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Ye J, Cheng J, Xiong R, Chen H, Huang S, Li H, Pang J, Zhang X, Zhu H. Effects and Mechanisms of Lutein on Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1114. [PMID: 39334773 PMCID: PMC11428584 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases are serious public health issues that are receiving growing attention from researchers. Lutein has a critical function in the prevention and management of these issues. Possible mechanisms mainly include suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, regulating cell activity, and modulating the levels of toxic substances. In this narrative review paper, we sum up the most current developments in the study of the effects of lutein on aging and five age-related diseases (age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and osteoporosis), and fundamental mechanisms are reviewed. The bioavailability of lutein and the strategies to improve its bioavailability are discussed. This piece of work can bring a clearer comprehension of the protective effects of lutein against aging and age-related diseases and can be also helpful for developing lutein as functional food and dietary supplements for these age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Ye
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruogu Xiong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haoqi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinzhu Pang
- Mengniu Institute of Nutrition Science, Global R&D Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot City 011050, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Mengniu Institute of Nutrition Science, Global R&D Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot City 011050, China
- Sun Yat-sen University-Mengniu Joint Research Center of Nutrition and Health for Middle-Aged and Elderly, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Sun Yat-sen University-Mengniu Joint Research Center of Nutrition and Health for Middle-Aged and Elderly, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Yang ZH, Gorusupudi A, Lydic TA, Mondal AK, Sato S, Yamazaki I, Yamaguchi H, Tang J, Rojulpote KV, Lin AB, Decot H, Koch H, Brock DC, Arunkumar R, Shi ZD, Yu ZX, Pryor M, Kun JF, Swenson RE, Swaroop A, Bernstein PS, Remaley AT. Dietary fish oil enriched in very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid reduces cardiometabolic risk factors and improves retinal function. iScience 2023; 26:108411. [PMID: 38047069 PMCID: PMC10692724 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs; C24-38) constitute a unique class of PUFA that have important biological roles, but the lack of a suitable dietary source has limited research in this field. We produced an n-3 C24-28-rich VLCPUFA-oil concentrated from fish oil to study its bioavailability and physiological functions in C57BL/6J mice. The serum and retinal C24:5 levels increased significantly compared to control after a single-dose gavage, and VLCPUFAs were incorporated into the liver, brain, and eyes after 8-week supplementation. Dietary VLCPUFAs resulted in favorable cardiometabolic changes, and improved electroretinography responses and visual performance. VLCPUFA supplementation changed the expression of genes involved in PPAR signaling pathways. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that the VLCPUFA-oil and chemically synthesized C24:5 are potent agonists for PPARs. The multiple potential beneficial effects of fish oil-derived VLCPUFAs on cardiometabolic risk and eye health in mice support future efforts to develop VLCPUFA-oil into a supplemental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Todd A. Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Anupam K. Mondal
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seizo Sato
- Central Research Laboratory, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0991, Japan
| | - Isao Yamazaki
- Central Research Laboratory, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0991, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0991, Japan
| | - Jingrong Tang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krishna Vamsi Rojulpote
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna B. Lin
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah Decot
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah Koch
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel C. Brock
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Zhen-Dan Shi
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Milton Pryor
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia F. Kun
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Thomas LD, Ramkumar S, Golczak M, von Lintig J. Genetic deletion of Bco2 and Isx establishes a golden mouse model for carotenoid research. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101742. [PMID: 37225015 PMCID: PMC10250156 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low plasma levels of carotenoids are associated with mortality and chronic disease states. Genetic studies in animals revealed that the tissue accumulation of these dietary pigments is associated with the genes encoding β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) and the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Here we examined in mice how BCO2 and SR-B1 affect the metabolism of the model carotenoid zeaxanthin that serves as a macular pigment in the human retina. METHODS We used mice with a lacZ reporter gene knock-in to determine Bco2 expression patterns in the small intestine. By genetic dissection, we studied the contribution of BCO2 and SR-B1 to zeaxanthin uptake homeostasis and tissue accumulation under different supply conditions (50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg). We determined the metabolic profiles of zeaxanthin and its metabolites in different tissues by LC-MS using standard and chiral columns. An albino Isx-/-/Bco2-/- mouse homozygous for Tyrc-2J was generated to study the effect of light on ocular zeaxanthin metabolites. RESULTS We demonstrate that BCO2 is highly expressed in enterocytes of the small intestine. Genetic deletion of Bco2 led to enhanced accumulation of zeaxanthin, indicating that the enzyme serves as a gatekeeper of zeaxanthin bioavailability. Relaxing the regulation of SR-B1 expression in enterocytes by genetic deletion of the transcription factor ISX further enhanced zeaxanthin accumulation in tissues. We observed that the absorption of zeaxanthin was dose-dependent and identified the jejunum as the major zeaxanthin-absorbing intestinal region. We further showed that zeaxanthin underwent oxidation to ε,ε-3,3'-carotene-dione in mouse tissues. We detected all three enantiomers of the zeaxanthin oxidation product whereas the parent zeaxanthin only existed as (3R, 3'R)-enantiomer in the diet. The ratio of oxidized to parent zeaxanthin varied between tissues and was dependent on the supplementation dose. We further showed in an albino Isx-/-/Bco2-/- mouse that supra-physiological supplementation doses (250 mg/kg) with zeaxanthin rapidly induced hypercarotenemia with a golden skin phenotype and that light stress increased the concentration of oxidized zeaxanthin in the eyes. CONCLUSIONS We established the biochemical basis of zeaxanthin metabolism in mice and showed that tissue factors and abiotic stress affect the metabolism and homeostasis of this dietary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Arunkumar R, Li B, Addo EK, Hartnett ME, Bernstein PS. Prenatal Carotenoid Supplementation With Lutein or Zeaxanthin Ameliorates Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy (OIR) in Bco2-/- Macular Pigment Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:9. [PMID: 37036416 PMCID: PMC10108734 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Premature infants at risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) miss placental transfer of the carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) during the third trimester. We previously demonstrated that prenatal L and Z supplementation raised carotenoid levels in infants at birth in the Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) study (NCT03750968). Based on their antioxidant effects and bioavailability, we hypothesized that prenatal maternal supplementation with macular carotenoids would reduce the risk of ROP. To test this hypothesis, we utilized "macular pigment mice" genetically engineered to take up L and Z into the retina in a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Methods Pregnant Bco2-/- mice were divided into nine experimental subgroups based on the type of supplementation (L, Z, or placebo) and on the maternal supplementation start date corresponding to the three trimesters of human fetal development (E0, E11, and P1). Pups and nursing mothers were exposed to 75% O2 for 5 days (P7-P12) and returned to room air for 5 days (P12-P17). Pups were killed at P12 and P17, and their retinas were analyzed for vaso-obliteration and intravitreal neovascularization. Results Pups of pregnant mice supplemented with L or Z had significant reductions in areas of vaso-obliteration and intravitreal neovascularization compared to placebo. Prenatal carotenoid supplementation starting at E0 or E11 was significantly more protective against OIR than postnatal supplementation starting at P1. Conclusions Prenatal supplementation with L and Z was beneficial in a mouse OIR model. We recommend testing prenatal L and Z supplementation in future human clinical trials to prevent ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Emmanuel K. Addo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Mary Elizabeth Hartnett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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A comparison of conventional and novel phytonutrient extraction techniques from various sources and their potential applications. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bandara S, von Lintig J. Aster la vista: Unraveling the biochemical basis of carotenoid homeostasis in the human retina. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200133. [PMID: 36127289 PMCID: PMC10044510 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids play pivotal roles in vision as light filters and precursor of chromophore. Many vertebrates also display the colorful pigments as ornaments in bare skin parts and feathers. Proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of these lipids have been identified including class B scavenger receptors and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Recent research implicates members of the Aster protein family, also known as GRAM domain-containing (GRAMD), in carotenoid metabolism. These multi-domain proteins facilitate the intracellular movement of carotenoids from their site of cellular uptake by scavenger receptors to the site of their metabolic processing by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. We provide a model how the coordinated interplay of these proteins and their differential expression establishes carotenoid distribution patterns and function in tissues, with particular emphasis on the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Dong XR, Wan SM, Zhou JJ, Nie CH, Chen YL, Diao JH, Gao ZX. Functional Differentiation of BMP7 Genes in Zebrafish: bmp7a for Dorsal-Ventral Pattern and bmp7b for Melanin Synthesis and Eye Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838721. [PMID: 35372349 PMCID: PMC8964609 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, which not only induces cartilage and bone formation, but also regulates eye development and melanoma tumorigenesis in mammals. In teleosts, BMP7 differentiates into two subtypes, bmp7a and bmp7b, which have clearly differentiated structures. To fully understand the functional differentiation of bmp7a and bmp7b in fish species, we successfully constructed bmp7a and bmp7b gene deletion mutants in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology. Our results showed that bmp7a mutation caused abnormal development of the embryo’s dorsal-ventral pattern that led to death; bmp7b mutation induced growth inhibition and increased melanin production in the skin and eye of mutants. Histological analysis revealed that melanin in the retina of the eyes in bmp7b mutants increased, and behavioral observation showed that the vision and sensitivity to food of the mutants were reduced. Transcriptome analysis of the skin and eye tissues showed that the expression changes of wnt7ba and gna14 in bmp7b mutants might promote the increase of melanin. Additionally, the eye transcriptome analysis indicated that changes in the structure of the eyes in bmp7b mutants led to defects in phototransduction, and seven DEGs (rgs9a, rgs9b, rcvrn2, guca1d, grk1b, opn1mw4, and gc2) were identified as key candidate genes that affected the photonic response of the eyes. The study revealed the functional differentiation of bmp7a and bmp7b in teleosts and the first report about the inhibitory effect of bmp7b on melanogenesis may provide useful information for the future research on human melanoma-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Dong
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Ming Wan
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhou
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Hong Nie
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Long Chen
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Han Diao
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Xia Gao
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Engineering Technology Research Center for Fish Breeding and Culture in Hubei Province/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ze-Xia Gao,
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Bernstein PS. Nourishing Better Vision: The ARVO 2021 Mildred Weisenfeld Award Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 35285848 PMCID: PMC8934560 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Li B, Vachali P, Chang FY, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Shi L, Rognon GT, Frederick JM, Bernstein PS. HDL is the primary transporter for carotenoids from liver to retinal pigment epithelium in transgenic ApoA-I -/-/Bco2 -/- mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 716:109111. [PMID: 34942193 PMCID: PMC8792244 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with antioxidant carotenoids is a therapeutic strategy to protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, the transport mechanism of carotenoids from the liver to the retina is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate if HDL serves as the primary transporter for the macular carotenoids. ApoA-I, the key apolipoprotein of HDL, was genetically deleted from BCO2 knockout (Bco2-/-) mice, a macular pigment mouse model capable of accumulating carotenoids in the retina. We then conducted a feeding experiment with a mixed carotenoid chow (lutein:zeaxanthin:β-carotene = 1:1:1) for one month. HPLC data demonstrated that the total carotenoids were increased in the livers but decreased in the serum, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroids, and retinas of ApoA-I-/-/Bco2-/- mice compared to Bco2-/- mice. In detail, ApoA-I deficiency caused a significant increase of β-carotene but not lutein and zeaxanthin in the liver, decreased all three carotenoids in the serum, blocked the majority of zeaxanthin and β-carotene transport to the RPE/choroid, and dramatically reduced β-carotene and zeaxanthin but not lutein in the retina. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) data showed that the binding affinity between ApoA-I and β-carotene ≫ zeaxanthin > lutein. Our results show that carotenoids are transported from the liver to the eye mainly by HDL, and ApoA-I may be involved in the selective delivery of macular carotenoids to the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Preejith Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Fu-Yen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Linjia Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Gregory T Rognon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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10
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Li B, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Bernstein PS. Extraction, detection, and imaging of the macular carotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:185-213. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Arunkumar R, Gorusupudi A, Li B, Blount JD, Nwagbo U, Kim HJ, Sparrow JR, Bernstein PS. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce A2E and iso-A2E levels and improve visual performance in Abca4 -/-/Bco2 -/- double knockout mice. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108680. [PMID: 34161819 PMCID: PMC8595537 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of bisretinoids such as A2E and its isomer iso-A2E is thought to mediate blue light-induced oxidative damage associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). We hypothesize that increasing dietary intake of the macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin in individuals at risk of AMD and STGD1 can inhibit the formation of bisretinoids A2E and iso-A2E, which can potentially ameliorate macular degenerative diseases. To study the beneficial effect of macular carotenoids in a retinal degenerative diseases model, we used ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 4 (Abca4-/-)/β,β-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase 2 (Bco2-/-) double knockout (KO) mice that accumulate elevated levels of A2E and iso-A2E in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and macular carotenoids in the retina. Abca4-/-/Bco2-/- and Abca4-/- mice were fed a lutein-supplemented chow, zeaxanthin-supplemented chow or placebo chow (~2.6 mg of carotenoid/mouse/day) for three months. Visual function and electroretinography (ERG) were measured after one month and three months of carotenoid supplementation. The lutein and zeaxanthin supplemented Abca4-/-/Bco2-/- mice had significantly lower levels of RPE/choroid A2E and iso-A2E compared to control mice fed with placebo chow and improved visual performance. Carotenoid supplementation in Abca4-/- mice minimally raised retinal carotenoid levels and did not show much difference in bisretinoid levels or visual function compared to the control diet group. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between carotenoid levels in the retina and A2E and iso-A2E levels in the RPE/choroid. Supplementation with retinal carotenoids, especially zeaxanthin, effectively inhibits bisretinoid formation in a mouse model of STGD1 genetically enhanced to accumulate carotenoids in the retina. These results provide further impetus to pursue oral carotenoids as therapeutic interventions for STGD1 and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J David Blount
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Uzoamaka Nwagbo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Retinal bioavailability and functional effects of a synthetic very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017739118. [PMID: 33526677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017739118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare, nondietary very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) are uniquely found in the retina and a few other vertebrate tissues. These special fatty acids play a clinically significant role in retinal degeneration and development, but their physiological and interventional research has been hampered because pure VLC-PUFAs are scarce. We hypothesize that if Stargardt-3 or age-related macular degeneration patients were to consume an adequate amount of VLC-PUFAs that could be directly used in the retina, it may be possible to bypass the steps of lipid elongation mediated by the retina's ELOVL4 enzyme and to delay or prevent degeneration. We report the synthesis of a VLC-PUFA (32:6 n-3) in sufficient quantity to study its bioavailability and functional benefits in the mouse retina. We acutely and chronically gavage fed wild-type mice and Elovl4 rod-cone conditional knockout mice this synthetic VLC-PUFA to understand its bioavailability and its role in visual function. VLC-PUFA-fed wild-type and Elovl4 conditional knockout mice show a significant increase in retinal VLC-PUFA levels in comparison to controls. The VLC-PUFA-fed mice also had improvement in the animals' visual acuity and electroretinography measurements. Further studies with synthetic VLC-PUFAs will continue to expand our understanding of the physiological roles of these unique retinal lipids, particularly with respect to their potential utility for the treatment and prevention of retinal degenerative diseases.
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Bernstein PS, Arunkumar R. The emerging roles of the macular pigment carotenoids throughout the lifespan and in prenatal supplementation. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100038. [PMID: 32709621 PMCID: PMC7933486 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) in 2013, the macular pigment carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) have become well known to both the eye care community and the public. It is a fascinating aspect of evolution that primates have repurposed photoprotective pigments and binding proteins from plants and insects to protect and enhance visual acuity. Moreover, utilization of these plant-derived nutrients has been widely embraced for preventing vision loss from age-related macular degeneration. More recently, there has been growing awareness that these nutrients can also play a role in improving visual performance in adults. On the other hand, the potential benefits of L and Z supplementation at very young ages have been underappreciated. In this review, we examine the biochemical mechanisms and supportive data for L and Z supplementation throughout the lifespan, with particular emphasis on prenatal supplementation. We propose that prenatal nutritional recommendations may aim at improving maternal and infant carotenoid status. Prenatal supplementation with L and Z might enhance infant visual development and performance and may even prevent retinopathy of prematurity, possibilities that should be examined in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Beyond AREDS Formulations, What Is Next for Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration (iAMD) Treatment? Potential Benefits of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Apocarotenoids as Neuroprotectors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4984927. [PMID: 33520083 PMCID: PMC7803142 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4984927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the commonest cause of severe visual loss and blindness in developed countries among individuals aged 60 and older. AMD slowly progresses from early AMD to intermediate AMD (iAMD) and ultimately late-stage AMD. Late AMD encompasses either neovascular AMD (nAMD) or geographic atrophy (GA). nAMD is defined by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and hemorrhage in the subretinal space at the level of the macula. This induces a rapid visual impairment caused by the death of photoreceptor cells. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies is the standard treatment of nAMD but adds to the burden of patient care. GA is characterized by slowly expanding photoreceptor, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration patches progressively leading to blindness. There is currently no therapy to cure GA. Late AMD continues to be an unmet medical need representing a major health problem with millions of patients worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are recognized as some of the main risk factors to developing late AMD. The antioxidant formulation AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Studies), contains β-carotene, which has been replaced by lutein and zeaxanthin in AREDS2, are given to patients with iAMD but have a limited effect on the incidence of nAMD and GA. Thus, to avoid or slowdown the development of late stages of AMD (nAMD or GA), new therapies targeting iAMD are needed such as crocetin obtained through hydrolysis of crocin, an important component of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), and norbixin derived from bixin extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. We have shown that these apocarotenoids preserved more effectively RPE cells against apoptosis following blue light exposure in the presence of A2E than lutein and zeaxanthin. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of apocarotenoids to slowdown the progression of iAMD, to reduce the incidence of both forms of late AMD.
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Imaging lutein and zeaxanthin in the human retina with confocal resonance Raman microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12352-12358. [PMID: 32409609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922793117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids that are highly concentrated in the human macula, where they protect the eye from oxidative damage and improve visual performance. Distinguishing lutein from zeaxanthin in images of the human retina in vivo or in donor eye tissues has been challenging because no available technology has been able to reliably differentiate between these two carotenoids, which differ only in the position of one C = C bond. Here, we report the differential distributions of lutein and zeaxanthin in human donor retinas mapped with confocal resonance Raman microscopy. Zeaxanthin is highly concentrated in the fovea, extending from the inner to the outer limiting membranes, with especially high concentrations in the outer plexiform layer, while lutein is much more diffuse at relatively lower concentration. Our results imply that zeaxanthin may play a more important role than lutein in human macular health and disease.
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Arunkumar R, Gorusupudi A, Bernstein PS. The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158617. [PMID: 31931175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the more than 750 carotenoids identified in nature, only lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macula lutea region of the human retina. These retinal carotenoids are collectively referred to as the macular pigment (MP) and are obtained only through dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Lutein- and zeaxanthin-specific binding proteins (StARD3 and GSTP1, respectively) mediate the highly selective uptake of MP into the retina. Meso-zeaxanthin is rarely present in the diet, and its unique presence in the human eye results from metabolic conversion from dietary lutein by the RPE65 enzyme. The MP carotenoids filter high-intensity, short-wavelength visible light and are powerful antioxidants in a region vulnerable to light-induced oxidative stress. This review focuses on MP chemistry, absorption, metabolism, transport, and distribution with special emphasis on animal models used for MP study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Long-term treatment with 9-cis-β-carotene rich alga Dunaliella bardawil ameliorates photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinoid cycle defect. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Retinal carotenoids are dietary nutrients that uniquely protect the eye from light damage and various retinal pathologies. Their antioxidative properties protect the eye from many retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. As many retinal diseases are accompanied by low carotenoid levels, accurate noninvasive assessment of carotenoid status can help ophthalmologists identify the patients most likely to benefit from carotenoid supplementation. This review focuses on the different methods available to assess carotenoid status and highlights disease-related changes and potential nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
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Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Purification of Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Corn Gluten Meal. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162994. [PMID: 31426603 PMCID: PMC6720893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeaxanthin and lutein have a wide range of pharmacological applications. In this study, we conducted systematic experimental research to optimize antioxidant extraction based on detection, extraction, process amplification, and purification. An ultrasonic-assisted method was used to extract zeaxanthin and lutein with high efficiency from corn gluten meal. Firstly, the effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic extraction time on the extraction of zeaxanthin were investigated in single-factor experiments. The optimization extraction parameters of zeaxanthin and lutein with ethanol solvent were obtained using the response surface methodology (RSM) as follows: liquid–solid ratio of 7.9:1, extraction temperature of 56 °C, and extraction time of 45 min. The total content of zeaxanthin and lutein was 0.501%. The optimum extraction experimental parameters were verified by process amplification, and we confirmed that the parameters of the extraction process optimized using the RSM design are reliable and precise. Zeaxanthin and lutein from crude extract of corn gluten were separated and purified using silica gel column chromatography with the purity of zeaxanthin increasing from 0.28% to 31.5% (about 110 times) and lutein from 0.25% to 16.3% (about 65 times), which could be used for large-scale industrial production of carotenoids.
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Dietary Antioxidants, Macular Pigment, and Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration: A Review of the Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051002. [PMID: 31052471 PMCID: PMC6567242 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and the prevalence is projected to increase to 112 million worldwide by 2040. Intraocular pressure is currently the only proven modifiable risk factor to treat POAG, but recent evidence suggests a link between antioxidant levels and risk for prevalent glaucoma. Studies have found that antioxidant levels are lower in the serum and aqueous humor of glaucoma patients. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the evidence linking oxidative stress to glaucomatous pathology, followed by an in-depth discussion of epidemiological studies and clinical trials of antioxidant consumption and glaucomatous visual field loss. Lastly, we highlight a possible role for antioxidant carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which accumulate in the retina to form macular pigment, as evidence has emerged supporting an association between macular pigment levels and age-related eye disease, including glaucoma. We conclude that the evidence base is inconsistent in showing causal links between dietary antioxidants and glaucoma risk, and that prospective studies are needed to further investigate the possible relationship between macular pigment levels and glaucoma risk specifically.
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Yu M, Yan W, Beight C. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers Reduce Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Pde6b rd10 Mouse Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4374087. [PMID: 30643804 PMCID: PMC6311858 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4374087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lutein, RR-zeaxanthin, and RS-zeaxanthin (L-Z) are antioxidants which can reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and oxidative stress (OS), and ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases. However, their treatment effect in the Pde6b rd10 (rd10) mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been studied. ERS is an important factor which causes photoreceptor apoptosis. The aim of the current project is to test the treatment effect of L-Z in rd10 mice and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of ERS. METHODS L-Z (Lutemax 2020, 10 mg/kg) diluted in sunflower oil (SFO, 1 mg/ml) or the same volume of SFO was administrated via gavage from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P20 daily in L-Z group (n=5) or SFO group (n=6) of rd10 mice. At P21, electroretinography (ERG) was performed to show the functional change of retinas. 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) were tested by western blot and immunostaining. RESULTS The ERG amplitudes were larger in the L-Z group than those of the SFO group in all flash luminances of dark-adapted and light-adapted ERG (all p < 0.01). Western blot revealed that GRP78 in the retinas of the L-Z group was significantly downregulated compared to that of the SFO group (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the retinal ERp29 protein was significantly upregulated in the L-Z treatment group than that of the SFO group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS L-Z provide protection to the photoreceptors of rd10 mouse model of RP, which is probably associated with the reduction of ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of the National Education Ministry, Fourth Military University, Xi'an, China
| | - Craig Beight
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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von Lintig J, Eggersdorfer M, Wyss A. News and views about carotenoids: Red-hot and true. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 657:74-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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