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Kumar A, Arya P, Sharma V, Giovannuzzi S, Raghav N, Supuran CT, Sharma PK. Potent inhibitors of tumor associated carbonic anhydrases endowed with cathepsin B inhibition. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300349. [PMID: 37704930 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one novel extended analogs of acetazolamide were synthesized and screened in vitro for their inhibition efficacy against human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I, II, IX, XII, and cathepsin B. The majority of the compounds were found to be effective inhibitors of tumor-associated hCA IX and XII, and poor inhibitors of cytosolic hCA I. Despite the strong to moderate inhibition potential possessed by these compounds toward another cytosolic isoform hCA II, some of them demonstrated better potency against hCA IX and/or XII isoforms as compared to hCA II. Four compounds (11f, 11g, 12c, and 12g) effectively inhibited hCA IX and/or XII isoforms with considerable selectivity over the off-targets hCA I and II. Interestingly, five compounds, including 11f, 11g, 12c, 12d, and 12g, inhibited hCA IX even better than the clinically used acetazolamide. Some of the novel synthesized compounds exhibited higher anti-cathepsin B potential than acetazolamide, with % inhibition of around 50%, at a concentration of 10-7 M. Further, two compounds (12g and 12c) that showed effective and selective inhibition activity profiles against hCA IX and XII were additionally found to be effective inhibitors of cathepsin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Pt. Chiranji Lal Sharma Government College, Karnal, India
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pawan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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Jiang H, Dong Z, Xia X, Li X. Cathepsins in oral diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203071. [PMID: 37334378 PMCID: PMC10272612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are a type of lysosomal globulin hydrolase and are crucial for many physiological processes, including the resorption of bone matrix, innate immunity, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Findings regarding their functions in human physiological processes and disorders have drawn extensive attention. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between cathepsins and oral diseases. We highlight the structural and functional properties of cathepsins related to oral diseases, as well as the regulatory mechanisms in tissue and cells and their therapeutic uses. Elucidating the associated mechanism between cathepsins and oral diseases is thought to be a promising strategy for the treatment of oral diseases and may be a starting point for further studies at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuoxiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Deb B, Patel K, Sathe G, Kumar P. N-Glycoproteomic Profiling Reveals Alteration In Extracellular Matrix Organization In Non-Type Bladder Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091303. [PMID: 31450586 PMCID: PMC6780497 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced and metastatic bladder carcinoma is often ineffective and displays variable clinical outcomes. Studying this aggressive molecular subtype of bladder carcinoma will lead to better understanding of the pathogenesis which may lead to the identification of new therapeutic strategies. The non-type bladder subtype is phenotypically mesenchymal and has mesenchymal features with a high metastatic ability. Post-translational addition of oligosaccharide residues is an important modification that influences cellular functions and contributes to disease pathology. Here, we report the comparative analysis of N-linked glycosylation across bladder cancer subtypes. To analyze the glycosite-containing peptides, we carried out LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomic and glycoproteomic profiling. We identified 1299 unique N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 460 proteins. Additionally, we identified 118 unique N-linked glycopeptides corresponding to 84 proteins to be differentially glycosylated only in non-type subtypes as compared to luminal/basal subtypes. Most of the altered glycoproteins were also observed with changes in their global protein expression levels. However, alterations in 55 differentially expressed glycoproteins showed no significant change at the protein abundance level, representing that the glycosylation site occupancy was changed between the non-type subtype and luminal/basal subtypes. Importantly, the extracellular matrix organization pathway was dysregulated in the non-type subtype of bladder carcinoma. N-glycosylation modifications in the extracellular matrix organization proteins may be a contributing factor for the mesenchymal aggressive phenotype in non-type subtype. These aberrant protein glycosylation would provide additional avenues to employ glycan-based therapies and may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Deb
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Cogo F, Williams R, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Application of nanotechnology to target and exploit tumour associated proteases. Biochimie 2019; 166:112-131. [PMID: 31029743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are hydrolytic enzymes fundamental for a variety of physiological processes, but the loss of their regulation leads to aberrant functions that promote onset and progression of many diseases including cancer. Proteases have been implicated in almost every hallmark of cancer and whilst widely investigated for tumour therapy, clinical adoption of protease inhibitors as drugs remains a challenge due to issues such as off-target toxicity and inability to achieve therapeutic doses at the disease site. Now, nanotechnology-based solutions and strategies are emerging to circumvent these issues. In this review, preclinical advances in approaches to enhance the delivery of protease drugs and the exploitation of tumour-derived protease activities to promote targeting of nanomedicine formulations is examined. Whilst this field is still in its infancy, innovations to date suggest that nanomedicine approaches to protease targeting or inhibition may hold much therapeutic and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cogo
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
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Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
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Leusink FK, Koudounarakis E, Frank MH, Koole R, van Diest PJ, Willems SM. Cathepsin K associates with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:385. [PMID: 29618339 PMCID: PMC5885370 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a major determinant of prognosis and treatment planning of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Cysteine cathepsins constitute a family of proteolytic enzymes with known role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Involvement in pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer progression, has been proved. The aim of the study was to discover the clinicopathological and prognostic implications of cathepsin K (CTSK) expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Eighty-three patients with primary OSCC, treated surgically between 1996 and 2000, were included. Gene expression data were acquired from a previously reported study. Human papilloma virus (HPV) status was previously determined by an algorithm for HPV-16. CTSK Protein expression was semi-quantitatively determined by immunohistochemistry in tumor and stromal cells. Expression data were correlated with various clinicopathological variables. Results Elevated gene and protein expression of CTSK were strongly associated to LNM and perineural invasion (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis highlighted increased CTSK protein expression in tumor cells as the most significant independent factor of lymphatic metastasis (OR = 7.65, CI:2.31–23.31, p = 0.001). Survival analysis demonstrated CTSK protein expression in both stromal and tumor cells as significant indicators of poor 5-year disease specific survival (HR = 2.40, CI:1.05–5.50, p = 0.038 for stromal cells; HR = 2.79, CI:1.02–7.64, p = 0.045 for tumor cells). Conclusion Upregulation of CTSK seems to be associated with high incidence of lymphatic spread and poor survival in OSCC. CTSK could therefore serve as a predictive biomarker for OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4315-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K Leusink
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleftherios Koudounarakis
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H Frank
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Koole
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ibrahim SA, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Mahana N, Mahmoud MA, El-Mamlouk T, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Hormonal-receptor positive breast cancer: IL-6 augments invasion and lymph node metastasis via stimulating cathepsin B expression. J Adv Res 2016; 7:661-70. [PMID: 27482469 PMCID: PMC4957008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal-receptor positive (HRP) breast cancer patients with positive metastatic axillary lymph nodes are characterized by poor prognosis and increased mortality rate. The mechanisms by which cancer cells invade lymph nodes have not yet been fully explored. Several studies have shown that expression of IL-6 and the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin B (CTSB) was associated with breast cancer poor prognosis. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of recombinant human IL-6 on the invasiveness capacity of HRP breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was tested using an in vitro invasion chamber assay. The impact of IL-6 on expression and activity of CTSB was also investigated. IL-6 treatment promoted the invasiveness potential of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells displayed elevated CTSB expression and activity associated with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin protein levels upon IL-6 stimulation. To validate these results in vivo, the level of expression of IL-6 and CTSB in the carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer patients with positive and negative axillary metastatic lymph nodes (pLNs and nLNs) was assessed. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining data showed that expression of IL-6 and CTSB was higher in carcinoma tissues in HRP-breast cancer with pLNs than those with nLNs patients. ELISA results showed carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer with pLNs exhibited significantly elevated IL-6 protein levels by approximately 2.8-fold compared with those with nLNs patients (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation between IL-6 and CTSB expression was detected in clinical samples of HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs (r = 0.78, P < 0.01). Collectively, this study suggests that IL-6-induced CTSB may play a role in lymph node metastasis, and that may possess future therapeutic implications for HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs. Further studies are necessary to fully identify IL-6/CTSB axis in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Eslam A El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Tahani El-Mamlouk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Yang WE, Ho CC, Yang SF, Lin SH, Yeh KT, Lin CW, Chen MK. Cathepsin B Expression and the Correlation with Clinical Aspects of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152165. [PMID: 27031837 PMCID: PMC4816521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin B (CTSB), a member of the cathepsin family, is a cysteine protease that is widely distributed in the lysosomes of cells in various tissues. It is overexpressed in several human cancers and may be related to tumorigenesis. The main purpose of this study was to analyze CTSB expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with patient prognosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Tissue microarrays were used to detect CTSB expression in 280 patients and to examine the association between CTSB expression and clinicopathological parameters. In addition, the metastatic effects of the CTSB knockdown on two oral cancer cell lines were investigated by transwell migration assay. Cytoplasmic CTSB expression was detected in 34.6% (97/280) of patients. CTSB expression was correlated with positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.007) and higher tumor grade (p = 0.008) but not with tumor size and distant metastasis. In addition, multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model revealed a higher hazard ratio, demonstrating that CTSB expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in buccal mucosa carcinoma patients. Furthermore, the Kaplan–Meier curve revealed that buccal mucosa OSCC patients with positive CTSB expression had significantly shorter overall survival. Moreover, treatment with the CTSB siRNA exerted an inhibitory effect on migration in OC2 and CAL27 oral cancer cells. Conclusions We conclude that CTSB expression may be useful for determining OSCC prognosis, particularly for patients with lymph node metastasis, and may function as a biomarker of the survival of OSCC patients in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-En Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chen Ho
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MKC); (CWL)
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MKC); (CWL)
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N-formylpyrazolines and N-benzoylpyrazolines as novel inhibitors of mammalian cathepsin B and cathepsin H. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen TP, Yang SF, Lin CW, Lee HL, Tsai CM, Weng CJ. A4383C and C76G SNP in Cathepsin B is respectively associated with the high risk and tumor size of hepatocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11193-8. [PMID: 25106406 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in some genes is a candidate for having or developing a cancer. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is considered to be the biomarker of cancers. The study aimed to evaluate the impacts of three SNPs in CTSB gene on the risk and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The SNPs of CTSB C76G (rs12338), CTSB A4383C (rs13332), and CTSB A8422G (rs8898) from 135 patients with HCC and 520 control participants in Taiwan were determined by real-time PCR. Through analyzing by statistics, we found that the polymorphism of rs13332 was significantly associated to the risk of HCC cancer; a significantly high frequent tumor size development was observed in HCC patients carrying rs12338 polymorphic genotype than those carrying ancestral genotype. The SNPs of rs12338, rs13332, and rs8898 were irrelevant to the frequencies of HCC clinical status and the levels of HCC clinicopathological markers. In conclusions, CTSB A4383C SNP is observed modestly more often in patients who developed HCC than in healthy controls and might be associated with the risk of HCC. The association between CTSB C76G SNP and greater tumor size may warrant further study in regards to the biology of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Po Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Li Y, Lu J, Peng Z, Tan G, Liu N, Huang D, Zhang Z, Duan C, Tang X, Tang F. N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine-mediated AGR2 is involved in metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92081. [PMID: 24717913 PMCID: PMC3981702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a high metastatic character in the clinic, but its mechanism is not clear. As a carcinogen with organ specificity for the nasopharyngeal epithelium, N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) is involved in NPC metastasis. Herein, our data revealed that anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) was overexpressed in human NPC tissues, particularly in cervical lymph node metastatic NPC (LMNPC). High AGR2 expression was associated with NPC metastasis. Importantly, DNP induced AGR2 expression, and increased cell motility and invasion in the NPC cell line 6-10B. However, DNP-mediated cell motility and invasion was dramatically decreased when transfected with siRNA-AGR2. Further, AGR2 directly regulated cathepsin (CTS) B and D by binding them in vitro. These results indicate that DNP induces AGR2 expression, regulates CTSB and CTSD, increases cell motility and invasion, and promotes NPC tumor metastasis. Therefore, DNP-mediated AGR2 expression may be an important factor in prolific NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengke Peng
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gongjun Tan
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Medical Research Center and Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Damao Huang
- Medical Research Center and Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Medical Research Center and Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Cathepsin B SNPs elevate the pathological development of oral cancer and raise the susceptibility to carcinogen-mediated oral cancer. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1861-8. [PMID: 22851129 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is causally associated with environmental carcinogens, and the susceptibility to carcinogen-mediated tumorigenesis is proposed to be genotype-dependent. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a lysosomal cysteine protease and may serve as a candidate biomarker of oral cancer. The current study aimed to explore the influences of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CTSB gene, combined with environmental carcinogens on the risk and clinicopathological development of oral cancer. Three SNPs of CTSB, CTSB C76G (rs12338), CTSB A4383C (rs13332), and CTSB A8422G (rs8898), from 444 male patients with oral cancer and 426 control participants (males not diagnosed with cancer) in Taiwan were analyzed. These three CTSB SNPs all exhibited insignificant (P > 0.05) effects on the risk of oral cancer. However, the risk for developing the poor clinical stage of moderately or poorly differentiated cells was significantly (P < 0.001) increased to 3.325-fold in patients with oral cancer carrying the polymorphic genotype of rs8898 compared to patients with the ancestral genotype. Additionally, while considering the exposure of environmental carcinogens, the presence of these three CTSB SNPs, combined with betel quid chewing [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 36.570, 21.772, and 43.962 for rs12338, rs13332, and rs8898, respectively] and/or tobacco use (AOR was 3.794, and 8.972 for rs12338 and rs13332, respectively), robustly elevated the susceptibility to oral cancer. These results suggest that the genetic polymorphism of CTSB A8422G (rs8898) was associated with a high risk for the clinicopathological development of oral cancer and CTSB gene polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to environmental carcinogens-mediated oral cancer.
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Oliveira RAS, Correia-Oliveira J, Tang LJ, Garcia RC. A proteomic insight into the effects of the immunomodulatory hydroxynaphthoquinone lapachol on activated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:54-65. [PMID: 22705049 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of an immunomodulatory and anti-mycobacterial naphthoquinone, lapachol, on the bi-dimensional patterns of protein expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-agonised and IFN-γ-treated THP-1 macrophages. This non-hypothesis driven proteomic analysis intends to shed light on the cellular functions lapachol may be affecting. Proteins of both cytosol and membrane fractions were analysed. After quantification of the protein spots, the protein levels corresponding to macrophages activated in the absence or presence of lapachol were compared. A number of proteins were identified, the levels of which were appreciably and significantly increased or decreased as a result of the action of lapachol on the activated macrophages: cofilin-1, fascin, plastin-2, glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase, adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1, pyruvate kinase, sentrin-specific protease 6, cathepsin B, cathepsin D, cytosolic aminopeptidase, proteasome β type-4 protease, tryptophan-tRNA ligase, DnaJ homolog and protein disulphide isomerase. Altogether, the comparative analysis performed indicates that lapachol could be hypothetically causing an impairment of cell migration and/or phagocytic capacity, an increase in NADPH availability, a decrease in pyruvate concentration, protection from proteosomal protein degradation, a decrease in lysosomal protein degradation, an impairment of cytosolic peptide generation, and an interference with NOS2 activation and grp78 function. The present proteomic results suggest issues that should be experimentally addressed ex- and in-vivo, to establish more accurately the potential of lapachol as an anti-infective drug. This study also constitutes a model for the pre-in-vivo evaluation of drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A S Oliveira
- Leukocyte Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy.
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14
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Keereweer S, Mol IM, Vahrmeijer AL, Van Driel PBAA, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Kerrebijn JDF, Löwik CWGM. Dual wavelength tumor targeting for detection of hypopharyngeal cancer using near-infrared optical imaging in an animal model. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1633-40. [PMID: 22234729 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging is a promising technique to visualize cancer tissue during surgery. In this study, we explored the use of combinations of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence agents that emit fluorescence signal at different wavelengths and each target specific tumor characteristics. Two combinations of agents (ProSense680 combined with 2DG CW800 and MMPSense680 combined with EGF CW800) were used to detect hypopharyngeal cancer in an animal model. ProSense680 and MMPSense680 detect increased activity of cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases, respectively. These enzymes are mainly found in the invasive tumor border due to degradation of the extracellular matrix. 2DG CW800 detects tumor cells with high glucose metabolism and EGF CW800 is internalized by the epidermal growth factor receptor of tumor cells. Whole-body imaging revealed clear demarcation of tumor tissue using all four agents. The tumor-to-background ratio (standard deviation, p-value) was 3.69 (0.72, p < 0.001) for ProSense680; 4.26 (1.33, p < 0.001) for MMPSense680; 5.81 (3.59, p = 0.02) for 2DG CW800 and 4.84 (1.56, p < 0.001) for EGF CW800. Fluorescence signal corresponded with histopathology and immunohistochemistry, demonstrating signal of ProSense680 and MMPSense680 in the invasive tumor border, and signal of 2DG CW800 and EGF CW800 in the tumor tissue. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of dual wavelength tumor detection using different targeting strategies simultaneously in an animal model. Combined targeting at different wavelengths allowed simultaneous imaging of different tumor characteristics. NIR fluorescence optical imaging has the potential to be translated into the clinic in order to improve the complete removal of tumors by real-time image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Abstract
Umbilical cord (UC) and placenta (P) are generally believed to be potential alternatives to bone marrow (BM), as sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for cell therapy. They possess immunophenotypic and functional characteristics which are similar to that of BM-MSC, yet one of the crucial factors in determining the tissue regeneration process--the migration capacity--is still unclear. In our previous study, the migration capacity of BM- and P-MSC was found 5.9- and 3.2-fold higher than that of UC-MSC, respectively. By using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and combined MS and MS/MS analysis, six proteins were identified as differentially expressed among these MSC samples. Five out of the six proteins were known to be involved in cell migration as migration inhibiting or enhancing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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16
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Li G, Zhang XA, Wang H, Wang X, Meng CL, Chan CY, Yew DTW, Tsang KS, Li K, Tsai SN, Ngai SM, Han ZC, Lin MCM, He ML, Kung HF. Comparative proteomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, umbilical cord and placenta: implication in the migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:51-68. [PMID: 21901618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord (UC) and placenta (P) have been suggested as alternatives to bone marrow (BM) as sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for cell therapy, with both UC- and P-MSC possess immunophenotypic and functional characteristics similar to BM-MSC. However, under defined conditions, the migration capacity of BM- and P-MSC was found to be 5.9- and 3.2-folds higher than that of UC-MSC, respectively. By the use of 2-DE and combined MS and MS/MS analysis, six differentially expressed proteins were identified among these MSC samples, with five of them known to be involved in cell migration as migration enhancing or inhibiting proteins. Interestingly, the expression levels of those proteins reflect perfectly the migration capacity of corresponding MSC, which is also proved by in vitro overexpression and silencing techniques. Our study indicates that a bunch of migration-related proteins are pivotal in governing the migration capacity of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Liu X, Kolokythas A, Wang J, Huang H, Zhou X. Gene Expression Signatures of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Cancer: Molecular Characteristics and Clinical Significances. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2010; 6:294-307. [PMID: 21709736 PMCID: PMC3122885 DOI: 10.2174/157339410793358066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Even though lymph node metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer death in patients with oral cancer (OC), the molecular mechanisms of lymph node metastasis remain elusive. Genome-wide microarray analyses and functional studies in vitro and in vivo, along with detailed clinical observations, have identified a number of molecules that may contribute to lymph node metastasis. These include lymphangionenic cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, basement membrane-interacting molecules, matrix enzymes and relevant downstream signaling pathways. However, defined gene signatures from different studies are highly variable, which hinders their translation to clinically relevant applications. To date, none of the identified signatures or molecular biomarkers has been successfully implemented as a diagnostic or prognostic tool applicable to routine clinical practice. In this review, we will first introduce the significance of lymph node metastasis in OC, and clinical/experimental evidences that support the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will then provide a comprehensive review and integrative analysis of the existing gene expression studies that aim to identify the metastasis-related signatures in OC. Finally, the remaining challenges will be discussed and our insights on future directions will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiang Liu
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhang Huang
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Research Institute & the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate College, and UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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18
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Yang X, Wei KJ, Zhang L, Pan HY, Li J, Chen WT, Zhong LP, Zhang ZY. Increased expression of Cathepsin B in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 39:174-81. [PMID: 20042316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, an in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was established with a line of human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs), a line of cancerous HB96 cells and another type of cell (HB56 cells) at the early stage of carcinogenesis. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis identified a panel of differentially expressed proteins among these cells. Cathepsin B was one of the significantly up-regulated proteins accompanying cellular transformation. Cathepsin B was further validated for its expression in the three cell lines and in clinical samples of tumour tissues and their adjacent normal epithelia from 30 primary OSCC patients. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR detected increased Cathepsin B protein and mRNA levels in the cancerous HB56 and HB96 cells over HIOECs. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR showed elevated Cathepsin B protein and mRNA levels in the tumour tissues over the adjacent non-malignant epithelia from OSCC patients. The results presented here suggest that the expression of Cathepsin B increases along with the cancerisation in OSCC both in vitro and in vivo, and it may serve as a candidate biomarker of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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19
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Li G, Zhang XA, Wang H, Wang X, Meng CL, Chan CY, Yew DTW, Tsang KS, Li K, Tsai SN, Ngai SM, Han ZC, Lin MCM, He ML, Kung HF. Comparative proteomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, umbilical cord, and placenta: implication in the migration. Proteomics 2009; 9:20-30. [PMID: 19116983 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord (UC) and placenta (P) have been suggested as alternatives to bone marrow (BM) as sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for cell therapy, with both UC- and P-MSC possess immunophenotypic and functional characteristics similar to BM-MSC. However, their migration capacity, which is indispensable during tissue regeneration process, is unclear. Under defined conditions, the migration capacity of BM- and P-MSC was found 5.9- and 3.2-folds higher than that of UC-MSC, respectively. By the use of 2-DE and combined MS and MS/MS analysis, six differentially expressed proteins were identified among these MSC samples, with five of them known to be involved in cell migration as migration enhancing or inhibiting proteins. Consistent with their migration capacity, the levels of migration enhancing proteins including cathepsin B, cathepsin D and prohibitin,were significantly lower in UC-MSC when compared with those in BM- and P-MSC. For the migration inhibiting proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and manganese superoxide dismutase, higher expression was found in the UC-MSC. We also showed that the overexpression of the PAI-1 impaired the migration capacity of BM- and P-MSC while silencing of PAI-1 enhanced the migration capacity of UC-MSC. Our study indicates that PAI-1 and other migration-related proteins are pivotal in governing the migration capacity of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Ekspresja niektórych molekularnych markerów immunohistochemicznych i ocena ich znaczenia prognostycznego w rakach płaskonabłonkowych jamy ustnej i wargi. Otolaryngol Pol 2008; 62:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(08)70236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Nagaraj NS, Zacharias W. Cigarette smoke condensate increases cathepsin-mediated invasiveness of oral carcinoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:134-45. [PMID: 17399918 PMCID: PMC1952681 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, which contains several carcinogens known to initiate and promote tumorigenesis and metastasis, is the major cause of oral cancer. Lysosomal cathepsin proteases play important roles in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. In the present work we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on cathepsin (B, D and L) expression and protease-mediated invasiveness in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Our results show that treatment of OSCC cells (686Tu and 101A) with CSC activated cathepsins B, D and L in a dose-dependent manner. Both expression and activity of these cathepsins were up-regulated in CSC-exposed versus non-exposed cells. Although cathepsin L had the lowest basal level, it had the highest induction in exposed cells compared to cathepsins B and D. Suppression of CSC-induced cathepsin B and L activities by specific chemical inhibitors decreased the invasion process, suggesting that these proteases are involved in the invasion process. Overall, our results indicate that CSC activates cathepsin B and L proteolytic activity and enhances invasiveness in OSCC cells, a response that may play a role in CSC-mediated tumor progression and metastasis dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagathihalli S. Nagaraj
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Wolfgang Zacharias
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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22
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Nagaraj NS, Vigneswaran N, Zacharias W. Hypoxia inhibits TRAIL-induced tumor cell apoptosis: involvement of lysosomal cathepsins. Apoptosis 2007; 12:125-39. [PMID: 17136492 PMCID: PMC5774619 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand) is a potent apoptosis inducer that limits tumor growth without damaging normal cells and tissues in vivo. We present evidence for a central role of lysosomal cathepsins in hypoxia and/or TRAIL-induced cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Hypoxia or TRAIL-induced activation of cathepsins (B, D and L), caspases (-3 and -9), Bid cleavage, release of Bax and cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation were blocked independently by zVAD-fmk, CA074Me or pepstatin A, consistent with the involvement of lysosomal cathepsin B and D in cell death. Lysosome stability and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced in hypoxia and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, TRAIL treatment under hypoxic condition resulted in diminished apoptosis rates compared to treatment under normoxia. This inhibitory effect of hypoxia on TRAIL-induced apoptosis may be based on preventing Bax activation and thus protecting mitochondria stability. Our data show that TRAIL or hypoxia independently triggered activation of cathepsin B and D leading to apoptosis through Bid and Bax, and suggest that hypoxic tissue regions provide a selective environment for highly apoptosis-resistant clonal cells. Molecular therapy approaches based on cathepsin inhibitors need to address this novel tumor-preventing function of cathepsins in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagathihalli S Nagaraj
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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23
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Vigneswaran N, Wu J, Nagaraj N, James R, Zeeuwen P, Zacharias W. Silencing of cystatin M in metastatic oral cancer cell line MDA-686Ln by siRNA increases cysteine proteinases and legumain activities, cell proliferation and in vitro invasion. Life Sci 2006; 78:898-907. [PMID: 16150465 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine proteinases. Cystatin M demonstrates more diverse tissue distribution, target specificity and biological function than other cystatins from the same family. We utilized small interference RNAs (siRNA) to silence cystatin M gene expression in a metastatic oral cancer cell line (MDA-686Ln) that expresses a high level of cystatin M. We tested four different siRNAs targeted to different sites of the cystatin M mRNA, and found three out of the four siRNAs were effective in suppressing cystatin M expression by >50% at both mRNA and protein levels, as measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. We used siRNA-#1, which demonstrated highest efficiency of silencing cystatin M, to evaluate the phenotypic outcome of silencing cystatin M in MDA-686Ln cells. Cystatin M inhibition significantly increased the enzymatic activities of cathepsins B and L and legumain while reducing cysteine protease inhibitor activity both in the media and intracellularly. MDA-686Ln cells treated with siRNA#1 demonstrated markedly increased proliferation rate, in vitro motility and Matrigel invasiveness. Collectively, our data show that silencing of cystatin M in tumor cells not only increases their invasion and motility via cysteine-proteinase-dependent pathways, but also renders them hyperproliferative through a currently unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 6516, MD Anderson Blvd., Room 3.094G, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Nagaraj NS, Vigneswaran N, Zacharias W. Cathepsin B mediates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 132:171-83. [PMID: 16362335 PMCID: PMC5774671 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The death ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand) triggers apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells, which implies the potential for therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B (CB) in mediating TRAIL-induced cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. METHODS OSCC cell lines from primary tumor and lymph node metastasis were examined for expression of apoptosis markers by Western blots, enzyme activity assays, nuclear fragmentation assays, and FACS analysis. Gene-specific ribozymes or chemical inhibitors were used to inhibit CB or caspases in target cells. RESULTS TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-3, cleavage of Bid and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, release of cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation were blocked either by a pan-caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk) or a CB inhibitor (CA074Me), consistent with the involvement of TRAIL as well as CB in cell death. The primary tumor cells were more susceptible to apoptosis than their corresponding lymph node metastatic cells. Stable transfection of a ribozyme which inhibited CB expression also decreased the apoptotic process. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death in OSCC cells is mediated through CB or through caspase activation. Our data point to a new tumor-suppressive role for CB in OSCC which is opposed to the invasion- and metastasis-promoting functions of lysosomal proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagathihalli S. Nagaraj
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Fax: +1-713-5004416
| | - Wolfgang Zacharias
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Delia Baxter Bldg. 321F 580 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA, , Tel.: +1-502-8522579, Fax: +1-502-8522356
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25
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Bellezza I, Aisa MC, Palazzo R, Costanzi E, Mearini E, Minelli A. Extracellular matrix degrading enzymes at the prostasome surface. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:344-8. [PMID: 16130012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostasomes, prostatic secretory vesicles found in human ejaculates, were analyzed to verify the existence at their surfaces of enzymes involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Findings were compared with those of prostasomes isolated from two human adenocarcinoma cell lines that reflect clinical features and molecular pathways of androgen-insensitive and hormone-responsive prostate cancer. Our aim was to determine whether neoplastic transformation is accompanied by changes of glycosidase and protease activities. Our results show that decreases of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and increases of urokinase plasminogen activator and cathepsin B are consistent with the clinical features of the cell lines, whereas increases of glycosidase activities seem to be of scarce biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bellezza
- Dipartimento Medicina Sperimentale Scienze Biochimiche, Sezione Biochimica Cellulare, Perugia, Italy
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