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Assessment of commercial porous polyethylene frit for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3005-3015. [PMID: 33758989 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploring commercial and inexpensive sorbents for extraction of organic pollutants is still an active area of research. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene sieve plate (UMPESP) is a commercially available, low-cost, and porous frit, which has been widely used in solid-phase extraction cartridges to fix the filling materials. In this work, UMPESP was investigated for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The desorption and sorption efficiencies of UMPESP were first evaluated and compared with two previously reported sorbents, low-density polyethylene plastic pellet (LDPEP) and silicone rod (SR). The comparative results showed that quantitative desorption of analytes from UMPESP, which could be easily achieved with 2 × 1.5 mL n-hexane, was more effective than that of LDPEP (>6 × 1.5 mL n-hexane) and comparable to that of SR. Additionally, shorter equilibrium time was rendered by UMPESP (shaking for 120 min) compared with SR (>480 min), due to the porous structure and larger surface area of the former. Different parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, including organic modifier, ionic strength, and pH value, were then studied. The optimized method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry afforded good linearity in a concentration range of 10-5000 ng L-1 (except acenaphthene in the range of 25-5000 ng L-1) with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9957 to 0.9995 and relative standard deviations below 13.8%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04-3.35 ng L-1 and 0.13-11.16 ng L-1, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine PAHs in real water samples, and the results showed no statistically significant difference with the concentrations derived from liquid-liquid extraction.
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2
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Mallek M, Chtourou M, Monclús H, Ben Salah A, Walha K, Salvadó V. A Polydimethylsiloxane Rod Extraction-Based Method for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Triclosan by Liquid Chromatography in Water Samples. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:107-113. [PMID: 31768564 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method for the determination of naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, carbamazepine, and triclosan (TCS) in water samples by liquid chromatography is developed and validated. The method is based on the extraction of the analytes by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rod. The different parameters affecting extraction, such as the addition of salt, pH, initial volume, extraction and elution times and elution solvent, as well as the application of sonication, are studied. The results showed that the detection limits are all in the 0.1-0.3 µg L-1 range except for carbamazepine (6 µg L-1) with relative standard deviations in the range of 0.4%-9.7%. The method developed, which was validated by analysing spiked surface water samples at 10, 25 and 75 µg L-1 gave recoveries of between 84.8% and 111.2%. In the case of carbamazepine, a recovery of 99.1% was obtained at 75 µg L-1. The main advantage of the developed method is that allows high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection, which is widely available in non-specialised laboratories, to be applied for pharmaceuticals and TCS determination in surface waters after performing a preconcentration/clean-up step with PDMS rods as it has been shown by analysing real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mallek
- Laboratory of Material Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Mariem Chtourou
- Laboratory of Material Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Hèctor Monclús
- LEQUIA (Institute of the Environment), University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Abdelhamid Ben Salah
- Laboratory of Material Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Walha
- Laboratory of Material Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Victoria Salvadó
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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Karimi S, Talebpour Z, Adib N. Sorptive thin film microextraction followed by direct solid state spectrofluorimetry: A simple, rapid and sensitive method for determination of carvedilol in human plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 924:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Nika CE, Yiantzi E, Psillakis E. Plastic pellets sorptive extraction: Low-cost, rapid and efficient extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 922:30-6. [PMID: 27154829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, plastic pellets, a low-cost and easy to reach industrial raw material, are reported as an efficient sorbent material for the laboratory extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental waters. The proposed methodology, termed plastic pellets sorptive extraction (P2SE), consisted of a two-step procedure whereby target analytes were initially adsorbed onto the surface of three low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pellets and then desorbed using microliters of an organic solvent. Interphase mass transfer was greatly accelerated by means of vortex agitation. Organic extracts were analyzed by means of liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. Different experimental parameters were controlled and the optimum conditions found were: three LDPE pellets (∼80 mg) added to 20 mL aqueous sample (20% w:v NaCl) followed by vortex agitation at 3000 rpm; for desorption, the three LDPE pellets were immersed in 100 μL of acetonitrile and the mixture was shaken at 3000 rpm for 5 min using the vortex agitator. The calculated calibration curves gave high levels of linearity yielding coefficients of determination (r(2)) greater than 0.9913. The precision of the proposed method was found to be good and the limits of the detection were calculated in the low ng L(-1) level. Matrix effects were determined by applying the proposed method to spiked river water, treated municipal wastewater and seawater samples. To compensate for the low recoveries of the more hydrophobic PAHs in spiked effluent wastewater and seawater samples the standard addition methodology was applied. The proposed method was applied to the determination of target pollutants in real seawater samples using the standard addition method. Overall, the performance of the proposed P2SE method suggests that the use of inexpensive and easy to reach sorbent materials for extracting analytes in the laboratory merits more intensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi-Elisabeth Nika
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Evangelia Yiantzi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
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5
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Zhang Y, Zou HY, Shi P, Yang Q, Tang LJ, Jiang JH, Wu HL, Yu RQ. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette mainstream smoke by using mid-infrared spectroscopy associated with a novel chemometric algorithm. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 902:43-49. [PMID: 26703252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Determination of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in cigarette smoke can be very important for the tobacco quality control and the assessment of its harm to human health. In this study, mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) coupled to chemometric algorithm (DPSO-WPT-PLS), which was based on the wavelet packet transform (WPT), discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm (DPSO) and partial least squares regression (PLS), was used to quantify harmful ingredient benzo[a]pyrene in the cigarette mainstream smoke with promising result. Furthermore, the proposed method provided better performance compared to several other chemometric models, i.e., PLS, radial basis function-based PLS (RBF-PLS), PLS with stepwise regression variable selection (Stepwise-PLS) as well as WPT-PLS with informative wavelet coefficients selected by correlation coefficient test (rtest-WPT-PLS). It can be expected that the proposed strategy could become a new effective, rapid quantitative analysis technique in analyzing the harmful ingredient BaP in cigarette mainstream smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Pei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hai-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ru-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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6
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Stir-bar sorptive extraction: 15 years making sample preparation more environment-friendly. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Racamonde I, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R. Application of polypropylene tubes as single-use and low-cost sorptive extraction materials for the determination of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in water samples. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Racamonde I, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Sieira BJ, Kabir A, Furton KG, Cela R. Fabric phase sorptive extraction: A new sorptive microextraction technique for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from environmental water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 865:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Triñanes S, Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC. Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 2014; 132:433-42. [PMID: 25476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R≥0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 µg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Triñanes
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Pena
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Casais
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ma Carmen Mejuto
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Delgado A, Ros O, Posada-Ureta O, Vallejo A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N. Assessment of commercially available polymeric materials for sorptive microextraction of priority and emerging nonpolar organic pollutants in environmental water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11867-11883. [PMID: 24424482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the different organic pollutants, persistent organic pollutants and emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are of particular concern due to their potentially dangerous effects on the ecosystems and on human health. In the framework of the analysis of some of these organic pollutants in water samples, sorptive extraction devices have proven to be adequate for their monitoring. The efficiency of four commercially available and low-cost polymeric materials [polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), Raffia, and polyethersulfone (PES)] for the simultaneous extraction of 16 organic compounds from five different families from environmental water samples was evaluated in this work. Firstly, the homogeneity of the sorbent materials was confirmed by means of Raman spectroscopy. After the optimization of the parameters affecting the extraction and the liquid desorption steps, it was found that PES showed the largest efficiencies for slightly polar analytes and, to a lesser extent, for nonpolar analytes. Additionally, Raffia rendered good extraction efficiencies for nonpolar compounds. Thus sorptive extraction methods followed by large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were validated using PES and Raffia as sorbent materials. The validation of the method provided good linearity (0.978 < r (2) < 0.999 for PES and 0.977 < r (2) < 0.999 for Raffia), adequate repeatability (below 19 % and 14 % for PES and Raffia, respectively), and low method detection limits (low ng · l(-1) level). Finally, these materials were applied to the analysis of contaminants in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Silicone rod extraction followed by liquid desorption–large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporiser–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for trace analysis of priority organic pollutants in environmental water samples. Talanta 2013; 117:471-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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Zenkevich IG, Drugov YS. Gas chromatographic methods for the determination of trace organic pollutants in environmental samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nogueira JMF. Novel sorption-based methodologies for static microextraction analysis: A review on SBSE and related techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2012. [PMID: 23206390 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) became a well-established analytical technique in the last years, for which hundreds of applications in almost all types of scientific fields can be found in the literature. In spite of the great enrichment capacity and outstanding performance to operate at the ultra-trace level, this remarkable static sorption-based method is already not quite effective for some complex systems, in particular to monitor the large group of polar organic compounds. This review aims to cover the state-of-the-art in SBSE, as well as supplying a discussion of the analytical potential of the novel adsorptive microextraction techniques, as complementary enrichment approaches, by explaining the main principles and providing technical know-how for the beginners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M F Nogueira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department and Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Campo Grande, Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry following sorptive microextraction for the determination of fungicide residues in wine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:767-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Negreira N, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Silicone discs as disposable enrichment probes for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of UV filters in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:603-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Sorptive extraction with in-sample acetylation for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of ethylphenol species in wine samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Solventless sample preparation techniques based on solid- and vapour-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:277-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Wei F, Cheng JH, Liu SY, Huang JY, Wang Z, Dong XY, Li PP, Kong FP, Wu Y, Li YH, Feng YQ, Chen H. A robust sampling approach for identification and quantification of methyl jasmonate in leaf tissue of oilseed rape for analysis of early signaling in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2010; 21:290-297. [PMID: 20020434 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methyl jasmonate (MJA), which is a natrual hormonal regulator, is thought to be essential for the regulation of systemic defence responses. The information about MJA levels in plant tissues is helpful for the study of the disease resistance mechanism and genetically engineered cultivars with increased resistance. Therefore, the quantification of MJA levels in plant tissues by means of a sensitive and reliable method is of interest. OBJECTIVE Development of a film extraction method coupled with GC for determination of methyl jasmonate in leaf tissue of oilseed rape for analysis of early signalling in sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance. METHODOLOGY A robust polydimethylsiloxane film was prepared and used for extraction of MJA in leaf tissues. By using in-solution extraction mode, optimum extraction efficiency was achieved with methanol-water (1 : 5, v/v) as extraction medium at 40 degrees C for 60 min. RESULTS Under the optimal conditions, a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL was achieved. Excellent reproducibility was found over a linear range of 1-1000 ng/mL. MJA in leaves infected by sclerotinia sclerotiorum was determined, with the results showing that basal levels of MJA (15 ng/g) were present in noninfested controls, but increased to 313 ng/g 10 h after fungal attack. CONCLUSION The film extraction method is a simple, rapid and inexpensive sampling technique for determination of endogenous MJA in plant tissues that can be applied to most plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, People's Republic of China
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van Pinxteren (née Schellin) M, Paschke A, Popp P. Silicone rod and silicone tube sorptive extraction. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2589-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Schreiber R, Altenburger R, Paschke A, Schüürmann G, Küster E. A novel in vitro system for the determination of bioconcentration factors and the internal dose in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:928-933. [PMID: 19751945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study a novel in vitro approach for the determination of bioconcentration factors (BCF) and rate constants of lipophilic substances utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs is presented. Zebrafish eggs were exposed in a static exposure regime towards a phenanthrene solution and concentration-time profiles of the exposure solutions were analyzed over time. The rate constants and the BCF were obtained from the concentration-time profile with the use of a least-square fit to a non-linear model. The determined BCF at steady-state (after 72h of exposure) for phenanthrene was estimated to be only about 1.5 times lower, than the respective BCF value reported in the literature. For uptake of solutes in zebrafish embryos, different transport processes are assumed as substances have to pass the chorion first and subsequently the membranes of the embryo. To investigate this, the period to steady-state concentration between zebrafish eggs and the ambient medium for phenanthrene under an agitated and non-agitated static exposure regime were compared. It was found, that this equilibrium was reached within a shorter time frame under agitation, resulting in higher rate constants. In addition to the determination of bioconcentration parameters, the internal phenanthrene dose in zebrafish eggs was determined by utilizing a biomimetic extraction method with water as transfer medium. Approximately 55% of the expected accumulated phenanthrene amount in zebrafish eggs could be re-extracted with a silicone rod extraction method. These results agree very well to what has been observed in abiotic systems. The scope of the proposed in vitro protocol to serve as an alternative for BCF determinations using established in vivo animal testing protocols with adult fish is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schreiber
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Llorca-Porcel J, Martínez-Soriano E, Valor I. Stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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van Pinxteren MS, Montero L, Jäsch S, Paschke H, Popp P. Headspace sorptive extraction using silicone tubes for the determination of chlorobenzenes in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:767-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández L, Marcic C, de Diego A. Simultaneous speciation of methylmercury and butyltin species in environmental samples by headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Pérez-Carrera E, León VML, Parra AG, González-Mazo E. Simultaneous determination of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater and interstitial marine water samples, using stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:82-90. [PMID: 17915232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of semi-volatile organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides) in marine samples has been developed, for the first time, using the stir bar sorptive extraction technique (SBSE) and thermal desorption coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS). Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) was used for the extraction of the selected analytes and two procedures have been optimised and validated, one for seawater samples (100 mL) and another for interstitial water samples (10 mL), using PDMS stir bars of 20 mm and 10 mm size, respectively. The extraction and analytical conditions, such as extraction time, matrix effects, sample volume and desorption time, were optimised. The proposed methods are sensitive, simple and show good linearity and detection limits lower than 1 ng L(-1) with seawater and lower than 10 ng L(-1) with interstitial marine water for the majority of compounds tested. Repeatability and reproducibility, expressed as relative standard deviation, have values lower than 20% for the majority of analytes considered. The recoveries for both sample volume procedures are higher than 60 and 70% for 10 and 100 mL, respectively, except for the more apolar (some PAHs and PCBs) and the more polar (some triazines) analytes which present lower values. The present SBSE/GC/MS method was applied for the analysis of trace organic contaminants in seawater and interstitial water samples from Cadiz Bay (SW of Spain). Terbutylazine, DDX and some PAHs were found at several seawater sampling points at ng L(-1) levels, and some PAHs in interstitial water too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkuden Pérez-Carrera
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro s/n 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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26
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Bollaín MH, Cela R. Alternative sorptive extraction method for gas chromatography determination of halogenated anisoles in water and wine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:84-91. [PMID: 17765067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative sorptive microextraction method for the determination of five halogenated anisoles in water and wine matrices is proposed. Analytes were concentrated in an inexpensive and disposable piece of bulk polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), desorbed with a small volume of organic solvent, and determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) or tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The influence of several factors on the efficiency of extraction and desorption steps was investigated in detail and the observed behaviour justified on the basis of thermodynamics and kinetics of the solid-phase microextraction technique. Under optimised conditions, analytes were first extracted in the headspace (HS) mode, at room temperature, for 2.5 h and then desorbed with 1 mL of n-pentane. This extract was further evaporated to 50 microL. The overall extraction yield of the procedure ranged from 40 to 55% and the limits of quantification remained between 0.5 and 20 ng L(-1), depending on the compound considered and the detection technique. Precision and linearity of the method were excellent for all species with both GC-ECD and GC-MS/MS detection. Matrix effects were evaluated with different water and wine samples; moreover, the suitability of the PDMS sorbent for storage of analytes, under different conditions, was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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27
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of several persistent organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:40-9. [PMID: 17706230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was applied to the simultaneous determination of ultra-traces of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 phthalate esters (PEs) and 3 nonylphenols (NPs) in water samples. The parameters that could affect the sorption-desorption efficiency were studied. A Plackett-Burman design was used for the screening of the main effects of the experimental parameters related to the desorption step (desorption time, desorption temperature, desorption flow, cryo-focusing temperature and vent pressure). Afterwards, two central composite designs were used to find the optimal process settings for the extraction and desorption steps. The best analytical compromise conditions for the simultaneous determination of analytes from spiked water samples were found to be: sample volume (20 mL), sodium chloride addition (30%), methanol addition (20%), desorption time (10 min), desorption temperature (300 degrees C), desorption flow (23 mL min(-1)), cryo-focusing temperature (-50 degrees C) and vent pressure (7 psi). Remarkable recovery, repeatability and reproducibility were attained. Furthermore, excellent linearities (r(2) = 0.959-0.999) and low detection limits (0.1-10 ng L(-1)) were also achieved for the congeners studied. The proposed methodology was applied for the simultaneous determination of PAHs, PCBs, PEs and NPs in sea and estuarine waters. The influence of humic acids on the recovery was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prieto
- Kimika Analitikoa Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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28
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Suitability of polydimethylsiloxane rods for the headspace sorptive extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:41-7. [PMID: 17240387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of an inexpensive polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) sorbent, produced on an industrial scale, for the extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), from tetra- to hexabrominated congeners, from water samples was assessed. Experiments were carried out using samples spiked with a pentabromo diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) mixture, PDMS rods with a diameter of 2 mm and gas chromatography with micro-electron-capture detection (GC-micro-ECD). Influence of several variables on the efficiency of the enrichment step and the further desorption of the analytes was investigated in detail. The best performance was achieved in the headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) mode, at 95 degrees C, using 80 mL water samples containing a 30% of sodium chloride. Extractions were performed overnight using disposable PDMS rods with a length of 10 mm (31 microL volume). Analytes were further recovered from the PDMS sorbent using just 1 mL of diethyl ether. This solvent was evaporated and extracts reconstituted with 25 microL of isooctane. Under final working conditions absolute extraction efficiencies from 69 to 93% and enrichment factors higher than 2200 folds were achieved for all species. The proposed method provided acceptable precisions (relative standard deviations values under 12%), correlation coefficients higher than 0.998 and the yield of the HSSE process remained constant for different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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29
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Schellin M, Popp P. Application of a polysiloxane-based extraction method combined with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of organic compounds in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:175-83. [PMID: 17303151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a novel, simple, and inexpensive approach for an absorptive extraction of organic contaminants from aqueous samples applying polysiloxane tubes. After the extraction, the tubes were desorbed with 200 microL of an organic solvent and 50 microL of the extract were transferred via large volume injection (LVI) into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system (GC-MS). Fourteen organic compounds covering a broad range in polarity with log K(o/w)-values between 2.6 (atrazine) and 7 (polychlorinated biphenyl 138, PCB 138) were chosen as model compounds. The experimental parameters affecting the efficiency of the process such as desorption solvents, the addition of salt and pH-change, the extraction and desorption time were carefully optimised. The recoveries were compared with theoretical values. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.5-5 ng/L and the precision was 7-15%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of a contaminated river water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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30
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David F, Sandra P. Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:54-69. [PMID: 17239895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was introduced in 1999 as a solventless sample preparation method for the extraction and enrichment of organic compounds from aqueous matrices. The method is based on sorptive extraction, whereby the solutes are extracted into a polymer coating on a magnetic stirring rod. The extraction is controlled by the partitioning coefficient of the solutes between the polymer coating and the sample matrix and by the phase ratio between the polymer coating and the sample volume. For a polydimethylsiloxane coating and aqueous samples, this partitioning coefficient resembles the octanol-water partitioning coefficient. In comparison to solid phase micro-extraction, a larger amount of sorptive extraction phase is used and consequently extremely high sensitivities can be obtained as illustrated by several successful applications in trace analysis in environmental, food and biomedical fields. Initially SBSE was mostly used for the extraction of compounds from aqueous matrices. The technique has also been applied in headspace mode for liquid and solid samples and in passive air sampling mode. In this review article, the principles of stir bar sorptive extraction are described and an overview of SBSE applications is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank David
- Research Institute for Chromatography, Pres. Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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31
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Paschke A, Brümmer J, Schüürmann G. Silicone rod extraction of pharmaceuticals from water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1417-21. [PMID: 17211593 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Silicone elastomer (in the form of a flexible rod) is one of the materials currently tested for use in analytical extraction techniques and passive sampling devices. We investigated the applicability of this material for the enrichment of selected polar pharmaceuticals (antipyrine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, bezafibrate) from water. Time-resolved batch extraction tests (up to five weeks in duration) were performed in stirred water samples ( approximately 0.5 L) with 2-cm-long silicone rod pieces. After re-extraction of trapped compounds with methanol, analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Distribution equilibrium was reached after a test duration of seven days. The silicone rod/water partition coefficients of the investigated pharmaceuticals range from 4 (antipyrine) to 1250 (diclofenac), and are related to the hydrophobicity of the compound. Enrichment of these pharmaceuticals in the silicone rod is lower than for other compound classes (chlorinated and polycyclic hydrocarbons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Paschke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany,
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32
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Rodil R, von Sonntag J, Montero L, Popp P, Buchmeiser MR. Glass-fiber reinforced poly(acrylate)-based sorptive materials for the enrichment of organic micropollutants from aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:1-9. [PMID: 17116307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach to sorptive materials for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental samples is presented. It entails the use of glass fiber fabric strips coated with a customized poly(acrylate) (PA) formulation as extraction medium. Analytes were enriched by means of shaking of the PA strip in the sample and then subsequently thermally desorbed and analyzed by GC-MS. The performance of the sorptive materials was evaluated by the enrichment of compounds with different polarities (phenols, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes) from water samples. Parameters that affect the extraction process such as pH, ionic strength of the solvent, mixing mechanism, extraction time and desorption conditions were investigated. The extraction abilities of the PA extraction medium were compared with that of commercially available poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) Twisters. The results revealed that the new material shows higher affinity for phenolic compounds presumably due to the presence of polar groups. The partition coefficients for the PA strips estimated in this work were up to 15 times higher than for the PDMS Twister, resulting in higher recoveries and lower detection limits. The method was applied for the quantification of the aforementioned compounds in contaminated surface water samples from Bitterfeld (Germany). Using both PA strips and PDMS Twisters, good agreement of the extraction data was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Peeraprasompong P, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Capillary microextraction for simultaneous analysis of multi-residual semivolatile organic compounds in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:174-81. [PMID: 17285160 DOI: 10.1039/b615344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary microextractor (CME) in combination with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for the determination of trace priority hazardous substances in water. Three groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were simultaneously determined. SVOCs were extracted from 7 mL of water samples on a 100 cm commercial gas chromatographic column (0.32 mm id x film thickness 0.25 microm, HP-5 capillary column) and eluted with only 3 microL of acetonitrile. The extractant was analyzed by GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range 10 ng L(-1) to 3.0 mg L(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 and low limits of detection ranged from 10 ng L(-1) to 1.0 mg L(-1). High recovery (more than 80%) was obtained with relative standard deviation less than 10%. The method was successfully applied for trace level analyses of SVOCs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensiri Peeraprasompong
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry/Trace Analysis Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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34
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Paschke A, Schwab K, Brümmer J, Schüürmann G, Paschke H, Popp P. Rapid semi-continuous calibration and field test of membrane-enclosed silicone collector as passive water sampler. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:187-95. [PMID: 16859698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The new membrane-enclosed silicone collector (MESCO) was, in two different configurations with respect to the thickness of low-density polyethylene membrane used, subject to serial batch extraction tests to obtain (preliminary) sampling rates for estimating water concentrations of selected chlorinated organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This rapid calibration procedure is simple to implement compared to experiments in a flow-through apparatus and yielded reasonable sampling rates in the range of 50 microL-2 mL per hour for the compounds tested. The new MESCO formats were also exposed for 28 days in the polluted creek to test their field performance. For priority contaminants of special interest, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene, the time-weighted average concentrations derived from the freshly calibrated sampling devices agree well with those obtained by conventional water analysis of spot samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Paschke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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35
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Llorca-Porcel J, Martínez-Sánchez G, Álvarez B, Cobollo M, Valor I. Analysis of nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water samples by means of stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Zuin VG, Schellin M, Montero L, Yariwake JH, Augusto F, Popp P. Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction and membrane-assisted solvent extraction as enrichment techniques for the determination of pesticide and benzo[a]pyrene residues in Brazilian sugarcane juice. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:180-7. [PMID: 16597442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work compares two modern and environmentally friendly enrichment techniques, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) for the determination of 18 organic contaminant residues in Brazilian sugarcane juice. Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using the selected ion monitoring mode [SBSE-TD-GC-MS(SIM)] and membrane-assisted solvent extraction combined with large volume injection [MASE-LVI-GC-MS(SIM)] methods were assessed taking into account the time of extraction [SBSE (3h) and MASE (30min)], the recoveries [SBSE (0.2-55.3%) and MASE (13.6-103.1%)], the repeatability [SBSE (0.3-19.2%) and MASE (2.6-18.4%)] and the limits of detection [SBSE (0.002-0.71 microgL(-1)) and MASE (0.004-0.56 microgL(-1))] of the selected triazine, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides as well as benzo[a]pyrene in sugarcane juice. In general, faster analyses and much better analyte recovery results were achieved with MASE, whereas greater sensitivity and repeatability were obtained with SBSE. SBSE and MASE procedures were applied to the analysis of six sugarcane juice samples from the city São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A comparison of the results of the pesticide and benzo[a]pyrene residues at microgL(-1) level obtained by the two methods showed good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gomes Zuin
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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37
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Quintana JB, Rodríguez I. Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1447-61. [PMID: 16496135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the most recent developments in the microextraction of polar analytes from aqueous environmental samples are critically reviewed. The particularities of different microextraction approaches, mainly solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), and their suitability for use in combination with chromatographic or electrically driven separation techniques for determination of polar species are discussed. The compatibility of microextraction techniques, especially SPME, with different derivatisation strategies enabling GC determination of polar analytes and improving their extractability is revised. In addition to the use of derivatisation reactions, the possibility of enhancing the yield of solid-phase microextraction methods for polar analytes by using new coatings and/or larger amounts of sorbent is also considered. Finally, attention is also focussed on describing the versatility of LPME in its different possible formats and its ability to improve selectivity in the extraction of polar analytes with acid-base properties by using separation membranes and buffer solutions, instead of organic solvents, as the acceptor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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León V, Llorca-Pórcel J, Álvarez B, Cobollo M, Muñoz S, Valor I. Analysis of 35 priority semivolatile compounds in water by stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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ISHII Y, KAWAGUCHI M, ITO R, IWASAKI Y, SAITO K, NAKAZAWA H. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in River Water by HPLC after Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2006. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko ISHII
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Migaku KAWAGUCHI
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
- JSPS Research fellow
| | - Rie ITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | | | - Koichi SAITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
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40
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Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for trace analysis of benzophenone and its derivatives in water sample. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Novel stir bar sorptive extraction methods for environmental and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 40:500-8. [PMID: 16242285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is sample preparation technique that involves the extraction and enrichment of organic compounds from a liquid sample. The technique is based on the principle of sorptive extraction. A large amount of extraction phase is coated on a stir bar. An analyte is extracted into the extraction phase, based on its octanol-water partitioning coefficient and the phase ratio. Recently, various methods involving SBSE were developed in order to further facilitate analysis and improve sensitivity. In this review, we focused on the novel methods that involve SBSE with in situ derivatization, SBSE with in situ de-conjugation, thermal desorption (TD) in the multi-shot mode and TD with in tube derivatization method. Those methods were applied successfully to the trace analysis of environmental and biological samples and extremely low detection limits were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migaku Kawaguchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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42
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Zuin VG, Montero L, Bauer C, Popp P. Stir bar sorptive extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mate teas. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1091:2-10. [PMID: 16395787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple procedure based on stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is presented for the determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in herbal tea prepared with Mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). The influence of methanol and salt addition to the samples, the extraction time, the desorption time and the number of desorption steps, as well as the matrix effect, were investigated. Once the SBSE method was optimised (10 mL of Mate tea, 2h extraction at room temperature followed by 15 min desorption in 160 microL of an acetonitrile (ACN)-water mixture), analytical parameters such as repeatability (< or = 10.1%), linearity (r2 > or = 0.996), limit of detection (LOD, 0.1-8.9 ng L(-1) ), limit of quantitation (LOQ, 0.3-29.7 ng L(-1) and absolute recovery (24.2-87.0%) were determined. For calibration purposes, a reference sample was firstly obtained by removing the analytes originally present in the lowest contaminated Mate tea studied (via SBSE procedure) and then spiked at 1-1200 ng L(-1)range. The proposed methodology proved to be very convenient and effective, and was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 Mate tea samples commercialised in Brazil. The results of the commercial Mate tea samples found by the SBSE approach were compared with those obtained by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), showing good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gomes Zuin
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Huang J, Li G. Preparation and application of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/β-cyclodextrin solid-phase microextraction membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tonhi E, Collins KE, Collins CH. High-performance liquid chromatographic stationary phases based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) immobilized on silica. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:87-94. [PMID: 15974121 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation and characterization of six stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) obtained by deposition of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) in HPLC silica particles, followed by immobilization using different processes (thermal treatments, thermal treatment + microwave irradiation, self-immobilization + gamma irradiation and self-immobilization + microwave irradiation). The chromatographic parameters of all the phases were evaluated with a mixture of test compounds having varied natures (acid, basic and neutral). The stability of one of these phases was evaluated in both a neutral mobile phase and a higher pH mobile phase used at an elevated temperature, with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edivan Tonhi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Kawaguchi M, Ishii Y, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for determination of chlorophenols in water and body fluid samples. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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