1
|
Cao X, Chen C, Zhu Q. Biosensors based on functional nucleic acids and isothermal amplification techniques. Talanta 2023; 253:123977. [PMID: 36201957 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, with the in-depth research of functional nucleic acids and isothermal amplification techniques, their applications in the field of biosensing have attracted great interest. Since functional nucleic acids have excellent flexibility and convenience in their structural design, they have significant advantages as recognition elements in biosensing. At the same time, isothermal amplification techniques have higher amplification efficiency, so the combination of functional nucleic acids and isothermal amplification techniques can greatly promote the widespread application of biosensors. For the purpose of further improving the performance of biosensors, this review introduces several widely used functional nucleic acids and isothermal amplification techniques, as well as their classification, basic principles, application characteristics, and summarizes their important applications in the field of biosensing. We hope to provide some references for the design and construction of new tactics to enhance the detection sensitivity and detection range of biosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuen Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Qubo Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ozkan-Ariksoysal D. Current Perspectives in Graphene Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080607. [PMID: 36005004 PMCID: PMC9405788 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the first commercial biosensor device for blood glucose measurement was introduced in the 1970s, many “biosensor types” have been developed, and this research area remains popular worldwide. In parallel with some global biosensor research reports published in the last decade, including a great deal of literature and industry statistics, it is predicted that biosensor design technologies, including handheld or wearable devices, will be preferred and highly valuable in many areas in the near future. Biosensors using nanoparticles still maintain their very important place in science and technology and are the subject of innovative research projects. Among the nanomaterials, carbon-based ones are considered to be one of the most valuable nanoparticles, especially in the field of electrochemical biosensors. In this context, graphene oxide, which has been used in recent years to increase the electrochemical analysis performance in biosensor designs, has been the subject of this review. In fact, graphene is already foreseen not only for biosensors but also as the nanomaterial of the future in many fields and is therefore drawing research attention. In this review, recent and prominent developments in biosensor technologies using graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials in the field of cancer diagnosis are briefly summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilsat Ozkan-Ariksoysal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Optical and Material Characteristics of MoS 2/Cu 2O Sensor for Detection of Lung Cancer Cell Types in Hydroplegia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094745. [PMID: 35563136 PMCID: PMC9101548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, n-type MoS2 monolayer flakes are grown through chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and a p-type Cu2O thin film is grown via electrochemical deposition. The crystal structure of the grown MoS2 flakes is analyzed through transmission electron microscopy. The monolayer structure of the MoS2 flakes is verified with Raman spectroscopy, multiphoton excitation microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. After the preliminary processing of the grown MoS2 flakes, the sample is then transferred onto a Cu2O thin film to complete a p-n heterogeneous structure. Data are confirmed via scanning electron microscopy, SHG, and Raman mapping measurements. The luminous energy gap between the two materials is examined through PL measurements. Results reveal that the thickness of the single-layer MoS2 film is 0.7 nm. PL mapping shows a micro signal generated at the 627 nm wavelength, which belongs to the B2 excitons of MoS2 and tends to increase gradually when it approaches 670 nm. Finally, the biosensor is used to detect lung cancer cell types in hydroplegia significantly reducing the current busy procedures and longer waiting time for detection. The results suggest that the fabricated sensor is highly sensitive to the change in the photocurrent with the number of each cell, the linear regression of the three cell types is as high as 99%. By measuring the slope of the photocurrent, we can identify the type of cells and the number of cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kujur S, Verma S, Kumar A, Sharma R, Pathak DD. A green polyol approach for the synthesis of Cu 2O NPs adhered on graphene oxide: a robust and efficient catalyst for 1,2,4-triazole and imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine synthesis. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu2O NPs immobilized on graphene oxide are used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of a series of 1,2,4-triazoles and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines under solvent-free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kujur
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Shruti Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Akash Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Devendra Deo Pathak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocomposites Biosensors for Virus Detection before and during COVID-19 Outbreak. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The deadly Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become one of the most challenging pandemics in the last century. Clinical diagnosis reports a high infection rate within a large population and a rapid mutation rate upon every individual infection. The polymerase chain reaction has been a powerful and gold standard molecular diagnostic technique over the past few decades and hence a promising tool to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sequences. However, it can be costly and involved in complicated processes with a high demand for on-site tests. This pandemic emphasizes the critical need for designing cost-effective and fast diagnosis strategies to prevent a potential viral source by ultrasensitive and selective biosensors. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanocomposites have been developed with unique physical and chemical properties crucial for building up nucleic acid and protein biosensors. In this review, we cover various types of 2D TMD biosensors available for virus detection via the mechanisms of photoluminescence/optical, field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical signals. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of 2D TMD nanocomposite systems for sensing proteins/nucleic acid from different types of lethal viruses. Finally, we identify and discuss the advantages and limitations of TMD-based nanocomposites biosensors for viral recognition.
Collapse
|
6
|
A sandwich-configuration electrochemiluminescence immunoassay based on Cu 2O@OMC-Ru nanocrystals and OMC-MoS 2 nanocomposites for determination of alpha-fetoprotein. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:213. [PMID: 34052919 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich-format electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor has been developed for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection based on the use of ordered mesoporous carbon-molybdenum disulfide (OMC-MoS2) as a sensor platform and cuprous oxide @ ordered mesoporous carbon-Ru(bpy)32+ (Cu2O@OMC-Ru) composites as signal tags. OMC alongside MoS2 plays a synergistic role in improving the electrochemical performance of the electrode in the electron transfer process. The uniform cubic-shaped Cu2O@OMC-Ru nanocrystals display excellent luminous efficiency, with a signal amplification strategy of OMC-MoS2 synergistic enhancement and Cu2O@OMC which is capable of immobilizing more Ru(bpy)32+ serving as a tracing tag to label antibodies. A detectable ECL emission at a Cu2O@OMC-Ru nanocrystals modified electrode is initiated at an applied voltage of +1.15 V (scanning range: 0-1.2 V), in the presence of the tripropylamine (TPA) as coreactant. With the increase in AFP concentration, the loading of Cu2O@OMC-Ru at the electrode increases. Afterward, the ECL detection of AFP shows a wide linear range from 0.1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9964 and a detection limit of 0.011 pg/mL (S/N = 3) under the optimal experimental conditions. The recoveries were in the range 91.2-97.1% with RSD varying from 4.8 to 8.5%. Overall, the novel immunosensor has been successfully applied to the analysis of human serum samples, indicating a great potential for application in clinical diagnostics.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sensitive colorimetric aptasensor based on g-C3N4@Cu2O composites for detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food and water. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
8
|
Functional nanostructured metal oxides and its hybrid electrodes – Recent advancements in electrochemical biosensing applications. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Yang Y, Jiang M, Cao K, Wu M, Zhao C, Li H, Hong C. An electrochemical immunosensor for CEA detection based on Au-Ag/rGO@PDA nanocomposites as integrated double signal amplification strategy. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Long F, Li W, Chen W, Liu D, Chen Y, Zhou R, Li P. An amperometric biosensor based on Cu 2O@Au nanocomposites for the detection of galectin-1 via lactose-galectin interactions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:485706. [PMID: 31430735 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3cde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel label-free electrochemical biosensor is developed for the detection of galectin-1 (Gal-1) based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) loaded octahedral Cu2O (Cu2O@Au) nanocomposites. The AuNPs on the surface of the Cu2O nanocrystals not only enhance the electrochemical performance, but also serve as the binding sites for the lactose ligand which can specifically bind with Gal-1. The Cu2O@Au nanocomposites provide the synergic effect of electrochemical signal amplification and lactose-galectin reaction as the recognition strategy. Under optimal conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibits a variation of electrochemical responses to different concentrations of Gal-1 ranging from 0.1 pg ml-1 to 10 ng ml-1. This work presents an alternative electrochemical biosensor for the detection of tumor biomarkers based on a simple and economical lactose ligand incorporated Cu2O@Au biosensor platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Long
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China. Department of Medical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor of carcinoembryonic antigen based on gold-label silver-stain signal amplification. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
12
|
Li F, Li Y, Feng J, Gao Z, Lv H, Ren X, Wei Q. Facile synthesis of MoS 2@Cu 2O-Pt nanohybrid as enzyme-mimetic label for the detection of the Hepatitis B surface antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 100:512-518. [PMID: 28982091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was proposed for quantitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen, which is a representative biomarker of the Hepatitis B virus. First, the porous graphene oxide/Au composites with good conductive ability were employed to accelerate the electron transfer on the electrode interface. Furthermore, the amino functionalized molybdenum disulfide @ cuprous oxide hybrid with coral morphology was prepared to combine platinum nanoparticles for achieving signal amplification strategy. The resulting nanocomposites (molybdenum disulfide @ cuprous oxide - platinum) demonstrated uniform coral morphology, which effectively improved the specific surface area available for loading the secondary antibody and the number of catalytically active sites, even also increased the electrical conductivity. Based on these advantages, this composite system yielded a superior electrocatalytic current response toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, porous graphene oxide/Au composites were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode, thereby presenting a large surface area and becoming biocompatible, for improving the loading capacity of the primary antibody. Under optimal conditions, we obtained a linear relationship between current signal and hepatitis B surface antigen concentration in the broad range from 0.5pg/mL to 200ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.15pg/mL (signal-to-noise ratio of 3). These values are promising towards clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faying Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yueyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Hui Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Synthesis of a nanocomposite consisting of Cu2O and N-doped reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for amperometric determination of diethylstilbestrol. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Al-Ani LA, AlSaadi MA, Kadir FA, Hashim NM, Julkapli NM, Yehye WA. Graphene- gold based nanocomposites applications in cancer diseases; Efficient detection and therapeutic tools. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:349-366. [PMID: 28806615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Early detection and efficient treatment of cancer disease remains a drastic challenge in 21st century. Throughout the bulk of funds, studies, and current therapeutics, cancer seems to aggressively advance with drug resistance strains and recurrence rates. Nevertheless, nanotechnologies have indeed given hope to be the next generation for oncology applications. According to US National cancer institute, it is anticipated to revolutionize the perspectives of cancer diagnosis and therapy. With such success, nano-hybrid strategy creates a marvelous preference. Herein, graphene-gold based composites are being increasingly studied in the field of oncology, for their outstanding performance as robust vehicle of therapeutic agents, built-in optical diagnostic features, and functionality as theranostic system. Additional modes of treatments are also applicable including photothermal, photodynamic, as well as combined therapy. This review aims to demonstrate the various cancer-related applications of graphene-gold based hybrids in terms of detection and therapy, highlighting the major attributes that led to designate such system as a promising ally in the war against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Al-Ani
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed A AlSaadi
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farkaad A Kadir
- Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Najihah M Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Natural Products and Drug Discovery (CENAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayatullaili M Julkapli
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wageeh A Yehye
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building, Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N. What are the reasons for low use of graphene quantum dots in immunosensing of cancer biomarkers? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:1313-1326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Ultrasensitive amperometric immunosensor for PSA detection based on Cu2O@CeO2-Au nanocomposites as integrated triple signal amplification strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:630-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Amperometric sandwich immunoassay for the carcinoembryonic antigen using a glassy carbon electrode modified with iridium nanoparticles, polydopamine and reduced graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-2010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Liu J, Wang L, Tang J, Ma J. Photocatalytic degradation of commercially sourced naphthenic acids by TiO2-graphene composite nanomaterial. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:328-335. [PMID: 26874061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a major contributor to the toxicity in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), which is produced by hot water extraction of bitumen. NAs are extremely difficult to be degraded due to its complex ring and side chain structure. Photocatalysis is recognized as a promising technology in the removal of refractory organic pollutants. In this work, TiO2-graphene (P25-GR) composites were synthesized by means of solvothermal method. The results showed that P25-GR composite exhibited better photocatalytic activity than pure P25. The removal efficiency of naphthenic acids in acid solution was higher than that in neutral and alkaline solutions. It was the first report ever known on the photodegradation of NAs based on graphene, and this process achieved a higher removal rate than other photocatalysis degradation of NAs in a shorter reaction time. LC/MS analysis showed that macromolecular NAs (carbon number 17-22, z value -2) were easy to be degraded than the micromolecular ones (carbon number 11-16, z value -2). Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species that play the main role in the photocatalysis system were studied. It was found that holes and ·OH were the main reactive species in the UV/P25-GR photocatalysis system. Given the high removal efficiency of refractory organic pollutants and the short degradation time, photodegradation based on composite catalysts has a broad and practical prospect. The study on the photodegradation of commercially sourced NAs may provide a guidance for the degradation of OSPW NAs by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jianli Ma
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin 300191, China
| |
Collapse
|