Flow-injection determination of cinnarizine using surfactant-enhanced permanganate chemiluminesence

Surfactant enhanced flow injection chemiluminescence method for vitamin D3 determination in pharmaceutical formulations

A flow injection based chemiluminescence process has been reported for vitamin D₃ determination without using especial chemiluminescence reagent. Vitamin D₃ shows enhancement on the CL intensity of diperiodatocuprate(III) with surfactant (Triton X-100) solution. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the concentration range 0.01-40 mg/L (R² = 0.9997, n = 8) tested. A limit of detection (S/N = 3), limit of quantification (S/N = 10) and sample injection throughput of 2.5 × 10^-3, 8.3 × 10^-3 mg/L and 150 h^-1 respectively were obtained. Various experimental variables were tested to get most suitable response, e.g., the concentrations of reagents, and their flow rates, sample injection volume and photomultiplier tube voltage. The effect of potential interferences was also examined. Vitamin D₃ determination was successfully carried out in pharmaceutical formulations. The recoveries from the formulations were obtained in the range of 96 ± 4-108 ± 2%. The reaction mechanism discussion for diperiodatocuprate(III) complex-Triton X-100-vitamin D₃ was also included.

Full spectrum and selected spectrum based chemometric methods for the simultaneous determination of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form

Three chemometric methods namely, concentration residual augmented classical least squares (CRACLS), spectral residual augmented classical least squares (SRACLS) and partial least squares (PLS) were applied for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in their binary mixtures. All techniques were applied with and without variable selection using genetic algorithm (GA) resulting in six models (CRACLS, GA-CRACLS, SRACLS, GA-SRACLS, PLS, GA-PLS). These models were applied for the simultaneous determination of the drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form via handling their UV spectral data. It was found that GA based models are simpler and more robust than those built with the full spectral data. The proposed models were found to be simple, fast and require no preliminary separation steps; so they can be used for the routine analysis of this binary mixture in quality control laboratories.

Cinnarizine: Comprehensive Profile

Cinnarizine is a piperazine derivative with antihistaminic, antiserotonergic, antidopaminergic, and calcium channel-blocking activities. A comprehensive profile was performed on cinnarizine including its description and the different methods of analysis. The 1H NMR and 13C one- and two-dimensional NMR methods were used. In addition, infrared and mass spectral analyses were performed which all confirmed the structure of cinnarizine.

Resonance light scattering determination of metallothioneins using levofloxacin-palladium complex as a light scattering probe

A novel method of resonance light scattering (RLS) was developed for the analysis of trace metallothioneins (MTs) in human urine. In a CH(3)COOH-CH(3)COONa buffer solution of pH 4.5, the formation of a complex between levofloxacin (LEV)-Pd and MTs led to enhance the RLS intensity of the system, and the enhanced RLS intensity at 468 nm was proportional to the concentration of MTs in the range of 0.059-22.4 μg mL(-1). The linear regression equation was ΔI=127.5 ρ (μg mL(-1))-88.02 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992, and the detection limit of 17.8 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviation and the average recovery were 3.8-5.4% (n=11) and 92.15%, respectively. The proposed method is convenient, reliable and sensitive, and has been used successfully for the determination of trace MTs in human urine samples.

Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs

We review the determination of various controlled drugs (opioids, tranquilizers, stimulants, and hallucinogens) using flow-analysis methodologies (flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices) with chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents such as luminol, diaryloxalates, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), permanganate, manganese(IV), and sulfite, for industrial, clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic science applications.

Recent applications of flow-injection and sequential-injection analysis techniques to chemiluminescence determination of pharmaceuticals

A review is presented on the state of the art of the chemiluminescence analysis of pharmaceuticals by the two most relevant automated controlled-flow methodologies--flow-injection analysis (FIA) and sequential-injection analysis (SIA). The current chemiluminometric applications of FIA and SIA in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed with special emphasis on the analytical figures of merit and sample matrix characteristics. The review involving 211 references and covering papers published between 2001 and 2006 is divided into several sections according to the fundamental types of chemiluminescence systems employed.

Acidic potassium permanganate as a chemiluminescence reagent—A review

A critical and comprehensive review of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence is presented. This includes discussion on reaction conditions, the influence of enhancers such as polyphosphates, formaldehyde and sulfite, the relationship between analyte structure and chemiluminescence intensity, and the application of this chemistry to determine a wide variety of compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, biomolecules, antioxidants, illicit drugs, pesticides and pollutants. Previous proposals for the nature of the emitting species are re-evaluated in light of recent evidence.

Flow injection determination of adenine at trace level based on luminol–K2Cr2O7 chemiluminescence in a micellar medium

A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) analysis method for the determination of adenine in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant micelles is described. This method is based on the luminescent properties of the luminol-K2Cr2O7-adenine in alkaline medium sensitized by SDBS. The optimized experimental conditions were evaluated and the possible mechanism was discussed by examining CL emission spectrum and the effect of various free radical scavengers on CL emission intensity. The CL increase is linearly related to the concentration of adenine in the range of 2.92x10(-6) to 4.38x10(-10) mol l-1 with a detection limit of 2.46x10(-10) mol l-1 (S/N=3). The relative standard deviation for 2.92x10(-7) mol l-1 samples was 1.67% (n=12). The proposed method has been applied to the determination of adenine in human serum.

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Enhanced Chemiluminescence Determination of Uric Acid Using a Luminol-Hexacyanoferrate(III)-Hexacyanoferrate(II) System

A chemiluminescence (CL) method using flow injection (FI) was developed for the determination of uric acid based on the enhancement chemiluminescence intensity of luminol-hexacyanoferrate(III)-hexacyanoferrate(II) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the uric acid species. The linear range was 7.0 x 10(-10) - 9.0 x 10(-7) M with a detection limit (3sigma) of 2.58 x 10(-10) M, which was about two orders of magnitude lower than those reported. The proposed method was used for the determination of uric acid in real samples.