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Zhang L, Li C, Chen Y, Li S, Wang X, Li F. A polyoxometalate/chitosan-Ti 3C 2T x MXene nanocomposite constructed by electrostatically mediated strategy for electrochemical detecting L-tryptophan in milk. Food Chem 2024; 458:140309. [PMID: 38968709 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is crucial for human metabolism, and its imbalance or deficiency can lead to certain diseases, such as insomnia, depression, and heart disease. Since the body cannot synthesize L-Trp and must obtain it from external sources, accurately monitoring L-Trp levels in food is essential. Herein, a nanocomposite film based on polyoxometalate (P2Mo17V), Ti3C2Tx MXene, and chitosan (Cs) was developed through a green electrostatically mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy for electrochemical detection of L-Trp. The composite film exhibits fast electron transfer and remarkable electrocatalytic performance for L-Trp with a wide linear range (0.1-103 μM), low limit of detection (0.08 μM, S/N = 3), good selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability. In milk sample, the recoveries of L-Trp were from 95.78% and 104.31%. The P2Mo17V/Cs-Ti3C2Tx electrochemical sensor not only provides exceptional recognition and detection capabilities for L-Trp but also shows significant potential for practical applications, particularly in food safety and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Fengbo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China..
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Esfandi R, Willmore WG, Tsopmo A. Structural characterization of peroxyl radical oxidative products of antioxidant peptides from hydrolyzed proteins. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30588. [PMID: 38765145 PMCID: PMC11101819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to characterize oxidative products of five unique antioxidant peptides (P1: YFDEQNEQFR, P2: GQLLIVPQ, P3: SPFWNINAH, P4: NINAHSVVY, P5: RALPIDVL) from hydrolyzed oat proteins. Peptides were reacted with 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, a common peroxyl radical generator. Chromatographic data showed that peptide P3 was the most oxidized (67 ± 4 %) while also displaying the most ability to scavenge radicals in the oxygen absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) with an activity of 2.16 ± 0.09 μM Trolox equivalents/μM peptide. Structural characterization using mass spectrometry showed the presence of four oxidative products of P3, three of which were mono-oxygenated and the fourth di-oxygenated. The identification of these oxidative products is new and provides an opportunity to investigate their biological function. A good correlation (r = 0.889) between the degree of oxidation and the ORAC data, demonstrates the usefulness of using oxidative peptide data to predict their radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramak Esfandi
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - William G. Willmore
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Apollinaire Tsopmo
- Food Science and Nutrition Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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Bellmaine S, Schnellbaecher A, Zimmer A. Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:696-718. [PMID: 32911085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids and is thus a required component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic amino acid is highly susceptible to oxidation and is known to degrade into multiple products during manufacturing, storage, and processing. Many physical and chemical processes contribute to the degradation of this compound, primarily via oxidation or cleavage of the highly reactive indole ring. The central contributing factors are reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals; light and photosensitizers; metals; and heat. In a multi-component mixture, tryptophan also commonly reacts with carbonyl-containing compounds, leading to a wide variety of products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the degradation and interaction products of tryptophan in complex liquid solutions and in proteins. For the purposes of context, a brief summary of the key pathways in tryptophan metabolism will be included, along with common methods and issues in tryptophan manufacturing. The review will focus on the conditions that lead to tryptophan degradation, the products generated in these processes, their known biological effects, and methods which may be applied to stabilize the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellmaine
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Zhang J, Su M, Yin Z. Construction of Inflammatory Directed Polymer Micelles and Its Application in Acute Lung Injury. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:217. [PMID: 32743738 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no specific treatment for acute lung injury (ALI) in clinical practice. In order to efficiently and accurately treat ALI, the advantages of cationic carriers were combined to accelerate the cell uptake. Polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol carrier (PCL-PEG-COOH, PPC) with good biocompatibility, polycaprolactone-polyethylmethacrylate cationic carrier (PCL-PDMAEMA, PCD), and polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol carrier connected with high-affinity targeting peptide (Esbp) targeting inflammatory endothelial cells (PCL-PEG-Esbp, PPE) were used to construct the high-molecular polymer micelles (PCD/PPC/PPE). The particle size of the prepared DEX-loaded micelles was 130 ± 4.41 nm, and the Zeta potential was 28.3 ± 0.76 mV. The CMC value of the prepared polymer micelles was 0.643 μg/mL, and it was not easy to depolymerize in the blood circulation. Only about 40% DXM was released from the drug-loaded polymer micelles after 12 h compared with free DXM, indicating that the micelle material had a certain sustained-release performance in vitro release experiments. The safe concentration range of polymer was determined by biocompatibility test. It was recommended that the concentration of polymer micelles should not exceed 0.40 mg/mL to obtain a good compatibility in organisms. The results of cytotoxicity measurement showed that when the content of PCD increased to 50%, the concentration of blank micelles should not exceed 500 μg/mL and the concentration of DXM-loaded micelles should not be higher than 100 μg/mL. It was proved in the cell uptake experiment that the cation carrier of the micelles accelerated the cell uptake. The targeting ability of the targeted micelle group was higher compared with the non-targeted micelle group (P < 0.01, **). Meanwhile, the targeting ability of the non-targeted micelle group was higher compared with the free group (P < 0.001, ***). The targeting ability of the non-targeted micelle group was about 2.30 times and the targeted micelle group was about 3.16 times larger than that of the free group. It was also proved in the in vivo targeting experiments that the targeted micelles had a good targeting ability. The results of in vivo imaging of mice showed that the DXM of the micelle group gathered more in the lungs, and the micelle group had a better targeting ability compared with the free DID group. The order of lung targeting intensity was targeted micelles > non-targeted micelles >> free DID group. The targeting ability of polypeptide Esbp to ALI was confirmed. In conclusion, the prepared PCD/PPC/PPE polymer micelles had obvious in vitro and in vivo targeting ability and good biocompatibility. They could be used as a new targeted delivery system for the treatment of ALI in the future.
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Barnett GV, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Hoffman L, Bongers J, Tao L, Huang Y, Slaney T, Das TK, Leone A, Kar SR. Probing the Tryptophan Environment in Therapeutic Proteins: Implications for Higher Order Structure on Tryptophan Oxidation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1944-1952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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Nowak C, K Cheung J, M Dellatore S, Katiyar A, Bhat R, Sun J, Ponniah G, Neill A, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Forced degradation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies: A practical guide. MAbs 2017; 9:1217-1230. [PMID: 28853987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1368602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation studies have become integral to the development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics by serving a variety of objectives from early stage manufacturability evaluation to supporting comparability assessments both pre- and post- marketing approval. This review summarizes the regulatory guidance scattered throughout different documents to highlight the expectations from various agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. The various purposes for forced degradation studies, commonly used conditions and the major degradation pathways under each condition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowak
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- b Sterile Formulation Sciences, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ, USA , USA
| | - Shara M Dellatore
- c Biologics and Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL , Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- d Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Ram Bhat
- e Millennium Research laboratories , Woburn , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- f Product Development, Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | | | - Alyssa Neill
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- g Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunology Pierre Fabre , Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- a Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals , New Haven , CT , USA
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