Sebastian
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Dittrich
- Bioanalytics Group, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Materials (D-MATL), ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Rayfield WJ, Roush DJ, Chmielowski RA, Tugcu N, Barakat S, Cheung JK. Prediction of viral filtration performance of monoclonal antibodies based on biophysical properties of feed. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:765-74. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Rayfield
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - David J. Roush
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Rebecca A. Chmielowski
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Nihal Tugcu
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Shehab Barakat
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Jason K. Cheung
- Sterile Product and Analytical Development; Biologics Process Development, Merck Research Laboratories; Kenilworth NJ 07033
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29
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Analysis of therapeutic proteins and peptides using multiangle light scattering coupled to ultra high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1537-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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30
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Küchler A, Adamcik J, Mezzenga R, Schlüter AD, Walde P. Enzyme immobilization on silicate glass through simple adsorption of dendronized polymer–enzyme conjugates for localized enzymatic cascade reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of enzymes to a dendronized polymer via bis-aryl hydrazone bonds enables simple and stable enzyme immobilisation on unmodified glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küchler
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Laboratory of Food & Soft Materials
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology
- ETH Zürich
- 8092 Zürich
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Laboratory of Food & Soft Materials
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology
- ETH Zürich
- 8092 Zürich
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
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31
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Pratesi A, Ginanneschi M, Melani F, Chinol M, Carollo A, Paganelli G, Lumini M, Bartoli M, Frediani M, Rosi L, Petrucci G, Messori L, Papini AM. Design and solid phase synthesis of new DOTA conjugated (+)-biotin dimers planned to develop molecular weight-tuned avidin oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3988-4001. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02685c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligomeric architectures of avidin generated by a new class of bis-biotins.
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32
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Raynal B, Lenormand P, Baron B, Hoos S, England P. Quality assessment and optimization of purified protein samples: why and how? Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:180. [PMID: 25547134 PMCID: PMC4299812 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified protein quality control is the final and critical check-point of any protein production process. Unfortunately, it is too often overlooked and performed hastily, resulting in irreproducible and misleading observations in downstream applications. In this review, we aim at proposing a simple-to-follow workflow based on an ensemble of widely available physico-chemical technologies, to assess sequentially the essential properties of any protein sample: purity and integrity, homogeneity and activity. Approaches are then suggested to optimize the homogeneity, time-stability and storage conditions of purified protein preparations, as well as methods to rapidly evaluate their reproducibility and lot-to-lot consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Raynal
- Institut Pasteur, Biophysics of Macromolecules and their Interactions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- CNRS-UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.
| | - Pascal Lenormand
- Institut Pasteur, Biophysics of Macromolecules and their Interactions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- CNRS-UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Baron
- Institut Pasteur, Biophysics of Macromolecules and their Interactions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- CNRS-UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Institut Pasteur, Biophysics of Macromolecules and their Interactions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- CNRS-UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Biophysics of Macromolecules and their Interactions, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- CNRS-UMR3528, Institut Pasteur, Departement of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.
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33
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Fekete S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Theory and practice of size exclusion chromatography for the analysis of protein aggregates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Molloy S, Fesinmeyer RM, Fesinmeyer RM, Martinez T, Piedmonte DM, Murphy PD, Pelletier MEH, Pelletier ME, Treuheit MJ, Kleemann GR. Optimized UV detection of high-concentration antibody formulations using high-throughput SE-HPLC. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:508-14. [PMID: 25392911 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-concentration antibody solutions (>100 mg/mL) present significant challenges for formulation and process development, including formulation attributes such as increased solution viscosity, and the propensity for self-association. An additional challenge comes from the adaptation of analytical methods designed for low-concentration formulations to the high-concentration regime. The oligomeric state is a good example: it is a quality attribute monitored during pharmaceutical development and is one that can be affected by dilution; a typical first step in the analysis of high-concentration solutions. The objective of this work was to develop a size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) method that would allow the injection of high-concentration antibody formulations without the need for dilution prior to injection and their analysis in a high-throughput manner that does not create a bottleneck for the execution of complex formulation development studies. It was found that changing the UV detection wavelength from 215 to 235 nm simplified sample preparation by allowing for an approximately fivefold increase in injection load while maintaining the signal within the linear range of detection. In addition, the chromatographic peak properties (i.e., peak symmetry, resolution, and sensitivity) were determined to be consistent when compared with analytical methods developed for formulations with lower antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Molloy
- Drug Product Formulation Technologies, Process Development, Amgen. Inc., Seattle, Washington
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35
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Muneeruddin K, Thomas JJ, Salinas PA, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of small protein aggregates and oligomers using size exclusion chromatography with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10692-9. [PMID: 25310183 DOI: 10.1021/ac502590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-association of proteins is important in a variety of processes ranging from acquisition of native quaternary structure (where the association is tightly controlled and proceeds in a highly ordered fashion) to aggregation and amyloidosis. The latter is frequently accompanied (or indeed triggered) by the loss of the native structure, but a clear understanding of the complex relationship between conformational changes and protein self-association/aggregation remains elusive due to the great difficulty in characterizing these complex and frequently heterogeneous species. In this study, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used in combination with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) to characterize a commercial protein sample (serum albumin) that forms small aggregates. Although noncovalent dimers and trimers of this protein are readily detected by native ESI MS alone, combination of SEC and ESI MS allows a distinction to be made between the oligomers present in solution and those formed during the ESI process (artifacts of ESI MS). Additionally, native ESI MS detection allows a partial loss of conformation integrity to be detected across all albumin species present in solution. Finally, ESI MS detection allows these analyses to be carried out readily even in the presence of other abundant proteins coeluting with albumin. Native ESI MS as an online detection method for SEC also enables meaningful characterization of species representing different quaternary organization of a recombinant glycoprotein human arylsulfatase A even when their rapid interconversion prevents their separation on the SEC time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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36
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Miercke LJW, Robbins RA, Stroud RM. Tetra detector analysis of membrane proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 77:29.10.1-29.10.30. [PMID: 25081744 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2910s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Well-characterized membrane protein detergent complexes (PDC) that are pure, homogenous, and stable, with minimized excess detergent micelles, are essential for functional assays and crystallization studies. Procedural steps to measure the mass, size, shape, homogeneity, and molecular composition of PDCs and their host detergent micelles using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a Viscotek Tetra Detector Array (TDA; absorbance, refractive index, light scattering, and viscosity detectors) are presented in this unit. The value of starting with a quality PDC sample, the precision and accuracy of the results, and the use of a digital benchtop refractometer are emphasized. An alternate and simplified purification and characterization approach using SEC with dual absorbance and refractive index detectors to optimize detergent and lipid concentration while measuring the PDC homogeneity is also described. Applications relative to purification and characterization goals are illustrated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J W Miercke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca A Robbins
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Macdonald PJ, Stepanyants N, Mehrotra N, Mears JA, Qi X, Sesaki H, Ramachandran R. A dimeric equilibrium intermediate nucleates Drp1 reassembly on mitochondrial membranes for fission. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1905-15. [PMID: 24790094 PMCID: PMC4055269 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drp1 catalyzes mitochondrial division, but the mechanisms remain elusive. The mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin stimulates Drp1 activity and supports membrane constriction. In addition, Drp1 populates two polymeric states that equilibrate via a dimeric intermediate. Dimers nucleate Drp1 reassembly on mitochondria for fission. The GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) catalyzes mitochondrial division, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Much of what is attributed to Drp1’s mechanism of action in mitochondrial membrane fission parallels that of prototypical dynamin in endocytic vesicle scission. Unlike the case for dynamin, however, no lipid target for Drp1 activation at the mitochondria has been identified. In addition, the oligomerization properties of Drp1 have not been well established. We show that the mitochondria-specific lipid cardiolipin is a potent stimulator of Drp1 GTPase activity, as well as of membrane tubulation. We establish further that under physiological conditions, Drp1 coexists as two morphologically distinct polymeric species, one nucleotide bound in solution and the other membrane associated, which equilibrate via a dimeric assembly intermediate. With two mutations, C300A and C505A, that shift Drp1 polymerization equilibria in opposite directions, we demonstrate that dimers, and not multimers, potentiate the reassembly and reorganization of Drp1 for mitochondrial membrane remodeling both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Macdonald
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Natalia Stepanyants
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Niharika Mehrotra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jason A Mears
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Dey AK, Malyala P, Singh M. Physicochemical and functional characterization of vaccine antigens and adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:671-85. [PMID: 24702271 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.907528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As novel vaccine antigens and adjuvants are being tested in humans, understanding of critical quality attributes essential for eliciting optimal vaccine response and vaccine antigen-adjuvant interactions is pivotal for vaccine safety and eliciting 'protective' immune responses. Therefore, the efforts to better characterize and evaluate vaccine antigen and antigen-adjuvant drug products need to begin very early during the discovery and development phase. In this review, we discuss the importance of characterization of physicochemical and functional properties in vaccine antigen, adjuvant and the final antigen-adjuvant drug product and emphasize the greater need for more extensive understanding of vaccine antigen-adjuvant interactions. We highlight the key parameters and quality attributes that are critical to measure during preclinical and clinical testing of the vaccine and discuss in some detail the technologies, and their limitations, used in analyzing the key physicochemical and functional attributes of vaccine antigen and antigen-adjuvant drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu K Dey
- Novartis Vaccines Inc., 475 Green Oaks Parkway, Holly Springs, NC 27540, USA
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Wang T, Kumru OS, Yi L, Wang YJ, Zhang J, Kim JH, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Effect of ionic strength and pH on the physical and chemical stability of a monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2520-37. [PMID: 23824562 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments are emerging as promising alternatives to full-length mAbs as protein therapeutic candidates. Antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are the most advanced with three Fab-based drug products currently approved. This work presents preformulation characterization data on the effect of pH, NaCl concentration, and various cationic excipients on the physical and chemical stability of a Fab molecule with multiple negatively charged Asp residues in the complementarity-determining region. Conformational stability was evaluated using an empirical phase diagram approach based on circular dichroism, intrinsic Trp and extrinsic 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence, and static light scattering measurements. The effect of NaCl concentration, various cationic excipients and pH on the Fab molecule's conformational stability, aggregation propensity, and chemical stability (Asp isomerization) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry, optical density measurements at 350 nm (OD350 ), and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively. Increasing NaCl concentration increased the overall conformational stability, decreased aggregation rates, and lowered the rates of Asp isomerization. No such trends were noted for pH or cationic excipients. The potential interrelationships between protein conformational and chemical stability are discussed in the context of designing stable protein formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Mession JL, Sok N, Assifaoui A, Saurel R. Thermal denaturation of pea globulins (Pisum sativum L.)-molecular interactions leading to heat-induced protein aggregation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1196-204. [PMID: 23298167 DOI: 10.1021/jf303739n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The heat-induced denaturation and aggregation of mixed pea globulins (8%, w/w) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), SDS-PAGE, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC). DSC data showed that the pea proteins denaturation temperature (T(d)) was heating-rate dependent. The T(d) value decreased by about 4 °C by lowering the heating rate from 10 to 5 °C/min. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that protein denaturation upon heating at 90 °C was mainly governed by noncovalent interaction. The SEC-HPLC measurements indicated that low-denatured legumin (≈350-410 kDa) and vicilin/convicilin (≈170 kDa) globulins were heat-denatured and most of their subunits reassociated into high-molecular weight, soluble aggregates (>700 kDa). The addition of N-ethylmaleimide slightly modified the aggregation route of pea globulins. However, partially insoluble macroaggregates were produced in the presence of dithiothreitol, reflecting the stabilizing effect of disulfide bonds within legumin subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mession
- Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM 02.102 , Equipe PAPC (Procédés Alimentaires et PhysicoChimie), 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
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41
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Real-time analysis and direct observations of different superoxide dismutase (SOD1) molecules bindings to aggregates in temporal evolution step. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:266-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Lu C, Liu D, Liu H, Motchnik P. Characterization of monoclonal antibody size variants containing extra light chains. MAbs 2012; 5:102-13. [PMID: 23255003 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the most commonly used method to separate and quantify monoclonal antibody (mAb) size variants. MAb-A is an IgG1 subtype humanized monoclonal antibody recombinantly produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. SEC analysis of MAb-A resolved a peak, named Peak 1, which elutes between monomer and dimer peaks. MAb-A lots produced from different clones and production scales all have 0.2-0.3% of SEC Peak 1. Electron spray ionization--time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS), microfluidics capillary electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE (SDS PAGE) results demonstrated that SEC Peak 1 contains two structural variants: MAb-A with one extra light chain (2H3L) and MAb-A with two extra light chains (2H4L). The C-terminal Cys of the extra light chain in Peak 1 variants is either a free thiol, capped by glutathione, cysteine, or another light chain. Both electrophoresis and LC/MS analyses of non-reduced and reduced samples suggested that the extra light chains are linked to the MAb-A light chain through disulfide bonds. Isolated SEC Peak 1 fraction had a potency of 50% relative to MAb-A reference material. The 50% potency loss may result from the reduced accessibility to the antigen-binding site caused by the extra light chain(s)' steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Lu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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43
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Hamrang Z, Pluen A, Zindy E, Clarke D. Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy As a Novel Tool for the Quantitative Assessment of Protein Diffusional Behaviour in Solution. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2082-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mansuroğlu B, Mustafaeva Z. Characterization of water-soluble conjugates of polyacrylic acid and antigenic peptide of FMDV by size exclusion chromatography with quadruple detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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45
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Zölls S, Tantipolphan R, Wiggenhorn M, Winter G, Jiskoot W, Friess W, Hawe A. Particles in therapeutic protein formulations, Part 1: overview of analytical methods. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:914-35. [PMID: 22161573 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of particles is a major issue during therapeutic protein formulation development. Both proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous particles need to be analyzed not only due to the requirements of the Pharmacopeias but also to monitor the stability of the protein formulation. Increasing concerns about the immunogenic potential together with new developments in particle analysis make a comparative description of established and novel analytical methods useful. Our review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on analytical methods for the detection and characterization of visible and subvisible particles in therapeutic protein formulations. We describe the underlying theory, benefits, shortcomings, and illustrative examples for quantification techniques, as well as characterization techniques for particle shape, morphology, structure, and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zölls
- Coriolis Pharma, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried-Munich, Germany
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Kajak-Siemaszko K, Aubry L, Peyrin F, Bax ML, Gatellier P, Astruc T, Przybylski W, Jaworska D, Gaillard-Martinie B, Santé-Lhoutellier V. Characterization of protein aggregates following a heating and freezing process. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Targeted proteolysis of plectin isoform 1a accounts for hemidesmosome dysfunction in mice mimicking the dominant skin blistering disease EBS-Ogna. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002396. [PMID: 22144912 PMCID: PMC3228830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in the cytolinker protein plectin account for the multisystem disorders epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) associated with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), pyloric atresia (EBS-PA), and congenital myasthenia (EBS-CMS). In contrast, a dominant missense mutation leads to the disease EBS-Ogna, manifesting exclusively as skin fragility. We have exploited this trait to study the molecular basis of hemidesmosome failure in EBS-Ogna and to reveal the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome homeostasis. We generated EBS-Ogna knock-in mice mimicking the human phenotype and show that blistering reflects insufficient protein levels of the hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a. We found that plectin 1a, in contrast to plectin 1c, the major isoform expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, is proteolytically degraded, supporting the notion that degradation of hemidesmosome-anchored plectin is spatially controlled. Using recombinant proteins, we show that the mutation renders plectin's 190-nm-long coiled-coil rod domain more vulnerable to cleavage by calpains and other proteases activated in the epidermis but not in skeletal muscle. Accordingly, treatment of cultured EBS-Ogna keratinocytes as well as of EBS-Ogna mouse skin with calpain inhibitors resulted in increased plectin 1a protein expression levels. Moreover, we report that plectin's rod domain forms dimeric structures that can further associate laterally into remarkably stable (paracrystalline) polymers. We propose focal self-association of plectin molecules as a novel mechanism contributing to hemidesmosome homeostasis and stabilization. Hemidesmosomes are specialized protein complexes that promote anchorage of the basal keratinocyte cell layer of the epidermis to the underlying dermis. They provide tissue integrity and resistance to mechanical forces. When hemidesmosomes do not function properly, skin blistering ensues in response to mechanical trauma. Plectin is an essential component of hemidesmosomes. Humans carrying recessive mutations in the plectin gene most frequently develop multisystem disorders, where in addition to skin other tissues are also affected. However, there is a unique dominant plectin mutation, which leads to the disease epidermolysis bullosa simplex Ogna (EBS-Ogna), affecting skin exclusively. Because of that, EBS-Ogna is an exceptional system to study the contribution of plectin to hemidesmosome function. We have generated an EBS-Ogna mouse model that mimics the human disease. Using this model, we have learned that selective degradation of hemidesmosome-associated plectin isoform 1a by proteases activated specifically in keratinocytes results in reduced numbers and dysfunction of hemidesmosomes. In contrast, plectin-1c, another plectin isoform expressed in keratinocytes, is not degraded. Moreover, we find that plectin dimers can oligomerize via their long coiled-coil rod domain, a process likely to be instrumental in maintenance of hemidesmosome integrity. These findings highlight the importance of plectin-1a for hemidesmosome function.
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Effect of microencapsulation shear stress on the structural integrity and biological activity of a model monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:510-24. [PMID: 24310594 PMCID: PMC3857080 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of process shear stressors on the stability of a model monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab. Trastuzumab, at concentrations of 0.4-4.0 mg/mL, was subjected to sonication, freeze-thaw, lyophilisation, spray drying and was encapsulated into micro- and nanoparticles. The stressed samples were analysed for structural integrity by gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), while the conformational integrity was analysed by circular dichroism (CD). Biological activity of the stressed trastuzumab was investigated by measuring the inhibition of cell proliferation of HER-2 expressing cell lines. Results show that trastuzumab was resistant to the process shear stresses applied and to microencapsulation processes. At the lowest concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, a low percent ( 0.05). The results of this study conclude that trastuzumab may be resistant to various processing stresses. These findings have important implications with respect to pharmaceutical processing of monoclonal antibodies.
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Hulse W, Forbes R. A Taylor dispersion analysis method for the sizing of therapeutic proteins and their aggregates using nanolitre sample quantities. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:394-7. [PMID: 21745555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of Biosimilars now being approved for development lends the need to develop new analytical techniques for rapid, cost effective analysis of these high value biotherapeutics. The presence of aggregates in biopharmaceutical products is undesirable for many reasons. A major concern is the potential immunogeneic response that aggregates can induce on administration. The detection of low levels of aggregated proteins in solution may only be determined by a limited number of techniques, many of which require in-depth method development, multi-stage sample preparation and lengthy time of analysis. We explore the use of a novel analytical instrument using UV area imaging and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) to determine the hydrodynamic radius of BSA in an aggregated state and monitor it with time. Protein aggregation and its reversibility over time has been measured for a number of BSA samples (stressed and unstressed) by TDA with the results obtained being compared to those obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and microcalorimetry. Correlations between the techniques for investigating protein aggregation behaviour were explored. The reproducibility of TDA measurements enabled the stability and reversibility of BSA aggregates to be more readily monitored than by using the other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Hulse
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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50
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Correa A, Oppezzo P. Tuning different expression parameters to achieve soluble recombinant proteins in E. coli: advantages of high-throughput screening. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:715-30. [PMID: 21567962 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the main reagents for structural, biomedical, and biotechnological studies; however, some important challenges remain concerning protein solubility and stability. Numerous strategies have been developed, with some success, to mitigate these challenges, but a universal strategy is still elusive. Currently, researchers face a plethora of alternatives for the expression of the target protein, which generates a great diversity of conditions to be evaluated. Among these, different promoter strength, diverse expression host and constructs, or special culture conditions have an important role in protein solubility. With the arrival of automated high-throughput screening (HTS) systems, the evaluation of hundreds of different conditions within reasonable cost and time limits is possible. This technology increases the chances to obtain the target protein in a pure, soluble, and stable state. This review focuses on some of the most commonly used strategies for the expression of recombinant proteins in the enterobacterium Escherichia coli, including the use of HTS for the production of soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Correa
- Recombinant Protein Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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