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Choi W, Kim YE, Yoo H. Patterning of Organic Semiconductors Leads to Functional Integration: From Unit Device to Integrated Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2613. [PMID: 39339077 PMCID: PMC11435555 DOI: 10.3390/polym16182613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of organic semiconductors in electronic devices, including transistors, sensors, and memories, unlocks innovative possibilities such as streamlined fabrication processes, enhanced mechanical flexibility, and potential new applications. Nevertheless, the increasing technical demand for patterning organic semiconductors requires greater integration and functional implementation. This paper overviews recent efforts to pattern organic semiconductors compatible with electronic devices. The review categorizes the contributions of organic semiconductor patterning approaches, such as surface-grafting polymers, capillary force lithography, wettability, evaporation, and diffusion in organic semiconductor-based transistors and sensors, offering a timely perspective on unconventional approaches to enable the patterning of organic semiconductors with a strong focus on the advantages of organic semiconductor utilization. In addition, this review explores the opportunities and challenges of organic semiconductor-based integration, emphasizing the issues related to patterning and interconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangmyung Choi
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Eun Kim
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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Péres LO, da Rochas Rodrigues R, Louarn G. The Influence of Alkali Metals on the Doping of Poly( p-phenylene) Oligomers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248699. [PMID: 36557831 PMCID: PMC9785341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on crystallographic studies that were performed on Na- and K-doped terphenyl and quaterphenyl. The data obtained via X-ray scattering and transmission electron diffraction show that, for both K-doped terphenyl and quaterphenyl samples, there is an increase in the c parameter. However, in regard to Na-doped terphenyl, there is a c parameter decrease along with an a parameter increase, which may be accounted for by the polymerization of this oligomer. Moreover, in order to complete the crystallographic study, a Raman analysis was conducted to describe the localization of the radical anions and the local distortions induced by the electric charges during the doping process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira Péres
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Campus Diadema, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Rebeca da Rochas Rodrigues
- Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Campus Diadema, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel (IMN), CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Guy Louarn
- Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel (IMN), CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Correspondence:
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de Jesus CG, da Rocha Rodrigues R, Caseli L, Péres LO. Conducting polymers modulating the catalytic activity of urease in thin composite films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Borah R, Das JM, Upadhyay J. Surface Functionalized Polyaniline Nanofibers:Chitosan Nanocomposite for Promoting Neuronal-like Differentiation of Primary Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Urease Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3193-3211. [PMID: 35775198 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioscaffolds having electrically conducting polymers (CPs) have become increasingly relevant in tissue engineering (TE) because of their ability to regulate conductivity and promote biological function. With this in mind, the current study shows a conducting polyaniline nanofibers (PNFs) dispersed chitosan (Ch) nanocomposites scaffold with a simple one-step surface functionalization approach using glutaraldehyde for potential neural regeneration applications. According to the findings, 4 wt % PNFs dispersion in Ch matrix is an optimal concentration for achieving desirable biological functions while maintaining required physicochemical properties as evidenced by SEM, XRD, current-voltage (I-V) measurement, mechanical strength test, and in vitro biodegradability test. Surface chemical compositional analysis using XPS and ATR FT-IR confirms the incorporation of aldehyde functionality after functionalization, which is corroborated by surface energy calculations following the Van Oss-Chaudhury-Good method. Surface functionalization induced enhancement in surface hydrophilicity in terms of the polar component of surface energy (γiAB) from 6.35 to 12.54 mN m-1 along with an increase in surface polarity from 13.61 to 22.54%. Functionalized PNF:Ch scaffolds demonstrated improvement in enzyme activity from 67 to 94% and better enzyme kinetics with a reduction of Michaelis constants (Km) from 21.55 to 13.81 mM, indicating favorable protein-biomaterial interactions and establishing them as biologically perceptible materials. Surface functionalization mediated improved cell-biomaterial interactions led to improved viability, adhesion, and spreading of primary adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) as well as improved immunocompatibility. Cytoskeletal architecture assessment under differentiating media containing 10 ng/mL of each basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) revealed significant actin remodeling with neurite-like projections on the functionalized scaffolds after 14 days. Immunocytochemistry results showed that more than 85% of cells expressed early neuron specific β III tubulin protein on the functionalized scaffolds, whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was limited to approximately 40% of cells. The findings point to the functionalized nanocomposites' potential as a smart scaffold for electrically stimulated neural regeneration, as they are flexible enough to be designed into microchanneled or conduit-like structures that mimic the microstructures and mechanical properties of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Borah
- Seri-Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Jitu Mani Das
- Seri-Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology, Guwahati 781035, India
| | - Jnanendra Upadhyay
- Department of Physics, Dakshin Kamrup College, Kamrup, Assam 781125, India
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Climate-Resilient Microbial Biotechnology: A Perspective on Sustainable Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We designed this review to describe a compilation of studies to enlighten the concepts of plant–microbe interactions, adopted protocols in smart crop farming, and biodiversity to reaffirm sustainable agriculture. The ever-increasing use of agrochemicals to boost crop production has created health hazards to humans and the environment. Microbes can bring up the hidden strength of plants, augmenting disease resistance and yield, hereafter, crops could be grown without chemicals by harnessing microbes that live in/on plants and soil. This review summarizes an understanding of the functions and importance of indigenous microbial communities; host–microbial and microbial–microbial interactions; simplified experimentally controlled synthetic flora used to perform targeted operations; maintaining the molecular mechanisms; and microbial agent application technology. It also analyzes existing problems and forecasts prospects. The real advancement of microbiome engineering requires a large number of cycles to obtain the necessary ecological principles, precise manipulation of the microbiome, and predictable results. To advance this approach, interdisciplinary collaboration in the areas of experimentation, computation, automation, and applications is required. The road to microbiome engineering seems to be long; however, research and biotechnology provide a promising approach for proceeding with microbial engineering and address persistent social and environmental issues.
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Plikusiene I, Maciulis V, Ramanavicius A, Ramanaviciene A. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation for the Assessment of Polymer Layers and for the Application in Biosensing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051056. [PMID: 35267879 PMCID: PMC8915094 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers represent materials that are applied in almost all areas of modern life, therefore, the characterization of polymer layers using different methods is of great importance. In this review, the main attention is dedicated to the non-invasive and label-free optical and acoustic methods, namely spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The specific advantages of these techniques applied for in situ monitoring of polymer layer formation and characterization, biomolecule immobilization, and registration of specific interactions were summarized and discussed. In addition, the exceptional benefits and future perspectives of combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and QCM-D (SE/QCM-D) in one measurement are overviewed. Recent advances in the discussed area allow us to conclude that especially significant breakthroughs are foreseen in the complementary application of both QCM-D and SE techniques for the investigation of polymer structure and assessment of the interaction between biomolecules such as antigens and antibodies, receptors and ligands, and complementary DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Plikusiene
- Nanotechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.); (A.R.)
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Vincentas Maciulis
- Nanotechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.); (A.R.)
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Nanotechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.); (A.R.)
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Nanotechnas–Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.M.); (A.R.)
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu g. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (A.R.)
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Osuna V, Vega-Rios A, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Estrada-Moreno IA, Dominguez RB. Progress of Polyaniline Glucose Sensors for Diabetes Mellitus Management Utilizing Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:137. [PMID: 35323407 PMCID: PMC8946794 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucose measurement is a fundamental tool in the daily care of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients and healthcare professionals. While there is an established market for glucose sensors, the rising number of DM cases has promoted intensive research to provide accurate systems for glucose monitoring. Polyaniline (PAni) is a conductive polymer with a linear conjugated backbone with sequences of single C-C and double C=C bonds. This unique structure produces attractive features for the design of sensing systems such as conductivity, biocompatibility, environmental stability, tunable electrochemical properties, and antibacterial activity. PAni-based glucose sensors (PBGS) were actively developed in past years, using either enzymatic or non-enzymatic principles. In these devices, PAni played roles as a conductive material for electron transfer, biocompatible matrix for enzymatic immobilization, or sensitive layer for detection. In this review, we covered the development of PBGS from 2015 to the present, and it is not even exhaustive; it provides an overview of advances and achievements for enzymatic and non-enzymatic PBGB PBGS for self-monitoring and continuous blood glucose monitoring. Additionally, the limitations of PBGB PBGS to advance into robust and stable technology and the challenges associated with their implementation are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Osuna
- CONACYT-CIMAV, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (V.O.); (I.A.E.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Vega-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (A.V.-R.); (E.A.Z.-C.)
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (A.V.-R.); (E.A.Z.-C.)
| | | | - Rocio B. Dominguez
- CONACYT-CIMAV, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (V.O.); (I.A.E.-M.)
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Conductive Bioimprint Using Soft Lithography Technique Based on PEDOT:PSS for Biosensing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120204. [PMID: 34940357 PMCID: PMC8699003 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture platform surface topography plays an important role in the regulation of biological cell behaviour. Understanding the mechanisms behind the roles of surface topography in cell response are central to many developments in a Lab on a Chip, medical implants and biosensors. In this work, we report on a novel development of a biocompatible conductive hydrogel (CH) made of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and gelatin with bioimprinted surface features. The bioimprinted CH offers high conductivity, biocompatibility and high replication fidelity suitable for cell culture applications. The bioimprinted conductive hydrogel is developed to investigate biological cells’ response to their morphological footprint and study their growth, adhesion, cell–cell interactions and proliferation as a function of conductivity. Moreover, optimization of the conductive hydrogel mixture plays an important role in achieving high imprinting resolution and conductivity. The reason behind choosing a conducive hydrogel with high resolution surface bioimprints is to improve cell monitoring while mimicking cells’ natural physical environment. Bioimprints which are a 3D replication of cellular morphology have previously been shown to promote cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and even cell response to drugs. The conductive substrate, on the other hand, enables cell impedance to be measured and monitored, which is indicative of cell viability and spread. Two dimensional profiles of the cross section of a single cell taken via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) from the fixed cell on glass, and its replicas on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and conductive hydrogel (CH) show unprecedented replication of cellular features with an average replication fidelity of more than 90%. Furthermore, crosslinking CH films demonstrated a significant increase in electrical conductivity from 10−6 S/cm to 1 S/cm. Conductive bioimprints can provide a suitable platform for biosensing applications and potentially for monitoring implant-tissue reactions in medical devices.
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Mahadhy A, Mattiasson B, StåhlWernersson E, Hedström M. Evaluation of Polytyramine Film and 6-Mercaptohexanol Self-Assembled Monolayers as the Immobilization Layers for a Capacitive DNA Sensor Chip: A Comparison. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238149. [PMID: 34884153 PMCID: PMC8662409 DOI: 10.3390/s21238149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a biosensor is associated with the properties of an immobilization layer on a sensor chip. In this study, gold sensor chips were modified with two different immobilization layers, polytyramine film and 6-mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer. The physical, electrochemical and analytical properties of polytyramine film and mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer modified gold sensor chips were studied and compared. The study was conducted using atomic force microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and a capacitive DNA-sensor system (CapSenze™ Biosystem). The results obtained by atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry indicate that polytyramine film on the sensor chip surface possesses better insulating properties and provides more spaces for the immobilization of the capture probe than a mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer. A capacitive DNA sensor hosting a polytyramine single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chip displayed higher sensitivity and larger signal amplitude than that of a mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chip. The linearity responses for polytyramine single-stranded DNA- and mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chips were obtained at log concentration ranges, equivalent to 10-12 to 10-8 M and 10-10 to 10-8 M, with detection limits of 4.0 × 10-13 M and 7.0 × 10-11 M of target complementary single-stranded DNA, respectively. Mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA- and polytyramine single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chips exhibited a notable selectivity at an elevated hybridization temperature of 50 °C, albeit the signal amplitudes due to the hybridization of the target complementary single-stranded DNA were reduced by almost 20% and less than 5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Mahadhy
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam 16103, Tanzania
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
- CapSenze Biosystem AB, Värmö 5520, 26873 Billeberga, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-46-222-8264 or +46-70-605-9830
| | - Eva StåhlWernersson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Hedström
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
- CapSenze Biosystem AB, Värmö 5520, 26873 Billeberga, Sweden
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10
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Zambrano-Intriago LA, Amorim CG, Rodríguez-Díaz JM, Araújo AN, Montenegro MCBSM. Challenges in the design of electrochemical sensor for glyphosate-based on new materials and biological recognition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148496. [PMID: 34182449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is the main ingredient in the weed killer Roundup and the most widely used pesticide in the world. Studies of the harmful effects of GLY on human health began to become more wide-ranging after 2015. GLY is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a carcinogenic hazard to humans. Moreover, GLY has the property to complex with transition metals and are stable for long periods, being considered a high-risk element for different matrices, such as environmental (soil and water) and food (usually genetically modified crops). Since that, it was noticed an increment in the development of new analytical methods for its determination in different matrices like food, environmental and biological fluids. Noteworthy, the application of electrochemical techniques for downstream detection sparked interest due to the ability to minimize or eliminate the use of polluting chemicals, using simple and affordable equipment. This work aims to review the contribution of the electroanalytical methods for the determination of GLY in different food and environmental matrices. Parameters such as the electrochemical transduction techniques based on the electrical measurement signals, receptor materials for electrodes preparation, and the detection mechanisms are described in this review. The literature review shows that the electrochemical sensors are powerful detection system that can be improved by their design and by their portability to fulfil the needs of the GLY determination in laboratory benches, or even in situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Angel Zambrano-Intriago
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
| | - Célia G Amorim
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Alberto N Araújo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Maria C B S M Montenegro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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11
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Foroutan B, Abbasian Najafabadi AR. Capabilities of bioinformatics tools for optimizing physicochemical features of proteins used in Nano biosensors: A short overview of the tools related to bioinformatics. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101094. [PMID: 34401530 PMCID: PMC8350186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein ligand is one of the most detection methods used in Nano biosensors. Based on the advantage of specific docking between two special 3D structures, they have become a potent candidate in bioanalysis and Nanodiagnostic tools. These tools lease users to do a simple, fast, cost-effective, sensitive, and specific detection of molecular biomarkers in real samples. Recent advantages of using protein-protein ligand Nano-biosensors application is remarkable due to its special docking that refers to each protein unique 3D conformation. However, it challenges different problems such as low rate of docking and hard process for fixation on the basic layer. These challenges make developers to optimize the structure and functions of proteins. The process has different Nano scale calculation that could be done with algorithms and solutions are available as bioinformatics tools. This article aimed to have a short overview of the abilities of bioinformatics tools for modeling and optimization of physiochemical features of proteins in Nano scale. Nano biosensors use different strategies which based on docking between two molecules to detect and identify different proteins. Molecular docking between transducer in Nano biosensors and proteins rely on physicochemical features of transducer, protein and docking strategy. Nano bioinformatics use bioinformatics tools and algorithms as a collective solution for developing functional structure in Nano scale. Nano bioinformatics use different bioinformatics tools to optimize physicochemical features of proteins as a new approach in Nano biosensors and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Foroutan
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
- Corresponding author. Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
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12
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Botewad SN, Gaikwad DK, Girhe NB, Thorat HN, Pawar PP. Urea biosensors: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 70:485-501. [PMID: 33847399 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Present study is specially designed for the recent advances in biosensors to detect and quantify urea concentration. Urea (carbamide) is an organic compound made up of the carbonyl (C=O) functional group with two -NH2 groups having chemical formula CO (NH2 )2 . In nature, urea is found everywhere as the result of various processes, and in the human body, urea is an end product of nitrogen metabolism. An excessive concentration of urea in the human body is responsible for different critical diseases such as indigestion, acidity, ulcers, cancer, malfunctioning of kidneys, renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, dehydration, shock, burns, gastrointestinal bleeding, and so on. Moreover, below the normal level may cause hepatic failure, nephritic syndrome, cachexia, and so on. As well as in various fields such as fishery, dairy, food preservation, agriculture, and so on, urea is normally found and its detection is necessary. In urea biosensors, enzyme urease (Urs) is used as a bioreceptor element and retains its long last activity is the critical issue in front of the researcher. During recent decades, different nanoparticles (zinc oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, tin(IV) oxide, etc.), conducting polymer (polyaniline, polypyrrole, etc.), conducting polymer-nanoparticles composites, carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide graphene), and so on are used in urea biosensors. The main emphasis of the present study is to provide cumulative and comprehensive information about the sensing parameters of urea biosensors based on the materials used for enzyme immobilization. Besides this special task, this review provides a fruitful discussion on the basics of biosensors briefly for new and upcoming researchers. Thus, the present study may act as a gift for a large audience that come from different fields and are working in biosensors research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil N Botewad
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Nitin B Girhe
- Jawahar Science, Commerce and Arts College, Andoor, Tq. Tuljapur District, Osmanabad, India
| | - Hanuman N Thorat
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravina P Pawar
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Paul G, Verma S, Jalil O, Thakur D, Pandey CM, Kumar D. PEDOT
:
PSS
‐grafted graphene oxide‐titanium dioxide nanohybrid‐based conducting paper for glucose detection. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetu Paul
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Delhi India
| | - Sakshi Verma
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Delhi India
| | - Owais Jalil
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Delhi India
| | - Deeksha Thakur
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Delhi India
| | | | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry Delhi Technological University Delhi India
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Fabrication of electrochemical immunosensor based on acid-substituted poly(pyrrole) polymer modified disposable ITO electrode for sensitive detection of CCR4 cancer biomarker in human serum. Talanta 2021; 222:121487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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A new donor-acceptor conjugated polymer-gold nanoparticles biocomposite materials for enzymatic determination of glucose. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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da Rocha Rodrigues R, da Silva RLCG, Caseli L, Péres LO. Conjugated polymers as Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films: Challenges and applications in nanostructured devices. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 285:102277. [PMID: 32992077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Initially developed for classic systems composed of fatty acids and phospholipids, the Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques allow the fabrication of nanometer-scale devices at self-assembly interfaces with high control over the thickness and molecular architecture. Their application in the research and production of new plastic materials has grown considerably over the past few decades due to the efficiency of conjugated polymers (CPs) for the production of light-emitting diodes, flexible displays, solar cells, and other photoelectronic devices. The structuring of polymers at different interfaces is not trivial as this class of macromolecules can undergo through different processes of folding/unfolding, which hinders the formation of stable Langmuir monolayers and, consequently, the production of Langmuir-Blodgett films. With these ideas in mind, the present article aims to review a series of elements related to the formation of stable Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of CPs, especially those based on poly(phenylene vinylene)s, polyfluorenes, and polythiophenes. This review is divided into two parts where we first discuss the formation of neat CP films, and then the strategies for the formation of stable CP films based on the co-immobilization with fatty acids, other polymers, and enzymes as mixed films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca da Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Caseli
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Laura Oliveira Péres
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Enzyme activity of thiophene-fluorene based-copolymer blended with urease in thin films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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da Rocha Rodrigues R, Caseli L, Péres LO. Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene)- co-(3-hexylthiophene)] for Immobilization of Phytase: Possible Application as a Phytic Acid Sensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10587-10596. [PMID: 32786889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the copolymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-(3-hexylthiophene)] was employed as a matrix for immobilizing phytase, aiming at the detection of phytic acid. The copolymer was spread on the air-water interface forming Langmuir monolayers and phytase adsorbed from the aqueous subphase. The interactions between the copolymer and the enzyme components were investigated with surface pressure and surface potential-area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy, and polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). The enzyme could be incorporated in the monolayers from the aqueous subphase, expanding the copolymer films and maintaining its secondary structure. The polymeric films presented a morphological heterogeneous pattern at the air-water interface because of the ability of their chains to fold and entangle, causing inherent defects in the organization as well as unbalanced lateral distribution at the air-water interface because of the formation of aggregates. The interfacial films were transferred to solid supports as Langmuir-Blodgett films and characterized by PM-IRRAS and scanning electronic microscopy, which showed not only the co-transfer of the enzyme but also the maintenance of their heterogeneous morphological pattern. The enzymatic activity of the blended film was analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy and allowed the estimation of the value of the Michaelis constant (13.08 mM), demonstrating the feasibility of the system to selectively detect phytic acid for biosensing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca da Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 210 São Nicolau Street, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 210 São Nicolau Street, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Oliveira Péres
- Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), 210 São Nicolau Street, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Aydın EB. Highly sensitive impedimetric immunosensor for determination of interleukin 6 as a cancer biomarker by using conjugated polymer containing epoxy side groups modified disposable ITO electrode. Talanta 2020; 215:120909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Applications of Nanotechnology in Sensor-Based Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071966. [PMID: 32244581 PMCID: PMC7181077 DOI: 10.3390/s20071966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intake of microbial-contaminated food poses severe health issues due to the outbreaks of stern food-borne diseases. Therefore, there is a need for precise detection and identification of pathogenic microbes and toxins in food to prevent these concerns. Thus, understanding the concept of biosensing has enabled researchers to develop nanobiosensors with different nanomaterials and composites to improve the sensitivity as well as the specificity of pathogen detection. The application of nanomaterials has enabled researchers to use advanced technologies in biosensors for the transfer of signals to enhance their efficiency and sensitivity. Nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, magnetic and gold, dendrimers, graphene nanomaterials and quantum dots are predominantly used for developing biosensors with improved specificity and sensitivity of detection due to their exclusive chemical, magnetic, mechanical, optical and physical properties. All nanoparticles and new composites used in biosensors need to be classified and categorized for their enhanced performance, quick detection, and unobtrusive and effective use in foodborne analysis. Hence, this review intends to summarize the different sensing methods used in foodborne pathogen detection, their design, working principle and advances in sensing systems.
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Development of amperometric biosensor in modified carbon paste with enzymatic preparation based on lactase immobilized on carbon nanotubes. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:1342-1350. [PMID: 32180630 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The variety of products derived from milk, without or with lactose, encourages the development of more effective analytical techniques that can be applied to the quality control of both the production line and the final products. Thus, in this work an efficient and minimally invasive method for the detection of lactose was proposed, using a biosensor containing the enzyme lactase (LAC) immobilised on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that, when reacting with lactose, emit an electrochemical signal. This biosensor was connected to a potentiostat, and its electrochemical cell was composed of the following three electrodes: reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), auxiliary electrode (platinum wire), and working electrode (biosensor) on which graphite (carbon) paste (CP), CNTs, and LAC were deposited. The transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used in the characterisation of the composite morphology, indicating excellent interactions between the CNTs and LAC. The sensitivity of the CP/LAC/CNT biosensor was determined as 5.67 μA cm-2.mmol-1 L and detection limits around 100 × 10-6 mol L-1 (electrode area = 0.12 cm2) and an increase in the stability of the system was observed with the introduction of CNTs because, with about 12 h of use, there was no variation in the signal (current). The results indicate that the association between the CNTs and LAC favoured the electrochemical system. Graphic Abstract
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22
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Dhara K, Debiprosad RM. Review on nanomaterials-enabled electrochemical sensors for ascorbic acid detection. Anal Biochem 2019; 586:113415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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An Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for Carcinogenicity of Anticancer Compounds Based on Competition between Methylene Blue and Oligonucleotides. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235111. [PMID: 31766637 PMCID: PMC6928940 DOI: 10.3390/s19235111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A toxicity electrochemical DNA biosensor has been constructed for the detection of carcinogens using 24 base guanine DNA rich single stranded DNA, and methylene blue (MB) as the electroactive indicator. This amine terminated ssDNA was immobilized onto silica nanospheres and deposited on gold nanoparticle modified carbon-paste screen printed electrodes (SPEs). The modified SPE was initially exposed to a carcinogen, followed by immersion in methylene blue for an optimized duration. The biosensor response was measured using differential pulse voltammetry. The performance of the biosensor was identified on several anti-cancer compounds. The toxicity DNA biosensor demonstrated a linear response range to the cadmium chloride from 0.0005 ppm to 0.01 ppm (R2 = 0.928) with a limit of detection at 0.0004 ppm. The biosensor also exhibited its versatility to screen the carcinogenicity of potential anti-cancer compounds.
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24
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Sayin S, Ozdemir E, Acar E, Ince GO. Multifunctional one-dimensional polymeric nanostructures for drug delivery and biosensor applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:412001. [PMID: 31347513 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2e2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology in the last decades have paved the way for significant achievements in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Different types of functional nanostructures have been explored and utilized as tools for addressing the challenges in detection or treatment of diseases. In particular, one-dimensional nanostructures hold great promise in theranostic applications due to their increased surface area-to-volume ratios, which allow better targeting, increased loading capacity and improved sensitivity to biomolecules. Stable polymeric nanostructures that are stimuli-responsive, biocompatible and biodegradable are especially preferred for bioapplications. In this review, different synthesis techniques of polymeric one-dimensional nanostructures are explored and functionalization methods of these nanostructures for specific applications are explained. Biosensing and drug delibiovery applications of these nanostructures are presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezin Sayin
- Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Sharafeldin M, McCaffrey K, Rusling JF. Influence of antibody immobilization strategy on carbon electrode immunoarrays. Analyst 2019; 144:5108-5116. [PMID: 31373337 PMCID: PMC6711173 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here the influence of antibody immobilization strategy for protein immunosensors on screen printed carbon electrode arrays in terms of antibody binding activity, analytical sensitivity, limit of detection, and stability. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was the model analyte with anti-HRP immobilized on the sensors, and HRP activity was used for detection. Covalently immobilized anti-HRP antibodies on electrodes coated with chitosan, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and dense gold nanoparticle (AuNP) films had only 20-30% of the total immobilized antibodies active for binding. Active antibodies increased to 60% with passively adsorbed antibodies on bare electrodes, to 85% with oriented antibodies using protein A covalently immobilized on AuNP-coated carbon electrode, and to 98% when attached to protein A passively adsorbed onto bare electrodes. Passively adsorbed antibodies on bare electrodes lost activity in 1-2 days, but antibodies immobilized using other strategies remained relatively stable after 5 days. Covalent immobilization gave limits of detection (LOD) of 40 fg mL-1, while passively adsorbed antibodies or protein A on carbon electrodes had LODs 4-8 fg mL-1, but were unstable. Sensitivity was highest for antibodies covalently attached to AuNP electrodes (2.40 nA per log pg per mL) that also had highest antibody coverage, and decreased slightly when protein A on AuNP was used to orient antibodies. Passively adsorbed antibodies and oriented antibodies on protein A gave slightly lower sensitivities. Immobilization strategy or antibody orientation did not have a significant effect on LOD, but dynamic range increased as the number of active antibodies on sensor surfaces increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Kira McCaffrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. and Institute of Material Science, Storrs, CT 06269, USA and Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA and School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Ireland
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26
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Theoretical study of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone oligomers: Structural, electronic, and UV–visible spectral properties. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Xue J, Liu Y, Darabi MA, Tu G, Huang L, Ying L, Xiao B, Wu Y, Xing M, Zhang L, Zhang L. An injectable conductive Gelatin-PANI hydrogel system serves as a promising carrier to deliver BMSCs for Parkinson's disease treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:584-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Prajapati DG, Kandasubramanian B. Progress in the Development of Intrinsically Conducting Polymer Composites as Biosensors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019; 220:1800561. [PMID: 32327916 PMCID: PMC7168478 DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are analytical devices which find extensive applications in fields such as the food industry, defense sector, environmental monitoring, and in clinical diagnosis. Similarly, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and their composites have lured immense interest in bio-sensing due to their various attributes like compatibility with biological molecules, efficient electron transfer upon biochemical reactions, loading of bio-reagent, and immobilization of biomolecules. Further, they are proficient in sensing diverse biological species and compounds like glucose (detection limit ≈0.18 nm), DNA (≈10 pm), cholesterol (≈1 µm), aptamer (≈0.8 pm), and also cancer cells (≈5 pm mL-1) making them a potential candidate for biological sensing functions. ICPs and their composites have been extensively exploited by researchers in the field of biosensors owing to these peculiarities; however, no consolidated literature on the usage of conducting polymer composites for biosensing functions is available. This review extensively elucidates on ICP composites and doped conjugated polymers for biosensing functions of copious biological species. In addition, a brief overview is provided on various forms of biosensors, their sensing mechanisms, and various methods of immobilizing biological species along with the life cycle assessment of biosensors for various biosensing applications, and their cost analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak G. Prajapati
- Nano Texturing LaboratoryDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringDefence Institute of Advanced TechnologyMinistry of DefenceGirinagarPune411025India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Texturing LaboratoryDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringDefence Institute of Advanced TechnologyMinistry of DefenceGirinagarPune411025India
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29
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Scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of poly (3,4-ethylendioxythiophene)/thionine electrodes for lactate detection via NADH electrocatalysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:15-24. [PMID: 31077986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) together with electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques to develop and characterise a stable and uniformly reactive chemically modified platinum electrode for NADH electrocatalysis. In order to achieve this, a range of different approaches for thionine entrapment within an electropolymerised poly (3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film were evaluated using SECM imaging in the presence of NADH, demonstrating the uniformity of the reactive layer towards NADH oxidation. The effect of electrolyte type and time scale employed during PEDOT electropolymerisation was examined with respect to thionine loading and the resulting charge transport diffusion coefficient (DCT) estimated via chronoamperometry. These studies indicated a decrease in DCT as thionine loading increased within the PEDOT film, suggesting that charge transport was diffusion limited within the film. Additionally, thionine functionalised nanotubes were formed, providing a stable support for lactate dehydrogenase entrapment while lowering the rate of thionine leaching, determined via SECM imaging. This enabled lactate determination at Eapp = 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl over the range 0.25-5 mM in the presence of 1 mM NAD+.
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30
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Research Progress on Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted significant attention in a variety of research fields, particularly in biomedical engineering, because of the ease in controlling their morphology, their high chemical and environmental stability, and their biocompatibility, as well as their unique optical and electrical properties. In particular, the electrical properties of CPs can be simply tuned over the full range from insulator to metal via a doping process, such as chemical, electrochemical, charge injection, and photo-doping. Over the past few decades, remarkable progress has been made in biomedical research including biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery, as CPs have been utilized as a key component in these fields. In this article, we review CPs from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Specifically, representative biomedical applications of CPs are briefly summarized: biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery. The motivation for use of and the main function of CPs in these fields above are discussed. Finally, we highlight the technical and scientific challenges regarding electrical conductivity, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and the loading capacity of biomolecules that are faced by CPs for future work. This is followed by several strategies to overcome these drawbacks.
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31
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Pourbasheer E, Azari Z, Ganjali MR. Recent Advances in Biosensors Based Nanostructure for Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180319152853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The development of novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis has received
great attention. Biosensors are a class of analytical techniques competent in the rapid quantification
of drugs. Recently, the nanostructures have been applied for modification of biosensors.
Objective:
The goal of the present study is to review novel nanostructures for pharmaceutical analysis
by biosensors.
Method:
In this review, the application of different biosensors was extensively discussed.
Results:
Biosensors based nanostructures are a powerful alternative to conventional analytical techniques,
enabling highly sensitive, real-time, and high-frequency monitoring of drugs without extensive
sample preparation. Several examples of their application have been reported.
Conclusion:
The present paper reviews the recent advances on the pharmaceutical analysis of biosensor
based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Pourbasheer
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhila Azari
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Baleg AA, Masikini M, John SV, Williams AR, Jahed N, Baker P, Iwuoha E. Conducting Polymers and Composites. POLYMERS AND POLYMERIC COMPOSITES: A REFERENCE SERIES 2019:551-604. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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33
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Apetrei RM, Carac G, Ramanaviciene A, Bahrim G, Tanase C, Ramanavicius A. Cell-assisted synthesis of conducting polymer - polypyrrole - for the improvement of electric charge transfer through fungal cell wall. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 175:671-679. [PMID: 30590328 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this research we report the biological synthesis of electrically conducting polymer - Polypyrrole (Ppy). Cell-assisted enzymatic polymerization/oligomerization of Ppy was achieved using whole cell culture and cell-free crude enzyme extract from two white-rot fungal cultures. The selected fungal strains belong to Trametes spp., known laccase producers, commonly applied in bioremediation and bioelectrochemical fields. The biocatalytic reaction was initiated in situ through the copper-containing enzymes biosynthesized within the cell cultures under submerged aerobe cultivation conditions. The procedure was inspired by successful reports of laccase-catalyzed pyrrole polymerization. The usage of whole culture and/or crude enzyme extract has the advantage of overcoming enzyme purification and minimizing the liability of enzyme inactivation through improved stability of enzymes in their natural environment. Spectral and electrochemical techniques (UV-vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy; cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and pH measurements provided insight into the evolution of pyrrole polymerization/oligomerization and the electrochemical features of the final product. Microscopy techniques (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) were primary tools for visualization of the formed Ppy particles. The relevance of our research is twofold: Ppy prepared in crude enzyme extract results in enzyme encapsulated within Ppy and/or Ppy-modified fungal cells can be formed when polymerization occurs in whole cell culture. The route of biocatalysis can be chosen according to the desired bioelectrochemical application. The reported study focuses on the improvement of charge transfer through the fungal cell membrane and/or cell wall by modification of the fungal cells with conducting polymer - polypyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Mihaela Apetrei
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania; Vilnius University, NanoTechnas - Centre of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilnius University, Department of Physical Chemistry, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Geta Carac
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Science and Environment, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Vilnius University, NanoTechnas - Centre of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriela Bahrim
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania
| | - Catalin Tanase
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Carol I Street, 11, RO-700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Vilnius University, Department of Physical Chemistry, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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34
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Li F, Yu Z, Han X, Lai RY. Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors for food and water analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1051:1-23. [PMID: 30661605 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Global food and water safety issues have prompted the development of highly sensitive, specific, and fast analytical techniques for food and water analysis. The electrochemical aptamer-based detection platform (E-aptasensor) is one of the more promising detection techniques because of its unique combination of advantages that renders these sensors ideal for detection of a wide range of target analytes. Recent research results have further demonstrated that this technique has potential for real world analysis of food and water contaminants. This review summaries the recently developed E-aptasensors for detection of analytes related to food and water safety, including bacteria, mycotoxins, algal toxins, viruses, drugs, pesticides, and metal ions. Ten different electroanalytical techniques and one opto-electroanalytical technique commonly employed with these sensors are also described. In addition to highlighting several novel sensor designs, this review also describes the strengths, limitations, and current challenges this technology faces, and future development trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Li
- Post-Doctoral Research Center of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Post-Doctoral Research Center of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xianda Han
- Post-Doctoral Research Center of Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, United States.
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Buber E, Soylemez S, Udum YA, Toppare L. Fabrication of a promising immobilization platform based on electrochemical synthesis of a conjugated polymer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 167:392-396. [PMID: 29702470 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since conjugated polymers are an important class of materials with remarkable properties in biosensor applications, in this study, a novel glucose biosensor based on a conjugated polymer was fabricated via the electropolymerization of the monomer 10,13-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)dipyridol[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine onto a graphite electrode surface. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used as the model biological recognition element. As a result of the enzymatic reaction between GOx and glucose, the glucose amount was determined by monitoring the change in the oxygen level associated with substrate concentration via the amperometric detection technique. The proposed system possessed superior properties with KMapp value of 0.262 mM, 2.88 × 10-3 mM limit of detection and 105.12 μA mM-1 cm-2 sensitivity. These results show that conjugated polymer film provides an effective and stable immobilization matrix for the enzyme. Finally, the biosensor was applied successfully to several commercially available beverage samples for glucose determination proving an inexpensive and highly sensitive system applicable for real time analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Buber
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin A Udum
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Gazi University, Ankara 06374, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Ning C, Zhou Z, Tan G, Zhu Y, Mao C. Electroactive polymers for tissue regeneration: Developments and perspectives. Prog Polym Sci 2018; 81:144-162. [PMID: 29983457 PMCID: PMC6029263 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human body motion can generate a biological electric field and a current, creating a voltage gradient of -10 to -90 mV across cell membranes. In turn, this gradient triggers cells to transmit signals that alter cell proliferation and differentiation. Several cell types, counting osteoblasts, neurons and cardiomyocytes, are relatively sensitive to electrical signal stimulation. Employment of electrical signals in modulating cell proliferation and differentiation inspires us to use the electroactive polymers to achieve electrical stimulation for repairing impaired tissues. Electroactive polymers have found numerous applications in biomedicine due to their capability in effectively delivering electrical signals to the seeded cells, such as biosensing, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and biomedical implants. Here we will summarize the electrical characteristics of electroactive polymers, which enables them to electrically influence cellular function and behavior, including conducting polymers, piezoelectric polymers, and polyelectrolyte gels. We will also discuss the biological response to these electroactive polymers under electrical stimulation. In particular, we focus this review on their applications in regenerating different tissues, including bone, nerve, heart muscle, cartilage and skin. Additionally, we discuss the challenges in tissue regeneration applications of electroactive polymers. We conclude that electroactive polymers have a great potential as regenerative biomaterials, due to their ability to stimulate desirable outcomes in various electrically responsive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengnan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guoxin Tan
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5300, United States
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5300, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Mamlayya VB, Fulari VJ. Polypyrrole/copper nanoparticles composite thin films for high-sensing performance. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Matysiak-Brynda E, Siekiera I, Królikowska A, Donten M, Nowicka AM. Combination of copolymer film (PPy-PPyCOOH) and magnetic nanoparticles as an electroactive and biocompatible platform for electrochemical purposes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Tripathy DB, Mishra A, Clark J, Farmer T. Synthesis, chemistry, physicochemical properties and industrial applications of amino acid surfactants: A review. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Apetrei RM, Carac G, Bahrim G, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Modification of Aspergillus niger by conducting polymer, Polypyrrole, and the evaluation of electrochemical properties of modified cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 121:46-55. [PMID: 29353096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of bioelectrochemical properties of microorganism by in situ formation of conducting polymer within the cell structures (e.g. cell wall) was performed. The synthesis of polypyrrole (Ppy) within fungi (Aspergillus niger) cells was achieved. Two different Aspergillus niger strains were selected due to their ability to produce glucose oxidase, which initiated the Ppy formation through products of enzymatic reaction. The evolution of Ppy structural features was investigated by absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Mihaela Apetrei
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania.
| | - Geta Carac
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Science and Environment, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania
| | - Gabriela Bahrim
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street, 47, RO-800008, Galati, Romania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, NanoTechnas, Center of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Vilnius University, Department of Physical Chemistry, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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41
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do Nascimento TA, Dutra FVA, Pires BC, Borges KB. Efficient removal of anti-inflammatory phenylbutazone from an aqueous solution employing a composite material based on poly(aniline-co-pyrrole)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(Ani-co-Py)/MWCNT was synthesized by chemical oxidation in a triple-phase interface system and presented a high capacity for the removal of PBZ from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruna Carneiro Pires
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
- São João del-Rei
- Brazil
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Polypyrrole as Electrically Conductive Biomaterials: Synthesis, Biofunctionalization, Potential Applications and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:347-370. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Pappa AM, Parlak O, Scheiblin G, Mailley P, Salleo A, Owens RM. Organic Electronics for Point-of-Care Metabolite Monitoring. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:45-59. [PMID: 29196057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on demonstrating how organic electronic materials can solve key problems in biosensing thanks to their unique material properties and implementation in innovative device configurations. We highlight specific examples where these materials solve multiple issues related to complex sensing environments, and we benchmark these examples by comparing them to state-of-the-art commercially available sensing using alternative technologies. We have categorized our examples by sample type, focusing on sensing from body fluids in vitro and on wearable sensors, which have attracted significant interest owing to their integration with everyday life activities. We finish by describing a future trend for in vivo, implantable sensors, which aims to build on current progress from sensing in biological fluids ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK; Equal contributions
| | - Onur Parlak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Equal contributions
| | - Gaetan Scheiblin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France; Equal contributions
| | - Pascal Mailley
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK.
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44
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Soylemez S, Yılmaz T, Buber E, Udum YA, Özçubukçu S, Toppare L. Polymerization and biosensor application of water soluble peptide-SNS type monomer conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7384-7392. [PMID: 32264188 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient approach for the preparation of a biosensing platform was developed based on newly designed peptide-SNS type monomer conjugates. The approach involves the electrochemical polymerization of the peptide-SNS type monomer on the electrode surface. To synthesize the peptide bearing monomers, the SNS-type monomer having a carboxylic acid functional group was anchored to the C-terminal of the peptide by solid phase peptide synthesis via coupling reagents. Utilization of peptides to increase the solubility of the monomers was first investigated in this report. The obtained monomers, soluble in water, were fully characterized by spectral analyses and utilized as matrices for biomolecule attachment. Polymerization of monomers in water has the potential to provide an alternative process for the electrochemical preparation of the polymers in aqueous media, without using any organic solvent. Under the optimized conditions, the biosensor responded to the target analyte, glucose, in a strikingly selective and sensitive manner, and showed promising feasibility for the quantitative analysis of glucose in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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45
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Shrestha BK, Ahmad R, Shrestha S, Park CH, Kim CS. In situ synthesis of cylindrical spongy polypyrrole doped protonated graphitic carbon nitride for cholesterol sensing application. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:686-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Flampouri E, Sotiropoulou ΝSD, Mavrikou S, Mouzaki-Paxinou AC, Tarantilis PA, Kintzios S. Conductive polymer-based bioelectrochemical assembly for in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation: Renoprotective assessment of Salvia officinalis against carbon tetrachloride induced nephrotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2304-2314. [PMID: 28668297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise of organic electronics represents one of the most prominent technological developments of the last two decades, with its interface with biological systems highlighting new directions of research. The "soft" nature of conducting polymers renders them unique platforms for cell-based microdevices, allowing their implementation in drug discovery, pharmaceutical effect analysis, environmental pollutant testing etc. METHODS Cellular adhesion, proliferation and viability experiments were carried out to verify the biocompatibility of a PEDOT conductive polymer surface. Cyclic voltammetry was employed for estimating the electrocatalytic activity of the renal cell/electrode interface. The nephrotoxicity agent CCl4 and the medicinal plant Salvia officinalis were used on the proposed assembly. Renal cell viability was also assayed through the MTT assay. RESULTS Renal cells were able to adhere and proliferate on the conducting polymer surface. Electrochemical responses of the polymer exhibited good correlation with cell number and CCl4 concentration. Amelioration of the CCl4-induced renotoxicity by co-incubation with Salvia officinalis extract was demonstrated by both the MTT assay and the electrode's capacitance. CONCLUSIONS A conducting polymer-based bioelectrochemical assembly was established for in vitro mammalian cytotoxicity/cytoprotection assessment, employing renal cell monolayers as the primary transducers for signal generation and biological sensing. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The knowledge on PEDOT mammalian cell biocompatibility and possible applications was expanded. The proposed interdisciplinary approach connects soft electronics with biology and could provide a useful tool for preliminary crude drug screening and bioactivity studies of natural products or plant extracts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Flampouri
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Νefeli-Sofia D Sotiropoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos Street, 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Sofia Mavrikou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Akrivi-Chara Mouzaki-Paxinou
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science, Department of Crop Science, School of Agriculture, Engineering and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos Street, 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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47
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Bhatt VD, Joshi S, Becherer M, Lugli P. Flexible, Low-Cost Sensor Based on Electrolyte Gated Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor for Organo-Phosphate Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:s17051147. [PMID: 28524071 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2707521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A flexible enzymatic acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on an electrolyte-gated carbon nanotube field effect transistor is demonstrated. The enzyme immobilization is done on a planar gold gate electrode using 3-mercapto propionic acid as the linker molecule. The sensor showed good sensing capability as a sensor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, with a sensitivity of 5.7 μA/decade, and demonstrated excellent specificity when tested against interfering analytes present in the body. As the flexible sensor is supposed to suffer mechanical deformations, the endurance of the sensor was measured by putting it under extensive mechanical stress. The enzymatic activity was inhibited by more than 70% when the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer was spiked with 5 mg/mL malathion (an organophosphate) solution. The biosensor was successfully challenged with tap water and strawberry juice, demonstrating its usefulness as an analytical tool for organophosphate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Deep Bhatt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany.
| | - Saumya Joshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany.
| | - Markus Becherer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany.
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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48
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Lai CYK, Foot PJS, Brown JW, Spearman P. A Urea Potentiometric Biosensor Based on a Thiophene Copolymer. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7010013. [PMID: 28273816 PMCID: PMC5371786 DOI: 10.3390/bios7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric enzyme biosensor is a convenient detector for quantification of urea concentrations in industrial processes, or for monitoring patients with diabetes, kidney damage or liver malfunction. In this work, poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-thiopheneacetic acid) (P(3HT-co-3TAA)) was chemically synthesized, characterized and spin-coated onto conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes. Urease (Urs) was covalently attached to the smooth surface of this copolymer via carbodiimide coupling. The electrochemical behavior and stability of the modified Urs/P(3HT-co-3TAA)/ITO glass electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and the bound enzyme activity was confirmed by spectrophotometry. Potentiometric response studies indicated that this electrode could determine the concentration of urea in aqueous solutions, with a quasi-Nernstian response up to about 5 mM. No attempt was made to optimize the response speed; full equilibration occurred after 10 min, but the half-time for response was typically <1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Kevin Lai
- Materials Research Centre & School of LSPC, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Peter J S Foot
- Materials Research Centre & School of LSPC, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - John W Brown
- Materials Research Centre & School of LSPC, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Peter Spearman
- Materials Research Centre & School of LSPC, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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49
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Amperometric L-lysine enzyme electrodes based on carbon nanotube/redox polymer and graphene/carbon nanotube/redox polymer composites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2873-2883. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Taei M, Hasanpour F, Dinari M, Sohrabi N, Jamshidi MS. Synthesis of 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid and its application to electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of adrenaline, paracetamol, and tryptophan. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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