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Castejón-Griñán M, Cerdido S, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Abrisqueta M, Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, García-Borrón JC. Melanoma-associated melanocortin 1 receptor variants confer redox signaling-dependent protection against oxidative DNA damage. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103135. [PMID: 38565069 PMCID: PMC11002308 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a lethal skin cancer, arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes. Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental risk factor for melanoma since its interaction with the skin generates DNA damage, either directly or indirectly via oxidative stress. Pheomelanin pigments exacerbate oxidative stress in melanocytes by UVR-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to contribute to melanomagenesis, particularly in people with pheomelanic pigmentation. The melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) is a major melanoma susceptibility gene. Frequent MC1R variants (varMC1R) associated with fair skin and red or yellow hair color display hypomorphic signaling to the cAMP pathway and are associated with higher melanoma risk. This association is thought to be due to production of photosensitizing pheomelanins as well as deficient induction of DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. However, the data on modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by MC1R remain scarce. We recently demonstrated that varMC1R accelerates clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA strand breaks in an AKT-dependent manner. Here we show that varMC1R also protects against ROS-dependent formation of 8-oxodG, the most frequent oxidative DNA lesion. Since the base excision repair (BER) pathway mediates clearance of these DNA lesions, we analyzed induction of BER enzymes in human melanoma cells of varMC1R genotype. Agonist-mediated activation of both wildtype (wtMC1R) and varMC1R significantly induced OGG and APE-1/Ref1, the rate-limiting BER enzymes responsible for repair of 8-oxodG. Moreover, we found that NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of ROS was responsible for AKT activation and oxidative DNA damage repair downstream of varMC1R. These observations provide a better understanding of the functional properties of melanoma-associated MC1R alleles and may be useful for the rational development of strategies to correct defective varMC1R responses for efficient photoprotection and melanoma prevention in fair-skinned individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sonia Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Carlos García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB), El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Feng Q, Xu X, Zhang S. Nrf2 protein in melanoma progression, as a new means of treatment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:247-258. [PMID: 37777339 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a potentially lethal form of skin cancer resulting from the unlimited proliferation of melanocytes. Melanocytic lineage appears to have a greater rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, possibly as a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and the production of melanin. It has been established that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) serves as a master regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stresses. Recent research has shown that the Nrf2 and its critical negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) are misregulated in melanoma, and the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway has emerged as a promising new target for treating and preventing melanoma. In melanoma, Nrf2 may either limit tumor growth or promote its development. This review covers a wide range of topics, including the dual functions played by the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in melanoma and the most recent targeting techniques of the Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Feng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shoulin Zhang
- Nephrology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Zhao Y, Ye X, Xiong Z, Ihsan A, Ares I, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Wang X, Martínez MA. Cancer Metabolism: The Role of ROS in DNA Damage and Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2023; 13:796. [PMID: 37512503 PMCID: PMC10383295 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a huge challenge for people worldwide. High reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are a recognized hallmark of cancer and an important aspect of cancer treatment research. Abnormally elevated ROS levels are often attributable to alterations in cellular metabolic activities and increased oxidative stress, which affects both the development and maintenance of cancer. Moderately high levels of ROS are beneficial to maintain tumor cell genesis and development, while toxic levels of ROS have been shown to be an important force in destroying cancer cells. ROS has become an important anticancer target based on the proapoptotic effect of toxic levels of ROS. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of increased ROS in DNA damage and the apoptosis of cancer cells caused by changes in cancer cell metabolism, as well as various anticancer therapies targeting ROS generation, in order to provide references for cancer therapies based on ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaochun Ye
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Becker AL, Indra AK. Oxidative Stress in Melanoma: Beneficial Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113038. [PMID: 37297001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma ranks as the fifth most common cancer in the United States and represents one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. While recent advances in systemic targeted therapies and immunotherapies have positively impacted melanoma survival, the survival rate of stage IV melanoma remains at a meager 32%. Unfortunately, tumor resistance can impede the effectiveness of these treatments. Oxidative stress is a pivotal player in all stages of melanoma progression, with a somewhat paradoxical function that promotes tumor initiation but hinders vertical growth and metastasis in later disease. As melanoma progresses, it employs adaptive mechanisms to lessen oxidative stress in the tumor environment. Redox metabolic rewiring has been implicated in acquired resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors. A promising approach to enhance the response to therapy involves boosting intracellular ROS production using active biomolecules or targeting enzymes that regulate oxidative stress. The complex interplay between oxidative stress, redox homeostasis, and melanomagenesis can also be leveraged in a preventive context. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of oxidative stress in melanoma, and how the antioxidant system may be manipulated in a therapeutic context for improved efficacy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Beretti F, Gatti M, Zavatti M, Bassoli S, Pellacani G, Maraldi T. Reactive Oxygen Species Regulation of Chemoresistance and Metastatic Capacity of Melanoma: Role of the Cancer Stem Cell Marker CD271. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041229. [PMID: 37189846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations are present in 30-50% of cases of cutaneous melanoma, and treatment with selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors has been introduced. However, the development of resistance to these drugs often occurs. Chemo-resistant melanoma cells show increased expression of CD271, a stem cell marker that features increased migration. Concordantly, resistance to the selective inhibitor of oncogenic BRAFV600E/K, vemurafenib, is mediated by the increased expression of CD271. It has recently been shown that the BRAF pathway leads to an overexpression of the NADPH oxidase Nox4, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we examined in vitro how Nox-derived ROS in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells regulates their drug sensitivity and metastatic potential. We demonstrated that DPI, a Nox inhibitor, reduced the resistance of a melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-28) and a primary culture derived from a BRAFV600E-mutated biopsy to vemurafenib. DPI treatment affected the expression of CD271 and the ERK and Akt signaling pathways, leading to a drop in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which undoubtedly promotes an invasive phenotype in melanoma. More importantly, the scratch test demonstrated the efficacy of the Nox inhibitor (DPI) in blocking migration, supporting its use to counteract drug resistance and thus cell invasion and metastasis in BRAF-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Beretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Bassoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Lessons Learned from Anatomic Susceptibility in Vitiligo Patients: A Systematic Review. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-023-00384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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7
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Fluorescent molecular probes for imaging and detection of oxidases and peroxidases in biological samples. Methods 2023; 210:20-35. [PMID: 36634727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidases and peroxidases are two subclasses of oxidoreductases. The abnormal expression of oxidases (such as tyrosinase, cytochrome P450 oxidases, and monoamine oxidases) and peroxidases (such as glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and eosinophil peroxidase) is relative with some diseases. Therefore, the analysis of oxidases and peroxidases is great important for disease diagnosis and treatment. Fluorescent probes present simple protocol, high sensitivity and good stability in sensing field. Molecule fluorescent probes are constructed with chemical groups that tunes their fluorescence emission in response to binding events, chemical reactions, and the surrounding environment. A fluorescent probe is an efficient tool for visualizing the activity of enzymes in living organisms on the basis of its high specificity, sensitivity, and noninvasiveness characteristics. In this review, we focus on the sensing of oxidases and peroxidases by molecule fluorescent probes, and hope to bring new insight to wide researchers about oxidases and peroxidases in biological samples.
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Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, Oriol-Caballo M, Moreno-Murciano P, Estrela JM. Survival Mechanisms of Metastatic Melanoma Cells: The Link between Glucocorticoids and the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidant Defense System. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030418. [PMID: 36766760 PMCID: PMC9913432 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating glucocorticoids increase during stress. Chronic stress, characterized by a sustained increase in serum levels of cortisol, has been associated in different cases with an increased risk of cancer and a worse prognosis. Glucocorticoids can promote gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids, fat breakdown, and impair the body's immune response. Therefore, conditions that may favor cancer growth and the acquisition of radio- and chemo-resistance. We found that glucocorticoid receptor knockdown diminishes the antioxidant protection of murine B16-F10 (highly metastatic) melanoma cells, thus leading to a drastic decrease in their survival during interaction with the vascular endothelium. The BRAFV600E mutation is the most commonly observed in melanoma patients. Recent studies revealed that VMF/PLX40-32 (vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E) increases mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRAFV600E human melanoma cell lines. Early-stage cancer cells lacking Nrf2 generate high ROS levels and exhibit a senescence-like growth arrest. Thus, it is likely that a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) could increase the efficacy of BRAF-related therapy in BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. In fact, during early progression of skin melanoma metastases, RU486 and VMF induced metastases regression. However, treatment at an advanced stage of growth found resistance to RU486 and VMF. This resistance was mechanistically linked to overexpression of proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in different human models). Moreover, melanoma resistance was decreased if AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were blocked. These findings highlight mechanisms by which metastatic melanoma cells adapt to survive and could help in the development of most effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José M. Estrela
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
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9
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Fu QT, Zhong XQ, Chen MY, Gu JY, Zhao J, Yu DH, Tan F. Luteolin-Loaded Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Melanoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2053-2068. [PMID: 37101838 PMCID: PMC10124627 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s400329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Luteolin (LUT), a flavonoid found in various plants, has been reported to have potential therapeutic effects in melanoma. However, poor water solubility and low bioactivity have severely restricted the clinical application of LUT. Based on the high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in melanoma cells, we developed nanoparticles encapsulating LUT with the ROS-responsive material poly(propylene sulfide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PPS-PEG) to enhance the water solubility of LUT, accelerate the release of LUT in melanoma cells, and further enhance its anti-melanoma effect, providing a viable solution for the application of LUT nano-delivery systems in melanoma therapy. Methods In this study, LUT-loaded nanoparticles were prepared with PPS-PEG and named as LUT-PPS-NPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to determine the size and morphology of LUT-PPS-NPs. In vitro studies were carried out to determine the uptake and mechanism of LUT-PPS-NPs by SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. According to the CCK-8 assay, the cytotoxic effects of LUT-PPS-NPs on human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and SK-MEL-28 cells were assessed. Apoptosis assays, cell migration and invasion assays, and proliferation inhibition assays with low and normal density plating were also applied to test the in vitro anti-melanoma effect. Additionally, melanoma models were established utilizing BALB/c nude mice and initially evaluated the growth inhibitory impact following intratumoral injection of LUT-PPS-NPs. Results The size of LUT-PPS-NPs was 169.77 ± 7.33 nm with high drug loading (15.05 ± 0.07%). In vitro, cellular assays confirmed that LUT-PPS-NPs were efficiently internalized by SK-MEL-28 cells and showed low cytotoxicity against HSF. Moreover, LUT released from LUT-PPS-NPs significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Animal experiments showed that LUT-PPS-NPs inhibited tumor growth more than 2-fold compared with the LUT group. Conclusion In conclusion, the LUT-PPS-NPs developed in our study enhanced the anti-melanoma effect of LUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ting Fu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhong
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - De-Hong Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Fei Tan; Dehong Yu, Email ;
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Fontes SS, Nogueira ML, Dias RB, Rocha CAG, Soares MBP, Vannier-Santos MA, Bezerra DP. Combination Therapy of Curcumin and Disulfiram Synergistically Inhibits the Growth of B16-F10 Melanoma Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1600. [PMID: 36358950 PMCID: PMC9687191 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathophysiology of melanoma. Curcumin (CUR) is a polyphenolic phytochemical that stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while disulfiram (DSS) is a US FDA-approved drug for the treatment of alcoholism that can act by inhibiting the intracellular antioxidant system. Therefore, we hypothesized that they act synergistically against melanoma cells. Herein, we aimed to study the antitumor potential of the combination of CUR with DSS in B16-F10 melanoma cells using in vitro and in vivo models. The cytotoxic effects of different combination ratios of CUR and DSS were evaluated using the Alamar Blue method, allowing the production of isobolograms. Apoptosis detection, DNA fragmentation, cell cycle distribution, and mitochondrial superoxide levels were quantified by flow cytometry. Tumor development in vivo was evaluated using C57BL/6 mice bearing B16-F10 cells. The combinations ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 2:3 showed synergic effects. B16-F10 cells treated with these combinations showed improved apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation. Enhanced mitochondrial superoxide levels were observed at combination ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, indicating increased oxidative stress. In vivo tumor growth inhibition for CUR (20 mg/kg), DSS (60 mg/kg), and their combination were 17.0%, 19.8%, and 28.8%, respectively. This study provided data on the potential cytotoxic activity of the combination of CUR with DSS and may provide a useful tool for the development of a therapeutic combination against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila S. Fontes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Mateus L. Nogueira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Rosane B. Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, BA, Brazil
| | - Clarissa A. Gurgel Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena B. P. Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute for Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel P. Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
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11
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Zhang X, Li H, Liu C, Yuan X. Role of ROS‑mediated autophagy in melanoma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:303. [PMID: 35946460 PMCID: PMC9434998 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer with the poorest prognosis and its pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. As key factors that regulate cellular homeostasis, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy are involved in the development of melanoma, from melanomagenesis to progression and drug resistance. However, the interaction between ROS and autophagy in the etiology and treatment of melanoma is not well characterized. The present review examined the production of ROS and the role of oxidative stress in melanoma, and summarized the role of ROS‑mediated autophagy in melanomagenesis and melanoma cell fate decision following treatment with various anticancer drugs. The present findings may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma, and suggest promising treatment options for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Huaijun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chengxiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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12
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Reactive Oxygen Species and Long Non-Coding RNAs, an Unexpected Crossroad in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710133. [PMID: 36077530 PMCID: PMC9456385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have recently been identified as key regulators of oxidative stress in several malignancies. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) must be constantly regulated to maintain cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance and to prevent apoptosis. This review will discuss how lncRNAs alter the ROS level in cancer cells. We will first describe the role of lncRNAs in the nuclear factor like 2 (Nrf-2) coordinated antioxidant response of cancer cells. Secondly, we show how lncRNAs can promote the Warburg effect in cancer cells, thus shifting the cancer cell’s “building blocks” towards molecules important in oxidative stress regulation. Lastly, we explain the role that lncRNAs play in ROS-induced cancer cell apoptosis and proliferation.
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13
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Biscaia SMP, Pires C, Lívero FAR, Bellan DL, Bini I, Bustos SO, Vasconcelos RO, Acco A, Iacomini M, Carbonero ER, Amstalden MK, Kubata FR, Cummings RD, Dias-Baruffi M, Simas FF, Oliveira CC, Freitas RA, Franco CRC, Chammas R, Trindade ES. MG-Pe: A Novel Galectin-3 Ligand with Antimelanoma Properties and Adjuvant Effects to Dacarbazine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147635. [PMID: 35886983 PMCID: PMC9317553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly metastatic and rapidly progressing cancer, a leading cause of mortality among skin cancers. The melanoma microenvironment, formed from the activity of malignant cells on the extracellular matrix and the recruitment of immune cells, plays an active role in the development of drug resistance and tumor recurrence, which are clinical challenges in cancer treatment. These tumoral metabolic processes are affected by proteins, including Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is extensively involved in cancer development. Previously, we characterized a partially methylated mannogalactan (MG-Pe) with antimelanoma activities. In vivo models of melanoma were used to observe MG-Pe effects in survival, spontaneous, and experimental metastases and in tissue oxidative stress. Analytical assays for the molecular interaction of MG-Pe and Gal-3 were performed using a quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle tensiometer. MG-Pe exhibits an additive effect when administered together with the chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine, leading to increased survival of treated mice, metastases reduction, and the modulation of oxidative stress. MG-Pe binds to galectin-3. Furthermore, MG-Pe antitumor effects were substantially reduced in Gal-3/KO mice. Our results showed that the novel Gal-3 ligand, MG-Pe, has both antitumor and antimetastatic effects, alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stellee M. P. Biscaia
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Cassiano Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Biopol, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (C.P.); (R.A.F.)
| | - Francislaine A. R. Lívero
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapics in Basic Attention, Parana University (UNIPAR), Umuarama 87502-210, Brazil;
| | - Daniel L. Bellan
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Israel Bini
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Silvina O. Bustos
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Oncology (CTO), Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (S.O.B.); (R.O.V.)
| | - Renata O. Vasconcelos
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Oncology (CTO), Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (S.O.B.); (R.O.V.)
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil;
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil;
| | - Elaine R. Carbonero
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Catalão (UFCAT), Catalão 75704-020, Brazil;
| | - Martin K. Amstalden
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.A.); (F.R.K.); (M.D.-B.)
| | - Fábio R. Kubata
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.A.); (F.R.K.); (M.D.-B.)
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.A.); (F.R.K.); (M.D.-B.)
| | - Fernanda F. Simas
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Carolina C. Oliveira
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Rilton A. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Biopol, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (C.P.); (R.A.F.)
| | - Célia Regina Cavichiolo Franco
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Oncology (CTO), Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (S.O.B.); (R.O.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (E.S.T.)
| | - Edvaldo S. Trindade
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; (S.M.P.B.); (D.L.B.); (I.B.); (F.F.S.); (C.C.O.); (C.R.C.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (E.S.T.)
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14
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Kim H, Hwang E, Park BC, Kim SJ. Novel potential NOX2 inhibitors, Dudleya brittonii water extract and polygalatenoside A inhibit intracellular ROS generation and growth of melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112967. [PMID: 35430393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key regulators of the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of melanoma, which accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. In a previous study, we developed Dudleya brittonii water extract (DBWE) with antioxidant activity, but the mechanism of action and bioactive substances of DBWE have not been fully identified. This study showed altered NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and selective inhibition of cytosolic ROS but not mitochondrial ROS in B16-F10 melanoma cells, suggesting the NOX2 inhibitory potential of DBWE. In addition, DBWE inhibited mitochondrial activity, lipid metabolism, and cell cycle in B16-F10 cells. The anti-melanoma effect of DBWE was abrogated by the addition of ROS, and there was no significant change in the melanogenesis pathway. Polygalatenoside A was identified as a candidate bioactive substance in the DBWE aqueous fraction through mass spectrometry, and the DBWE-like anti-melanoma effect was confirmed. These data suggest that DBWE and polygalatenoside A have the potential to prevent and treat melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungkuen Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Hwang
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Soares JPM, Gonçalves DA, de Sousa RX, Mouro MG, Higa EMS, Sperandio LP, Vitoriano CM, Rosa EBS, dos Santos FO, de Queiroz GN, Yamaguchi RSS, Pereira G, Icimoto MY, de Melo FHM. Disruption of Redox Homeostasis by Alterations in Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Tetrahydrobiopterin along with Melanoma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5979. [PMID: 35682659 PMCID: PMC9181279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma emerges from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. The progression can occur in different stages: radial growth phase (RGP), vertical growth phase (VGP), and metastasis. Reactive oxygen species contribute to all phases of melanomagenesis through the modulation of oncogenic signaling pathways. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an important cofactor for NOS coupling, and an uncoupled enzyme is a source of superoxide anion (O2•-) rather than nitric oxide (NO), altering the redox homeostasis and contributing to melanoma progression. In the present work, we showed that the BH4 amount varies between different cell lines corresponding to distinct stages of melanoma progression; however, they all presented higher O2•- levels and lower NO levels compared to melanocytes. Our results showed increased NOS expression in melanoma cells, contributing to NOS uncoupling. BH4 supplementation of RGP cells, and the DAHP treatment of metastatic melanoma cells reduced cell growth. Finally, Western blot analysis indicated that both treatments act on the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways of these melanoma cells in different ways. Disruption of cellular redox homeostasis by the altered BH4 concentration can be explored as a therapeutic strategy according to the stage of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Pereira Moura Soares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (J.P.M.S.); (R.X.d.S.); (R.S.S.Y.)
| | - Diego Assis Gonçalves
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil;
- Micro-Imuno-Parasitology Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Xisto de Sousa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (J.P.M.S.); (R.X.d.S.); (R.S.S.Y.)
| | - Margareth Gori Mouro
- Nefrology Discipline, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (E.M.S.H.)
| | - Elisa M. S. Higa
- Nefrology Discipline, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (E.M.S.H.)
| | - Letícia Paulino Sperandio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Carolina Moraes Vitoriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05505-000, Brazil; (C.M.V.); (E.B.S.R.); (F.O.d.S.); (G.N.d.Q.)
| | - Elisa Bachir Santa Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05505-000, Brazil; (C.M.V.); (E.B.S.R.); (F.O.d.S.); (G.N.d.Q.)
| | - Fernanda Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05505-000, Brazil; (C.M.V.); (E.B.S.R.); (F.O.d.S.); (G.N.d.Q.)
| | - Gustavo Nery de Queiroz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05505-000, Brazil; (C.M.V.); (E.B.S.R.); (F.O.d.S.); (G.N.d.Q.)
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (J.P.M.S.); (R.X.d.S.); (R.S.S.Y.)
| | - Gustavo Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Marcelo Yudi Icimoto
- Biophysics Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana Henriques Machado de Melo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05505-000, Brazil; (C.M.V.); (E.B.S.R.); (F.O.d.S.); (G.N.d.Q.)
- Institute of Medical Assistance to Public Servants of the State (IAMSPE), São Paulo 04039-000, Brazil
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16
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Zamora-Perez P, Xiao C, Sanles-Sobrido M, Rovira-Esteva M, Conesa JJ, Mulens-Arias V, Jaque D, Rivera-Gil P. Multiphoton imaging of melanoma 3D models with plasmonic nanocapsules. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:308-319. [PMID: 35104657 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of plasmonic nanocapsules and the cellular responses they induce in 3D melanoma models for their perspective use as a photothermal therapeutic agent. The wall of the nanocapsules is composed of polyelectrolytes. The inner part is functionalized with discrete gold nanoislands. The cavity of the nanocapsules contains a fluorescent payload to show their ability for loading a cargo. The nanocapsules exhibit simultaneous two-photon luminescent, fluorescent properties and X-ray contrasting ability. The average fluorescence lifetime (τ) of the nanocapsules measured with FLIM (0.3 ns) is maintained regardless of the intracellular environment, thus proving their abilities for bioimaging of models such as 3D spheroids with a complex architecture. Their multimodal imaging properties are exploited for the first time to study tumorspheres cellular responses exposed to the nanocapsules. Specifically, we studied cellular uptake, toxicity, intracellular fate, generation of reactive oxygen species, and effect on the levels of hypoxia by using multi-photon and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Because of the high X-ray attenuation and atomic number of the gold nanostructure, we imaged the nanocapsule-cell interactions without processing the sample. We confirmed maintenance of the nanocapsules' geometry in the intracellular milieu with no impairment of the cellular ultrastructure. Furthermore, we observed the lack of cellular toxicity and no alteration in oxygen or reactive oxygen species levels. These results in 3D melanoma models contribute to the development of these nanocapsules for their exploitation in future applications as agents for imaging-guided photothermal therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The novelty of the work is that our plasmonic nanocapsules are multimodal. They are responsive to X-ray and to multiphoton and single-photon excitation. This allowed us to study their interaction with 2D and 3D cellular structures and specifically to obtain information on tumor cell parameters such as hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and toxicity. These nanocapsules will be further validated as imaging-guided photothermal probes.
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17
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Carpenter EL, Becker AL, Indra AK. NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets in Melanoma Redox Manipulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061531. [PMID: 35326683 PMCID: PMC8946769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources. Therefore, melanocytes employ numerous antioxidant defenses to protect themselves; these are largely regulated by the master stress response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Key effector transcriptional targets of NRF2 include the components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Despite these defenses, melanocyte DNA often is subject to mutations that result in the dysregulation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the cell cycle. Following tumor initiation, endogenous antioxidant systems are co-opted, a consequence of elevated oxidative stress caused by metabolic reprogramming, to establish an altered redox homeostasis. This altered redox homeostasis contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, while also complicating the application of exogenous antioxidant treatments. Further understanding of melanocyte redox homeostasis, in the presence or absence of disease, would contribute to the development of novel therapies to aid in the prevention and treatment of melanomas and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Carvalho LAC, Queijo RG, Baccaro ALB, Siena ÁDD, Silva WA, Rodrigues T, Maria-Engler SS. Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030438. [PMID: 35326089 PMCID: PMC8944639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. Therefore, exploring the role of redox-sensitive proteins and the modulation of redox homeostasis may provide clues to new therapies. This study analyzes information obtained from a public cohort of melanoma patients about the expression of redox-generating and detoxifying proteins in melanoma during the disease stages, genetic alterations, and overall patient survival status. According to our analysis, 66% of the isoforms presented differential expression on melanoma progression: NOS2, SOD1, NOX4, PRX3, PXDN and GPX1 are increased during melanoma progression, while CAT, GPX3, TXNIP, and PRX2 are decreased. Besides, the stage of the disease could influence the result as well. The levels of PRX1, PRX5 and PRX6 can be increased or decreased depending on the stage. We showed that all analyzed isoforms presented some genetic alteration on the gene, most of them (78%) for increased mRNA expression. Interestingly, 34% of all melanoma patients showed genetic alterations on TRX1, most for decreased mRNA expression. Additionally, 15% of the isoforms showed a significant reduction in overall patient survival status for an altered group (PRX3, PRX5, TR2, and GR) and the unaltered group (NOX4). Although no such specific antioxidant therapy is approved for melanoma yet, inhibitors or mimetics of these redox-sensitive proteins have achieved very promising results. We foresee that forthcoming investigations on the modulation of these proteins will bring significant advances for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A. C. Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Rodrigo G. Queijo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Alexandre L. B. Baccaro
- Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa Oswaldo Cruz, Faculdade Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Brigadeiro Galvão, 535, Sao Paulo 01151-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ádamo D. D. Siena
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Wilson A. Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo Andre 09210-580, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Najem A, Wouters J, Krayem M, Rambow F, Sabbah M, Sales F, Awada A, Aerts S, Journe F, Marine JC, Ghanem GE. Tyrosine-Dependent Phenotype Switching Occurs Early in Many Primary Melanoma Cultures Limiting Their Translational Value. Front Oncol 2021; 11:780654. [PMID: 34869032 PMCID: PMC8635994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived primary cell cultures in cancer preclinical assays, including drug screens and genotoxic studies, has increased in recent years. However, their translational value is constrained by several limitations, including variability that can be caused by the culture conditions. Here, we show that the medium composition commonly used to propagate primary melanoma cultures has limited their representability of their tumor of origin and their cellular plasticity, and modified their sensitivity to therapy. Indeed, we established and compared cultures from different melanoma patients propagated in parallel in low-tyrosine (Ham's F10) or in high-tyrosine (Ham's F10 supplemented with tyrosine or RPMI1640 or DMEM) media. Tyrosine is the precursor of melanin biosynthesis, a process particularly active in differentiated melanocytes and melanoma cells. Unexpectedly, we found that the high tyrosine concentrations promoted an early phenotypic drift towards either a mesenchymal-like or senescence-like phenotype, and prevented the establishment of cultures of melanoma cells harboring differentiated features, which we show are frequently present in human clinical biopsies. Moreover, the invasive phenotype emerging in these culture conditions appeared irreversible and, as expected, associated with intrinsic resistance to MAPKi. In sharp contrast, differentiated melanoma cell cultures retained their phenotypes upon propagation in low-tyrosine medium, and importantly their phenotypic plasticity, a key hallmark of melanoma cells. Altogether, our findings underline the importance of culturing melanoma cells in low-tyrosine-containing medium in order to preserve their phenotypic identity of origin and cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jasper Wouters
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Rambow
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Sales
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghanem E Ghanem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Melanoma and in the Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121942. [PMID: 34943045 PMCID: PMC8750393 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with the poorest prognosis, representing the deadliest form of skin cancer. Activating mutations in BRAF are the most frequent genetic alterations, present in approximately 50% of all melanoma cases. The use of specific inhibitors towards mutant BRAF variants and MEK, a downstream signaling target of BRAF in the MAPK pathway, has significantly improved progression-free and overall survival in advanced melanoma patients carrying BRAF mutations. Nevertheless, despite these improvements, resistance still develops within the first year of therapy in around 50% of patients, which is a significant problem in managing BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Understanding these mechanisms is one of the mainstreams of the research on BRAFi/MEKi acquired resistance. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been described. Moreover, in recent years, oxidative stress has emerged as another major force involved in all the phases of melanoma development, from initiation to progression until the onsets of the metastatic phenotype and chemoresistance, and has thus become a target for therapy. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on oxidative stress and its signaling in melanoma, as well as the oxidative stress-related mechanisms in the acquired resistance to targeted therapies.
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21
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Metabolic Plasticity in Melanoma Progression and Response to Oncogene Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225810. [PMID: 34830962 PMCID: PMC8616485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeted anti-cancer therapies have revolutionised melanoma patient care; however, cures remain uncommon due to acquired drug resistance that results in disease relapse. Recent insights from the clinic and experimental settings have identified a key role for metabolic plasticity, defined as the flexibility to utilise different nutrients and process them in different ways, in both disease progression and response to targeted therapies. Here, we discuss how this plasticity creates a moving target with important implications for identifying new combination therapies. Abstract Resistance to therapy continues to be a barrier to curative treatments in melanoma. Recent insights from the clinic and experimental settings have highlighted a range of non-genetic adaptive mechanisms that contribute to therapy resistance and disease relapse, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. A growing body of evidence highlights the inherent plasticity of melanoma metabolism, evidenced by reversible metabolome alterations and flexibility in fuel usage that occur during metastasis and response to anti-cancer therapies. Here, we discuss how the inherent metabolic plasticity of melanoma cells facilitates both disease progression and acquisition of anti-cancer therapy resistance. In particular, we discuss in detail the different metabolic changes that occur during the three major phases of the targeted therapy response—the early response, drug tolerance and acquired resistance. We also discuss how non-genetic programs, including transcription and translation, control this process. The prevalence and diverse array of these non-genetic resistance mechanisms poses a new challenge to the field that requires innovative strategies to monitor and counteract these adaptive processes in the quest to prevent therapy resistance.
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22
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ROS Pleiotropy in Melanoma and Local Therapy with Physical Modalities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6816214. [PMID: 34777692 PMCID: PMC8580636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6816214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic energy production naturally generates unwanted products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damage. Oxidative damage has been linked to several pathologies, including diabetes, premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. ROS were therefore originally anticipated as an imperative evil, a product of an imperfect system. More recently, however, the role of ROS in signaling and tumor treatment is increasingly acknowledged. This review addresses the main types, sources, and pathways of ROS in melanoma by linking their pleiotropic roles in antioxidant and oxidant regulation, hypoxia, metabolism, and cell death. In addition, the implications of ROS in various physical therapy modalities targeting melanoma, such as radiotherapy, electrochemotherapy, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and medical gas plasma, are also discussed. By including ROS in the main picture of melanoma skin cancer and as an integral part of cancer therapies, a greater understanding of melanoma cell biology is presented, which ultimately may elucidate additional clues on targeting therapy resistance of this most deadly form of skin cancer.
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23
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Salimi A, Ghasempour M, Farzaneh S, Khodaparast F, Naserzadeh P, Zarghi A, Pourahmad J. Evaluation of Cytotoxic Potentials of Novel Synthesized Chalconeferrocenyl Derivative against Melanoma and Normal Fibroblast and Its Anticancer Effect through Mitochondrial Pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:241-253. [PMID: 34567159 PMCID: PMC8457721 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113949.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of melanoma is still challenging and therefore identification of novel agents is needed for its better management. Our previous study suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) would be a novel target for treatment of several cancers. In the present study, we searched selective cytotoxicity and mitochondria mediated apoptosis of novel synthesized chalconeferrocenyl derivative (1-Ferrocenyl-3-(dimethylamino)-3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl) propan-1-one) (FDMPO) as a COX-2 inhibitor on normal and melanoma cells and their mitochondria. For this purpose, we evaluated the cellar parameters such as cytotoxicity, apoptosis% versus necrosis%, activation of caspase-3 and ATP content, and also mitochondrial parameters such as reactive oxygen species formation, mitochondrial swelling, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, mitochondrial membrane integrity, and cytochrome C release. Our results showed FDMPO could selectively induce cellular and mitochondrial toxicity (up to 50 µM) on melanoma cells and mitochondria without any toxic effects on normal fibroblast and their mitochondria. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that mitochondria are a potential target for the melanoma. Selective inhibition of mitochondrial COX-2 could be an attractive therapeutic option for the effective clinical management of therapy-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Ghasempour
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Farzaneh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Khodaparast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Guerreiro BM, Silva JC, Lima JC, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Antioxidant Potential of the Bio-Based Fucose-Rich Polysaccharide FucoPol Supports Its Use in Oxidative Stress-Inducing Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3020. [PMID: 34577923 PMCID: PMC8470694 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are dangerous sources of macromolecular damage. While most derive from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, their production can be triggered by exogenous stresses, surpassing the extinction capacity of intrinsic antioxidant defense systems of cells. Here, we report the antioxidant activity of FucoPol, a fucose-rich polyanionic polysaccharide produced by Enterobacter A47, containing ca. 17 wt% of negatively charged residues in its structure. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays coupled to Hill binding kinetics fitting have shown FucoPol can neutralize ferricyanide and Fe3+-TPTZ species at an EC50 of 896 and 602 µg/mL, respectively, with positive binding cooperativity (2.52 ≤ H ≤ 4.85). This reducing power is greater than most polysaccharides reported. Moreover, an optimal 0.25% w/v FucoPol concentration shown previously to be cryo- and photoprotective was also demonstrated to protect Vero cells against H2O2-induced acute exposure not only by attenuating metabolic viability decay, but also by accentuating post-stress proliferation capacity, whilst preserving cell morphology. These results on antioxidant activity provide evidence for the biopolymer's ability to prevent positive feedback cascades of the radical-producing Fenton reaction. Ultimately, FucoPol provides a biotechnological alternative for implementation in cryopreservation, food supplementation, and photoprotective sunscreen formula design, as all fields benefit from an antioxidant functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Guerreiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.M.G.); (M.A.M.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - João Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Maria A. M. Reis
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.M.G.); (M.A.M.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (B.M.G.); (M.A.M.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
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25
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Li L, Meng Y, Wu X, Li J, Sun Y. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor JQ1 promotes melanoma cell apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4013-4025. [PMID: 34252226 PMCID: PMC8486215 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, and many other diseases is well known, its function in cutaneous melanoma is only partially understood. The results of the present study show that the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 promotes the apoptosis of B16 melanoma cells by altering mitochondrial dynamics, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing oxidative stress. We found that treatment of B16 cells with different concentrations of JQ1 (125 nmol/L or 250 nmol/L) significantly downregulated the expression of protein subunits involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V, increased reactive oxygen species, induced energy metabolism dysfunction, significantly enhanced apoptosis, and activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. At the same time, JQ1 inhibited the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic energy sensor. In addition, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 increased, whereas the levels of mitochondrial fusion protein 1 and optic atrophy protein 1 decreased. Mechanistically, we determined that JQ1 inhibited the expression of c-Myc and altered mitochondrial dynamics, eventually leading to changes in the mitochondrial function, metabolism, and apoptosis of B16 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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Collier V, Musicante M, Patel T, Liu-Smith F. Sex disparity in skin carcinogenesis and potential influence of sex hormones. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e27. [PMID: 35664979 PMCID: PMC9060035 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Sex or gender disparity in skin cancer has been documented for a long time at the population level. UV radiation (UVR) is a common environmental risk for all three major types of skin cancer: cutaneous melanoma (CM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The underlying mechanism for sex disparity has been largely attributed to sex‐differentiated behaviour patterns related to UVR. Non‐UVR factors such as intrinsic physiological differences have been suggested but remain understudied. Aims, Materials and Methods This review summarizes and compares the known sex differences in three skin cancer types with regard to body site distribution and age influence. Results We found a similar age‐dependent sex difference pattern in CM and BCC. Specifically, CM and BCC tend to show higher incidence in young women and old men, with a switching age around menopause. The switching age suggests involvement of sex hormones, which has shown controversial influence on skin cancers at epidemiological level. Literatures regarding sex hormone receptors for oestrogen, androgen and progesterone are summarized for potential explanations at molecular level. Discussion Overall, more and more evidence suggests non‐UVR factors such as sex hormones play critical roles in skin cancer (especially CM and BCC), yet solid population and molecular evidence are required. Incidences of skin cancer are increasing which suggests limited effect for the current UVR‐avoidance prevention methods. Conclusion Fully understanding the causes of sex disparities in incidence is necessary for developing a comprehensive prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Collier
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - M Musicante
- College of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - T Patel
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - F Liu-Smith
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA.,Department of Preventative Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee USA
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27
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Manuel R, Lima MDS, Dilly S, Daunay S, Abbe P, Pramil E, Solier S, Guillaumond F, Tubiana SS, Escargueil A, Pêgas Henriques JA, Ferrand N, Erdelmeier I, Boucher JL, Bertho G, Agranat I, Rocchi S, Sabbah M, Slama Schwok A. Distinction between 2'- and 3'-Phosphate Isomers of a Fluorescent NADPH Analogue Led to Strong Inhibition of Cancer Cells Migration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050723. [PMID: 34064498 PMCID: PMC8148004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific inhibition of NADPH oxidases (NOX) and NO-synthases (NOS), two enzymes associated with redox stress in tumor cells, has aroused great pharmacological interest. Here, we show how these enzymes distinguish between isomeric 2′- and 3′-phosphate derivatives, a difference used to improve the specificity of inhibition by isolated 2′- and 3′-phosphate isomers of our NADPH analogue NS1. Both isomers become fluorescent upon binding to their target proteins as observed by in vitro assay and in vivo imaging. The 2′-phosphate isomer of NS1 exerted more pronounced effects on NOS and NOX-dependent physiological responses than the 3′-phosphate isomer did. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations explain this specificity at the level of the NADPH site of NOX and NOS, where conserved arginine residues distinguished between the 2′-phosphate over the 3′-phosphate group, in favor of the 2′-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Manuel
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle de Souza Lima
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Sébastien Dilly
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Sylvain Daunay
- Innoverda, Biopark Villejuif, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.D.); (I.E.)
| | - Patricia Abbe
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Team 12, F-06204 Nice, France; (P.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Elodie Pramil
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Solier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, INSERM U1170, F-94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13288 Marseille, France; (F.G.); (S.-S.T.)
| | - Sarah-Simha Tubiana
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, UMR 7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13288 Marseille, France; (F.G.); (S.-S.T.)
| | - Alexandre Escargueil
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofísica/Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari—Univates, Lajeado 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Ferrand
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Irène Erdelmeier
- Innoverda, Biopark Villejuif, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (S.D.); (I.E.)
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; (J.-L.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Gildas Bertho
- CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France; (J.-L.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Israel Agranat
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Philadelphia Bldg #212, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Stéphane Rocchi
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), INSERM U1065, Team 12, F-06204 Nice, France; (P.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Anny Slama Schwok
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Team, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (R.M.); (M.d.S.L.); (S.D.); (E.P.); (A.E.); (N.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: or
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28
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Sobiepanek A, Paone A, Cutruzzolà F, Kobiela T. Biophysical characterization of melanoma cell phenotype markers during metastatic progression. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:523-542. [PMID: 33730175 PMCID: PMC8190004 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most fatal form of skin cancer, with increasing prevalence worldwide. The most common melanoma genetic driver is mutation of the proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase BRAF; thus, the inhibition of its MAP kinase pathway by specific inhibitors is a commonly applied therapy. However, many patients are resistant, or develop resistance to this type of monotherapy, and therefore combined therapies which target other signaling pathways through various molecular mechanisms are required. A possible strategy may involve targeting cellular energy metabolism, which has been recognized as crucial for cancer development and progression and which connects through glycolysis to cell surface glycan biosynthetic pathways. Protein glycosylation is a hallmark of more than 50% of the human proteome and it has been recognized that altered glycosylation occurs during the metastatic progression of melanoma cells which, in turn facilitates their migration. This review provides a description of recent advances in the search for factors able to remodel cell metabolism between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and of changes in specific markers and in the biophysical properties of cells during melanoma development from a nevus to metastasis. This development is accompanied by changes in the expression of surface glycans, with corresponding changes in ligand-receptor affinity, giving rise to structural features and viscoelastic parameters particularly well suited to study by label-free biophysical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobiepanek
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions Studies, Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alessio Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomasz Kobiela
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Interactions Studies, Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Yang Y, Long X, Li K, Li G, Yu X, Wen P, Luo J, Tian X, Zhao J. Development and validation of an oxidative stress-associated prognostic risk model for melanoma. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11258. [PMID: 33976978 PMCID: PMC8063880 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS) is key to various diseases and is implicated in cancer progression and oncogenesis. However, the potential diagnostic value of OS-related genes in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) remains unclear. Methods We used data of RNA sequencing from 471 tumor tissues and one healthy tissue acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-SKCM cohort. The Genome Tissue Expression database was used to acquire transcriptome data from 812 healthy samples. OS-related genes that were differentially expressed between SKCM and healthy samples were investigated and 16 prognosis-associated OS genes were identified. The prognostic risk model was built using univariate and Cox multivariate regressions. The prognostic value of the hub genes was validated in the GSE65904 cohort, which included 214 SKCM patients. Results The overall survival rate of SKCM patients in the high-risk group was decreased compared to the low-risk group. In both TCGA and GSE65904 cohorts, the ROC curves suggested that our prognostic risk model was more accurate than other clinicopathological characteristics to diagnose SKCM. Moreover, risk score and nomograms associated with the expression of hub genes were developed. These presented reiterated our prognostic risk model. Altogether, this study provides novel insights with regards to the pathogenesis of SKCM. The 16 hub genes identified may help in SKCM prognosis and individualized clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kun Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Guiyun Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- The Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Singh CK, George J, Chhabra G, Nihal M, Chang H, Ahmad N. Genetic Manipulation of Sirtuin 3 Causes Alterations of Key Metabolic Regulators in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676077. [PMID: 33937086 PMCID: PMC8085490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT3 plays key roles in cellular metabolism and energy production, which makes it an obvious target for the management of cancer, including melanoma. Previously, we have demonstrated that SIRT3 was constitutively upregulated in human melanoma and its inhibition resulted in anti-proliferative effects in vitro in human melanoma cells and in vivo in human melanoma xenografts. In this study, we expanded our data employing knockdown and overexpression strategies in cell culture and mouse xenografts to further validate and establish the pro-proliferative function of SIRT3 in melanocytic cells, and its associated potential mechanisms, especially focusing on the metabolic regulation. We found that short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) mediated SIRT3 knockdown in G361 melanoma cells showed diminished tumorigenesis in immunodeficient Nu/Nu mice. Conversely, SIRT3 overexpressing Hs294T melanoma cells showed increased tumor growth. These effects were consistent with changes in markers of proliferation (PCNA), survival (Survivin) and angiogenesis (VEGF) in xenografted tissues. Further, in in vitro culture system, we determined the effect of SIRT3 knockdown on glucose metabolism in SK-MEL-2 cells, using a PCR array. SIRT3 knockdown caused alterations in a total of 37 genes involved in the regulation and enzymatic pathways of glucose (32 genes) and glycogen (5 genes) metabolism. Functions annotation of these identified genes, using the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), predicted cumulative actions of decreased cell viability/proliferation, tumor growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased apoptosis in response to SIRT3 knockdown. Further, IPA gene network analysis of SIRT3 modulated genes revealed the interactions among these genes in addition to several melanoma-associated genes. Sirtuin pathway was identified as one of the top canonical pathways showing the interaction of SIRT3 with metabolic regulatory genes along with other sirtuins. IPA analysis also predicted the inhibition of HIF1α, PKM, KDM8, PPARGC1A, mTOR, and activation of P53 and CLPP; the genes involved in major cancer/melanoma-associated signaling events. Collectively, these results suggest that SIRT3 inhibition affects cellular metabolism, to impart an anti-proliferative response against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jasmine George
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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Kazimierczak U, Dondajewska E, Zajaczkowska M, Karwacka M, Kolenda T, Mackiewicz A. LATS1 Is a Mediator of Melanogenesis in Response to Oxidative Stress and Regulator of Melanoma Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3108. [PMID: 33803640 PMCID: PMC8002997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The LATS1 kinase has been described as a tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, its role in melanoma has not been fully elucidated. There are several processes involved in tumorigenesis, including melanin production. Melanin content positively correlates with the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cell. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to assess the role of LATS1 in melanogenesis and oxidative stress and its influence on tumor growth. We have knocked down LATS1 in primary melanocytes and melanoma cells and found that its expression is crucial for melanin synthesis, ROS production, and oxidative stress response. We showed that LATS1 ablation significantly decreased the melanogenesis markers' expression and melanin synthesis in melanocyte and melanoma cell lines. Moreover, silencing LATS1 resulted in enhanced oxidative stress. Reduced melanin content in LATS1 knocked down tumors was associated with increased tumor growth, pointing to melanin's protective role in this process. The study demonstrated that LATS1 is highly engaged in melanogenesis and oxidative stress control and affects melanoma growth. Our results may find the implications in the diagnosis and treatment of pigmentation disorders, including melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kazimierczak
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ewelina Dondajewska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Zajaczkowska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Marianna Karwacka
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Street 8, 61-806 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (M.Z.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary Street 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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Wu X, Zhao J. Novel oxidative stress-related prognostic biomarkers for melanoma associated with tumor metastasis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24866. [PMID: 33663112 PMCID: PMC7909214 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a prevalent skin cancer whose metastatic form is dangerous due to its high morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have systematically established the vital role of oxidative stress (OS) in melanoma progression. This study aimed to identify prognostic OS genes closely associated with SKCM and illustrate their potential mechanisms. Transcriptome data and corresponding clinical traits of patients with SKCM were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted to identify relationships between clinical features and OS genes in specific modules. Subsequently, Cox regression analysis was performed on candidate OS genes; four hub prognosis-associated OS genes (AKAP9, VPS13C, ACSL4, and HMOX2) were identified to construct a prognostic model. After a series of bioinformatics analysis, our prognostic model was identified significantly associated with the overall survival of patients with SKCM and metastatic ability of the cancer. Furthermore, our risk model demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy in the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts. In addition, we established 2 nomograms based on either risk score or hub genes, which displayed favorable discriminating ability for SKCM. Our results provide novel insight into the potential applications of OS-associated genes in SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Hand Surgery
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Hand Surgery
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
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The Interplay between HGF/c-met Axis and Nox4 in BRAF Mutated Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020761. [PMID: 33451139 PMCID: PMC7828605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma is the leading cause of death due to cutaneous malignancy and its incidence is on the rise. Several signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinases, have a role in the development and progression of melanocytic lesions and malignant melanoma. Among those, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met axis is emerging as a critical player because it can play a role in drug resistance. Indeed, 50% of melanoma patients present BRAF mutations, however, all responders develop resistance to the inhibitors typically within one year of treatment. Interestingly, BRAF inhibitors induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in melanoma cells, therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a possible interplay between HGF/c-met and ROS sources, such as NADPH oxidases (Nox). Methods: The expression of c-met and Nox were quantified in 60 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. In vitro experiments on melanoma primary cells and the cell line were performed to dissect the underpinned molecular mechanism. Results: The outcome of interest was the correlation between the high positivity for both Nox4 and c-met and metastasis occurring at least 1 year later than melanoma diagnosis in BRAF mutated patients, in contrast to nonmutated. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the axis HGF/c-met/Nox4/ROS triggers the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conclusions: The observed correlation suggests an interplay between c-met and Nox4 in promoting the onset of metastasis. This study suggests that Nox4 inhibitors could be associated to the current therapy used to treat melanoma patients with BRAF mutations.
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Premi S. Role of Melanin Chemiexcitation in Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1305. [PMID: 32850409 PMCID: PMC7425655 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer. Human melanomas often show hyperactivity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which, respectively, generate nitric oxide (NO · ) and superoxide (O2 ·- ). The NO · and O2 - react instantly with each other to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) which is the driver of melanin chemiexcitation. Melanoma precursors, the melanocytes, are specialized skin cells that synthesize melanin, a potent shield against sunlight's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, melanin chemiexcitation paradoxically demonstrates the melanomagenic properties of melanin. In a loop, the NOS activity regulates melanin synthesis, and melanin is utilized by the chemiexcitation pathway to generate carcinogenic melanin-carbonyls in an excited triplet state. These carbonyl compounds induce UV-specific DNA damage without UV. Additionally, the carbonyl compounds are highly reactive and can make melanomagenic adducts with proteins, DNA and other biomolecules. Here we review the role of the melanin chemiexcitation pathway in melanoma initiation, progression, and drug resistance. We conclude by hypothesizing a non-classical, positive loop in melanoma where melanin chemiexcitation generates carcinogenic reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and DNA damage in normal melanocytes. In parallel, NOS and NOX regulate melanin synthesis generating raw material for chemiexcitation, and the resulting RCS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) regulate cellular proteome and transcriptome in favor of melanoma progression, metastasis, and resistance against targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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Alfarouk KO, Ahmed SBM, Elliott RL, Benoit A, Alqahtani SS, Ibrahim ME, Bashir AHH, Alhoufie STS, Elhassan GO, Wales CC, Schwartz LH, Ali HS, Ahmed A, Forde PF, Devesa J, Cardone RA, Fais S, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dynamics in Cancer and Its Dependency on Intracellular pH. Metabolites 2020; 10:E285. [PMID: 32664469 PMCID: PMC7407102 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is one of the key metabolic pathways occurring in living cells to produce energy and maintain cellular homeostasis. Cancer cells have higher cytoplasmic utilization of glucose (glycolysis), even in the presence of oxygen; this is known as the "Warburg Effect". However, cytoplasmic glucose utilization can also occur in cancer through the PPP. This pathway contributes to cancer cells by operating in many different ways: (i) as a defense mechanism via the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to prevent apoptosis, (ii) as a provision for the maintenance of energy by intermediate glycolysis, (iii) by increasing genomic material to the cellular pool of nucleic acid bases, (iv) by promoting survival through increasing glycolysis, and so increasing acid production, and (v) by inducing cellular proliferation by the synthesis of nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid. Each step of the PPP can be upregulated in some types of cancer but not in others. An interesting aspect of this metabolic pathway is the shared regulation of the glycolytic and PPP pathways by intracellular pH (pHi). Indeed, as with glycolysis, the optimum activity of the enzymes driving the PPP occurs at an alkaline pHi, which is compatible with the cytoplasmic pH of cancer cells. Here, we outline each step of the PPP and discuss its possible correlation with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O. Alfarouk
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
- American Biosciences Inc., New York, NY 10913, USA;
- Al-Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42316, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Robert L. Elliott
- The Elliott-Elliott-Baucom Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA;
- The Sallie A. Burdine Breast Foundation, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA;
| | - Amanda Benoit
- The Sallie A. Burdine Breast Foundation, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (M.E.I.); (A.H.H.B.)
| | - Adil H. H. Bashir
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan; (M.E.I.); (A.H.H.B.)
| | - Sari T. S. Alhoufie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 56264, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | | | - Heyam S. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Patrick F. Forde
- CancerResearch@UCC, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland;
| | - Jesus Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15886 Teo, Spain;
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 90126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Salvador Harguindey
- Department of Oncology, Institute for Clinical Biology and Metabolism, 01004 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 90126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
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Schomberg J, Wang Z, Farhat A, Guo KL, Xie J, Zhou Z, Liu J, Kovacs B, Liu-Smith F. Luteolin inhibits melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo via regulating ECM and oncogenic pathways but not ROS. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114025. [PMID: 32413425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin inhibited growth of several cancer cells in vitro in previous studies, with limited in vivo studies, and no comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms at genomics level. This study identified luteolin as an effective agent to inhibit melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Molecular studies and genomic profiling were used to identify the mechanism of action of luteolin in melanoma cells. As a ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenger, luteolin unexpectedly induced ROS; but co-treatment with antioxidants NAC or mito-TEMPO did not rescue cell growth inhibition, although the levels of ROS levels were reduced. Next, we profiled luteolin-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 4 melanoma cell lines using RNA-Seq, and performed pathway analysis using a combination of bioinformatics software including PharmetRx which was especially effective in discovering pharmacological pathways for potential drugs. Our results show that luteolin induces changes in three main aspects: the cell-cell interacting pathway (extracellular matrix, ECM), the oncogenic pathway and the immune response signaling pathway. Based on these results, we further validated that luteolin was especially effective in inhibiting cell proliferation when cells were seeded at low density, concomitantly with down-regulation of fibronectin accumulation. In conclusion, through extensive DEG profiling in a total of 4 melanoma cell lines, we found that luteolin-mediated growth inhibition in melanoma cells was perhaps not through ROS induction, but likely through simultaneously acting on multiple pathways including the ECM (extracellular matrix) pathway, the oncogenic signaling and the immune response pathways. Further investigations on the mechanisms of this promising compound are warranted and likely result in application to cancer patients as its safety pharmacology has been validated in autism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Schomberg
- Afecta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2102 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA 92612, United States.
| | - Zi Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Ahmed Farhat
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Katherine L Guo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Bruce Kovacs
- Afecta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2102 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA 92612, United States.
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
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Yuan L, Mishra R, Patel H, Alanazi S, Wei X, Ma Z, Garrett JT. BRAF Mutant Melanoma Adjusts to BRAF/MEK Inhibitors via Dependence on Increased Antioxidant SOD2 and Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Levels. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061661. [PMID: 32585852 PMCID: PMC7352565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (BRAF) mutations are found in about 50% of melanoma patients. Treatment with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved BRAF and MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors has improved progression free and overall survival of patients with BRAF mutant melanoma. However, all responders develop resistance typically within 1 year of treatment with these inhibitors. Evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are elevated after BRAF pathway inhibition treatment. We aim to decipher the role of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins relative to ROS levels and BRAF pathway inhibitor resistance. We observed BRAF mutant melanoma cells treated with the combination of a MEK inhibitor (trametinib) and a BRAF inhibitor (dabrafenib), exhibited elevated ROS levels, both in in vitro and in vivo melanoma models. We next generated trametinib- and dabrafenib-resistant (TDR) cells and found increased ROS levels after acquisition of resistance. An immunofluorescence experiment showed an increase of DNA damage in TDR cell lines. Furthermore, we observed that TDR cells increased superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), an antioxidant, at both mRNA and protein levels, with the upregulation of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB. Knockdown of SOD2 significantly reduced the growth of BRAF pathway inhibitor-resistant cells. In addition, the results indicate that TDR cells can be re-sensitized to BRAF pathway inhibitors by the ROS scavenger, N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC). Overall, these data indicate that BRAF pathway inhibitor-resistant cells can compensate for elevated ROS via increased expression of the antioxidant SOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yuan
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
| | - Rosalin Mishra
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
| | - Hima Patel
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
| | - Samar Alanazi
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wei
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA;
| | - Joan T. Garrett
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA; (L.Y.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (S.A.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-558-0741; Fax: +1-513-558-4372
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Obrador E, Salvador R, López-Blanch R, Jihad-Jebbar A, Alcácer J, Benlloch M, Pellicer JA, Estrela JM. Melanoma in the liver: Oxidative stress and the mechanisms of metastatic cell survival. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:109-121. [PMID: 32428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a fatal disease with a rapid systemic dissemination. The most frequent target sites are the liver, bone, and brain. Melanoma metastases represent a heterogeneous cell population, which associates with genomic instability and resistance to therapy. Interaction of melanoma cells with the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium initiates a signaling cascade involving cytokines, growth factors, bioactive lipids, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the cancer cell, the endothelium, and also by different immune cells. Endothelial cell-derived NO and H2O2 and the action of immune cells cause the death of most melanoma cells that reach the hepatic microvascularization. Surviving melanoma cells attached to the endothelium of pre-capillary arterioles or sinusoids may follow two mechanisms of extravasation: a) migration through vessel fenestrae or b) intravascular proliferation followed by vessel rupture and microinflammation. Invading melanoma cells first form micrometastases within the normal lobular hepatic architecture via a mechanism regulated by cross-talk with the stroma and multiple microenvironment-related molecular signals. In this review special emphasis is placed on neuroendocrine (systemic) mechanisms as potential promoters of liver metastatic growth. Growing metastatic cells undergo functional and metabolic changes that increase their capacity to withstand oxidative/nitrosative stress, which favors their survival. This adaptive process also involves upregulation of Bcl-2-related antideath mechanisms, which seems to lead to the generation of more resistant cell subclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ali Jihad-Jebbar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Alcácer
- Pathology Laboratory, Quirón Hospital, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Health & Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - José A Pellicer
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Estrela
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Thaichinda S, Tancharoen S, Kanekura T, Higashi Y, Dararat P, Kikuchi K, Nararatwanchai T. Pinus maritima Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Malignant Melanoma Cells via ROS/Caspase-3 Signaling. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20926889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer due to its rapid metastasis with a high recurrence rate following conventional therapy. Pine bark extract (PBE) from Pinus maritima contains numerous phenolic compounds and functions as a potent antioxidant. The present study aimed to analyze the potential anticancer properties of PBE on human malignant melanoma A375 cells. The chemical composition of PBE was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detector. The effects of PBE on cell death, migration, and invasion were determined using xCELLigence Technology real-time cell analysis. Annexin/propidium iodide flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining were conducted to detect cell apoptosis. PBE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Cleaved caspase-3 expression and activity were significantly increased ( P < 0.01) in cells treated with PBE compared with control cells. PBE ameliorated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Treatment of the cells with PBE in the presence of H2O2 led to significant ( P < 0.001) reduction of matrix metallopeptidase-9, which is a mediator responsible for advanced melanoma. PBE induces A375 programmed cell death and suppresses cellular invasion by attenuating the ROS-dependent pathway associated with MMP-9 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Thaichinda
- Department of Anti-aging Medicine, School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Rajthevee, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Science, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Higashi
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Science, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Pornpen Dararat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Rajthevee, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thamthiwat Nararatwanchai
- Department of Anti-aging Medicine, School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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40
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Singh K, Baird M, Fischer R, Chaitankar V, Seifuddin F, Chen YC, Tunc I, Waterman CM, Pirooznia M. Misregulation of ELK1, AP1, and E12 Transcription Factor Networks Is Associated with Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E458. [PMID: 32079144 PMCID: PMC7072154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is among the most malignant cutaneous cancers and when metastasized results in dramatically high mortality. Despite advances in high-throughput gene expression profiling in cancer transcriptomic studies, our understanding of mechanisms driving melanoma progression is still limited. We present here an in-depth bioinformatic analysis of the melanoma RNAseq, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)seq, and single-cell (sc)RNA seq data to understand cancer progression. Specifically, we have performed a consensus network analysis of RNA-seq data from clinically re-grouped melanoma samples to identify gene co-expression networks that are conserved in early (stage 1) and late (stage 4/invasive) stage melanoma. Overlaying the fold-change information on co-expression networks revealed several coordinately up or down-regulated subnetworks that may play a critical role in melanoma progression. Furthermore, by incorporating histone lysine-27 acetylation information and highly expressed genes identified from the single-cell RNA data from melanoma patient samples, we present a comprehensive list of pathways, putative protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and transcription factor (TF) networks that are driving cancer progression. From this analysis, we have identified Elk1, AP1 and E12 TF networks that coordinately change expression in late melanoma when compared to early melanoma, implicating these TFs in melanoma progression. Additionally, the sumoylation-associated interactome is upregulated in invasive melanoma. Together, this bioinformatic analysis potentially implicates a combination of TF networks and PPIs in melanoma progression, which if confirmed in the experimental systems, could be used as targets for drug intervention in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Michelle Baird
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Robert Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Yun-Ching Chen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Ilker Tunc
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
| | - Clare M. Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.B.); (R.F.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (V.C.); (F.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (I.T.)
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41
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Hirokawa T, Arimasu Y, Chiba T, Fujiwara M, Kamma H. Clinicopathological significance of the single nucleotide polymorphism, rs2853669 within the TERT promoter in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Int 2020; 70:217-223. [PMID: 31943527 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy. Point mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter, C228T and C250T and oncogene BRAFV600E have been investigated as risk factors for PTC. However, little research has been done on the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2853669 in the TERT promoter in PTC. This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological significance of rs2853669 in Japanese patients with PTC. The genetic frequencies of rs2853669, C228T, C250T and BRAFV600E were investigated in 58 patients with PTC and compared with the clinicopathological parameters of PTC. rs2853669, C228T, C250T and BRAFV600E were found in 58.6%, 17.2%, 5.2% and 37.0% of the PTC patients, respectively. PTC with rs2853669 and C228T were associated only with tumor sizes larger than 2.0 cm (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the coexistence of rs2853669 and C228T was strongly associated with tumor size (P < 0.01), with an odds ratio of 6.4 (P < 0.05). We showed that rs2853669, as well as C228T, may be a risk factor for the aggressiveness of PTC, and the coexistence of these mutations might represent greater risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuu Arimasu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiba
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masachika Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Obrador E, Liu-Smith F, Dellinger RW, Salvador R, Meyskens FL, Estrela JM. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathophysiology of malignant melanoma. Biol Chem 2019; 400:589-612. [PMID: 30352021 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The high number of somatic mutations in the melanoma genome associated with cumulative ultra violet (UV) exposure has rendered it one of the most difficult of cancers to treat. With new treatment approaches based on targeted and immune therapies, drug resistance has appeared as a consistent problem. Redox biology, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), plays a central role in all aspects of melanoma pathophysiology, from initiation to progression and to metastatic cells. The involvement of melanin production and UV radiation in ROS/RNS generation has rendered the melanocytic lineage a unique system for studying redox biology. Overall, an elevated oxidative status has been associated with melanoma, thus much effort has been expended to prevent or treat melanoma using antioxidants which are expected to counteract oxidative stress. The consequence of this redox-rebalance seems to be two-fold: on the one hand, cells may behave less aggressively or even undergo apoptosis; on the other hand, cells may survive better after being disseminated into the circulating system or after drug treatment, thus resulting in metastasis promotion or further drug resistance. In this review we summarize the current understanding of redox signaling in melanoma at cellular and systemic levels and discuss the experimental and potential clinic use of antioxidants and new epigenetic redox modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Epdemiology, Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Department of Epdemiology, Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - José M Estrela
- Department of Phisiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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43
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Oliveira S, Costa J, Faria I, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Vitamin A Enhances Macrophages Activity Against B16-F10 Malignant Melanocytes: A New Player for Cancer Immunotherapy? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E604. [PMID: 31540438 PMCID: PMC6780654 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has been increasing. Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer irresponsive to radiation and chemotherapy, rendering this cancer a disease with poor prognosis: In order to surpass some of the limitations addressed to melanoma treatment, alternatives like vitamins have been investigated. In the present study, we address this relationship and investigate the possible role of vitamin A. Materials and Methods: We perform a co-culture assay using a macrophage cell model and RAW 264.7 from mouse, and also a murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. Macrophages were stimulated with both Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as control, and also with LPS plus vitamin A. Results: Using B16-F10 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, we were able to demonstrate that low concentrations of vitamin A increase cytotoxic activity of macrophages, whereas higher concentrations have the opposite effect. Conclusion: These findings can constitute a new point of view related to immunostimulation by nutrients, which may be considered one major preventive strategy by enhancing the natural defense system of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Oliveira
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Costa
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Faria
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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44
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Emerging Perspective: Role of Increased ROS and Redox Imbalance in Skin Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8127362. [PMID: 31636809 PMCID: PMC6766104 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8127362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to battle malignant tumors have always been a dynamic research endeavour. Although various vehicles (e.g., chemotherapeutic therapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, etc.) are used for skin cancer management, they mostly remain unsatisfactory due to the complex mechanism of carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that redox imbalance and aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely implicated in the oncogenesis of skin cancer. When ROS production goes beyond their clearance, excessive or accumulated ROS could disrupt redox balance, induce oxidative stress, and activate the altered ROS signals. These would damage cellular DNA, proteins, and lipids, further leading to gene mutation, cell hyperproliferation, and fatal lesions in cells that contribute to carcinogenesis in the skin. It has been known that ROS-mediated skin carcinogenesis involves multiple ways, including modulating related signaling pathways, changing cell metabolism, and causing the instability of the genome and epigenome. Nevertheless, the exact role of ROS in skin cancer has not been thoroughly elucidated. In spite of ROS inducing skin carcinogenesis, toxic-dose ROS could trigger cell death/apoptosis and, therefore, may be an efficient therapeutic tool to battle skin cancer. Considering the dual role of ROS in the carcinogenesis and treatment of skin cancer, it would be essential to clarify the relationship between ROS and skin cancer. Thus, in this review, we get the related data together to seek the connection between ROS and skin carcinogenesis. Besides, strategies basing on ROS to fight skin cancer are discussed.
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45
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Rahimi S, Naserzadeh P, Mousavi Z, Ashtari K, Seydi E, Pourahmad J. Nickel oxide nanoparticles exert selective toxicity on skin mitochondria and lysosomes isolated from the mouse model of melanoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22376. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Rahimi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences BranchIslamic Azad University (IAUPS) Tehran Iran
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences BranchIslamic Azad University (IAUPS) Tehran Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research CenterIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in MedicineIran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Enayatollah Seydi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of HealthAlborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
- Research Center for Health, Safety and EnvironmentAlborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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46
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Yi Z, Jiang L, Zhao L, Zhou M, Ni Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Yang L, Zhang Q, Kuang Y, Deng M, Zhu Y. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) suppresses the growth of melanoma cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and 2-α. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19124-19136. [PMID: 31310363 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in the growth of malignant melanoma (MM) cells by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1-α) and HIF2-α regulating the metabolism through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The messenger RNA and protein expression of GPX3, HIF1-α, HIF2-α in tissues, and cell lines were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. A375 cells were transfected with GPX3 overexpression plasmid, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting GPX3, or siRNA targeting HIF1-α/HIF2-α to upregulate or downregulate the expression of GPX3 or HIF1-α/HIF2-α. The effects of H2 O2 and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α after overexpression of GPX3 were studied. The cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8. The levels of ROS, glucose uptake and lactic acid production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis of cells were measured for assessment of cellular metabolism. The expression of GPX3 decreased, while ROS, HIF1-α, and HIF2-α increased in MM tissues and cells. Overexpression of GPX3 inhibited the viability of MM cells and the growth of melanoma xenografts. The overexpression of GPX3 reduced the glucose uptake, extracellular lactic acid content, and extracellular acidification rate and increased the oxygen consumption rate level. Overexpression of GPX3 could reduce the levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α, which could regulate metabolic levels. GPX3 reduced ROS level in MM to inhibit HIF1-α and HIF2-α. The addition of H2 O2 increased while NAC reduced the protein levels of HIF1-α and HIF2-α in the cells overexpressing GPX3. Our study demonstrates that GPX3 inhibits the growth of MM cells through its inhibitory effect on cell metabolic disorder by inhibiting HIF1-α via regulating ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yueli Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yuye Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Huixin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yingmin Kuang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Mingjia Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
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47
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Audrito V, Managò A, Gaudino F, Deaglio S. Targeting metabolic reprogramming in metastatic melanoma: The key role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:192-201. [PMID: 31059816 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to support proliferation, growth and survival. In metastatic melanoma the BRAF oncogenic pathway is a master regulator of this process, highlighting the importance of metabolic reprogramming in the pathogenesis of this tumor and offering potential therapeutic approaches. Metabolic adaptation of melanoma cells generally requires increased amounts of NAD+, an essential redox cofactor in cellular metabolism and a signaling molecule. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the most important NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme in mammalian cells and a direct target of the BRAF oncogenic signaling pathway. These findings suggest that NAMPT is an attractive new therapeutic target, particularly in combination strategies with BRAF or MEK inhibitors. Here we review current knowledge on how oncogenic signaling reprograms metabolism in BRAF-mutated melanoma, and discuss how NAMPT/NAD+ axis contributes to these processes. Lastly, we present evidence supporting a role of NAMPT as a novel therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
| | - Antonella Managò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Gaudino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
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48
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Soares CD, de Lima Morais TM, Mariano FV, Altemani A, Corrêa MB, Reis RRDD, Amorim LS, Ferreira SMS, de Almeida OP, Carlos R, Jorge J. Expression of mitochondrial dynamics markers during melanoma progression: Comparative study of head and neck cutaneous and mucosal melanomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:373-381. [PMID: 30916813 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck mucosal melanomas (MMs) are rare tumors with adverse outcomes and poorer prognoses than their more common cutaneous counterparts (cutaneous melanomas-CMs). Few studies have compared the expression of mitochondrial dynamic markers in these tumors. This study aimed to assess the correlations of mitochondrial markers with melanoma progression and their potential as predictors of lymph node involvement and distant metastasis. METHODS Immunohistochemistry against anti-mitochondrial (AMT), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), mitochondrial fission protein 1 (FIS1), mitofusin-1 (MFN1), and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) antibodies was performed in 112 cases of head and neck CM and MM. A Cox regression multivariate model was used to assess the correlation of AMT, FIS1, and MFN2 expressions considering the risk for nodal and distant metastasis. RESULTS All markers studied presented higher staining in tumor cells than normal adjacent tissues. Higher mitochondrial content was observed in MM than in CM, and it was significantly associated with nodal metastasis in oral melanomas. Both FIS1 and DRP1 expressions were related to advanced Clark's levels in CM, and they were overexpressed in oral melanomas. Moreover, increased immunoexpression of MFN2 was significantly associated with a higher risk of metastasis in CM, and it was also overexpressed in sinonasal melanomas. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mitochondrial fission and fusion processes can play an important role during multiple stages of tumorigenesis and the development of nodal and distant metastasis in cutaneous and mucosal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Dantas Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayná Melo de Lima Morais
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brum Corrêa
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Oncology Center (CEON), Fornecedores de Cana Hospital, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sonia Maria Soares Ferreira
- Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Unit, University Hospital of the Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.,Program of Research in Health, Centro Universitário Cesmac, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roman Carlos
- Pathology Division, Centro Clínico de Cabeza y Cuello/Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jacks Jorge
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Area of Pathology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Ju KY, Degan S, Fischer MC, Zhou KC, Jia X, Yu J, Warren WS. Unraveling the molecular nature of melanin changes in metastatic cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-13. [PMID: 30977334 PMCID: PMC6460485 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.051414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
More people die from melanoma after a stage I diagnosis than after a stage IV diagnosis, because the tools available to clinicians do not readily identify which early-stage cancers will be aggressive. Near-infrared pump-probe microscopy detects fundamental differences in melanin structure between benign human moles and melanoma and also correlates with metastatic potential. However, the biological mechanisms of these changes have been difficult to quantify, as many different mechanisms can contribute to the pump-probe signal. We use model systems (sepia, squid, and synthetic eumelanin), cellular uptake studies, and a range of pump and probe wavelengths to demonstrate that the clinically observed effects come from alterations of the aggregated mode from "thick oligomer stacks" to "thin oligomer stacks" (due to changes in monomer composition) and (predominantly) deaggregation of the assembled melanin structure. This provides the opportunity to use pump-probe microscopy for the detection and study of melanin-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Youn Ju
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Simone Degan
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Radiology, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Martin C. Fischer
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kevin C. Zhou
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Jia
- Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jin Yu
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Radiology, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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50
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Savoia P, Fava P, Casoni F, Cremona O. Targeting the ERK Signaling Pathway in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061483. [PMID: 30934534 PMCID: PMC6472057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the role of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in melanomagenesis and its progression have opened a new era in the treatment of this tumor. Vemurafenib was the first specific kinase inhibitor approved for therapy of advanced melanomas harboring BRAF-activating mutations, followed by dabrafenib and encorafenib. However, despite the excellent results of first-generation kinase inhibitors in terms of response rate, the average duration of the response was short, due to the onset of genetic and epigenetic resistance mechanisms. The combination therapy with MEK inhibitors is an excellent strategy to circumvent drug resistance, with the additional advantage of reducing side effects due to the paradoxical reactivation of the MAPK pathway. The recent development of RAS and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) inhibitors promises to add new players for the ultimate suppression of this signaling pathway and the control of pathway-related drug resistance. In this review, we analyze the pharmacological, preclinical, and clinical trial data of the various MAPK pathway inhibitors, with a keen interest for their clinical applicability in the management of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Savoia
- Department of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Fava
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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