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Zaso MJ, Eiden RD, Leonard KE, Colder CR, Livingston JA. Parent Alcohol Use and Problems in Children's Alcohol-Related Learning and Subsequent Alcohol Use. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1829-1838. [PMID: 37732503 PMCID: PMC10841277 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2256837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol cognitions can emerge early in life and have lasting associations with alcohol use behavior. Observational learning theories suggest that witnessing alcohol use and its consequences may be an important mechanism underlying early development of alcohol cognitions. Parents are among the earliest contributors to children's alcohol-related learning, although findings regarding the association of parental alcohol use and problems with children's alcohol-related beliefs and attitudes are considerably mixed. This study tested associations of parent alcohol use and problems with adolescent alcohol expectancies, motives, and subsequent alcohol use to help clarify this literature. Methods: Families (N = 227) comprising family alcohol use disorder cases and demographically matched controls were recruited as part of a longitudinal investigation on child development. Parents reported on their alcohol use and problems at seven assessments throughout the index adolescents' childhood, and adolescents reported on their own alcohol expectancies in 6th grade, alcohol motives in 8th grade, and alcohol use in 12th grade. Results: Father alcohol problems and mother alcohol use were linked to more positive and less negative child alcohol expectancies, respectively. However, these cognitions did not contribute unique variance in adolescent alcohol use after accounting for additional risks included in the model. Conclusions: Findings highlight the need for future research aimed at modeling broader and potentially indirect sources of parent influences on adolescent alcohol-related learning and subsequent drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Zaso
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth E Leonard
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer A Livingston
- School of Nursing, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Tuitt N, Asdigian NL, Mousseau A, Ivanich J, Zacher T, Skinner L, Red Willow Richards F, Bear Robe L, Keane E, Boland S, Whitesell NR. Measure of Socialization of American Indian Children (MOSAIC): Understanding the roots of ethnic-racial identity. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 29:564-574. [PMID: 36154056 PMCID: PMC10039960 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Measure of Socialization of American Indian Children (MOSAIC) was created as part of a larger study developing a family-based and culturally grounded substance use prevention program for young American Indian (AI) adolescents. The MOSAIC was designed to measure ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) for use with AI families to support better understanding of the roots of ethnic-racial identity among AI youth and their relationship to risk for substance use in early adolescence. METHOD This study was conducted in partnership with a Lakota reservation community. Community partners and advisors provided guidance on the creation of an item pool, which also drew extensively from the existing literature on ERS in other populations. The MOSAIC was pilot tested with a small sample of parents (N = 19) and then tested with a development sample of participants (N = 197) taking part in the larger study. A series of factor analyses were conducted with data from this development sample to explore associations among items and alignment with proposed dimensions. RESULTS Four dimensions emerged, related to socialization practices to support spirituality, language, pride, and preparation for bias. The original MOSIAC measure was refined based on these analyses and prepared for testing in an independent sample. CONCLUSIONS Dimensions of ERS common to measures developed for other populations emerged as relevant for AI families, with adaptations to reflect the unique context of this population. Further work is needed to confirm the structure of the MOSAIC in both this AI community and with other diverse indigenous populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tuitt
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Nancy L. Asdigian
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Jerreed Ivanich
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | | | | | | | - Ellen Keane
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Sarah Boland
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Nancy Rumbaugh Whitesell
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Egan A, Spillane NS. The role of culture in the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use among North American Indigenous adolescents reporting recent drinking. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1109-1118. [PMID: 37095073 PMCID: PMC10289135 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North American Indigenous (NAI) communities have identified alcohol use as a primary health concern. Experiences of racial discrimination are associated with greater alcohol use, but findings are mixed regarding the role of culture in this relationship. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of culture in the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use. METHODS Across two studies (Study 1: N = 52; Study 2: N = 1743), NAI adolescents living on or near NAI reservations who reported recent alcohol use completed self-report measures of racial discrimination, cultural affiliation, and alcohol use (e.g., frequency). RESULTS Bivariate correlations revealed a significant positive association between racial discrimination and alcohol use (Study 1: r = 0.31, p = 0.029; Study 2: r = 0.14, p < 0.001) but not between cultural affiliation and alcohol use. Racial discrimination and cultural affiliation were significantly positively correlated in Study 1 (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), but not in Study 2. Across both studies, the interactions between racial discrimination and cultural affiliation significantly predicted alcohol use in unadjusted models (Study 1: b = 0.70, SE = 0.32, p = 0.033, 95% CI [0.06, 1.33]; Study 2: b = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p = 0.041, 95% CI [0.001, 0.03]), such that the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use was stronger for adolescents reporting high (vs. low) levels of cultural affiliation. In adjusted models controlling for age and sex, the interaction between racial discrimination and cultural affiliation remained significant in Study 2 (b = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p = 0.0496, 95% CI [0.00002, 0.03]) but was no longer significant in Study 1. CONCLUSIONS Findings speak to the need to reduce racial discrimination against NAI youth and to consider youths' different needs based on level of cultural affiliation to reduce subsequent alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI
| | - Alana Egan
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI
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Scheffels J, Brunborg GS, Bilgrei OR, Tokle R, Burdzovic Andreas J, Buvik K. Ambivalence in Adolescents’ Alcohol Expectancies: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study Among 12-to-18-Year-Olds. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584221150909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the framework of alcohol expectancies and their importance for drinking behaviors, this longitudinal mixed-methods study examined changes and continuities in development of alcohol expectancies during adolescence. Quantitative and qualitative data were prospectively collected at four time points between 2015 and 2020 from nationwide, socio-economic, and gender-balanced samples of Norwegian adolescents aged 12–18. Quantitative data ( n = 3425) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, and qualitative data ( nT1 = 118) using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative results were juxtaposed in the discussion. Quantitative results indicated an increase in social facilitation and tension reduction expectancies from age 13 to 18, and a simultaneous decrease in negative emotional expectancies. This development could partly be explained by experience with alcohol use in adolescence. Similarly, qualitative findings showed adolescents’ expectancies of alcohol evolving with age; from one-sided negative expectancies of aggression and harm to increased positive expectancies of fun, sociability, and relaxation. Both analyses showed that negative expectances remained high throughout the study period, but by late adolescence, many participants held positive and negative expectations simultaneously. The qualitative data illustrated how adolescents’ alcohol expectancies became increasingly ambivalent and complex with age, as alcohol use became more common. Prevention strategies aiming to reduce underage alcohol use should acknowledge this complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Scheffels
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Scott Brunborg
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Røed Bilgrei
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Tokle
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Social Research, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Buvik
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Bo A, Goings TC, Evans CBR, Sharma A, Jennings Z, Durand B, Bardeen A, Murray-Lichtman A. Culturally sensitive prevention programs for substance use among adolescents of color: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 99:102233. [PMID: 36495737 PMCID: PMC9847495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize the efficacy of culturally sensitive prevention programs for substance use outcomes among U.S. adolescents of color (aged 11 to 18 years old) and explore whether the intervention effects vary by participant and intervention characteristics. Eight electronic databases and grey literature were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials through September 2022. Robust variance estimation in meta-regression was used to synthesize treatment effect size estimates and to conduct moderator analysis. After screening, 30 unique studies were included. The average treatment effect size across all substance use outcomes (including 221 effect sizes) was Hedges's g = -0.20, 95% CI = [-0.24, -0.16]. The synthesized effect sizes were statistically significant across types of substances (alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, illicit and other drugs, and unspecified substance use), racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black, and Native American), and different follow-ups (0-12 months, >12 months). Very few studies reported substance use consequences as outcomes and the synthesized effect size was non-significant. Meta-regression findings suggest that the intervention effects may vary based on the type of substance. This meta-analysis found supportive evidence of culturally sensitive prevention programs' efficacy in preventing or reducing substance use among Black, Hispanic, and Native American adolescents. More substance use prevention efforts and evidence is needed for Asian American, Pacific Islander, and multiracial adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Bo
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, Department of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Trenette Clark Goings
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caroline B R Evans
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anjalee Sharma
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zoe Jennings
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brenna Durand
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Angela Bardeen
- Research and Instructional Services, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Andrea Murray-Lichtman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Goldstein SC, Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Valuing Cultural Activities Moderating the Association Between Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Among First Nation Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:112-120. [PMID: 33573729 PMCID: PMC7901263 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous youth often exhibit high rates of alcohol use and experience disproportionate alcohol-related harm. We examined the moderating role that valuing cultural activities has on the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use and heavy drinking in a sample of Indigenous youth. METHOD First Nation adolescents between ages 11 and 18 living on a reserve in eastern Canada (N = 106; mean age = 14.6; 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their positive alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and beliefs about the importance of cultural activities. RESULTS A significant interaction was identified between positive alcohol expectancies and valuing cultural activities on past-3-month alcohol use (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001) and past-3-month heavy drinking (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001). Simple slopes analysis revealed that the association between positive alcohol expectancies and past-3-month alcohol use and heavy drinking was significant for those with low (b = 0.06, SE = 0.007, p < .001; b = 0.07, SE = 0.008, p < .001; respectively) but not high levels of valuing cultural activities (b = 0.01, SE = 0.008, p = .12; b = 0.01, SE = 0.009, p = .08; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Highly valuing cultural activities may interrupt the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. This suggests that community interventions and treatment programs targeting alcohol use among Indigenous adolescents should prioritize increasing the value of cultural activities by perhaps making them more available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi C. Goldstein
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
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7
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Goldstein SC, Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Valuing Cultural Activities Moderating the Association Between Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Among First Nation Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:112-120. [PMID: 33573729 PMCID: PMC7901263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous youth often exhibit high rates of alcohol use and experience disproportionate alcohol-related harm. We examined the moderating role that valuing cultural activities has on the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use and heavy drinking in a sample of Indigenous youth. METHOD First Nation adolescents between ages 11 and 18 living on a reserve in eastern Canada (N = 106; mean age = 14.6; 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their positive alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and beliefs about the importance of cultural activities. RESULTS A significant interaction was identified between positive alcohol expectancies and valuing cultural activities on past-3-month alcohol use (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001) and past-3-month heavy drinking (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001). Simple slopes analysis revealed that the association between positive alcohol expectancies and past-3-month alcohol use and heavy drinking was significant for those with low (b = 0.06, SE = 0.007, p < .001; b = 0.07, SE = 0.008, p < .001; respectively) but not high levels of valuing cultural activities (b = 0.01, SE = 0.008, p = .12; b = 0.01, SE = 0.009, p = .08; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Highly valuing cultural activities may interrupt the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. This suggests that community interventions and treatment programs targeting alcohol use among Indigenous adolescents should prioritize increasing the value of cultural activities by perhaps making them more available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi C. Goldstein
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Jenkins PR, Hernandez PM, Harris CA. African American College Students' Drinking Behaviors and Their Relationship to Self-Efficacy and Positive or Negative Expectancies Regarding Alcohol Consumption. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10100153. [PMID: 33036255 PMCID: PMC7601938 DOI: 10.3390/bs10100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
College students' alcohol consumption remains a significant concern for colleges and universities. However, most research overwhelmingly utilizes White samples from predominantly White universities, limiting knowledge of African American students' drinking behaviors on historically Black campuses. This study examined alcohol usage among African American college students by investigating relationships between alcohol consumption and positive and negative expectancies as well as self-efficacy. A convenience sample of 282 students was used. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) measured alcohol consumption and identified individuals whose consumption created hazardous drinking patterns. Alcohol expectancy was measured by the Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEQ), and the Spheres of Control Scale measured self-efficacy. Students in this sample tended to believe that alcohol consumption was linked with more negative than positive alcohol expectancy beliefs. Alcohol expectancies, specifically positive expectancies, appeared to play a significant role in predicting alcohol consumption. There was also a positive relationship between positive expectancies and alcohol consumption. Despite these results, our regression model was only able to account for about 20% of the variance (r2 = 0.187). These findings are important in developing prevention and intervention programs to address the pervasive and critical social ills and reduce alcohol consumption among African American college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice R. Jenkins
- School of Social Work, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39211, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro M. Hernandez
- School of Social Work, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39211, USA;
| | - Chaiqua A. Harris
- Department of Counseling, Rehabilitation, and Psychometric Services, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA;
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Regan T, Tubman JG, Schwartz SJ. Relations among Externalizing Behaviors, Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Problems in a Multi-Ethnic Sample of Middle and High School Students. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820928427. [PMID: 32565675 PMCID: PMC7285945 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820928427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol expectancies and externalizing behaviors, that is, aggression and rule-breaking behaviors, are associated with underage alcohol use. The interactive influence of these risk factors on problem alcohol use among minority adolescents is investigated in the present study. OBJECTIVES This study examined the unique and interactive influences of alcohol expectancies and externalizing problems on specific measures of adolescents' (a) past three-month binge drinking episodes and (b) negative consequences of alcohol use. METHODS Cross-sectional self-report data were collected in 2014 via tablet-based computerized assessments from a predominantly minority sample of 762 (404 females, Mage = 13.73 years, SDage =1.59) 6th, 8th, and 10th grade students recruited from public middle and high schools in Miami-Dade County, FL and Prince George's County, MD. Students completed surveys on tablets in school settings regarding alcohol expectancies, expectancy valuations, externalizing problem behaviors, past 3-month binge drinking episodes, and experiences of alcohol-related negative consequences. RESULTS Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions indicated: (1) older adolescents were more likely to report binge drinking; and (2) a significant main effect for externalizing problem behaviors on binge use. Logistic regressions indicated (1) older adolescents were more likely to endorse an alcohol-related negative consequence and (2) the interaction between positive alcohol expectancies and externalizing behaviors was associated with endorsing an alcohol-related negative consequence. CONCLUSIONS Engaging adolescents who exhibit serious externalizing behaviors and report positive alcohol expectancies via developmentally appropriate, tailored interventions is one feasible strategy to address escalation of binge alcohol use and related negative consequences among minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Regan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
| | | | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
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Su J, Kuo SIC, Derlan CL, Hagiwara N, Guy MC, Dick DM. Racial discrimination and alcohol problems among African American young adults: Examining the moderating effects of racial socialization by parents and friends. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 26:260-270. [PMID: 31328948 PMCID: PMC6980251 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Racial discrimination is a stressor that may put African Americans at risk for alcohol use and related problems. We examined whether experiences of blatant (racist events) and subtle (racial microaggressions) forms of racial discrimination were associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems among African American young adults, and whether childhood/adolescence racial socialization by parents and friends moderated these associations. METHOD The sample included 383 African American young adults (Mage = 20.65, SD = 2.28; 81% female) who completed an electronic survey in Fall, 2017. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted in Mplus. RESULTS Experiences of racist events and racial microaggressions were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption and more alcohol problems. Racial socialization by friends, but not parents, moderated these associations. Specifically, cultural socialization by friends buffered the effect of racist events on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems, whereas promotion of mistrust by friends exacerbated the effect of racial microaggressions on alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS Both blatant and subtle forms of racial discrimination were associated with higher risk for alcohol use or problems among African American young adults. Racial socialization by friends while growing up may play an important role in alcohol use outcomes during young adulthood. Findings highlight the importance of considering different forms of racial discrimination and emphasize the unique roles of racial socialization across different social contexts (i.e., parent and peers or friends) in relation to psychosocial outcomes among African American individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | | | - Nao Hagiwara
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Mignonne C. Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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