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Li J, Wang Z, Li J, Zhao H, Ma Q. HMGB1: A New Target for Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Transformation. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01258-5. [PMID: 38740617 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stroke in China is distinguished by its high rates of morbidity, recurrence, disability, and mortality. The ultra-early administration of rtPA is essential for restoring perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, though it concurrently elevates the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) emerges as a pivotal player in neuroinflammation after brain ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Released passively by necrotic cells and actively secreted, including direct secretion of HMGB1 into the extracellular space and packaging of HMGB1 into intracellular vesicles by immune cells, glial cells, platelets, and endothelial cells, HMGB1 represents a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). It is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, and detrimental inflammation during the early phases of ischemic stroke. Moreover, HMGB1 significantly contributes to neurovascular remodeling and functional recovery in later stages. Significantly, HMGB1 mediates hemorrhagic transformation by facilitating neuroinflammation, directly compromising the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and enhancing MMP9 secretion through its interaction with rtPA. As a systemic inflammatory factor, HMGB1 is also implicated in post-stroke depression and an elevated risk of stroke-associated pneumonia. The role of HMGB1 extends to influencing the pathogenesis of ischemia by polarizing various subtypes of immune and glial cells. This includes mediating excitotoxicity due to excitatory amino acids, autophagy, MMP9 release, NET formation, and autocrine trophic pathways. Given its multifaceted role, HMGB1 is recognized as a crucial therapeutic target and prognostic marker for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic transformation. In this review, we summarize the structure and redox properties, secretion and pathways, regulation of immune cell activity, the role of pathophysiological mechanisms in stroke, and hemorrhage transformation for HMGB1, which will pave the way for developing new neuroprotective drugs, reduction of post-stroke neuroinflammation, and expansion of thrombolysis time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, China.
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Kurowska P, Mlyczyńska E, Wajda J, Król K, Pich K, Guzman P, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Opydo M, Dupont J, Rak A. Expression and in vitro effect of phoenixin-14 on the porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100827. [PMID: 38016195 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) regulates energy metabolism via the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173); elevated plasma levels have been described in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. The aims were to investigate the ovarian expression of PNX-14/GPR173 and the in vitro effect of PNX-14 on granulosa cells (Gc) function. Transcript and protein levels of PNX-14/GRP173 were analysed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry in the porcine ovarian follicles at days 2-3, 10-12 and 16-18 of the oestrous. For in vitro experiments, Gc were isolated from follicles at days 10-12 of the oestrous (4-6 mm) and PNX-14 at doses 1-1000 nM was added for 24-72 h to determine Gc proliferation. Cell cycle progression, E2 secretion, expression of proliferating cells nuclear antigen, cyclins, mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1; ERK1/2), protein kinase B (AKT) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were studied. The involvement of these kinases in PNX-14 action on Gc proliferation was analysed using pharmacological inhibitors. Levels of GPR173 were increased in the ovarian follicles with oestrous progression, while only PNX-14 protein was the highest at days 10-12 of the oestrous. Immuno-signal of PNX-14 was detected in Gc and theca cells and oocyte, while GPR173 was mostly in theca. Interestingly, PNX-14 stimulated Gc proliferation, E2 secretion, cell cycle progression and cyclins expression and had a modulatory effect on MAP3/1, AKT and STAT3 activation. Our study suggests that PNX-14 could be an important factor for porcine reproduction by influencing ovarian follicle growth through direct action on Gc function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Wajda
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad Król
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Guzman
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Opydo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
| | - Joelle Dupont
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
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Yao B, Lv J, Du L, Zhang H, Xu Z. Phoenixin-14 protects cardiac damages in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice model through SIRT3. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:110-118. [PMID: 34618648 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1981946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type I diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that severely impacts the normal lives of patients through its multiple complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Phoenixin-14 is a peptide found to be widely expressed in eukaryons with multiple protective properties, including anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aims to explore the potential therapeutic impacts of Phoenixin-14 on DCM. METHODS Type I diabetes was induced by treatment with a single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days. Mice were divided into four groups: the Control, Phoenixin-14, T1DM, and Phoenixin-14 +T1DM groups. The levels of myocardial injury markers were measured. Cardiac hypertrophy was assessed using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining. RESULTS Phoenixin-14 was significantly downregulated in the cardiac tissue of diabetic mice. The myocardial injury and deteriorated cardiac function in diabetic mice induced by STZ were significantly ameliorated by Phoenixin-14, accompanied by the alleviation of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the severe oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice were dramatically mitigated by Phoenixin-14. Lastly, the downregulated SIRT3 and upregulated p-FOXO3 in diabetic mice were pronouncedly reversed by Phoenixin-14. It is worth mentioning that compared to the Control, no significant changes to any of the investigated parameters in the present study were found in the Phoenixin-14-treated normal mice, suggesting that treatment with it has no side effects. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that Phoenixin-14 protected against cardiac damages in STZ-induced diabetes mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junlin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Schalla MA, Oerter S, Cubukova A, Metzger M, Appelt-Menzel A, Stengel A. Locked Out: Phoenixin-14 Does Not Cross a Stem-Cell-Derived Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:980. [PMID: 37508911 PMCID: PMC10377091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 is a recently discovered peptide regulating appetite. Interestingly, it is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract; however, its supposed receptor, GPR173, is predominantly found in hypothalamic areas. To date, it is unknown how peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 is able to reach its centrally located receptor. To investigate whether phoenixin is able to pass the blood-brain barrier, we used an in vitro mono-culture blood-brain barrier (BBB) model consisting of brain capillary-like endothelial cells derived from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BCECs). The passage of 1 nMol and 10 nMol of phoenixin-14 via the mono-culture was measured after 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min using a commercial ELISA kit. The permeability coefficients (PC) of 1 nMol and 10 nMol phoenixin-14 were 0.021 ± 0.003 and 0.044 ± 0.013 µm/min, respectively. In comparison with the PC of solutes known to cross the BBB in vivo, those of phoenixin-14 in both concentrations are very low. Here, we show that phoenixin-14 alone is not able to cross the BBB, suggesting that the effects of peripherally secreted phoenixin-14 depend on a co-transport mechanism at the BBB in vivo. The mechanisms responsible for phoenixin-14's orexigenic property along the gut-brain axis warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, HELIOS Kliniken GmbH, 78628 Rottweil, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charite-Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S. Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1103416. [PMID: 36959826 PMCID: PMC10027711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in the development of CNS disorders. In recent years, there have been significant developments in our understanding of microglia, and we now have greater insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of microglia activation in a variety of CNS disorders, as well as the interactions between microglia and neurons. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated. However, to date, all published clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. This review summarizes the results of recent important studies and attempts to provide a mechanistic view of microglia activation, inflammation, tissue repair, and CNS disorders.
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Li Z, Zhao M, Zhang X, Lu Y, Yang Y, Xie Y, Zou Z, Zhou L, Shang R, Zhang L, Jiang F, Du D, Zhou P. TJ-M2010-5, a novel CNS drug candidate, attenuates acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1080438. [PMID: 36588708 PMCID: PMC9797592 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1080438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) inevitably occurs after vascular recanalization treatment for ischemic stroke. The accompanying inflammatory cascades have a major impact on outcome and regeneration after ischemic stroke. Evidences have demonstrated that TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling contributes to CIRI. This study aimed to investigate the druggability of MyD88 in the central nervous system (CNS) and the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the MyD88 inhibitor TJ-M2010-5 on CIRI. Methods: A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was used to simulate CIRI in mice. BV-2 cells were stimulated with oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) or lipopolysaccharide, and SH-SY5Y cells were induced by OGD/R in vitro. Neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarction volumes were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to measure neuronal damage and apoptosis in the brain. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect of TJ-M2010-5 was evaluated by analyzing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, activation of microglia, and infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells. The expression of proteins of the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway was detected by Simple Western. The concentrations of TJ-M2010-5 in the blood and brain were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The cerebral infarction volume decreased in mice treated with TJ-M2010-5, with the most prominent decrease being approximately 80% of the original infarction volume. Neuronal loss and apoptosis were reduced following TJ-M2010-5 treatment. TJ-M2010-5 inhibited the infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells and the activation of microglia. TJ-M2010-5 also downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the MyD88/NF-κB and ERK pathway. Furthermore, TJ-M2010-5 showed good blood-brain barrier permeability and no neurotoxicity. Conclusion: TJ-M2010-5 has an excellent therapeutic effect on CIRI as a novel CNS drug candidate by inhibiting excessive neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiran Lu
- Wuhan Yangtze International School, Wuhan International Educational Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalong Xie
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimiao Zou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Runshi Shang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengchao Jiang
- Academy of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dunfeng Du
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Dunfeng Du, dudunfeng@163; Ping Zhou,
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Dunfeng Du, dudunfeng@163; Ping Zhou,
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Liang H, Zhao Q, Lv S, Ji X. Regulation and physiological functions of phoenixin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:956500. [PMID: 36090042 PMCID: PMC9456248 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.956500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin is a newly discovered neuropeptide generated from small integral membrane protein 20. Phoenixin is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) and has been detected in central and peripheral tissues of human, rats, mice, bovine, and zebrafish. It was initially involved in regulating reproductive function by stimulating the luteinizing hormone release from pituitary cells by increasing the level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Recently, many functions of phoenixin have been generalized, including regulation of food intake, memory, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, inflammation, neuronal and microglial activity, energy metabolism and body fluid balance, cardiovascular function, and endocrine activity. In addition, the interaction between phoenixin and nesfatin-1 have been revealed. The present article summarized the latest research progress on physiological function of phoenixin, suggesting that it is a potential target for novel drug development and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
| | - Xinying Ji
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangyu Lv, ; Xinying Ji,
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Basha EH, Eltokhy AKB, Eltantawy AF, Heabah NAE, Elshwaikh SL, El-Harty YM. Linking mitochondrial dynamics and fertility: promoting fertility by phoenixin through modulation of ovarian expression of GnRH receptor and mitochondrial dynamics proteins DRP-1 and Mfn-2. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1107-1119. [PMID: 35972578 PMCID: PMC9492611 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to reproductive disorders. Novel neuropeptide phoenixin demonstrated many therapeutic actions. In this study, we aim to evaluate phoenixin’s potential effect in obesity-induced infertility through modulating mitochondrial dynamics. Ninety adult female rats were divided to 4 groups: (I), fed with normal pellet diet; (II), given phoenixin; (III), fed with high-fat diet. Rats that developed obesity and infertility were divided to 2 groups: (III-A), received no further treatment; (III-B), given phoenixin. Our results showed that phoenixin treatment in obese infertile rats significantly decreased serum levels of insulin and testosterone and ovarian levels of dynamin-related protein1(Drp1),reactive oxygen species ROS, TNF-α, MDA, and caspase-3. Phoenixin treatment also significantly increased serum estrogen progesterone, LH, and FSH together with ovarian levels of GnRH receptor (GnRHR), mitofusin2(Mfn2), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and electron transport chain (ETC) complex-I significantly when compared with obese group. Ovarian histopathological changes were similarly improved by phoenixin. Our data demonstrate phoenixin’s role in improving obesity-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Basha
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira K B Eltokhy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Fawzy Eltantawy
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nehal A E Heabah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmeen M El-Harty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Akdu S, Can U, Polat E. Investigation of serum phoenixin levels in patients with hypertension. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:814-819. [PMID: 35766697 PMCID: PMC9575894 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and
premature death worldwide. Phoenixin is a newly identified neuropeptide with
multiple bioactivity. However, there was no published data about phoenixin
levels in hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
relationship between phoenixin and hypertension. METHODS: This study was performed in 36 patients with hypertension and 36 healthy
controls. Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 levels were determined by
Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay method. RESULTS: Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 values were significantly lower in
hypertension patients compared with the control group (p<0.001). The
levels of phoenixin-14 were negatively correlated with weight (r=-0.376;
p<0.005), body mass index (r=-0.407; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure
(r=-0.586; p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.319; p<0.01).
There was a negative correlation between serum phoenixin-20 and weight
(r=-0.378; p<0.005), body mass index (r=-0.383; p<0.005), systolic
blood pressure (r=-0.551; p<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure
(r=-0.306; p<0.01). We used receiver operating characteristic curve
analyses to compare the diagnosis value of Phoenixin-14 and Phoenixin-20
levels in hypertensive patients. We found that Phoenixin-14 value is an area
under the curve of 0.87 (cutoff value 404.7 ng/L, sensitivity 92%,
specificity 72%) and Phoenixin-20 value is an area under the curve of 0.83
(cutoff value 209.9 ng/L, sensitivity 86%, specificity 75%). Phoenixin-14
did nearly show equally compared to phoenixin-20 in predicting
hypertension. CONCLUSION: Serum phoenixin-14 and phoenixin-20 may be related to the pathogenesis of
hypertension. Our findings indicated that serum phoenixin-14 and
phoenixin-20 may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of
hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadinaz Akdu
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Biochemistry - Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ummugulsum Can
- Konya City Hospital, Department of Biochemistry - Konya, Turkey
| | - Esra Polat
- Fethiye State Hospital, Department of Cardiology - Muğla, Turkey
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Breton TS, Murray CA, Huff SR, Phaneuf AM, Tripp BM, Patuel SJ, Martyniuk CJ, DiMaggio MA. Phoenixin-14 alters transcriptome and steroid profiles in female green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:9454. [PMID: 35676522 PMCID: PMC9177834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) is a highly conserved, novel hormone with diverse functions, including hypothalamic control of reproduction, appetite modulation, and regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation. While some functions appear conserved across vertebrates, additional research is required to fully characterize these complex pleiotropic effects. For instance, very little is known about transcriptome level changes associated with PNX exposure, including responses in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is critical in vertebrate reproduction. In addition, the PNX system may be especially complex in fish, where an additional receptor is likely present in some species. The purpose of this study was to assess hypothalamic and ovarian transcriptomes after PNX-14 administration in female vitellogenic green-spotted puffer (Dichotomyctere nigroviridis). Steroid-related changes were also assessed in the liver and blood plasma. Hypothalamic responses included pro-inflammatory signals such as interleukin 1β, possibly related to gut-brain axis functions, as well as suppression of cell proliferation. Ovarian responses were more widely downregulated across all identified pathways, which may reflect progression to a less transcriptionally active state in oocytes. Both organs shared regulation in transforming growth factor-β and extracellular matrix remodeling (periostin) pathways. Reproductive processes were in general downregulated, but both inhibiting (bone morphogenetic protein 15 and follistatin) and promoting (17-hydroxyprogesterone) factors for oocyte maturation were identified. Select genes involved in reproduction (vitellogenins, estrogen receptors) in the liver were unresponsive to PNX-14 and higher doses may be needed to induce reproductive effects in D. nigroviridis. These results reinforce the complexity of PNX actions in diverse tissues and highlight important roles for this hormone in regulating the immune response, energy metabolism, and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Breton
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Casey A. Murray
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
| | - Sierra R. Huff
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Anyssa M. Phaneuf
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Bethany M. Tripp
- grid.266648.80000 0000 8760 9708Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA
| | - Sarah J. Patuel
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Matthew A. DiMaggio
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL 33570 USA
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11
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Hu Y, Shen X, Liu F, Zhu W. Phoenixin-14 Ameliorates Cellular Senescence Against Morphine in M17 Neuronal Cells. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:498-507. [PMID: 35298792 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug dependence on morphine is commonly accompanied by neurodegenerative disorders. A previous study showed that prolonged exposure to morphine induces cellular senescence in neuronal cells by reducing telomere length. Phoenixin-14 is a newly discovered brain peptide with pleiotropic roles. However, it is unknown whether phoenixin-14 possesses a beneficial property against morphine-induced cellular senescence. Our results show that morphine reduced the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173) in M17 neuronal cells. Therefore, we speculated that phoenixin-14, as a ligand for GPR173, may be involved in the morphine-mediated response in M17 cells. Further, we found that phoenixin-14 mitigated morphine-induced oxidative stress by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in M17 neuronal cells. The morphine-induced cellular senescence in M17 neuronal cells was prevented by phoenixin-14. Phoenixin-14 resolved the morphine-caused cell cycle arrest with significant changes in the expression levels of p21, cyclin-dependent kinases 6 (CDK6), and p-Rb. It also elevated the telomerase activity and restored the expressions of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and TERF2 in morphine-induced M17 neuronal cells. Furthermore, phoenixin-14 restored the yes-associated protein (YAP) expression against morphine in M17 neuronal cells. Knockdown of YAP abolished the beneficial effects of phoenixin-14 on cellular senescence against morphine induction. Taken together, these aggregate data demonstrate that phoenixin-14 prevented cellular senescence against morphine induction in M17 neuronal cells via regulating YAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China
| | - Xinxin Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China
| | - Feifan Liu
- Department of Rheumatism, Huzhou Third People's Hospital, 2088 Tiaoxi East RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313002, No, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, No. 1558, Sanhuan North RoadZhejiang Province, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, China.
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12
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signaling molecules in metazoans. They occur in all animals with a nervous system and also in neuron-less placozoans. However, their origin has remained unclear because no neuropeptide shows deep homology across lineages, and none have been found in sponges. Here, we identify two neuropeptide precursors, phoenixin (PNX) and nesfatin, with broad evolutionary conservation. By database searches, sequence alignments, and gene-structure comparisons, we show that both precursors are present in bilaterians, cnidarians, ctenophores, and sponges. We also found PNX and a secreted nesfatin precursor homolog in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. PNX, in particular, is highly conserved, including its cleavage sites, suggesting that prohormone processing occurs also in choanoflagellates. In addition, based on phyletic patterns and negative pharmacological assays, we question the originally proposed GPR-173 (SREB3) as a PNX receptor. Our findings revealed that secreted neuropeptide homologs derived from longer precursors have premetazoan origins and thus evolved before neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Thiel
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
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13
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Yu Z, Wu H, Wang Y. Phoenixin-14 Promotes the Recovery of Neurological Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Microglial Polarization via PTEN/Akt Signaling Pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221111345. [PMID: 35968813 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive event in central nervous system (CNS) with the hallmark of deficits in neuronal function. Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a reproductive peptide that also has neuroprotective effects. However, the role of PNX-14 in SCI has not yet been studied. In this study, we firstly investigated the effects of PNX-14 on the recovery of neurological dysfunction and microglial polarization in a SCI mice model. We demonstrated that PNX-14 improved the recovery of neurological dysfunction with increased Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores, reduced lesion area volume and Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation. PNX-14 alleviated neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in mice underwent SCI. In vitro co-culture assay proved that PNX-14 protected neurons injury in response to LPS- activated BV-2 cells. PNX-14 suppressed the LPS- induced microglia M1 phenotype polarization with decreased expression of M1-associated markers (CD16 and iNOS) and increased expression of M2-associated markers (CD206 and Arg1). PNX-14 also suppressed LPS- caused decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-13, as well increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in BV2 cells. PNX-14 treatment caused increased PTEN expression and decreased p-Akt expression in BV2 cells against LPS induction. While inhibition of PTEN by SF1670 reversed the effects of PNX-14 on LPS- induced phenotypic transition of BV2 cells. Taken together, we found that PNX-14 exerted protective effects on neurological dysfunction and inflammation in SCI mice through modulating microglial polarization via PTEN/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuyong People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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McIlwraith EK, Zhang N, Belsham DD. The Regulation of Phoenixin: A Fascinating Multidimensional Peptide. J Endocr Soc 2021; 6:bvab192. [PMID: 35059547 PMCID: PMC8763610 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phoenixin (PNX) peptide is linked to the control of reproduction, food intake, stress, and inflammation. However, little is known about what regulates its gene and protein expression, information that is critical to understand the physiological role of PNX. In this review, we summarize what is known about the transcriptional control of Pnx and its receptor Gpr173. A main function of PNX is as a positive regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but there is a lack of research on its control by reproductive hormones and peptides. PNX is also associated with food intake, and its expression is linked to feeding status, fatty acids, and glucose. It is influenced by environmental and hormonal-induced stress. The regulation of Pnx in most contexts remains an enigma, in part due to conflicting and negative results. An extensive analysis of the response of the Pnx gene to factors related to reproduction, metabolism, stress, and inflammation is required. Analysis of the Pnx promoter and epigenetic regulation must be considered to understand how this level of control contributes to its pleiotropic effects. PNX is now linked to a broad range of functions, but more research on its gene regulation is required to understand its place in overall physiology and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ningtong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Ling C, Hu X, Luo L, Liang C, Wang H, Chen C. Phoenixin-14 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells by modulation of KCNQ1OT1/miR-183-3p/CTNNB1 axis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103655. [PMID: 33823298 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 has been reported to be implicated in the process of blood glucose metabolism, reproduction, lipid deposition and cardioprotection. However, the role of phoenixin-14 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unkown. In this study, we focused on the effects of phoenixin-14 on VSMCs under oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) treatment. The experimental results demonstrated that phoenixin-14 inhibited mRNA level and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Functionally, phoenixin-14 inhibited cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis of VSMCs under ox-LDL stimulation, and CTNNB1 overexpression reversed these effects. Mechanistically, KCNQ1OT1 interacted with miR-183-3p to upregulate CTNNB1 in VSMCs. Furthermore, CTNNB1 expression was negatively correlated with miR-183-3p but positively associated with KCNQ1OT1. Rescue assays indicated that KCNQ1OT1 overexpression or Lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment reversed the effects of phoenixin-14 on proliferation and apoptosis of ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs. In summary, phoenixin-14 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of ox-LDL-treated VSMCs by regulating the KCNQ1OT1/miR-183-3p/CTNNB1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiling Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofeng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Kalkan ÖF, Şahin Z, Öztürk H, Keser H, Aydın-Abidin S, Abidin İ. Phoenixin-14 reduces the frequency of interictal-like events in mice brain slices. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2841-2849. [PMID: 34283252 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) has a wide bioactivity in the central nervous system. Its role in the hypothalamus has been investigated, and it has been reported that it is involved in the regulation of excitability in hypothalamic neurons. However, its role in the regulation of excitability in entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether i. PNX-14 induces any synchronous discharges or epileptiform activity and ii. PNX-14 has any effect on already initiated epileptiform discharges. We used 350 µm thick acute horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices obtained from 30- to 35-day-old mice. Extracellular field potential recordings were evaluated in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus CA1 region. Bath application of PNX-14 did not initiate any epileptiform activity or abnormal discharges. 4-Aminopyridine was applied to induce epileptiform activity in the slices. We found that 200 nM PNX-14 reduced the frequency of interictal-like events in both the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus CA1 region which was induced by 4-aminopyridine. Furthermore, PNX-14 led to a similar suppression in the total power of local field potentials of 1-120 Hz. The frequency or the duration of the ictal events was not affected. These results exhibited for the first time that PNX-14 has a modulatory effect on synchronized neuronal discharges which should be considered in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Faruk Kalkan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Şahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hilal Öztürk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hatice Keser
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Selcen Aydın-Abidin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İsmail Abidin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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17
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Billert M, Rak A, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. Phoenixin: More than Reproductive Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218378. [PMID: 33171667 PMCID: PMC7664650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phoenixin (PNX) neuropeptide is a cleaved product of the Smim20 protein. Its most common isoforms are the 14- and 20-amino acid peptides. The biological functions of PNX are mediated via the activation of the GPR173 receptor. PNX plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the female reproductive system where it potentiates LH secretion and controls the estrus cycle. Moreover, it stimulates oocyte maturation and increases the number of ovulated oocytes. Nevertheless, PNX not only regulates the reproduction system but also exerts anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective effects. Furthermore, it is involved in behavior, food intake, sensory perception, memory, and energy metabolism. Outside the CNS, PNX exerts its effects on the heart, ovaries, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets. This review presents all the currently available studies demonstrating the pleiotropic effects of PNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof W. Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (K.W.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6184-637-24
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