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Harders AR, Watermann P, Karger G, Denieffe SC, Weller A, Dannemann AC, Willker JE, Köhler Y, Arend C, Dringen R. Consequences of a 2-Deoxyglucose Exposure on the ATP Content and the Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism of Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2024:10.1007/s11064-024-04192-y. [PMID: 38898248 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) has frequently been used as a tool to study cellular glucose uptake and to inhibit glycolysis. Exposure of primary cultured astrocytes to 2DG caused a time- and concentration-dependent cellular accumulation of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG6P) that was accompanied by a rapid initial decline in cellular ATP content. Inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration as well as inhibitors of mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate and activated fatty acids accelerated the ATP loss, demonstrating that mitochondrial ATP regeneration contributes to the partial maintenance of the ATP content in 2DG-treated astrocytes. After a 30 min exposure to 10 mM 2DG the specific content of cellular 2DG6P had accumulated to around 150 nmol/mg, while cellular ATP was lowered by 50% to around 16 nmol/mg. Following such a 2DG6P-loading of astrocytes, glycolytic lactate production from applied glucose was severely impaired during the initial 60 min of incubation, but was reestablished during longer incubation concomitant with a loss in cellular 2DG6P content. In contrast to glycolysis, the glucose-dependent NADPH regeneration via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was only weakly affected in 2DG6P-loaded astrocytes and in cells that were coincubated with glucose in the presence of an excess of 2DG. Additionally, in the presence of 2DG PPP-dependent WST1 reduction was found to have doubled compared to hexose-free control incubations, indicating that cellular 2DG6P can serve as substrate for NADPH regeneration by the astrocytic PPP. The data presented provide new insights on the metabolic consequences of a 2DG exposure on the energy and glucose metabolism of astrocytes and demonstrate the reversibility of the inhibitory potential of a 2DG-treatment on the glucose metabolism of cultured astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Regina Harders
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Patrick Watermann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Karger
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sadhbh Cynth Denieffe
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alina Weller
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Annika Carina Dannemann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Johanna Elisabeth Willker
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Köhler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Watermann P, Arend C, Dringen R. G6PDi-1 is a Potent Inhibitor of G6PDH and of Pentose Phosphate pathway-dependent Metabolic Processes in Cultured Primary Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3177-3189. [PMID: 37394677 PMCID: PMC10471714 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) catalyses the rate limiting first step of the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which has a crucial function in providing NADPH for antioxidative defence and reductive biosyntheses. To explore the potential of the new G6PDH inhibitor G6PDi-1 to affect astrocytic metabolism, we investigated the consequences of an application of G6PDi-1 to cultured primary rat astrocytes. G6PDi-1 efficiently inhibited G6PDH activity in lysates of astrocyte cultures. Half-maximal inhibition was observed for 100 nM G6PDi-1, while presence of almost 10 µM of the frequently used G6PDH inhibitor dehydroepiandrosterone was needed to inhibit G6PDH in cell lysates by 50%. Application of G6PDi-1 in concentrations of up to 100 µM to astrocytes in culture for up to 6 h did not affect cell viability nor cellular glucose consumption, lactate production, basal glutathione (GSH) export or the high basal cellular ratio of GSH to glutathione disulfide (GSSG). In contrast, G6PDi-1 drastically affected astrocytic pathways that depend on the PPP-mediated supply of NADPH, such as the NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-mediated WST1 reduction and the glutathione reductase-mediated regeneration of GSH from GSSG. These metabolic pathways were lowered by G6PDi-1 in a concentration-dependent manner in viable astrocytes with half-maximal effects observed for concentrations between 3 and 6 µM. The data presented demonstrate that G6PDi-1 efficiently inhibits the activity of astrocytic G6PDH and impairs specifically those metabolic processes that depend on the PPP-mediated regeneration of NADPH in cultured astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Watermann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technologies, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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β-lapachone-mediated WST1 Reduction as Indicator for the Cytosolic Redox Metabolism of Cultured Primary Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2148-2160. [PMID: 36811754 PMCID: PMC10182120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron cycler-mediated extracellular reduction of the water-soluble tetrazolium salt 1 (WST1) is frequently used as tool for the determination of cell viability. We have adapted this method to monitor by determining the extracellular WST1 formazan accumulation the cellular redox metabolism of cultured primary astrocytes via the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of the electron cycler β-lapachone by cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Cultured astrocytes that had been exposed to β-lapachone in concentrations of up to 3 µM remained viable and showed an almost linear extracellular accumulation of WST1 formazan for the first 60 min, while higher concentrations of β-lapachone caused oxidative stress and impaired cell metabolism. β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction was inhibited by the NQO1 inhibitors ES936 and dicoumarol in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibition observed at inhibitor concentrations of about 0.3 µM. β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction depended strongly on glucose availability, while mitochondrial substrates such as lactate, pyruvate or ketone bodies allowed only residual β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction. Accordingly, the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors antimycin A and rotenone hardly affected astrocytic WST1 reduction. Both NADH and NADPH are known to supply electrons for reactions catalysed by cytosolic NQO1. Around 60% of the glucose-dependent β-lapachone-mediated WST1 reduction was prevented by the presence of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor G6PDi-1, while the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor iodoacetate had only little inhibitory potential. These data suggest that pentose phosphate pathway-generated NADPH, and not glycolysis-derived NADH, is the preferred electron source for cytosolic NQO1-catalysed reductions in cultured astrocytes.
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Saita S, Kawasaki H. Carbon nanodots with a controlled N structure by a solvothermal method for generation of reactive oxygen species under visible light. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:127-135. [PMID: 36581317 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots can function as photosensitizers that have the ability to generate reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, hydroxy (OH) radicals, and superoxide ions. However, most of these can only be generated upon ultraviolet light excitation. Additionally, the mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation by carbon nanodots remains unclear. The development of carbon nanodots that can photosensitize under visible light irradiation is desirable for applications such as photodynamic therapy and pollutant decomposition under visible light. Here, we report novel carbon nanodot-based photosensitizers that generate reactive oxygen species under visible light; they were synthesized using a solvothermal method with two solvents (formamide and water) and amidol as the carbon source. Carbon nanodots from the solvothermal synthesis in formamide showed blue fluorescence, while those obtained in water showed green fluorescence. The photo-excited blue-fluorescent carbon nanodots produced OH radicals, superoxide ions, and singlet oxygen, and therefore could function as both type I and type II photosensitizers. In addition, photo-excited green-fluorescent carbon nanodots generated only singlet oxygen, therefore functioning as type II photosensitizers. It is proposed that the two photosensitizers have different origins of reactive oxygen species generation: the enrichment of graphitic N for blue-fluorescent carbon nanodots and molecular fluorophores for green-fluorescent carbon nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saita
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
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Choi BH, Kim MR, Jung YN, Kang S, Hong J. Interfering with Color Response by Porphyrin-Related Compounds in the MTT Tetrazolium-Based Colorimetric Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010562. [PMID: 36614004 PMCID: PMC9820508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin compounds are widely distributed in various natural products and biological systems. In this study, effects of porphyrin-related compounds including zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), cyanocobalamin (CBL), hemin, and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) were analyzed on color response of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tetrazolium-based assay, a commonly-used method for analyzing cell viability. Color responses of MTT formazan formed in cells treated with ZnPP, PPIX, or ZnPC were significantly reduced even at submicromolar concentrations without affecting cell viability, whereas hemin and CBL did not. ZnPP, PPIX, and ZnPC rapidly induced degradation of MTT formazan already-produced by cells when exposed to light, but not under a dark condition. Photosensitizing properties of the three compounds were also verified through extensive generation of reactive oxygen species under light. The porphyrins did not affect the stability of water-soluble formazans including XTT, WST-1, WST-8, and MTS formazans. Several factors including different light sources and antioxidants modulated the degradation process of MTT formazan by the porphyrins. The results suggest that certain porphyrin compounds could cause a severe artifact in the MTT assay through rapid degradation of formazan dye due to their photosensitizing property, which needs to be considered carefully in the related assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jungil Hong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-970-5639; Fax: +82-2-970-5977
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Bluemke A, Ring AP, Immeyer J, Hoff A, Eisenberg T, Gerwat W, Meyer F, Breitkreutz S, Klinger LM, Brandner JM, Sandig G, Seifert M, Segger D, Rippke F, Schweiger D. Multidirectional activity of bakuchiol against cellular mechanisms of facial aging - Experimental evidence for a holistic treatment approach. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:377-393. [PMID: 35514037 PMCID: PMC9328396 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Skin ageing is a multifactorial process involving formation of reactive oxygen species, consecutive inflammation with reduced epidermal and dermal cell viability and resulting damage to the extracellular matrix. Effective dermocosmetic treatment modalities should ideally address these hallmarks in a holistic approach. Here, we determined the corresponding activity profile of bakuchiol, a plant‐derived meroterpene, in an array of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies and compared it to retinol, currently considered as gold standard in topical antiageing cosmetics. Methods The antioxidative capacity and power of bakuchiol and retinol were analysed by measuring 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction via its absorption decay and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Effects on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), collagen type I and VII (COL1A1, COL7A1), fibronectin (FN) levels as well as the metabolization of water‐soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST‐1) were determined in human dermal fibroblasts. Epidermal regeneration was assessed utilizing an in vitro wound healing model. FN protein levels were analysed ex vivo after treatment with a formulation containing bakuchiol, retinol or vehicle using suction blister fluid. Skin condition improvement was determined in vivo in a split‐face comparison study after application of bakuchiol or vehicle. Results In contrast to retinol, bakuchiol demonstrated high antioxidative efficacy. Levels of PGE2 and MIF were significantly decreased by both bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol but not retinol significantly increased FGF7 protein levels. WST‐1 metabolization levels were significantly augmented by bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol and retinol application led to a significant augmentation of COL1A1, COL7A1 and FN protein levels. Wounds supplemented with bakuchiol but not retinol displayed a significant increase in epidermis regeneration. Clinically, areas treated with a bakuchiol‐containing formulation showed a statistically significant increase in FN protein values after a 4‐week application compared to untreated areas and areas treated with vehicle. Conclusion These data provide evidence for the multidirectional efficacy of bakuchiol against cellular hallmarks of skin ageing. Its activity profile shares some common features with retinol but demonstrates several hitherto unknown biopositive effects in our studies, namely stimulation of the critical extracellular matrix component FN, and accelerated epidermal regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bluemke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika P Ring
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anke Hoff
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Gerwat
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lina M Klinger
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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Lee K, Song G, Kwon J, Kim J, Yang H. Electrochemical Detection of Glucose and Lactate Dehydrogenase Using a Zwitterionic Phenazine Compound as an Electron Mediator for NADH Oxidation. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyuseok Lee
- Pusan National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
| | | | | | - Jihyeon Kim
- Pusan National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Haesik Yang
- Pusan National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
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Kim G, Cho H, Nandhakumar P, Park JK, Kim KS, Yang H. Wash-Free, Sandwich-Type Protein Detection Using Direct Electron Transfer and Catalytic Signal Amplification of Multiple Redox Labels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2163-2171. [PMID: 35043633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET) between a redox label and an electrode has been used for sensitive and selective sandwich-type detection without a wash step. However, applying DET is still highly challenging in protein detection, and a single redox label per probe is insufficient to obtain a high electrochemical signal. Here, we report a wash-free, sandwich-type detection of thrombin using DET and catalytic signal amplification of multiple redox labels. The detection scheme is based on (i) the redox label-catalyzed oxidation of a reductant, (ii) the conjugation of multiple redox labels per probe using a poly-linker, (iii) the low nonspecific adsorption of the conjugated poly-linker due to uncharged, reduced redox labels, and (iv) a facile DET using long, flexible poly-linker and spacer DNA. Amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate and NADH were used as the redox label and reductant, respectively. N3-terminated polylysine was used as the poly-linker for the conjugation between an aptamer probe and multiple redox labels. Approximately 11 redox labels per probe and rapid catalytic NADH oxidation enable high signal amplification. Thrombin in urine could be detected without a wash step with a detection limit of ∼50 pM, which is practically promising for point-of-care testing of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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ALIM MA, SUGA M, SHINOHARA H. Rapid and Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Technique for Cell Viability Assay via Monitoring of Intracellular NADH with New Double Mediator System. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul ALIM
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Gopalganj
| | - Minoru SUGA
- Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama
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Datar R, Perrin G, Chalansonnet V, Perry A, Perry JD, van Belkum A, Orenga S. Automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing of slow-growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in the presence of tetrazolium salt WST-1. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 186:106252. [PMID: 34051278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Slow growing, mucoid isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa require adaptation of the protocol used for automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). In the present study we used a water soluble tetrazolium salt WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate) in combination with menadione for possibly improving AST of slow growing and biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. WST-1 and menadione addition ensures sensitive detection of microbial growth increase in the presence of antibiotics that may remain undetected with the automated VITEK® 2 method. We observed that 32.8% of P. aeruginosa isolates from CF and bronchiectasis patients produced an elevated absorbance signal intensity thereby increasing the sensitivity while maintaining the accuracy of VITEK 2. Our study merits future investigation with other slow growing pathogenic bacterial species.
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Ehrke E, Steinmeier J, Stapelfeldt K, Dringen R. The Menadione-Mediated WST1 Reduction by Cultured Astrocytes Depends on NQO1 Activity and Cytosolic Glucose Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:88-99. [PMID: 31902045 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of water-soluble tetrazolium salts (WSTs) is frequently used to determine the metabolic integrity and the viability of cultured cells. Recently, we have reported that the electron cycler menadione can efficiently connect intracellular oxidation reactions in cultured astrocytes with the extracellular reduction of WST1 and that this menadione cycling reaction involves an enzyme. The enzymatic reaction involved in the menadione-dependent WST1 reduction was found strongly enriched in the cytosolic fraction of cultured astrocytes and is able to efficiently use both NADH and NADPH as electron donors. In addition, the reaction was highly sensitive towards dicoumarol with Kic values in the low nanomolar range, suggesting that the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyzes the menadione-dependent WST1 reduction in astrocytes. Also, in intact astrocytes, dicoumarol inhibited the menadione-dependent WST1 reduction in a concentration-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibition observed at around 50 nM. Moreover, the menadione-dependent WST1 reduction by viable astrocytes was strongly affected by the availability of glucose. In the absence of glucose only residual WST1 reduction was observed, while a concentration-dependent increase in WST1 reduction was found during a 30 min incubation with maximal WST1 reduction already determined in the presence of 0.5 mM glucose. Mannose could fully replace glucose as substrate for astrocytic WST1 reduction, while other hexoses, lactate and the mitochondrial substrate β-hydroxybutyrate failed to provide electrons for the cell-dependent WST1 reduction. These results demonstrate that the menadione-mediated WST1 reduction involves cytosolic NQO1 activity and that this process is strongly affected by the availability of glucose as metabolic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ehrke
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Johann Steinmeier
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Karsten Stapelfeldt
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Steinmeier J, Kube S, Karger G, Ehrke E, Dringen R. β-Lapachone Induces Acute Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Astrocyte Cultures that is Terminated by the NQO1-Inhibitor Dicoumarol. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2442-2455. [PMID: 32789798 PMCID: PMC7511478 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
β-lapachone (β-lap) is reduced in tumor cells by the enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to a labile hydroquinone which spontaneously reoxidises to β-lap, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. To test for the consequences of an acute exposure of brain cells to β-lap, cultured primary rat astrocytes were incubated with β-lap for up to 4 h. The presence of β-lap in concentrations of up to 10 µM had no detectable adverse consequences, while higher concentrations of β-lap compromised the cell viability and the metabolism of astrocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with half-maximal effects observed for around 15 µM β-lap after a 4 h incubation. Exposure of astrocytes to β-lap caused already within 5 min a severe increase in the cellular production of ROS as well as a rapid oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The transient cellular accumulation of GSSG was followed by GSSG export. The β-lap-induced ROS production and GSSG accumulation were completely prevented in the presence of the NQO1 inhibitor dicoumarol. In addition, application of dicoumarol to β-lap-exposed astrocytes caused rapid regeneration of the normal high cellular GSH to GSSG ratio. These results demonstrate that application of β-lap to cultured astrocytes causes acute oxidative stress that depends on the activity of NQO1. The sequential application of β-lap and dicoumarol to rapidly induce and terminate oxidative stress, respectively, is a suitable experimental paradigm to study consequences of a defined period of acute oxidative stress in NQO1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steinmeier
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sophie Kube
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Karger
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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13
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Varricchio C, Beirne K, Heard C, Newland B, Rozanowska M, Brancale A, Votruba M. The ying and yang of idebenone: Not too little, not too much - cell death in NQO1 deficient cells and the mouse retina. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:551-560. [PMID: 31775023 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Idebenone has recently been investigated as a drug therapy for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a rare genetic mitochondrial disease that causes rapid and progressive bilateral vision loss. Although several studies have shown that idebenone can promote vision recovery in patients with LHON, the evidence for the efficacy of idebenone is still limited. Idebenone failed to demonstrate superiority over placebo in the primary end-points of the only published randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. There appears to be a patient-specific response to idebenone with high variability in therapeutic outcomes. A recent study suggested that the cytosolic enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase (NQO1) is the major enzyme involved in the activation of idebenone, and the beneficial effects of idebenone are dependent on the expression of NQO1. Here, we confirm the NQO1-dependent activity of idebenone, but we also show, for the first time, that the cytotoxicity of idebenone is linked to cellular expression of NQO1. Upon idebenone administration, cells deficient in NQO1 show a marked decrease in viability in comparison to NQO1 expressing cells, with idebenone causing ROS production and deleterious effects on ATP levels and cell viability. In addition, our data highlights that only cells expressing NQO1 can significantly activate idebenone, indicating that other proposed metabolic activation pathways, such as complex II and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, do not play a significant role in idebenone activation. Furthermore, we provide evidence of idebenone-induced toxicity in the retina ex-vivo, which can be explained by the variation of NQO1 expression between different cell types in the mouse retina. Idebenone mediated cell rescue in the rotenone ex vivo model also indicated that this drug has a narrow therapeutic window. These findings will help to guide the development of future therapies and drug delivery strategies including intra-ocular administration. The specific dependence of idebenone activity on NQO1 may also explain the variation in patient outcomes in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Varricchio
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - K Beirne
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - C Heard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - B Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Rozanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - A Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
| | - M Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF24 4LU, Wales, UK.
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14
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Joshi A, Naatz H, Faber K, Pokhrel S, Dringen R. Iron-Doping of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Lowers Their Toxic Potential on C6 Glioma Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:809-824. [PMID: 31997104 PMCID: PMC7078150 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are well known for their cytotoxicity which in part has been attributed to the release of copper ions from CuO-NPs. As iron-doping has been reported to reduce the susceptibility of CuO-NPs to dissolution, we have compared pure CuO-NPs and CuO-NPs that had been doped with 10% iron (CuO-Fe-NPs) for copper release and for their toxic potential on C6 glioma cells. Physicochemical characterization revealed that dimercaptosuccinate (DMSA)-coated CuO-NPs and CuO-Fe-NPs did not differ in their size or zeta potential. However, the redox activity and liberation of copper ions from CuO-Fe-NPs was substantially slower compared to that from CuO-NPs, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and by the photometric quantification of the copper ion-bathocuproine complex, respectively. Exposure of C6 cells to these NPs caused an almost identical cellular copper accumulation and each of the two types of NPs induced ROS production and cell toxicity. However, the time- and concentration-dependent loss in cell viability was more severe for cells that had been treated with CuO-NPs compared to cells exposed to CuO-Fe-NPs. Copper accumulation and toxicity after exposure to either CuO-NPs or CuO-Fe-NPs was prevented in the presence of copper chelators, while neutralization of the lysosomal pH by bafilomycin A1 prevented toxicity without affecting cellular copper accumulation or ROS production. These data demonstrate that iron-doping does not affect cellular accumulation of CuO-NPs and suggests that the intracellular liberation of copper ions from CuO-NPs is slowed by the iron doping, which in turn lowers the cell toxic potential of iron-doped CuO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Joshi
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Naatz
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Faber
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse 5, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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15
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Haque AMJ, Nandhakumar P, Kim G, Park S, Yu B, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Jon S, Yang H. Diaphorase-Catalyzed Formation of a Formazan Precipitate and Its Electrodissolution for Sensitive Affinity Biosensors. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3932-3939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Al-Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Byeongjun Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | | | | | - Sangyong Jon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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16
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Joshi A, Thiel K, Jog K, Dringen R. Uptake of Intact Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Causes Acute Toxicity in Cultured Glial Cells. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2156-2169. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Steinmeier J, Dringen R. Exposure of Cultured Astrocytes to Menadione Triggers Rapid Radical Formation, Glutathione Oxidation and Mrp1-Mediated Export of Glutathione Disulfide. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1167-1181. [PMID: 30806880 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin K that allows rapid redox cycling in cells and thereby generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). To test for the consequences of a treatment of brain astrocytes with menadione, we incubated primary astrocyte cultures with this compound. Incubation with menadione in concentrations of up to 30 µM did not affect cell viability. In contrast, exposure of astrocytes to 100 µM menadione caused a time-dependent impairment of cellular metabolism and cell functions as demonstrated by impaired glycolytic lactate production and strong increases in the activity of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and in the number of propidium iodide-positive cells within 4 h of incubation. In addition, already 5 min after exposure of astrocytes to menadione a concentration-dependent increase in the number of ROS-positive cells as well as a concentration-dependent and transient accumulation of cellular glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were observed. The rapid intracellular GSSG accumulation was followed by an export of GSSG that was prevented in the presence of MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp1). Menadione-induced glutathione (GSH) oxidation and ROS formation were found accelerated after glucose-deprivation, while the presence of dicoumarol, an inhibitor of the menadione-reducing enzyme NQO1, did not affect the menadione-dependent GSSG accumulation. Our study demonstrates that menadione rapidly depletes cultured astrocytes of GSH via ROS-induced oxidation to GSSG that is subsequently exported via Mrp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steinmeier
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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18
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Arend C, Ehrke E, Dringen R. Consequences of a Metabolic Glucose-Depletion on the Survival and the Metabolism of Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2288-2300. [PMID: 30788754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain astrocytes are considered to be highly glycolytic, but these cells also produce ATP via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. To investigate how a metabolic depletion of glucose will affect the metabolism of astrocytes, we applied glucose at an initial concentration of 2 mM to cultured primary astrocytes and monitored the cell viability and various metabolic parameters during an incubation for up to 2 weeks. Already within 2 days of incubation the cells had completely consumed the applied glucose and lactate had accumulated in the medium to a concentration of around 3 mM. During the subsequent 10 days of incubation, the cell viability was not compromised while the extracellular lactate concentration declined to values of around 0.2 mM, before the cell viability was compromised. Application of known inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism strongly accelerated glucose consumption and initial lactate production, while the lactate consumption was completely (antimycin A or 8-hydroxy efavirenz) and partially (efavirenz, metformin or tyrphostin 23) inhibited which caused rapid and delayed cell toxicity, respectively. The switch from glycolytic glucose metabolism to mitochondrial metabolism during the incubation was neither accompanied by alterations in the specific cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase activity or in the WST1 reduction capacity nor in the mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, but a cellular redistribution of mitochondria from a perinuclear to a more spread cytoplasmic localization was observed during the lactate consumption phase. These results demonstrate that cultured astrocytes survive a metabolism-induced glucose depletion very well by consuming lactate as fuel for mitochondrial ATP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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19
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Willmann W, Dringen R. Monitoring of the Cytoskeleton-Dependent Intracellular Trafficking of Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Pulse-Chase Experiments in C6 Glioma Cells. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2055-2071. [PMID: 30196349 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are used for various biomedical and therapeutic approaches. To investigate the uptake and the intracellular trafficking of IONPs in neural cells we have performed nanoparticle pulse-chase experiments to visualize the internalization and the fate of fluorescent IONPs in C6 glioma cells and astrocyte cultures. Already a short exposure to IONPs for 10 min at 4 °C (nanoparticle pulse) allowed binding of substantial amounts of nanoparticles to the cells, while internalization of IONPs into the cell was prevented. The uptake of bound IONPs and the intracellular trafficking was started by increasing the temperature to 37 °C (chase period). While hardly any cellular fluorescence nor any iron staining was detectable directly after the nanoparticle pulse, dotted cellular fluorescence and iron patterns appeared already within a few minutes after start of the chase incubation and became intensified in the perinuclear region during further incubation for up to 90 min. Longer chase incubations resulted in separation of the fluorescent coat from the core of the internalized IONPs. Disruption of actin filaments in C6 cells strongly impaired the internalization of IONPs, whereas destabilization of microtubules traped IONP-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. In conclusion, nanoparticle pulse-chase experiments allowed to synchronize the cellular uptake of fluorescent IONPs and to identify for C6 cells an actin-dependent early and a microtubule-dependent later process in the intracellular trafficking of fluorescent IONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Willmann
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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20
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Hei Yuan HS, Katyal S, Anderson JE. A mechanism for semaphorin-induced apoptosis: DNA damage of endothelial and myogenic cells in primary cultures from skeletal muscle. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22618-22630. [PMID: 29854302 PMCID: PMC5978252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of cancer is its ability to recruit a vascular supply to support rapid growth. Suppression of angiogenesis holds potential as a second-line or adjuvant therapy to stunt cancer growth, progression, metastasis, and post-resection regeneration. To begin to test the hypothesis that semaphorin 3A and 3F together, will induce endothelial cell apoptosis by inducing DNA damage, mixed primary cultures isolated from normal adult mouse skeletal muscle were treated for 48 hr with Sema3A ± Sema3F (100ng/mL). Changes in surviving-cell density, DNA synthesis, DNA repair (gamma-Histone 2AX, γH2AX, an indirect measure for DNA damage), and apoptotic DNA fragmentation (TUNEL staining) were assayed in cultures of CD31+ endothelial and desmin+ muscle cells. Sema3F increased DNA damage-associated DNA repair in both cell types. Co-treatment with Sema3A+3F increased γH2AX staining ~25-fold over control levels, and further increased apoptosis compared to control and Sema3A alone. Results were negated by treatment with neutralizing anti-semaphorin antibodies and are interpreted as suggesting that Sema3A may sensitize endothelial but not muscle cells to Sema3F-induced DNA damage. These preliminary findings on a complex system of interacting cells may contribute to developing applications that could target angiogenic regulatory mechanisms for their therapeutic potential against cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haynes Shek Hei Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sachin Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba, Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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