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Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Cheng L, Liu X. Recent advances in N-glycan biomarker discovery among human diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 38910518 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
N-glycans play important roles in a variety of biological processes. In recent years, analytical technologies with high resolution and sensitivity have advanced exponentially, enabling analysts to investigate N-glycomic changes in different states. Specific glycan and glycosylation signatures have been identified in multiple diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, nervous system disorders, and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. These glycans demonstrate comparable or superior indicating capability in disease diagnosis and prognosis over routine biomarkers. Moreover, synchronous glycan alterations concurrent with disease initiation and progression provide novel insights into pathogenetic mechanisms and potential treatment targets. This review elucidates the biological significance of N-glycans, compares the existing glycomic technologies, and delineates the clinical performance of N-glycans across a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Pongracz T, Mayboroda OA, Wuhrer M. The Human Blood N-Glycome: Unraveling Disease Glycosylation Patterns. JACS AU 2024; 4:1696-1708. [PMID: 38818049 PMCID: PMC11134357 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Most of the proteins in the circulation are N-glycosylated, shaping together the total blood N-glycome (TBNG). Glycosylation is known to affect protein function, stability, and clearance. The TBNG is influenced by genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors, in part epigenetically imprinted, and responds to a variety of bioactive signals including cytokines and hormones. Accordingly, physiological and pathological events are reflected in distinct TBNG signatures. Here, we assess the specificity of the emerging disease-associated TBNG signatures with respect to a number of key glycosylation motifs including antennarity, linkage-specific sialylation, fucosylation, as well as expression of complex, hybrid-type and oligomannosidic N-glycans, and show perplexing complexity of the glycomic dimension of the studied diseases. Perspectives are given regarding the protein- and site-specific analysis of N-glycosylation, and the dissection of underlying regulatory layers and functional roles of blood protein N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Peng J, Yu L, Huang L, Paschoal VA, Chu H, de Souza CO, Varre JV, Oh DY, Kohler JJ, Xiao X, Xu L, Holland WL, Shaul PW, Mineo C. Hepatic sialic acid synthesis modulates glucose homeostasis in both liver and skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101812. [PMID: 37777009 PMCID: PMC10583174 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sialic acid is a terminal monosaccharide of glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids, and its derivation from glucose is regulated by the rate-limiting enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE). Although the glycans on key endogenous hepatic proteins governing glucose metabolism are sialylated, how sialic acid synthesis and sialylation in the liver influence glucose homeostasis is unknown. Studies were designed to fill this knowledge gap. METHODS To decrease the production of sialic acid and sialylation in hepatocytes, a hepatocyte-specific GNE knockdown mouse model was generated, and systemic glucose metabolism, hepatic insulin signaling and glucagon signaling were evaluated in vivo or in primary hepatocytes. Peripheral insulin sensitivity was also assessed. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which sialylation in the liver influences hepatic insulin signaling and glucagon signaling and peripheral insulin sensitivity were identified. RESULTS Liver GNE deletion in mice caused an impairment of insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production. This was due to a decrease in the sialylation of hepatic insulin receptors (IR) and a decline in IR abundance due to exaggerated degradation through the Eph receptor B4. Hepatic GNE deficiency also caused a blunting of hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) function which was related to a decline in its sialylation and affinity for glucagon. An accompanying upregulation of hepatic FGF21 production caused an enhancement of skeletal muscle glucose disposal that led to an overall increase in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION These collective observations reveal that hepatic sialic acid synthesis and sialylation modulate glucose homeostasis in both the liver and skeletal muscle. By interrogating how hepatic sialic acid synthesis influences glucose control mechanisms in the liver, a new metabolic cycle has been identified in which a key constituent of glycans generated from glucose modulates the systemic control of its precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Liming Yu
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Linzhang Huang
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vivian A Paschoal
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Camila O de Souza
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Joseph V Varre
- Dept. of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, 250 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Dept. of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, 250 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Lu X, Wang L, Wang M, Li Y, Zhao Q, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Ji L, Hou H, Li D. Association between immunoglobulin G N-glycosylation and lupus nephritis in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257906. [PMID: 37809087 PMCID: PMC10552529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is a crucial complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has important clinical implications in guiding treatment. N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) plays a key role in the development of SLE by affecting the balance of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of IgG N-glycosylation for diagnosing LN in a sample of female SLE patients. Methods This case-control study recruited 188 women with SLE, including 94 patients with LN and 94 age-matched patients without LN. The profiles of plasma IgG N-glycans were detected by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (HILIC-UPLC). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the associations between IgG N-glycans and LN. A diagnostic model was developed using the significant glycans as well as demographic factors. The performance of IgG N-glycans in the diagnosis of LN was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results There were significant differences in 9 initial glycans (GP2, GP4, GP6, GP8, GP10, GP14, GP16, GP18 and GP23) between women with SLE with and without LN (P < 0.05). The levels of sialylated, galactosylated and fucosylated glycans were significantly lower in the LN patients than in the control group, while bisected N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) glycans were increased in LN patients (P < 0.05). GP8, GP10, GP18, and anemia were included in our diagnostic model, which performed well in differentiating female SLE patients with LN from those without LN (AUC = 0.792, 95% CI: 0.727 to 0.858). Conclusion Our findings indicate that decreased sialylation, galactosylation, and core fucosylation and increased bisecting GlcNAc might play a role in the development of LN by upregulating the proinflammatory response of IgG. IgG N-glycans can serve as potential biomarkers to differentiate individuals with LN among SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Lu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liangao Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Jinshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Cognitive Medicine, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Yanjun Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liao’cheng, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Long Ji
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’an, China
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, China
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India-Aldana S, Yao M, Midya V, Colicino E, Chatzi L, Chu J, Gennings C, Jones DP, Loos RJF, Setiawan VW, Smith MR, Walker RW, Barupal D, Walker DI, Valvi D. PFAS Exposures and the Human Metabolome: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2023; 9:510-568. [PMID: 37753190 PMCID: PMC10520990 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-023-00269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review There is a growing interest in understanding the health effects of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the study of the human metabolome. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify consistent findings between PFAS and metabolomic signatures. We conducted a search matching specific keywords that was independently reviewed by two authors on two databases (EMBASE and PubMed) from their inception through July 19, 2022 following PRISMA guidelines. Recent Findings We identified a total of 28 eligible observational studies that evaluated the associations between 31 different PFAS exposures and metabolomics in humans. The most common exposure evaluated was legacy long-chain PFAS. Population sample sizes ranged from 40 to 1,105 participants at different stages across the lifespan. A total of 19 studies used a non-targeted metabolomics approach, 7 used targeted approaches, and 2 included both. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (n = 25), including four with prospective analyses of PFAS measured prior to metabolomics. Summary Most frequently reported associations across studies were observed between PFAS and amino acids, fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, phosphosphingolipids, bile acids, ceramides, purines, and acylcarnitines. Corresponding metabolic pathways were also altered, including lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, nucleotide, energy metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. We found consistent evidence across studies indicating PFAS-induced alterations in lipid and amino acid metabolites, which may be involved in energy and cell membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra India-Aldana
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Meizhen Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vishal Midya
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary,
Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk
Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronica W. Setiawan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Ryan Smith
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary,
Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dinesh Barupal
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New
York, NY 10029, USA
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Adua E. Decoding the mechanism of hypertension through multiomics profiling. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:253-264. [PMID: 36329155 PMCID: PMC10063442 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, characterised by a constant high blood pressure, is the primary risk factor for multiple cardiovascular events and a major cause of death in adults. Excitingly, innovations in high-throughput technologies have enabled the global exploration of the whole genome (genomics), revealing dysregulated genes that are linked to hypertension. Moreover, post-genomic biomarkers, from the emerging fields of transcriptomics, proteomics, glycomics and lipidomics, have provided new insights into the molecular underpinnings of hypertension. In this paper, we review the pathophysiology of hypertension, and highlight the multi-omics approaches for hypertension prediction and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Adua
- School of Clinical Medicine, Medicine & Health, Rural Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
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Wu Y, Hao M, Li W, Xu Y, Yan D, Xu Y, Liu W. N-glycomic profiling reveals dysregulated N-glycans of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1220:123662. [PMID: 36905911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing morbidity of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) with peripheral neuropathy (PN), efficient screening for T2DM-PN is of great significance. Altered N-glycosylation is closely associated with T2DM progression, whereas its association with T2DM-PN remains uncharacterized. In this study, N-glycomic profiling was performed to identify the N-glycan features between T2DM patients with (n = 39, T2DM-PN) and without PN (n = 36, T2DM-C). Another independent set of T2DM patients (n = 29 for both T2DM-C and T2DM-PN) were utilized to validate these N-glycomic features. There were 10 N-glycans varied significantly between T2DM-C and T2DM-PN (p < 0.05 and 0.7 < AUC < 0.9), of which T2DM-PN was associated with increased oligomannose and core-fucosylation of sialylated glycans, and decreased bisected mono-sialylated glycan. Notably, these results were validated by an independent set of T2DM-C and T2DM-PN. This is the first profiling for N-glycan features in T2DM-PN patients, which reliably differentiates them from T2DM controls, thus providing a prospective profile of glyco-biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of T2DM-PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Wu
- The Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyu Hao
- The Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- The Center for Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Xu
- The Center for Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dewen Yan
- The Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- The Center for Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wenlan Liu
- The Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
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Multi-block data integration analysis for identifying and validating targeted N-glycans as biomarkers for type II diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10974. [PMID: 35768493 PMCID: PMC9243128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma N-glycan profiles have been shown to be defective in type II diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and holds a promise to discovering biomarkers. The study comprised 232 T2DM patients and 219 healthy individuals. N-glycans were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The multivariate integrative framework, DIABLO was employed for the statistical analysis. N-glycan groups (GPs 34, 32, 26, 31, 36 and 30) were significantly expressed in T2DM in component 1 and GPs 38 and 20 were related to T2DM in component 2. Four clusters were observed based on the correlation of the expressive signatures of the 39 N-glycans across T2DM and controls. Cluster A, B, C and D had 16, 16, 4 and 3 N-glycans respectively, of which 11, 8, 1 and 1 were found to express differently between controls and T2DM in a univariate analysis \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(p < 0.05)$$\end{document}(p<0.05). Multi-block analysis revealed that trigalactosylated (G3), triantennary (TRIA), high branching (HB) and trisialylated (S3) expressed significantly highly in T2DM than healthy controls. A bipartite relevance network revealed that HB, monogalactosylated (G1) and G3 were central in the network and observed more connections, highlighting their importance in discriminating between T2DM and healthy controls. Investigation of these N-glycans can enhance the understanding of T2DM.
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Memarian E, 't Hart LM, Slieker RC, Lemmers RFL, van der Heijden AA, Rutters F, Nijpels G, Schoep E, Lieverse AG, Sijbrands EJG, Wuhrer M, van Hoek M, Dotz V. Plasma protein N-glycosylation is associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002345. [PMID: 34645615 PMCID: PMC8515459 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although associations of total plasma N-glycome (TPNG) with type 2 diabetes have been reported, little is known on the role of TPNG in type 2 diabetes complications, a major cause of type 2 diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Here, we assessed TPNG in relation to type 2 diabetes complications in subsamples of two Dutch cohorts using mass spectrometry (n=1815 in DiaGene and n=1518 in Hoorn Diabetes Care System). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Blood plasma samples and technical replicates were pipetted into 96-well plates in a randomized manner. Peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) was used to release N-glycans, whereafter sialic acids were derivatized for stabilization and linkage differentiation. After total area normalization, 68 individual glycan compositions were quantified in total and were used to calculate 45 derived traits which reflect structural features of glycosylation. Associations of glycan features with prevalent and incident microvascular or macrovascular complications were tested in logistic and Cox regression in both independent cohorts and the results were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Our results demonstrated similarities between incident and prevalent complications. The strongest association for prevalent cardiovascular disease was a high level of bisection on a group of diantennary glycans (A2FS0B; OR=1.38, p=1.34×10-11), while for prevalent nephropathy the increase in 2,6-sialylation on triantennary glycans was most pronounced (A3E; OR=1.28, p=9.70×10-6). Several other TPNG features, including fucosylation, galactosylation, and sialylation, firmly demonstrated associations with prevalent and incident complications of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These findings may provide a glance on how TPNG patterns change before complications emerge, paving the way for future studies on prediction biomarkers and potentially disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Memarian
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn F L Lemmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amber A van der Heijden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Nijpels
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Schoep
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G Lieverse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy van Hoek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Dotz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Paton B, Suarez M, Herrero P, Canela N. Glycosylation Biomarkers Associated with Age-Related Diseases and Current Methods for Glycan Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115788. [PMID: 34071388 PMCID: PMC8198018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process which implies the accumulation of molecular, cellular and organ damage, leading to an increased vulnerability to disease. In Western societies, the increase in the elderly population, which is accompanied by ageing-associated pathologies such as cardiovascular and mental diseases, is becoming an increasing economic and social burden for governments. In order to prevent, treat and determine which subjects are more likely to develop these age-related diseases, predictive biomarkers are required. In this sense, some studies suggest that glycans have a potential role as disease biomarkers, as they modify the functions of proteins and take part in intra- and intercellular biological processes. As the glycome reflects the real-time status of these interactions, its characterisation can provide potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for multifactorial diseases. This review gathers the alterations in protein glycosylation profiles that are associated with ageing and age-related diseases, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the review includes the available techniques for the determination and characterisation of glycans, such as liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Paton
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Manuel Suarez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences, Joint Unit Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructure (ICTS), 43204 Reus, Spain; (B.P.); (N.C.)
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11
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Mise K, Imamura M, Yamaguchi S, Watanabe M, Higuchi C, Katayama A, Miyamoto S, Uchida HA, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Hida K, Nakato T, Tone A, Teshigawara S, Matsuoka T, Kamei S, Murakami K, Shimizu I, Miyashita K, Ando S, Nunoue T, Yoshida M, Yamada M, Shikata K, Wada J. Novel Urinary Glycan Biomarkers Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter Prospective Study With 5-Year Follow Up (U-CARE Study 2). Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:668059. [PMID: 34109226 PMCID: PMC8180567 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.668059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although various biomarkers predict cardiovascular event (CVE) in patients with diabetes, the relationship of urinary glycan profile with CVE in patients with diabetes remains unclear. Methods: Among 680 patients with type 2 diabetes, we examined the baseline urinary glycan signals binding to 45 lectins with different specificities. Primary outcome was defined as CVE including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Results: During approximately a 5-year follow-up period, 62 patients reached the endpoint. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that urinary glycan signals binding to two lectins were significantly associated with the outcome after adjustment for known indicators of CVE and for false discovery rate, as well as increased model fitness. Hazard ratios for these lectins (+1 SD for the glycan index) were UDA (recognizing glycan: mixture of Man5 to Man9): 1.78 (95% CI: 1.24–2.55, P = 0.002) and Calsepa [High-Man (Man2–6)]: 1.56 (1.19–2.04, P = 0.001). Common glycan binding to these lectins was high-mannose type of N-glycans. Moreover, adding glycan index for UDA to a model including known confounders improved the outcome prediction [Difference of Harrel's C-index: 0.028 (95% CI: 0.001–0.055, P = 0.044), net reclassification improvement at 5-year risk increased by 0.368 (0.045–0.692, P = 0.026), and the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion decreased from 725.7 to 716.5, and 761.8 to 757.2, respectively]. Conclusion: The urinary excretion of high-mannose glycan may be a valuable biomarker for improving prediction of CVE in patients with type 2 diabetes, and provides the rationale to explore the mechanism underlying abnormal N-glycosylation occurring in patients with diabetes at higher risk of CVE. Trial Registration: This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network on June 26, 2012 (Clinical trial number: UMIN000011525, URL: https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000013482).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Mise
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mariko Imamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayu Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chigusa Higuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruhito A Uchida
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hida
- Department of Diabetology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ikki Shimizu
- The Sakakibara Heart Institute of Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Michihiro Yoshida
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Shikata
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Adua E, Memarian E, Afrifa-Yamoah E, Russell A, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Gudelj I, Jurić J, Roberts P, Lauc G, Wang W. N-glycosylation profiling of Type 2 diabetes mellitus from baseline to follow-up: an observational study in a Ghanaian population. Biomark Med 2021; 15:467-480. [PMID: 33856266 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study sought to determine the patterns of N-glycan profiles among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients over a 6-month period. Materials & methods: Biochemical and clinical data were obtained from 253 T2DM patients at baseline and follow-up. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and statistical methods were applied for N-glycan profiling. Results: The coefficients of variation were 28% and 29% at baseline and follow-up, respectively, whereas the range of N-glycan variability was from 11% to 56%. Apart from GP1 (FA2) and GP29 (FA3G3S [3,3,3]3), the intra-individual variations of N-glycan peaks were not statistically significant. Conclusion: N-glycan profiles were stable over 6-month period in T2DM patients and could be used to monitor biochemical changes in relation with T2DM comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Adua
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, 6027, Australia.,Department of Health Sciences, Edith Cowan College, Building 80 Joondalup Campus West, WA, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elham Memarian
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | | | - Alyce Russell
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, 6027, Australia
| | | | - Ivan Gudelj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Julija Jurić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Peter Roberts
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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13
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Kori M, Aydin B, Gulfidan G, Beklen H, Kelesoglu N, Caliskan Iscan A, Turanli B, Erzik C, Karademir B, Arga KY. The Repertoire of Glycan Alterations and Glycoproteins in Human Cancers. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:139-168. [PMID: 33404348 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer as the leading cause of death worldwide has many issues that still need to be addressed. Since the alterations on the glycan compositions or/and structures (i.e., glycosylation, sialylation, and fucosylation) are common features of tumorigenesis, glycomics becomes an emerging field examining the structure and function of glycans. In the past, cancer studies heavily relied on genomics and transcriptomics with relatively little exploration of the glycan alterations and glycoprotein biomarkers among individuals and populations. Since glycosylation of proteins increases their structural complexity by several orders of magnitude, glycome studies resulted in highly dynamic biomarkers that can be evaluated for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Glycome not only integrates our genetic background with past and present environmental factors but also offers a promise of more efficient patient stratification compared with genetic variations. Therefore, studying glycans holds great potential for better diagnostic markers as well as developing more efficient treatment strategies in human cancers. While recent developments in glycomics and associated technologies now offer new possibilities to achieve a high-throughput profiling of glycan diversity, we aim to give an overview of the current status of glycan research and the potential applications of the glycans in the scope of the personalized medicine strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Aydin
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Kelesoglu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegul Caliskan Iscan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erzik
- Department of Medical Biology and School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Wang X, Zhong Z, Balmer L, Wang W. Glycosylation Profiling as a Biomarker of Suboptimal Health Status for Chronic Disease Stratification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:321-339. [PMID: 34495543 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
WHO defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." We coined and defined suboptimal health status (SHS) as a subclinical, reversible stage of the pre-chronic disease. SHS is a physical state between health and disease, characterized by health complaints, general weakness, chronic fatigue, and low energy levels. We have developed an instrument to measure SHS, Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire-25 (SHSQ-25), a self-reported survey assessing five health components that has been validated in various ethnical populations. Our studies suggest that SHS is associated with the major components of cardiovascular health and the early onset of metabolic diseases. Besides subjective measure of health (SHS), glycans are conceived as objective biomarkers of SHS. Glycans are complex and branching carbohydrate moieties attached to proteins, participating in inflammatory regulation and chronic disease pathogenesis. We have been investigating the role of glycans and SHS in multiple cardiometabolic diseases in different ethnical populations (African, Chinese, and Caucasian). Here we present case studies to prove that a combination of subjective health measure (SHS) with objective health measure (glycans) represents a window of opportunity to halt or reverse the progression of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lois Balmer
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
- Centre for Precision Health, ECU Strategic Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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15
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Abstract
Human lifespan has increased significantly in the last 200 years, emphasizing our need to age healthily. Insights into molecular mechanisms of aging might allow us to slow down its rate or even revert it. Similar to aging, glycosylation is regulated by an intricate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The dynamics of glycopattern variation during aging has been mostly explored for plasma/serum and immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycome, as we describe thoroughly in this chapter. In addition, we discuss the potential functional role of agalactosylated IgG glycans in aging, through modulation of inflammation level, as proposed by the concept of inflammaging. We also comment on the potential to use the plasma/serum and IgG N-glycome as a biomarker of healthy aging and on the interventions that modulate the IgG glycopattern. Finally, we discuss the current knowledge about animal models for human plasma/serum and IgG glycosylation and mention other, less explored, instances of glycopattern changes during organismal aging and cellular senescence.
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16
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N-glycans as functional effectors of genetic and epigenetic disease risk. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 79:100891. [PMID: 32861467 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a frequent modification of proteins, essential for all domains of life. N-glycan biosynthesis is a dynamic, complex, non-templated process, wherein specific glycoforms are modulated by various microenvironmental cues, cellular signals and local availability of dedicated enzymes and sugar precursors. This intricate regulatory network comprises hundreds of proteins, whose activity is dependent on both sequence of implicated genes and the regulation of their expression. In this regard, variation in N-glycosylation patterns stems from either gene polymorphisms or from stable epigenetic regulation of gene expression in different individuals. Moreover, epigenome alters in response to various environmental factors, representing a direct link between environmental exposure and changes in gene expression, that are subsequently reflected through altered N-glycosylation. N-glycosylation itself has a fundamental role in numerous biological processes, ranging from protein folding, cellular homeostasis, adhesion and immune regulation, to the effector functions in multiple diseases. Moreover, specific modification of the glycan structure can modulate glycoprotein's biological function or direct the faith of the entire cell, as seen on the examples of antibodies and T cells, respectively. Since immunoglobulin G is one of the most profoundly studied glycoproteins in general, the focus of this review will be on its N-glycosylation changes and their functional implications. By deepening the knowledge on the mechanistic roles that certain glycoforms exert in differential pathological processes, valuable insight into molecular perturbations occurring during disease development could be obtained. The prospect of resolving the exact biological pathways involved offers a potential for the development of new therapeutic interventions and molecular tools that would aid in prognosis, early referral and timely treatment of multiple disease conditions.
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17
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Wittenbecher C, Štambuk T, Kuxhaus O, Rudman N, Vučković F, Štambuk J, Schiborn C, Rahelić D, Dietrich S, Gornik O, Perola M, Boeing H, Schulze MB, Lauc G. Plasma N-Glycans as Emerging Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Risk: A Prospective Investigation in the EPIC-Potsdam Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:661-668. [PMID: 31915204 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma protein N-glycan profiling integrates information on enzymatic protein glycosylation, which is a highly controlled ubiquitous posttranslational modification. Here we investigate the ability of the plasma N-glycome to predict incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs; i.e., myocardial infarction and stroke). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Based on the prospective European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort (n = 27,548), we constructed case-cohorts including a random subsample of 2,500 participants and all physician-verified incident cases of type 2 diabetes (n = 820; median follow-up time 6.5 years) and CVD (n = 508; median follow-up time 8.2 years). Information on the relative abundance of 39 N-glycan groups in baseline plasma samples was generated by chromatographic profiling. We selected predictive N-glycans for type 2 diabetes and CVD separately, based on cross-validated machine learning, nonlinear model building, and construction of weighted prediction scores. This workflow for CVD was applied separately in men and women. RESULTS The N-glycan-based type 2 diabetes score was strongly predictive for diabetes risk in an internal validation cohort (weighted C-index 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-0.88), and this finding was externally validated in the Finland Cardiovascular Risk Study (FINRISK) cohort. N-glycans were moderately predictive for CVD incidence (weighted C-indices 0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.72, for men; 0.64, 95% CI 0.55-0.73, for women). Information on the selected N-glycans improved the accuracy of established and clinically applied risk prediction scores for type 2 diabetes and CVD. CONCLUSIONS Selected N-glycans improve type 2 diabetes and CVD prediction beyond established risk markers. Plasma protein N-glycan profiling may thus be useful for risk stratification in the context of precisely targeted primary prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Wittenbecher
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Štambuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Kuxhaus
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najda Rudman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jerko Štambuk
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Catarina Schiborn
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dario Rahelić
- University Clinics for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stefan Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Olga Gornik
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Wang H, Li X, Wang X, Liu D, Zhang X, Cao W, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Li D, Xing W, Hou H, Wu L, Song M, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Tan X, Lauc G, Wang W. Next-Generation (Glycomic) Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Health: A Community-Based Study of Immunoglobulin G N-Glycans in a Chinese Han Population. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:649-659. [PMID: 31313980 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common complex trait that calls for next-generation biomarkers for precision diagnostics and therapeutics. The most common type of post-translational protein modification involves glycosylation. Glycans participate in key intercellular and intracellular functions, such as protein quality control, cell adhesion, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. In this context, immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycans affect the anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses of IgG, and are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as aging, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Yet, the role of such glycomic biomarkers requires evaluation in diverse world populations. We report here original observations on association of IgG N-glycan biosignatures with 15 cardiometabolic risk factors in a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 701 Chinese Han participants. After controlling for age and sex, we found that the 16, 21, and 18 IgG N-glycan traits were significantly different in participants with and without metabolic syndrome, hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, or abdominal obesity, respectively. The canonical correlation analysis showed that IgG N-glycan profiles were significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (r = 0.469, p < 0.001). Classification models based on IgG N-glycan traits were able to differentiate participants with (1) metabolic syndrome, (2) hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, or (3) abdominal obesity from controls, with an area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.632 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.574-0.691, p < 0.001), 0.659 (95% CI, 0.587-0.730, p < 0.001), and 0.610 (95% CI, 0.565-0.656, p < 0.001), respectively. These new data suggest that IgG N-glycans may play an important role in cardiometabolic disease pathogenesis by regulating the proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses of IgG. Looking into the future, IgG N-glycan biosignatures warrant further research in other world population samples with a view to applications in clinical cardiology and public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Xingang Li
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Xueqing Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Di Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulu Zheng
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Dong Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Weijia Xing
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manshu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Immunity and Infection, Harbin, China
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, BIOCentar, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
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19
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Li X, Wang H, Russell A, Cao W, Wang X, Ge S, Zheng Y, Guo Z, Hou H, Song M, Yu X, Wang Y, Hunter M, Roberts P, Lauc G, Wang W. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with the Immunoglobulin G N-Glycome through Putative Proinflammatory Mechanisms in an Australian Population. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:631-639. [PMID: 31526239 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common complex trait arising from interactions among multiple environmental, genomic, and postgenomic factors. We report here the first attempt to investigate the association between immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycan patterns, T2DM, and their clinical risk factors in an Australian population. N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most frequently observed co- and post-translational modifications, reflecting, importantly, the real-time status of the interplay between the genomic and postgenomic factors. In a community-based case-control study, 849 participants (217 cases and 632 controls) were recruited from an urban community in Busselton, Western Australia. We applied the ultraperformance liquid chromatography method to analyze the composition of IgG N-glycans. We then conducted Spearman's correlation analyses to explore the association between glycan biomarker candidates and clinical risk factors. We performed area under the curve (AUC) analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves by fivefold cross-validation for clinical risk factors, IgG glycans, and their combination. Two directly measured and four derived glycan peaks were significantly associated with T2DM, after correction for extensive clinical confounders and false discovery rate, thus suggesting that IgG N-glycan traits are highly correlated with T2DM clinical risk factors. Moreover, adding the IgG glycan profiles to fasting blood glucose in the logistic regression model increased the AUC from 0.799 to 0.859. The AUC for IgG glycans alone was 0.623 with a 95% confidence interval 0.580-0.666. In addition, our study provided new evidence of diversity in T2DM complex trait by IgG N-glycan stratification. Six IgG glycan traits were firmly associated with T2DM, which reflects an increased proinflammatory and biological aging status. In summary, our study reports novel associations between the IgG N-glycome and T2DM in an Australian population and the putative role of proinflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, IgG N-glycomic alterations offer future prospects as inflammatory biomarker candidates for T2DM diagnosis, and monitoring of T2DM progression to cardiovascular disease or renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Li
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Alyce Russell
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Weijie Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Siqi Ge
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulu Zheng
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Haifeng Hou
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Manshu Song
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Hunter
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Busselton Health Study Centre, Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Australia
| | - Peter Roberts
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, BIOCentar, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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20
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Dotz V, Wuhrer M. N-glycome signatures in human plasma: associations with physiology and major diseases. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2966-2976. [PMID: 31509238 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-glycome analysis in total plasma or serum yields information about the levels and glycosylation patterns of major plasma glycoproteins, including immunoglobulins, acute-phase proteins, and apolipoproteins. Until recently, glycomic studies in disease settings largely suffered from small cohort sizes, poor analytical resolution, and poor comparability of results owing to the diversity of analytical techniques. Here, we report on recent advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry glycomics technology that enabled elucidation of N-glycome signatures in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal cancer. Use of this technology revealed both commonalities and differences among disease fingerprints. Moreover, we summarize findings on glycomic signatures associated with age, sex, and body mass index. High-throughput, high-resolution glycomics technologies, together with robust data analysis workflows, will advance clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Dotz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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21
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Liu J, Dolikun M, Štambuk J, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang H, Meng X, Razdorov G, Menon D, Zheng D, Wu L, Wang Y, Song M, Lauc G, Wang W. Glycomics for Type 2 Diabetes Biomarker Discovery: Promise of Immunoglobulin G Subclass-Specific Fragment Crystallizable N-glycosylation in the Uyghur Population. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:640-648. [PMID: 31393219 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation offers new prospects to detect changes in cell metabolism and by extension, for biomarker discovery in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, past studies did not analyze the individual IgG subclasses in relation to T2DM pathophysiology. We report here original findings through a comparison of the IgG subclass-specific fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycan biosignatures in 115 T2DM patients with 122 healthy controls within the Uyghur population in China. IgG Fc glycosylation profiles were analyzed using nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to exclude changes attributed to fragment antigen binding N-glycosylation. After correction for clinical covariates, 27 directly measured and 4 derived glycan traits of the IgG subclass-specific N-glycopeptides were significantly associated with T2DM. Furthermore, we observed in T2DM a decrease in bisecting N-acetylglucosamine of IgG2 and agalactosylation of IgG4, and an increase in sialylation of IgG4 and digalactosylation of IgG2. Classification model based on IgG subclass-specific N-glycan traits was able to distinguish patients with T2DM from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.927 (95% confidence interval 0.894-0.960, p < 0.001). In conclusion, a robust association between the IgG subclass-specific Fc N-glycomes and T2DM was observed in the Uyghur population sample in China, suggesting a potential for the IgG Fc glycosylation as a biomarker candidate for type 2 diabetes. The integration of glycomics with other system science biomarkers might offer further hope for innovation in diagnosis and treatment of T2DM in the future. Finally, it is noteworthy that "Population Glycomics" is an emerging approach to biomarker discovery for common complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mamatyusupu Dolikun
- College of the Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jerko Štambuk
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Xiaoni Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Desmond Menon
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Manshu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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22
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Rudman N, Gornik O, Lauc G. Altered N-glycosylation profiles as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diabetes. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1598-1615. [PMID: 31215021 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification, and N-glycosylation profiles are emerging as both biomarkers and functional effectors in various types of diabetes. Genome-wide association studies identified glycosyltransferase genes as candidate causal genes for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Studies focused on N-glycosylation changes in type 2 diabetes demonstrated that patients can be distinguished from healthy controls based on N-glycome composition. In addition, individuals at an increased risk of future disease development could be identified based on N-glycome profiles. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that N-glycans have a major role in preventing the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by maintaining the glucose transporter in proper orientation, indicating that interindividual variation in protein N-glycosylation might be a novel risk factor contributing to diabetes development. Defective N-glycosylation of T cells has been implicated in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Furthermore, studies of N-glycan alterations have successfully been used to identify individuals with rare types of diabetes (such as the HNF1A-MODY), and also to evaluate functional significance of novel diabetes-associated mutations. In conclusion, both N-glycans and glycosyltransferases emerge as potential therapeutic targets in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najda Rudman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Gornik
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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