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Zhao X, Ding A, Chen P, Zhang L, Qu J, Bao B. Celosia cristata L.-an underutilized Chinese medicine: A review of the ethnic applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and toxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118479. [PMID: 38909823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment (The Fifth People's Hospital of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, 710110, China
| | - Anwei Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peidong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Medical Institute, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Liu J, Jiang J, Xu Q, Xu Y, Guo M, Hu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Xuanfu Daizhe Tang alleviates reflux esophagitis in rats by inhibiting the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117903. [PMID: 38342154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the esophageal mucosa with a high prevalence and recurrence rate, for which a satisfactory therapeutic strategy is still lacking. Chinese medicine has its characteristics and advantages in treating RE, and the clinical application of Xuanfu Daizhe Tang (XDT) in treating RE has achieved sound therapeutic effects. However, there needs to be more research on its mechanism of action. AIM OF THE STUDY The present work aimed to investigate the mechanism of XDT action in RE through the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1)/Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main active components of XDT were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). The effect of XDT on RE was evaluated in a rat model of RE induced by "Cardioplasty + pyloric ligation + Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy". Each administration group was treated by gavage. The degree of damage to the esophageal mucosa was evaluated by visual observation, and the Potential of Hydrogen (PH) method and Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) staining were performed. Serum levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) were measured by ELISA. Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR), Western Blot (WB), and Immunofluorescence (IF) methods were used to detect Claudin-4, Claudin-5, TREM-1, and p-STAT1 in esophageal tissues for studying the mechanism of action and signaling pathway of XDT. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was used to detect the expression of TREM-1 and CD68 in esophageal tissues. Flow Cytometry (FC) was used to detect the polarization of macrophages in the blood. After conducting preliminary experiments to verify our hypothesis, we performed molecular docking between the active component of XDT and STAT1 derived from rats and parallel experiments with STAT1 inhibitor. The selective increaser of STAT1 transcription (2-NP) group was used to validate the mechanism by which XDT acts. RESULTS XDT alleviated esophageal injury and attenuated histopathological changes in RE rats. XDT also inhibited the inflammatory response and decreased serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS levels in RE rats. qPCR and WB results revealed that XDT inhibited the expression of Claudin-4, Claudin-5, TREM-1, and STAT1 in the esophageal mucosa of RE rats. IHC and FC results showed that XDT reduced TREM-1 levels in esophageal tissues and polarized macrophages toward M2. The molecular docking results showed that rat-derived STAT1 can strongly bind to Isochronogenic acid A in XDT. The parallel experimental results of STAT1 inhibitor showed that XDT has anti-inflammatory effects similar to STAT1 inhibitors. The 2-NP group confirmed that XDT exerts its therapeutic effect on reflux esophagitis through the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway, with STAT1 as the upstream protein. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that XDT may treat reflux esophagitis by modulating the STAT1/TREM-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- Office of Science and Technology Administration, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianfei Xu
- Department of Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yunyan Xu
- Preventive Treatment Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Manman Guo
- Pharmaceutical Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Spleen, Stomach and Hepatobiliary, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China.
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Yang C, Zhao Y, Jiang S, Sun X, Wang X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Wu J, Li Y. A breakthrough in phytochemical profiling: ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy platform for detecting bioactive components in medicinal and edible plants. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:286. [PMID: 38652378 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A perennial challenge in harnessing the rich biological activity of medicinal and edible plants is the accurate identification and sensitive detection of their active compounds. In this study, an innovative, ultra-sensitive detection platform for plant chemical profiling is created using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology. The platform uses silver nanoparticles as the enhancing substrate, excess sodium borohydride prevents substrate oxidation, and methanol enables the tested molecules to be better adsorbed onto the silver nanoparticles. Subsequently, nanoparticle aggregation to form stable "hot spots" is induced by Ca2+, and the Raman signal of the target molecule is strongly enhanced. At the same time, deuterated methanol was used as the internal standard for quantitative determination. The method has excellent reproducibility, RSD ≤ 1.79%, and the enhancement factor of this method for the detection of active ingredients in the medicinal plant Coptis chinensis was 1.24 × 109, with detection limits as low as 3 fM. The platform successfully compared the alkaloid distribution in different parts of Coptis chinensis: root > leaf > stem, and the difference in content between different batches of Coptis chinensis decoction was successfully evaluated. The analytical technology adopted by the platform can speed up the determination of Coptis chinensis and reduce the cost of analysis, not only making better use of these valuable resources but also promoting development and innovation in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study provides a new method for the development, evaluation, and comprehensive utilization of both medicinal and edible plants. It is expected that this method will be extended to the modern rapid detection of other medicinal and edible plants and will provide technical support for the vigorous development of the medicinal and edible plants industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medical (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Yanli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Science, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Li QZ, Chen YY, Liu QP, Feng ZH, Zhang L, Zhang H. Cucurbitacin B suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155177. [PMID: 38412667 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate of liver cancer ranks third in the world, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural compound extracted from Cucurbitaceae spp., is the main active component of Chinese patent medicine the Cucurbitacin Tablet, which has been widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors in clinics, especially HCC. PURPOSE This study explored the role and mechanism of CuB in the suppression of liver cancer progression. METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to detect the inhibitory function of CuB in Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 hepatoma cells. Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement assays were performed to determine cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was measured, and flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Several techniques, such as proteomics, Western blotting (WB), and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference, were utilized to explore the potential mechanism. The animal experiment was performed to verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS CuB significantly inhibited the growth of Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 cells and triggered the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phage without leading to cell death, especially apoptosis. Knockdown of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), a target of CuB, did not reverse CuB elicited cell cycle arrest. CuB enhanced phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) levels. Moreover, CuB increased p53 and p21 levels and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) expression, accompanied by improving phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (p-CHK1) level and suppressing cell division cycle 25C (CDC25C) protein level. Interestingly, these phenomena were partly abolished by a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protector methylproamine (MPA). Animal studies showed that CuB also significantly suppressed tumor growth in BALB/c mice bearing Hepa1/6 cells. In tumor tissues, CuB reduced the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and γ-H2AX but did not change the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) level. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated for the first time that CuB could effectively impede HCC progression by inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest without directly triggering cell death, such as necrosis and apoptosis. The effect was achieved through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent p53-p21-CDK1 and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1)-CDC25C signaling pathways. These findings indicate that CuB may be used as an anti-HCC drug, when the current findings are confirmed by independent studies and after many more clinical phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 testings have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, China.
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Cao D, Zhu Z, Zhao S, Zhang X, Lin J, Wang J, Zeng Q, Zhu M. Concentrations, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chinese Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:972. [PMID: 38474484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination and evaluation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seven Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were conducted through a rapid and straightforward extraction and purification method, coupled with GC-MS. A sample-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique, incorporating isotopic internal standards, was employed for detecting various medicinal parts of CHMs. The assay exhibited linearity within the range of 5 to 500 ng/mL, with linear coefficients (R2) for PAHs exceeding 0.999. The recoveries of spiked standards ranged from 63.37% to 133.12%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.75% to 14.54%. The total PAH content varied from 176.906 to 1414.087 μg/kg. Among the 16 PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) was consistently detected at the highest levels (47.045-168.640 μg/kg). Characteristic ratio analysis indicated that oil, coal, and biomass combustion were the primary sources of PAHs in CHMs. The health risk associated with CHMs was assessed using the lifetime carcinogenic risk approach, revealing potential health risks from the consumption of honeysuckle, while the health risks of consuming Lycium chinense berries were deemed negligible. For the other five CHMs (glycyrrhizae, Coix lacryma, ginseng, lotus seed, seed of Sterculia lychnophora), the health risk from consumption fell within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses utilizing Monte Carlo exposure assessment methods identified PAH levels in CHMs as health risk sensitizers. It is crucial to recognize that the consumption of herbal medicines is not a continuous process but entails potential health risks. Hence, the monitoring and risk assessment of PAH residues in CHMs demand careful attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Cao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianzai Lin
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junji Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Liu CL, Jiang Y, Li HJ. Quality Consistency Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicines: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38252135 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2305267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Quality consistency evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is a crucial factor that determines the safe and effective application in clinical settings. However, TCMs exhibit diverse, heterogeneous, complex, and flexible chemical compositions, as well as variability in preparation processes. These characteristics pose greater challenges in researching the consistency of TCMs compared to chemically synthesized and biological drugs. Therefore, it is paramount to develop effective strategies for evaluating the quality consistency of TCMs. From the starting point of quality properties, this review explores the strategy used to evaluate quality consistency in terms of chemistry-based strategy (chemical consistency) and the biology-based strategy (bioequivalence). Among them, the chemistry-based strategy is the mainstream, and biology-based strategy complements the chemistry-based strategy each other. Furthermore, the emerging chemistry-biology strategies (overall evaluation) is discussed, including individually combining strategy and integration strategy. Finally, this review provides insights into the challenges and future perspectives in this field. By highlighting current status and trends in TCMs quality consistency, this review aims to contribute to establishment of generally applicable chemistry-biology integrated evaluation strategy for TCMs. This will facilitate the advancement toward a higher stage of overall quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu X, Yang T, Chen L, Lan L, Sun G, Guo P. A strategy takes "Yiqing" tablets as an example to carry out simpler multi-component quantification and use fingerprint technology for comprehensive quality consistency evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115809. [PMID: 37944458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive evaluation of the quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) is an important issue for the continuous progress and exploration of TCM. In this study, a "Yiqing" tablet (YQT) was taken as an example, and the sample quality was comprehensively investigated by multi-component quantification, multi-dimensional fingerprint construction, and antioxidant activity analysis. Based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) fingerprint, accurate and fast multi-component quantification is achieved by reliable Multi-markers assay by mono-linear method (MAML) method and verified partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The basic HPLC fingerprint and the special FTIR quantitative fingerprint were evaluated by SQFM, and the rich fingerprint qualitative and quantitative information of the sample was obtained. The characteristic parameter (blocking rate (BR)) characterizing antioxidant activity in the electrochemical (EC) fingerprint was excavated for the first time, and the fingerprint-efficacy analysis results with HPLC and FTIR were obtained through bivariate correlation analysis (BCA). The results showed that 25 components in the HPLC fingerprint and had antioxidant activity, and most bands of FTIR showed antioxidant activity. Finally, by combining the evaluation results of HPLC and FTIR fingerprint using the mean method, all samples were classified as first level, except for S1, demonstrating the consistency of sample quality. Based on the comprehensive quality evaluation system combining vertical and horizontal combination, this study provides a new idea for achieving comprehensive quality evaluation of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Lili Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Bai Z, Tang J, Li Y, Li Z, Gu S, Deng L, Zhang Y. Integrated Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Dynamic Variations of Metabolites and Bioactivities in Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan' Leaves during Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1059. [PMID: 38256133 PMCID: PMC10816844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan' is widely cultivated in China for its ornamental, medicinal, and edible properties. The whole plant of tree peony is rich in bioactive substances, while the comprehensive understanding of metabolites in the leaves is limited. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics strategy based on UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS was conducted to analyze the dynamic variations of bioactive metabolites in P. ostii 'Feng Dan' leaves during development. A total of 321 metabolites were rapidly annotated based on the GNPS platform, in-house database, and publications. To accurately quantify the selected metabolites, a targeted method of HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS was used. Albiflorin, paeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, luteolin 7-glucoside, and benzoylpaeoniflorin were recognized as the dominant bioactive compounds with significant content variations during leaf development. Metabolite variations during the development of P. ostii 'Feng Dan' leaves are greatly attributed to the variations in antioxidant activities. Among all tested bacteria, the leaf extract exhibited exceptional inhibitory effects against Streptococcus hemolytis-β. This research firstly provides new insights into tree peony leaves during development. The stages of S1-S2 may be the most promising harvesting time for potential use in food or pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhen Bai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Junman Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhuoning Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Siyi Gu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Z.B.); (J.T.); (Y.L.); (Z.L.); (S.G.)
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Huang Z, Yu Y, Yang HL, Wang YF, Huang JL, Xiao L, Liang M, Qi J. Screening Antibacterial Constituents of Scutellaria Radix Based on Spectrum-Effect Relationships Between HPLC Fingerprints and the Inhibition of Oral Bacteria. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 62:74-84. [PMID: 36880115 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria Radix (SR) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine in clinics for the therapy of upper respiratory tract infectious diseases. Modern pharmacological investigations indicate that SR exerts a significant bacteriostatic effect on different oral bacteria, but few studies have systematically investigated the main active constituents of SR causing this activity. Spectrum-effect correlation analysis was applied to screening anti-oral-microbial constituents from SR. The aqueous extract of SR was divided into fractions of different polarity and the active fraction was screened using the agar diffusion method. Eighteen batches of SR were further prepared and the chromatography fingerprint was established using high-performance liquid chromatography. The antibacterial activities of these constituents were examined against different oral bacteria. Finally, the spectrum-effect relationship between the fingerprint and those antibacterial effects was analyzed by gray correlation analysis and partial least squares regression. Five active constituents were screened out and their antibacterial activity was systematically confirmed by a knockout/in strategy combined with a biofilm extraction method, which indicated that these five compounds were responsible for the antibacterial activity of SR. These results form the basis for further development and improved quality control of SR in the treatment of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Hai-Li Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jin-Lian Huang
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Ming Liang
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
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Li S, Huang X, Li Y, Ding R, Wu X, Li L, Li C, Gu R. Spectrum-Effect Relationship in Chinese Herbal Medicine: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-22. [PMID: 38127670 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2290056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The quality of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) directly impacts clinical efficacy and safety. Fingerprint technology is an internationally recognized method for evaluating the quality of CHM. However, the existing quality evaluation models based on fingerprint technology have blocked the ability to assess the internal quality of CHM and cannot comprehensively reflect the correlation between pharmacodynamic information and active constituents. Through mathematical methods, a connection between the "Spectrum" (fingerprint) and the "Effect" (pharmacodynamic data) was established to conduct a spectrum-effect relationship (SER) of CHM to unravel the active component information associated with the pharmacodynamic activity. Consequently, SER can efficiently address the limitations of the segmentation of chemical components and pharmacodynamic effect in CHM and further improve the quality evaluation of CHM. This review focuses on the recent research progress of SER in the field of CHM, including the establishment of fingerprint, the selection of data analysis methods, and their recent applications in the field of CHM. Various advanced fingerprint techniques are introduced, followed by the data analysis methods used in recent years are summarized. Finally, the applications of SER based on different research subjects are described in detail. In addition, the advantages of combining SER with other data are discussed through practical applications, and the research on SER is summarized and prospected. This review proves the validity and development potential of the SER and provides a reference for the development and application of quality evaluation methods for CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Canlin Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Yang T, Li X, Lan L, Gong D, Zhang F, Liu X, Ling G, Sun G. Quality evaluation of Keteling capsules based on fingerprinting, multicomponent quantification, and quantitative prediction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123274. [PMID: 37603975 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The Keteling capsule (KC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) made from the dried extract of Ficus microphylla and an appropriate amount of chlorpheniramine maleate. It is widely used to treat cough and relieve asthma. Despite its extensive usage, a rapid and comprehensive quality evaluation strategy for KC remains a challenge. This study introduces an electrochemical fingerprint analysis technique, in addition to the commonly employed HPLC fingerprints, for efficient and convenient quality evaluation. Moreover, a cost-effective, rapid, and accurate multi-component quantification technique known as the "Multi-markers assay by the monolinear method (MAML)" and the "FT-IR quantitative model" were explored. The HPLC fingerprints were evaluated using a systematically quantified fingerprint method, while the electrochemical fingerprints, based on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillation reaction principle, were effectively analyzed and characterized using oxidation induction times and oscillation lifetimes. Multi-component quantitative analysis was carried out through the MAML and FT-IR quantitative models. The HPLC fingerprint successfully classified the 22 samples into eight grades with excellent discrimination. Active ingredient content analysis was achieved using reliable parameters obtained from electrochemical fingerprinting. The no significant difference in the quantitative results proves the accuracy of the MAML method. Additionally, successful FT-IR quantitative prediction models were developed for chlorogenic acid, isovitexin, and chlorpheniramine maleate. This study offers a dependable and effective approach for enhancing the quality control of KC, and it can provide new insights for improving the quality analysis methods in the field of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Lili Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dandan Gong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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12
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Lai X, Liu J, Li W, Qiao M, Qiu M, Lu L. Metabolite profiling of remibrutinib in rat and human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography combined with benchtop orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5737. [PMID: 37651996 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Remibrutinib is a potent and highly selective covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro metabolism of remibrutinib and to propose its biotransformation pathways. The metabolites were generated by incubating remibrutinib (2 μm) with human and rat liver microsomes at 37°C for 30 min. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with benchtop orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify and characterize the metabolites of remibrutinib. Compound Discoverer software was employed to process the acquired data. In rat liver microsomes, a total of 18 metabolites have been identified and characterized among which three (M8, M12 and M13) were identified as the most abundant metabolites. In human liver microsomes, a total of 16 metabolites have been identified, and M8 and M12 were identified as the predominant metabolites. All the metabolites were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dependent. The major metabolic changes were found to be oxygenation, dealkylation, demethylation, epoxidation and hydrolysis. The present study comprehensively reports the in vitro metabolism of remibrutinib mentioning 20 metabolites. These findings will help investigation of remibrutinib disposition and safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingheng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingpan Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Chiang WH, Neralla VR, Yousefi K, Shokripour M. Ganoderma lucidum methanolic extract as a potent phytoconstituent: characterization, in-vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17326. [PMID: 37833299 PMCID: PMC10576041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum methanolic extract (GLME) has attracted tremendous attention due to its exceptional antimicrobial and anticancer properties that can be delicately tuned by controlling the initial extraction's content and concentration. Herein, we detailed the characterization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic performance of GLME as a potential multi-functional therapeutic agent. Accordingly, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and HPLC analyses were employed to assess the samples, followed by disc diffusion and microdilution broth methods to test its antibacterial effects against four Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, viz., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MTT assay was applied to determine the cytotoxic activity of GLME against PDL and Hek-293 normal cell lines and MCF-7 and K-562 cancer cell lines. The IC50 values of 598 µg mL-1 and 291 µg mL-1 were obtained for MCF-7 and K-562 cancer cell lines, which confirmed the stronger anticancer activity of the GLME against blood cancer cells than breast cancer cells. This is while the IC50 of normal Hek-293 cells is 751 µg mL-1, and the lowest toxicity was observed for normal PDL cells with more than 57% survival at a concentration of 3000 µg mL-1. The results showed that the antibacterial property of this product against E.coli bacteria was higher than streptomycin, so the zone of inhibition was observed as 44 ± 0.09 mm and 30 ± 0.11 mm, respectively. These data provide valuable insights into the therapeutic usage of GLME for treating breast and blood cancers. This work is motivated by research studies looking for pharmacological products to address chronic and acute diseases, where further resources and studies are required to explore such products' adverse effects and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medica Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71348-14336, Shiraz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71348-14336, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Khadije Yousefi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71348-14336, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Shokripour
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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He F, Zeng F, Situ X, He R, Zheng W, Chen Y, Ou D, Chen Y. Detection and identification of imperatorin metabolites in rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry and Compound Discoverer software. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5702. [PMID: 37455366 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Imperatorin, a furanocoumarin that widely exists in many umbelliferous herbs, has been demonstrated to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolism of imperatorin using liver microsomes. The metabolites were generated by individually incubating imperatorin with rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes. To trap the reactive metabolites during microsomal metabolism, glutathione (GSH) was included in the incubation. A LC technique coupled with benchtop orbitrap MS with full mass/data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry acquisition mode was used to detect and identify the generated metabolites. The possible structures of the metabolites were characterized according to their accurate masses and fragment ions. Under the current conditions, a total of 10 metabolites, including four GSH adducts, were identified. The results indicated that imperatorin underwent extensive metabolic reactions including hydroxylation, oxidation, glucuronidation, and GSH conjugation. This study provides essential data on the metabolism of imperatorin, which will be helpful for us to understand the safety and efficacy of this bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fenglian Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Situ
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Runmin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongzhuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dinghong Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yilu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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15
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Wang T, Xu Z, Hu H, Xu H, Zhao Y, Mao X. Identification of Turtle-Shell Growth Year Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with an Enhanced Spatial-Spectral Attention 3DCNN and a Transformer. Molecules 2023; 28:6427. [PMID: 37687257 PMCID: PMC10490299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Turtle shell (Chinemys reecesii) is a prized traditional Chinese dietary therapy, and the growth year of turtle shell has a significant impact on its quality attributes. In this study, a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique combined with a proposed deep learning (DL) network algorithm was investigated for the objective determination of the growth year of turtle shells. The acquisition of hyperspectral images was carried out in the near-infrared range (948.72-2512.97 nm) from samples spanning five different growth years. To fully exploit the spatial and spectral information while reducing redundancy in hyperspectral data simultaneously, three modules were developed. First, the spectral-spatial attention (SSA) module was developed to better protect the spectral correlation among spectral bands and capture fine-grained spatial information of hyperspectral images. Second, the 3D convolutional neural network (CNN), more suitable for the extracted 3D feature map, was employed to facilitate the joint spatial-spectral feature representation. Thirdly, to overcome the constraints of convolution kernels as well as better capture long-range correlation between spectral bands, the transformer encoder (TE) module was further designed. These modules were harmoniously orchestrated, driven by the need to effectively leverage both spatial and spectral information within hyperspectral data. They collectively enhance the model's capacity to extract joint spatial and spectral features to discern growth years accurately. Experimental studies demonstrated that the proposed model (named SSA-3DTE) achieved superior classification accuracy, with 98.94% on average for five-category classification, outperforming traditional machine learning methods using only spectral information and representative deep learning methods. Also, ablation experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each module to improve performance. The encouraging results of this study revealed the potentiality of HSI combined with the DL algorithm as an efficient and non-destructive method for the quality control of turtle shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (T.W.); (Z.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (T.W.); (Z.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Huiqiang Hu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (T.W.); (Z.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Huaxing Xu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (T.W.); (Z.X.); (H.H.)
| | - Yuping Zhao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (T.W.); (Z.X.); (H.H.)
- Research Center for Intelligent Science and Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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16
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Leo CH, Ong ES. Recent advances in the combination of organic solvent-free extraction, chemical standardization, antioxidant assay, and cell culture metabolomics for functional food and its by-product. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37574586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2245040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods and their by-products contain a wide range of bioactive components with an array of health benefits and were proposed to improve public health, well-being, and others. To achieve a circular economy, the processing and extraction of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and others from functional food and agri-food wastes will require the use of environmentally friendly, sustainable, and a low-cost solution. Extraction methods that can eliminate the use of organic solvents, suitable for use in the laboratory and production of extracts will be covered. This will include subcritical water extraction (SBE), pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and others. Based on the selected analytical methods, the determination of the marker or bioactive compounds and chemical fingerprints will provide the control measures to identify the batch-to-batch variation of the composition of the functional food products obtained. The combination of chemical standardization with antioxidant assay, such as DPPH and ABTS+ will provide further information on the quality of the extracts. Lastly, to ascertain the biological and physiological relevance of the antioxidant properties of the target sample, treatment of the antioxidant compounds or extracts was carried out using cellular models, and validated using other experimental endpoints, such as metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huei Leo
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Healthcare Education, Entrepreneurship and Research (CHEERS), Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Shi Ong
- Department of Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Bhardwaj D, Kaushik N. HPLC-DAD fingerprinting coupled with chemometric analysis can successfully differentiate Indian Berberis species and its plant parts. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:254. [PMID: 37396470 PMCID: PMC10310644 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the plant parts and genuine species is one of the most important steps for the quality control of raw material used in herbal medicines. In the present study, comparative analysis of TLC, HPLC and FTIR-ATR fingerprinting in conjunction with chemometric method was done to select the most appropriate fingerprinting method for quality control of Berberis aristata and its related species. To achieve this, extracts were first utilized to obtain TLC, HPLC and FT-IR fingerprinting data. The data was analyzed by chemometric methods and similarity analysis. The PCA model obtained with HPLC fingerprinting method could successfully classify the Berberis species as well plant parts viz. root, stem and leaves which was not possible with the PCA model of TLC or FT-IR fingerprints. Similarity analysis based on the mean HPLC fingerprinting chromatogram could also appropriately assess the chemical variability and identification of different Berberis species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03644-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya Bhardwaj
- Plant Biotechnology, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
- Department of Instrumentation, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women (University of Delhi), Vasundhara Enclave, New Delhi, 110096 India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Plant Biotechnology, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
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18
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Elrasheid Tahir H, Adam Mariod A, Hashim SBH, Arslan M, Komla Mahunu G, Xiaowei H, Zhihua L, Abdalla IIH, Xiaobo Z. Classification of Black Mahlab seeds (Monechma ciliatum) using GC-MS and FT-NIR and simultaneous prediction of their major volatile compounds using chemometrics. Food Chem 2023; 408:134948. [PMID: 36528991 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of geographical origin is an important factor in assessing the quality of aromatic and medicinal seeds such as Black Mahlab (Monechma ciliatum). However, at present, there are no studies concerning Black Mahlab Seeds (BMSs). To identify the geographical origin of BMSs, we have used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) combined with chemometrics. Chemometrics analysis showed that FT-NIR and GC-MS can be used to discriminate the geographical origin of BMSs. FT-NIR coupled with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to develop the calibration models. The calibration models had a coefficient of determination (Rc2) of 0.82 for coumarin and 0.81 for methyl salicylate. The prediction model (Rp2) values ranged from 0.83 for coumarin to 0.77 for methyl salicylate. Overall, the chemometrics presented correct classification, and PLSR accurately predicted the volatiles, with an RMSEP range of 0.9 to 0.16 for the two volatiles targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Elrasheid Tahir
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Abdalbasit Adam Mariod
- Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Center at Ghibaish College of Science & Technology in Ghibaish, Sudan; College of Sciences and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Alkamil, P.O. Box 110, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sulafa B H Hashim
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Huang Xiaowei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhihua
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Isameldeen I H Abdalla
- Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Red Sea University, Port Sudan, Sudan
| | - Zou Xiaobo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Ding R, Yu L, Wang C, Zhong S, Gu R. Quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine based on data fusion combined with machine learning: A review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36966435 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2189477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity and quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) directly impact clinical efficacy and safety. Quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine (QATCM) is a global concern due to increased demand and shortage of resources. Recently, modern analytical technologies have been extensively investigated and utilized to analyze the chemical composition of TCM. However, a single analytical technique has some limitations, and judging the quality of TCM only from the characteristics of the components is not enough to reflect the overall view of TCM. Thus, the development of multi-source information fusion technology and machine learning (ML) has further improved QATCM. Data information from different analytical instruments can better understand the connection between herbal samples from multiple aspects. This review focuses on the use of data fusion (DF) and ML in QATCM, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and other electronic sensors. The common data structures and DF strategies are introduced, followed by ML methods, including fast-growing deep learning. Finally, DF strategies combined with ML methods are discussed and illustrated for research on applications such as source identification, species identification, and content prediction in TCM. This review demonstrates the validity and accuracy of QATCM-based DF and ML strategies and provides a reference for developing and applying QATCM methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianhui Yu
- Chengdu Pushi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Gu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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20
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Jin Y, Liu B, Li C, Shi S. Origin identification of Cornus officinalis based on PCA-SVM combined model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282429. [PMID: 36854014 PMCID: PMC9974136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy can quickly and non-destructively extract analytical information from samples. It can be applied to the authenticity identification of various Chinese herbal medicines, the prediction of the mixing amount of defective products, and the analysis of the origin. In this paper, the spectral information of Cornus officinalis from 11 origins was used as the research object, and the origin identification model of Cornus officinalis based on mid-infrared spectroscopy was established. First, principal component analysis was used to extract the absorbance data of Cornus officinalis in the wavenumber range of 551~3998 cm-1. The extracted principal components contain more than 99.8% of the information of the original data. Second, the extracted principal component information was used as input, and the origin category was used as output, and the origin identification model was trained with the help of support vector machine. In this paper, this combined model is called PCA-SVM combined model. Finally, the generalization ability of the PCA-SVM model is evaluated through an external test set. The three indicators of Accuracy, F1-Score, and Kappa coefficient are used to compare this model with other commonly used classification models such as naive Bayes model, decision trees, linear discriminant analysis, radial basis function neural network and partial least square discriminant analysis. The results show that PCA-SVM model is superior to other commonly used models in accuracy, F1 score and Kappa coefficient. In addition, compared with the SVM model with full spectrum data, the PCA-SVM model not only reduces the redundant variables in the model, but also has higher accuracy. Using this model to identify the origin of Cornus officinalis, the accuracy rate is 84.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Jin
- Public Foundational Courses Department, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bing Liu
- Public Foundational Courses Department, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoning Li
- Research and Development Department, Nanjing Changxingyang Intelligent Home Company Limited, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Shi
- School of Science, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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21
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Du H, Gu X, Chen J, Bai C, Duan X, Hu K. GIPMA: Global Intensity-Guided Peak Matching and Alignment for 2D 1H- 13C HSQC-Based Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3195-3203. [PMID: 36728684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) has been increasingly applied to metabolomics studies because it can greatly improve the resolving capability compared with one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR. However, preprocessing methods such as peak matching and alignment tools for 2D NMR-based metabolomics have lagged behind similar methods for 1D 1H NMR-based metabolomics. Correct matching and alignment of 2D NMR spectral features across multiple samples are particularly important for subsequent multivariate data analysis. Considering different intensity dynamic ranges of a variety of metabolites and the chemical shift variation across the spectra of multiple samples, here, we developed an efficient peak matching and alignment algorithm for 2D 1H-13C HSQC-based metabolomics, called global intensity-guided peak matching and alignment (GIPMA). In GIPMA, peaks identified in all spectra are pooled together and sorted by intensity. Chemical shift of a stronger peak is regarded to be more accurate and reliable than that of a weaker peak. The strongest undesignated peak is chosen as the reference of a new cluster if it is not located within the chemical shift tolerance of any existing peak cluster (PC), or otherwise it is matched to an existing PC and the aligned chemical shift of the PC is updated as the intensity-weighted average of the chemical shifts of all peaks in the cluster. Setting an optimum chemical shift tolerance (Δδo) is critical for the peak matching and alignment across multiple samples. GIPMA dynamically searches for and intelligently selects the Δδo for peak matching to maximize the number of valid peak clusters (vPC), that is, spectral features, among multiple samples. By GIPMA, fully automatic peakwise matching and alignment do not require any spectrum as initial reference, while the chemical shift of each PC is updated as the intensity-weighted average of the chemical shifts of all peaks in the same PC, which is warranted to be statistically more accurate. Accurate chemical shifts for each representative spectral feature will facilitate subsequent peak assignment and are essential for correct metabolite identification and result interpretation. The proposed method was demonstrated successfully on the spectra of six model mixtures consisting of seven typical metabolites, yielding correct matching of all known spectral features. The performance of GIPMA was also demonstrated on 2D 1H-13C HSQC spectra of 87 real extracts of 29 samples of five Dendrobium species. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the 87 matched and aligned spectra by GIPMA generates correct classification of the 29 samples into five groups. In summary, the proposed algorithm of GIPMA provided a practical peak matching and alignment method to facilitate 2D NMR-based metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Xiu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Jialuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Caihong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
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Huang Z, Yu Y, Lin XL, Zhang T, Huang JL, Xiao L, Liang M, Wang YF, Qi J. Efficacy confirmation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the treatment of periodontitis via topical administration and active ingredients screening. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115699. [PMID: 36113679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Periodontal disease is a complex inflammatory disease that seriously affects peoples' lives. Scutellaria radix (SR) is traditionally used as a folk medicine to clear away heat and dampness, purge fire and detoxification. Although it has been extensively used as a medicinal plant to treat a variety of inflammatory illnesses, the efficacy and active ingredient for topical administration in the treatment of periodontitis is unknown. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study was to screen and validate the active ingredients in SR for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A ligature-induced periodontitis in rats was used to investigate the efficacy of topical administration of SR for the treatment of periodontitis, and the active fraction was screened after separation of the aqueous extract of SR into fractions of different polarities using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell model. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for 18 batches of SR by high performance liquid chromatography. The potential active components were screened using spectral effect relationship analysis and the target cell extraction method. RESULTS SR has good efficacy in the topical treatment of periodontitis, according to animal experiments. Five active ingredients were screened out and their anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed in vitro. CONCLUSION The main active compounds in the treatment of periodontitis via topical administration of SR were found and this provides an experimental basis for further studies on the pharmacodynamic material basis of SR, as well as reference for the comprehensive evaluation of SR quality and the development of substitute resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Lin
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jin-Lian Huang
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Infinitus (China) Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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Wang L, Fu H, Li J, Chen L, Yang J, Zhong L, Xiao X, Feng Y, Luo Y. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry coupled with three-step data post-processing techniques for comprehensive profiling of the multiple components in Fufang Xianzhuli Ye. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:92-104. [PMID: 36289055 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fufang Xianzhuli (FXZL) Ye, a classical formula of traditional Chinese medicine, is composed of Succus Bambusae, Houttuyniae herba, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Eriobotryae Folium, Platycodonis Radix, and peppermint oil. For many years, FXZL has been primarily utilised in China to treat cough and phlegm. The chemical composition of FXZL has not been reported, which seriously affects the safety of the clinical application. OBJECTIVE To establish a systematic method for rapidly classifying and recognising the chemical constituents in the FXZL for the safety of the clinical application. METHODS An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a three-step data post-processing strategy was developed to screen the chemical constituents of FXZL. RESULTS In this experiment, the diagnostic ions in FXZL were classified into six main compounds. A total of 106 compounds were unambiguously identified in FXZL based on their retention times, accurate masses, and tandem mass spectrometry data. These include 11 chlorogenic acids, three flavonoids, eight sesquiterpenoids, six organic acids, 65 triterpenoid saponins, and 13 other compounds. CONCLUSION The chemical composition of FXZL was identified and summarised, providing useful information for quality control and a basis for further exploration of its active ingredients in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Huizheng Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Junmao Li
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330002, P. R. China
| | - Linan Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowu Xiao
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center (NPEC) for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330002, P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Institute for Drug Control, Nanchang, 330029, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
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24
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Phytochemical Profiling, Isolation, and Pharmacological Applications of Bioactive Compounds from Insects of the Family Blattidae Together with Related Drug Development. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248882. [PMID: 36558015 PMCID: PMC9782659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), insects from the family Blattidae have a long history of application, and their related active compounds have excellent pharmacological properties, making them a prominent concern with significant potential for medicinal and healthcare purposes. However, the medicinal potential of the family Blattidae has not been fully exploited, and many problems must be resolved urgently. Therefore, a comprehensive review of its chemical composition, pharmacological activities, current research status, and existing problems is necessary. In order to make the review clearer and more systematic, all the contents were independently elaborated and summarized in a certain sequence. Each part started with introducing the current situation or a framework and then was illustrated with concrete examples. Several pertinent conclusions and outlooks were provided after discussing relevant key issues that emerged in each section. This review focuses on analyzing the current studies and utilization of medicinal insects in the family Blattidae, which is expected to provide meaningful and valuable relevant information for researchers, thereby promoting further exploration and development of lead compounds or bioactive fractions for new drugs from the insects.
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Wang X, Jiao Q, Wang C, Jin R, Zhou Y, Shi S, Huang Z, Li M, Qin X, Chen S, Dai Y. Establishment of Holistic Quality Control Methods for Nelumbinis Folium Containing Alkaloids and Flavonoids with Simple HPLC Conditions. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 60:871-879. [PMID: 34965584 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a positive charged C18 column was used to explore its performance in analysis of herbal medicines containing alkaloids and flavonoids with Nelumbinis Folium (NF) as an example. A chromatographic fingerprint analysis method was established by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector with commonly used 0.1% formic acid as mobile phase additive and this method could simultaneously detect both alkaloids and flavonoids with good peak shape. It is noted that the HPLC conditions were directly applied in the HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis, and 12 common peaks were identified. In the quantification method of nuciferine, compared with common C18 column, good performance was observed, including sharp and symmetric peak shape of nuciferine, and no obvious retention time shift in chromatogram. The fingerprint method and quantification method of nuciferine and quercetin-3-O-glucuronic acid could be readily utilized as quality control methods for NF and its related preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, 92 Wu Cheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qishu Jiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Runa Jin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shougang Shi
- Sunflower Pharmaceutical Group Longzhong Co., Ltd, 85 Dengcheng Avenue, High-tech Zone, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Zhengjun Huang
- Sunflower Pharmaceutical Group Longzhong Co., Ltd, 85 Dengcheng Avenue, High-tech Zone, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, 92 Wu Cheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuntao Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Nanxiao Street, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing 100700, China
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Hou H, Chen T, Xu Z, Yu Z, Wang C, Liu R, Peng B, Yang W, Li F, Che X, Li B, Wang Y, Song L, Gao Y, Ye Z, Zhang G. Study and exploration of the pharmacokinetics of traditional Tibetan medicine Ruyi Zhenbao tablets after single and long-term administration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948693. [PMID: 36249816 PMCID: PMC9559938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan medicine is one of the oldest traditional medicine systems in the world. Taking the Ruyi Zhenbao tablet (RYZB) as an example, which is a widely used classic oral Tibetan medicine, this article discusses the pharmacokinetics of single administration and long-term treatment and analyzed its metabolic properties and tissue distribution in vivo. After single administration, blood samples were collected before administration and at different time points after administration in different groups of rats. In the study of long-term treatment effects, blood samples were collected from the animals in each group on days 1, 15, and 30 and on day 15 after withdrawal. The results showed that after a single administration, the dose change had no significant effect on the T1/2 and Tmax of agarotetrol, isoliquiritigenin, and piperine (p > 0.05). There was a certain correlation between the increase in AUC0-t and the Cmax of agarotetrol, isoliquiritigenin, piperine, and the increase in dosage, with a dose range of 0.225–0.900 g/kg. There were no significant differences in Cmax and AUC0-t of ferulic acid at different doses (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant sex-based difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of these four components in rats. After long-term administration, the distribution agarotetrol in various tissues of rats was kidney > liver > heart > brain; the tissue distribution in low- and medium-dose groups of isoliquiritigenin was liver > kidney > heart > brain, and in the high-dose group, kidney > liver > heart > brain. The tissue distribution of piperine in each dose group was liver > kidney > heart > brain, and that of ferulic acid in each dose group was kidney > liver > heart > brain. Through the establishment of the previously developed methodology, the pharmacokinetic properties of RYZB were analyzed after a single administration and long-term administration. Our findings confirmed this approach for the exploration and establishment of a pharmacokinetic evaluation of Tibetan medicine, to support its guiding role in clinical application, but also to accelerate research into Tibetan medicine theory and medicine and to provide a solid foundation for the translation of Tibetan medicine throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Hou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Yu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Gansu Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Che
- Gansu Cheezheng Tibetan Medicine Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Yantai Saipute Analyzing Service Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Yantai Saipute Analyzing Service Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Ling Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuguang Ye
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Zhang, ; Zuguang Ye,
| | - Guangping Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangping Zhang, ; Zuguang Ye,
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Yang Z, Qi J, Ping D, Sun X, Tao Y, Liu C, Peng Y. Salvia miltiorrhiza in thorax and abdomainal organ fibrosis: A review of its pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999604. [PMID: 36204239 PMCID: PMC9530895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a common pathological change that finally results in organ failure, which involves the destruction of parenchyma cells, the activation of mesenchymal cells and the imbalance of immunological cells. In recent years, although some breakthroughs have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutics of organ fibrosis, no registered drugs could directly target the fibrotic process, which constitutes a major biomedical challenge. Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a well-known medicinal plant in China, which has been widely applied because of its pharmacological effects on anti-oxidative, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Accumulated evidence suggested that SM played critical roles against organ fibrosis in vivo and in vitro experiments by its multiple biological compounds. In this review, we discussed the recent advances on the phytochemistry and pharmacological mechanisms of SM and its active ingredients in liver, lung, kidney, and heart fibrosis, which might help to promote the treatment of fibrotic diseases in thorax and abdomainal viscera in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingshu Qi
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Ping
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Tao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghai Liu, ; Yuan Peng,
| | - Yuan Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghai Liu, ; Yuan Peng,
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Yao T, Jiang S, Hou K, Sun H, Wang H. Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in traditional Chinese medicine materials (TCMMs): A critical review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113904. [PMID: 35882109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated a wealth of ecological wisdom and is regarded as an outstanding cultural and medical resource in China. However, in the context of serious environmental pollution, the potential harm caused by TCM materials (TCMMs) due to toxic heavy metals has seriously affected the sustainable development of TCM. Cadmium (Cd) is an internationally recognized heavy metal contaminant. In this paper, 270 reports on Cd in TCMMs were screened from 1969 publications covering 243 species in 81 families. According to the source of the TCMMs, the data were divided into the following categories: aboveground part, bark, flower and fruit, herb, leaf and rhizome. The temporal dynamics of the Cd content and its correlations with the habitats and categories (parts) of TCMMs were also studied. The results show that 22.05 % of the investigated TCMM samples exceeded the relevant domestic standards (Cd≤0.3 mg/kg), among which the maximum Cd content was 17.75 mg/kg. Myrtaceae and Syzygium aromaticum were the family and species with the highest mean Cd content, respectively. Regarding the source of TCMMs of great concern, the mean Cd content of TCMMs decreased in the order of herb > aboveground part > flower and fruit > leaf > rhizome > bark. In addition, in terms of the spatiotemporal distribution, the spatial distribution of the mean Cd content of TCMMs was significantly higher on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, followed by Southwest China. When comparing different times, more serious Cd pollution of TCMMs existed after 2000, and the highest mean Cd content was observed in 2000-2004. In summary, soil acidity must be decreased and the cultivation conditions of Cd-hyperaccumulators such as Ligusticum chuanxiong and Lonicera japonica must be modified, in conjunction with a scientific health risk assessment, to ensure the sustainable development of TCMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Design and Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shunyuan Jiang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Hou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Design and Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Engineering Design & Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Honglan Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Orman E, Bekoe SO, Jato J, Spiegler V, Asare-Nkansah S, Agyare C, Hensel A, Bekoe EO. Quality assessment of African herbal medicine: A systematic review and the way forward. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105287. [PMID: 36031027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Africa, herbalism supplements allopathic medicine's efforts to ensure Universal Health Coverage attainment. This review was conducted to identify and to summarise current literature on methodological approaches used for quality control of herbal medicines in Africa, to evaluate the gaps associated with existing strategies within context of best practices, and make recommendations for future improvements. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles were screened and assessed for eligibility. RESULTS 118 articles were included into the study. There was a high preference for impurity profiling tests (77%) indicating the prioritization for tests that guarantee safety despite the limited analytical resources available. Other classes of tests reported included identification tests (29%), physicochemical tests (18%), and content assays (12%). Although standard methods exist in preparing samples for impurity tests, different techniques were observed in different studies, and this could lead to differences in analytical outcomes. Content assays focused on single marker assessments, which may be inadequate to comprehensively assess the quality of products. CONCLUSION This review provides knowledge of existing strengths and challenges for herbal medicine quality assessments in Africa. For future it is recommended to implement more studies on contaminants (e.g. mycotoxins) and pharmaceutical adulterants. The use of chemometrics to develop analytical methods should be promoted. Also, stakeholders in the medicine quality industry in Africa need to effectively collaborate to establish a well co-ordinated and harmonized system to provide a sustainable framework for the GACP and GMP guided production and quality assurance of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Jato
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Verena Spiegler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Emelia Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Gong X, Liu W, Cao Y, Wang R, Liang N, Cao L, Li J, Tu P, Song Y. Integrated strategy for widely targeted metabolome characterization of Peucedani Radix. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463360. [PMID: 35908514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) are widely recognized as extremely complicated matrices, resulting in a great challenge for the existing analytical approaches to characterize the widely targeted metabolome. The primary obstacles include high-level structural diversity, broad concentration range, large polarity span, insufficient authentic compounds and frequent occurrences of isomers, even enantiomers. Here, we aimed to propose an integrated strategy being able to circumvent the technical barriers, and a well-known HM namely Peucedani Radix was employed to illustrate and justify the applicability. Regarding qualitative analysis, the hydrophilic metabolites were detected with HILIC-predictive multiple-reaction monitoring mode, and structurally identified by matching predefined identities with authentic compounds or information archived in relevant databases. After RPLC-MS/MS measurement, full collision energy ramp-MS2 spectrum in combination with quantum structural calculation was applied to confirmatively identify those less polar components, mainly angular-type pyranocoumarins (APs). For quantitative analysis, achiral-chiral RPLC/HILIC was configured for chromatographic separations because the analytes spanned a large polarity range and involved many enantiomers. A quasi-content concept was employed for comprehensively relative quantitation through constructing a so-called universal metabolome standard (UMS) sample and building calibration curves by assaying serial diluted UMS solutions. Consequently, high-confidence structural annotation and relatively quantitative analysis were achieved for 103 compounds, in total. After multivariate statistical analysis, some APs, e.g., (3'S)-praeruptorin A, (3'S)-praeruptorin B, (3'S)-praeruptorin E, as well as several primary metabolites were screened out as the prominent contributors for inter-batch variations. Together, current study shows a promising strategy enabling widely targeted metabolomics of, but not limited to, HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Gong
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rongye Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Naiyun Liang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Libo Cao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Liu Y, Song X, Shen X, Xiong Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Nian S, Liu L. A Rapid and Efficient Strategy for Quality Control of Clinopodii herba Encompassing Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Coupled with Sensitive Variable Wavelength Detection. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144418. [PMID: 35889291 PMCID: PMC9316769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinopodii herba is a folk herbal medicine for treatments of hemorrhagic disorders. However, there is not even a quantitative standard for clinopodii herba deposited in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The development of a strategy for rapid and efficient extraction and simultaneous detection of multiple components in clinopodii herba is therefore of great value for its quality evaluation. Here, a variable wavelength strategy was firstly applied to quantity multiple components by segmental monitoring by UHPLC with diode array detector following ultrasound-assisted extraction. The parameters of ultrasound-assisted extraction were optimized using single factor optimization experiments and response surface methodology by a Box–Behnken design combined with overall desirability. Subsequently, a rapid, efficient, and sensitive method was applied for simultaneous determination of eleven compounds, which represented the major and main types of components in clinopodii herba. Moreover, the performance of the validated method was successfully applied for the quality control of various batches of clinopodii herba and provided sufficient supporting data for the optimum harvest time. The Box-Behnken-optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with variable wavelength detection strategy established in this work not only improves the quality control of clinopodii herba, but also serves as a powerful approach that can be extended to quality evaluation of other traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xuebin Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuangen Xiong
- Anhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huiyinbi Group Co., Ltd., Lu'an 237202, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuexi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Sihui Nian
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu 241000, China
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Zhou X, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Mendoza R, Truong J, Chan K. A comparative study of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix & Rhizoma raw material and granule products using chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yang H, Yang T, Gong D, Li X, Sun G, Guo P. A trinity fingerprint evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463118. [PMID: 35550981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on developing a set of quality evaluation methods that can reflect the multi-levels and multi-characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Taking licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as the method development sample, the feasibility of multi-markers assay by monolinear method (MAML) was explored through the standard curve relationship among active components for the first time. Using glycyrrhizic acid as measurement marker, MAML can simultaneously quantify five components of licorice, including isoliquiritigenin, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, liquiritin and liquiritin apioside. Comparing MAML and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) to the external standard method (ESM) respectively, it was found that there was no significant difference in the content of components that were calculated by MAML and ESM (the relative error (RE) was generally less than 2.00%). However, the RE of the component content calculated by QAMS fluctuated greatly, indicating that the MAML was more accurate than QAMS. In addition, UV and THz quantum fingerprints were initiated by the interval erasure method. Taking the systematically quantified fingerprint method as the core, a "Trinity" fingerprint quality evaluation system based on HPLC, UV and THz was developed. The system successfully distinguished the quality differences of licorice samples from 13 producing areas and two ecological models by the comprehensive evaluation results. Simultaneously, the quality information of licorice at different technical levels was revealed. Finally, bivariate correlation analysis was used to examine the linkage between UV/HPLC and antioxidant spectrum efficacy, and the two-dimensional activity spectrum of licorice was provided. It may furnish a more thorough and objective analytical technique for licorice and even other TCMs in chemical fingerprint features, chemical bond vibration characteristics and biological activity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, China
| | - Dandan Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- China Communication Technology (Jiangmen) Co., Ltd., Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529000, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, China.
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, China.
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Rapid screening and identification of metabolites of murpanicin in rats by UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs) and multiple mass defect filter. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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The Potential Use of Herbal Fingerprints by Means of HPLC and TLC for Characterization and Identification of Herbal Extracts and the Distinction of Latvian Native Medicinal Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082555. [PMID: 35458753 PMCID: PMC9026908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing market of herbal medicines, the increase in international trade in Latvia, and the lack of adequate analytical methods have raised the question of the potential use of herbal fingerprinting methods. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were developed for obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of four taxonomically and evolutionary different medicinal plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L.). Retention time shifting, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis were used to improve and analyze the obtained fingerprints. HPLC data detection at 270 nm was determined superior to 360 nm for the distinction of medicinal plants and used data alignment method significantly increased similarity between samples. Analyzed medicinal plant extracts formed separate, compact clusters in PCA, and the results of HCA correlated with the evolutionary relationships of the analyzed medicinal plants. Herbal fingerprinting using chromatographic analysis coupled with multivariate analysis has a great potential for the identification of medicinal plants as well as for the distinction of Latvian native medicinal plants.
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Decoding herbal materials of TCM preparations with the multi-barcode sequencing approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5988. [PMID: 35397643 PMCID: PMC8994760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, approaches for assessing biological ingredients in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preparations have also advanced. Using a multi-barcode sequencing approach, all biological ingredients could be identified from TCM preparations in theory, as long as their DNA is present. The biological ingredients of several classical TCM preparations were analyzed successfully based on this approach in previous studies. However, the universality, sensitivity and reliability of this approach on a diverse set of TCM preparations remain unclear. In this study, we selected four representative TCM preparations, namely Bazhen Yimu Wan, Da Huoluo Wan, Niuhuang Jiangya Wan, and You Gui Wan, for concrete assessment of the multi-barcode sequencing approach. Based on ITS2 and trnL biomarkers, we have successfully detected the prescribed herbal materials (PHMs) in these representative TCM preparations (minimum sensitivity: 77.8%, maximum sensitivity: 100%). The results based on ITS2 have also shown higher reliability than trnL at species level, while their combination could provide higher sensitivity and reliability. The multi-barcode sequencing approach has shown good universality, sensitivity and reliability in decoding these four representative TCM preparations. In the omics big-data era, this work has undoubtedly made one step forward for applying multi-barcode sequencing approach in PHMs analysis of TCM preparation, towards better digitization and modernization of drug quality control.
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Kudatarkar N, Jalalpure S, Balekundri A, Kurangi B. Analytical method development and validation for estimation of chrysin in chrysin loaded phytosomes using high performance thin layer chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2038196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namit Kudatarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research Belagavi, Belgaum, India
| | - Sunil Jalalpure
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research Belagavi, Belgaum, India
| | - Amruta Balekundri
- Department of Quality Assurance, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research Belagavi, Belgaum, India
| | - Bhaskar Kurangi
- Department of pharmaceutics, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi
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Bai Z, Yu R, Zheng T, Sun D, Zhou Y, Tang J, Zhu H, Li G, Niu L, Cui L, Du R, Zhang J, Zhang Y. A Novel Strategy for Unveiling Spatial Distribution Pattern of Gallotannins in Paeonia rockii and Paeonia ostii Based on LC–QTRAP–MS. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040326. [PMID: 35448513 PMCID: PMC9030617 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallotannins (GTs) are a series of hydrolyzable tannins with multiple health-promoting effects. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) strategy was developed for unveiling the spatial distribution pattern of GTs in the emerging oilseed crops Paeonia rockii and P. ostii. According to the fragmentation behavior of the representative GT (1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, PGG), the diagnostic neutral loss (NL) of 170 Da was chosen for the non-targeted screening of GT precursors. Simultaneously, the tandem mass spectrometry spectrum (MS/MS) information was acquired through an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan. Nine major GTs were identified in tree peony. To quantify the targeted GTs in different tissues of tree peony, we established a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)–enhanced product ion (EPI)-based pseudo-targeted approach under the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode. The quantitative results show that the GT compounds were ubiquitous in tree peony plants with diverse structures. The typical GT PGG was mainly distributed in roots, leaves, and petals. This strategy can also be utilized for metabolite characterization and quantification in other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhen Bai
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-8708-2632 (J.Z.); +86-029-8708-2878 (Y.Z.)
| | - Rui Yu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
| | - Daoyang Sun
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
| | - Junman Tang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
| | - Huili Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | | | - Lixin Niu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
| | - Lu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Rui Du
- College of Innovation and experiment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-8708-2632 (J.Z.); +86-029-8708-2878 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (T.Z.); (D.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.T.); (L.N.)
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-8708-2632 (J.Z.); +86-029-8708-2878 (Y.Z.)
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Rao SW, Duan YY, Pang HQ, Xu SH, Hu SQ, Cheng KG, Liang D, Shi W. Spectrum-Effect Relationship Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Coupled With Comprehensive Filtering Approaches. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:794277. [PMID: 35355711 PMCID: PMC8959880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.794277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. (ZN), with strong effects of anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities is treated as a core herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation for treating stomachache, toothache, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the active ingredients of ZN are not fully clarified due to its chemical complexity. In the present study, a double spectrum–effect analysis strategy was developed and applied to explore the bioactive components in herbs, and ZN was used as an example. Here, the chemical components in ZN were rapidly and comprehensively profiled based on the mass defect filtering-based structure classification (MDFSC) and diagnostic fragment-ion-based extension approaches. Furthermore, the fingerprints of 20 batches of ZN samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the 20 batches of ZN samples were studied. Finally, the partial least squares regression (PLSR), gray relational analysis models, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) were applied to discover the bioactive compounds in ZN. As a result, a total of 48 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in ZN, including 35 alkaloids, seven coumarins, three phenolic acids, two flavonoids, and one lignan. The results achieved by three prediction models indicated that peaks 4, 12, and 17 were the potential anti-inflammatory compounds in ZN, whereas peaks 3, 5, 7, 12, and 13 were involved in the antioxidant activity. Among them, peaks 4, 5, 7, and 12 were identified as nitidine, chelerythrine, hesperidin, and oxynitidine by comparison with the standards and other references. The data in the current study achieved by double spectrum–effect analysis strategy had great importance to improve the quality standardization of ZN, and the method might be an efficiency tool for the discovery of active components in a complex system, such as TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Wei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Han-Qing Pang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Shou-Qian Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Ke-Guang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang X, He J, Jin H. Advanced applications of mass spectrometry imaging technology in quality control and safety assessments of traditional Chinese medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114760. [PMID: 34678417 PMCID: PMC9715987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of human diseases in China, and especially in cases of COVID-19. However, due to quality problems, the lack of standards, and the diversity of dosage forms, adverse reactions to TCMs often occur. Moreover, the composition of TCMs makes them extremely challenging to extract and isolate, complicating studies of toxicity mechanisms. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize the advanced applications of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technology in the quality control, safety evaluations, and determination of toxicity mechanisms of TCMs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies from the literature have been collected from scientific databases, such as "PubMed", "Scifinder", "Elsevier", "Google Scholar" using the keywords "MSI", "traditional Chinese medicines", "quality control", "metabolomics", and "mechanism". RESULTS MSI is a new analytical imaging technology that can detect and image the metabolic changes of multiple components of TCMs in plants and animals in a high throughput manner. Compared to other chemical analysis methods, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), this method does not require the complex extraction and separation of TCMs, and is fast, has high sensitivity, is label-free, and can be performed in high-throughput. Combined with chemometrics methods, MSI can be quickly and easily used for quality screening of TCMs. In addition, this technology can be used to further focus on potential biomarkers and explore the therapeutic/toxic mechanisms of TCMs. CONCLUSIONS As a new type of analysis method, MSI has unique advantages to metabolic analysis, quality control, and mechanisms of action explorations of TCMs, and contributes to the establishment of quality standards to explore the safety and toxicology of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hongtao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing 100050, China.
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Murugan G, Rajkumar DS, Kaliyaperumal M, Ramdoss R, Natarajan S, Padmanaban R. Elucidating the inhibitory mechanism of yeast α-glucosidase by phytocompounds from Scoparia dulcis through in vitro and in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2574-2586. [PMID: 35109776 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2035820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antidiabetic activity of herb Scoparia dulcis Linn (SD) used in traditional medicine is well established, yet, the molecular mechanism is not understood. In this study, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of SD aqueous extract and its kinetics were investigated and in silico analysis was carried out. SD showed potent inhibition of α-glucosidase with low IC50value (30 μg/mL). Enzyme kinetics analysis revealed the inhibition to be a mixed type of inhibition. From literature screening, we found that six compounds of SD to exhibit potent anti-diabetic activity, namely apigenin, betulinic acid, hispidulin, luteolin, scopadulcic-acid-B and scutellarein. These compounds were subjected to molecular docking. Docking studies revealed scopadulcic acid B and betulunic acid to show optimum binding constant and low free energy. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to further understand the interaction and stability between glucosidase and ligands of SD. Taken together, the study reveals that the potency of SD is due to synergistic effect of active phytochemicals in it and suggest that their properties can be utilized for anti-diabetic treatment strategies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Murugan
- Centre for Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Divya Sangeetha Rajkumar
- Centre for Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ramya Ramdoss
- Department of Oral pathology, SRM University, Chennai, India.,Department of Oral pathology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sasirekha Natarajan
- Centre for Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Rajashree Padmanaban
- Centre for Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Rapid quantification of adulterated Panax notoginseng powder by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bai G, Qiao Y, Lo PC, Song L, Yang Y, Duan L, Wei S, Li M, Huang S, Zhang B, Wang Q, Yang C. Anti-depressive effects of Jiao-Tai-Wan on CORT-induced depression in mice by inhibiting inflammation and microglia activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114717. [PMID: 34627986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) is a very famous traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, especially in anxiety, insomnia and depression. However, its molecular mechanism of treatment remains indistinct. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to reveal the action mechanism of JTW on anti-depression via inhibiting microglia activation and pro-inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS The corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of JTW. Behavioral tests (open field, elevated plus maze, tail suspension and forced swim test) were conducted to evaluate the effect of JTW on depressive-like behaviors. The levels of inflammatory factors and the concentration of neurotransmitters were detected by RT-qPCR or ELISA assays. Then three hippocampal tissue samples per group (Control, CORT, and JTW group) were sent for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Transcriptomics data analysis was used to screen the key potential therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of JTW. Based on 8 bioactive species of JTW by our previous study using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, molecular docking analyses were used to predict the interaction of JTW-derived compounds and depression targets. Finally, the results of transcriptome and molecular docking analyses were combined to verify the targets, key pathways, and efficacy of JTW treatment in vivo and vitro. RESULTS JTW ameliorated CORT-induced depressive-like behaviors, neuronal damage and enhanced the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the serum of mice. JTW also inhibited CORT-induced inflammatory activation of microglia and decreased the serum levels of interleukin- 6(IL-6) and interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) in vivo. Transcriptomic data analysis showed there were 10 key driver analysis (KDA) genes with the strongest correlation which JTW regulated in depression mice. Molecular docking analysis displayed bioactive compound Magnoflorine had the strongest binding force to the key gene colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), which is the signaling microglia dependent upon for their survival. Meanwhile, CSF1R staining showed it was consistent with inflammatory activation of microglia. Our vitro experiment also showed JTW and CSF1R inhibitor significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFNɣ)-induced inflammatory activation response in macrophage cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that JTW might ameliorate CORT-induced neuronal damage in depression mice by inhibiting CSF1R mediated microglia activation and pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Bai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Yiqi Qiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Po-Chieh Lo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Yuna Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Lining Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Sufen Wei
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Min Li
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Beiping Zhang
- Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Cong Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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Liu C, Zuo Z, Xu F, Wang Y. Authentication of Herbal Medicines Based on Modern Analytical Technology Combined with Chemometrics Approach: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1393-1418. [PMID: 34991387 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, herbal medicines (HMs) have been widely popular with consumers as a "natural" drug for health care and disease treatment. With the emergence of problems, such as increasing demand for HMs and shortage of resources, it often occurs the phenomenon of shoddy exceed and mixing the false with the genuine in the market. There is an urgent need to evaluate the quality of HMs to ensure their important role in health care and disease treatment, and to reduce the possibility of threat to human health. Modern analytical technology is can be analyzed for analyzing chemical components of HMs or their preparations. Reflecting complex chemical components' characteristic curves in the analysis sample, and the comprehensive effect of active ingredients of HMs. In this review, modern analytical technology (chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry), chemometrics methods (unsupervised, supervised) and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability were introduced and summarized. In addition, the authentication application of modern analytical technology combined with chemometrics methods in four aspects, including origin, processing methods, cultivation methods, and adulteration of HMs have also been discussed and illustrated by a few typical studies. This article offers a general workflow of analytical methods that have been applied for HMs authentication and explains that the accuracy of authentication in favor of the quality assurance of HMs. It was provided reference value for the development and application of modern HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlu Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Zhang C, Li N, Wang Z, Wang S, Wang Z, Fan X, Xu X, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Unsaturated fatty-acid based HPLC fingerprints in combination with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker for the classification of Rana chensinensis ovum. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive quality evaluation strategy was established for Rana chensinensis ovum based on analytical chemistry and chemometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhongyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Zhihan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xuanrui Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Development of High-Resolution Multidimensional Native Protein Microfluidic Chip Electrophoresis Fingerprinting and its Application in the Quick Analysis of Unknown Microorganisms. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen C, Wang B, Li J, Xiong F, Zhou G. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Metabolites in Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher to Determine Geographical Origins and Network Pharmacology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927336. [PMID: 35845631 PMCID: PMC9277180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher, has been used for the treatment of septic shock, analgesia, motion sickness, and anesthesia in traditional Tibetan medicine for 2,000 years. However, the chemical metabolites and geographical traceability and their network pharmacology are still unknown. A total of 71 samples of A. tanguticus were analyzed by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometer in combination with chemometrics developed for the discrimination of A. tanguticus from different geographical origins. Then, network pharmacology analysis was used to integrate the information of the differential metabolite network to explore the mechanism of pharmacological activity. In this study, 29 metabolites were identified, including tropane alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid amides and coumarins. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 49.5% of the total variance, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed good discrimination (R2Y = 0.921 and Q2 = 0.839) for A. tanguticus samples. Nine differential metabolites accountable for such variations were identified through variable importance in the projection (VIP). Through network pharmacology, 19 components and 20 pathways were constructed and predicted for the pharmacological activity of A. tanguticus. These results confirmed that this method is accurate and effective for the geographic classification of A. tanguticus, and the integrated strategy of metabolomics and network pharmacology can explain well the "multicomponent--multitarget" mechanism of A. tanguticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Zhou
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Identification and Analysis of Chemical Constituents and Rat Serum Metabolites in Gushuling Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS Coupled with Novel Informatics UNIFI Platform. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2894306. [PMID: 35003296 PMCID: PMC8741369 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2894306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gushuling (GSL), a well-known hospital preparation composed of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis (OP) for decades due to its remarkable therapeutic effect. However, the chemical constituents of GSL are still unclear so far, which limits the in-depth study of its pharmacodynamic material basis and further restricts its clinical application. In this study, we developed a strategy for qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents of GSL in vitro and in vivo. Based on the results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and the UNIFI informatics platform, the chemical constituents of GSL can be determined quickly and effectively. By comparing the retention time, accurate mass, and fragmentation spectrum of the compounds in GSL, a total of 93 compounds were identified or preliminarily identified, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, etc. Among them, nine compounds have been confirmed by standard substances, namely epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, ecdysterone, calycosin, calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, and ginsenoside Ro. Fragment patterns and characteristic ions of representative compounds with different chemical structure types were analyzed. At the same time, 20 prototype compounds and 42 metabolites were detected in rat serum. Oxidation, hydration, reduction, dehydration, glutathione S-conjugation, and acetylcysteine conjugation were the main transformation reactions of GSL in rat serum. In this research, the rapid method to characterize the in vitro and in vivo chemical constituents of GSL can not only be used for the standardization and quality control of GSL but also be helpful for further research on its pharmacodynamic material basis.
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Sun CS, Wang YQ, Zhang ZL, Liou Y, Zhou HH. Distinctive quality control method for solid-state fermented Isaria cicadae from strain Ic-17-7 and application in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:921-929. [PMID: 34961590 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work was aimed to establish a quality control method for evaluating the effects on glucose and lipids of the fruiting body of Isaria cicadae Miquel from strain Ic-17-7 (Ic-17-7fb) using a rat model of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Random amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence-characterized amplified region, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the quality control of Ic-17-7fb. The pharmacological effects on streptozocin (STZ)-induced high fat diet (HFD)-fed Albino Wistar rats were evaluated. The rats underwent the following treatments: control, metformin, Ic-17-7fb (0.166 and 0.5 g·kg-1) or without treatment. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) were measured. Ic-17-7fb amplified a single specific band by S11-2-F3 and S11-2-R3 primers. An HPLC-based quality and quantity method was established for industrial application. The contents of adenosine and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA) of the cultivated Ic-17-7fb were analyzed. All of the validation lots of cultured Ic-17-7fb passed the quantity control of the training set (0.90 mg·g-1 of adenosine and 0.89 mg·g-1 of HEA). After two weeks of administration, the average FBG was 4.89 ± 0.42 (control), 26.10 ± 5.77 (model), 23.63 ± 6.15 (metformin), 17.96 ± 9.36 (Ic-17-7fb for 0.166 g·kg-1), and 19.69 ± 8.71 mmol·L-1 (Ic-17-7fb for 0.5 g·kg-1). The FBG of Ic-17-7fb (0.166 g·kg-1) treatment significantly reduced by 31.19%, compared with the model after two weeks of administration (P < 0.01). Metformin, Ic-17-7fb (0.166 g·kg -1), and Ic-17-7fb (0.5 g·kg-1) reduced TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c compared with the T2DM model treatment at the 6th week of treatment (P < 0.05). This study established the first quality standard for Ic-17-7fb, which can be effectively applied in the treatment of T2DM. The reliable quality control method and pharmacological effect will broaden its application space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; China Zhejiang Bioasia Life Science Institute, Pinghu 314200, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- China Zhejiang Bioasia Life Science Institute, Pinghu 314200, China.
| | | | - Yuligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China.
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Chen S, Yang X, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Shi Z, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang H, Ma J, Xiao X, Niu M. Establishment of an anti-inflammation-based bioassay for the quality control of the 13-component TCM formula (Lianhua Qingwen). PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:537-545. [PMID: 33941036 PMCID: PMC8110188 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1917627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Owing to the complexity of chemical ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is difficult to maintain quality and efficacy by relying only on chemical markers. OBJECTIVE Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQW) was selected as an example to discuss the feasibility of a bioassay for quality control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology was used to screen potential targets in LHQW with respect to its anti-inflammatory effects. An in vitro cell model was used to validate the prediction. An anti-inflammatory bioassay was established for the quality evaluation of LHQW in 40 batches of marketed products and three batches of destructed samples. RESULTS The tumor necrosis factor/interleukin-6 (TNF/IL-6) pathway via macrophage was selected as the potential target of LHQW. The IC50 value of LHQW on RAW 264.7 was 799.8 μg/mL. LHQW had significant inhibitory effects on the expression of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The anti-inflammatory biopotency of LHQW was calculated based on the inhibitory bioactivity on IL-6. The biopotency of 40 marketed samples ranged from 404 U/μg to 2171 U/μg, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 37.91%. By contrast, the contents of forsythin indicated lower CV (28.05%) than the value of biopotency. Moreover, the biopotencies of destructed samples declined approximate 50%, while the contents of forsythin did not change. This newly established bioassay revealed a better ability to discriminate the quality variations of LHQW as compared to the routine chemical determination. CONCLUSIONS A well-established bioassay may have promising ability to reveal the variance in quality of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wei
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Ying Huang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shi
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziteng Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jianli Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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