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D’Arrigo P, Rossato LAM, Strini A, Serra S. From Waste to Value: Recent Insights into Producing Vanillin from Lignin. Molecules 2024; 29:442. [PMID: 38257355 PMCID: PMC10818928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanillin, one of the most widely used and appreciated flavoring agents worldwide, is the main constituent of vanilla bean extract, obtained from the seed pods of various members belonging to the Orchidaceae family. Due to the great demand in the food confectionery industry, as well as in the perfume industry, medicine, and more, the majority of vanillin used today is produced synthetically, and only less than one percent of the world's vanilla flavoring market comes directly from the traditional natural sources. The increasing global demand for vanillin requires alternative and overall sustainable new production methods, and the recovery from biobased polymers, like lignin, is an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. The present review provides firstly an overview of the different types of vanillin, followed by a description of the main differences between natural and synthetic vanillin, their preparation, the market of interest, and the authentication issues and the related analytical techniques. Then, the review explores the real potentialities of lignin for vanillin production, presenting firstly the well-assessed classical methods and moving towards the most recent promising approaches through chemical, biotechnological and photocatalytic methodologies, together with the challenges and the principal issues associated with each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy;
| | - Letizia A. M. Rossato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Strini
- Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITC-CNR), via Lombardia 49, 20098 San Giuliano Milanese, Italy;
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR), via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy;
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2
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Ordaz-Ortiz JJ, Cruz-Narváez Y, Guerrero-Esperanza M, Romero-García NL, Arroyo-Silva A, Gómez-Cruz CY. Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Ratio Analysis by FT ICR MS for Natural Vanillin Authentication. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2755-2763. [PMID: 37983185 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is the main component of vanilla flavor and is naturally produced from an orchid. However, due to the high cost and time-intensive nature of cultivating natural vanilla pods, most of the vanillin is mainly artificially manufactured. Existing methodologies, such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and site-specific natural isotopic fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR), are employed to differentiate natural vanillin from other sources based on carbon and hydrogen isotope measurements. Nevertheless, these methods have limitations, as the carbon isotopic ratio can be counterfeited by adding commercially available enriched vanillin. For this research, we purified 1 mg of vanillin from pods from various geographical and botanical sources. We developed a novel method for analyzing 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotopic ratios of vanillin using direct injection analysis coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). This innovative approach enables the examination of bulk vanillin carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios, as well as specific molecular fragments. By analyzing a characteristic vanillin fragment that provides site-specific 18O/16O isotopic ratio data, we achieved superior clustering and discrimination of samples based on their botanical source and geographical origin. Our proposed method holds significant potential for vanillin authentication and can be performed using a mere 20 μg of pure vanillin in just 10 min of analysis time. Subsequent research should focus on acquiring additional vanillin samples from diverse botanical, geographical, and biosynthetic origins while exploring various isotopic ratios to further enhance the reproducibility and reliability of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Ordaz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Espectrometría de Masas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Yair Cruz-Narváez
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Moisés Guerrero-Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Espectrometría de Masas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Nayeli L Romero-García
- Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Espectrometría de Masas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Anita Arroyo-Silva
- Laboratorio de Metabolómica y Espectrometría de Masas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Carlos Y Gómez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Posgrado e Investigación de Operaciones Unitarias, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
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Renou S, Grand M, Daux V, Tcherkez G, Akoka S, Remaud G. NMR-Based Method for Intramolecular 13C Distribution at Natural Abundance Adapted to Small Amounts of Glucose. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37413690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for isotopic measurements, known as irm-NMR (isotope ratio measured by NMR), is well suited for the quantitation of 13C-isotopomers in position-specific isotope analysis and thus for measuring the carbon isotope composition (δ13C, mUr) in C-atom positions. Irm-NMR has already been used with glucose after derivatization to study sugar metabolism in plants. However, up to now, irm-NMR has exploited a "single-pulse" sequence and requires a relatively large amount of material and long experimental time, precluding many applications with biological tissues or extracts. To reduce the required amount of sample, we investigated the use of 2D-NMR analysis. We adapted and optimized the NMR sequence so as to be able to analyze a small amount (10 mg) of a glucose derivative (diacetonide glucofuranose, DAGF) with a precision better than 1 mUr at each C-atom position. We also set up a method to correct raw data and express 13C abundance on the usual δ13C scale (δ-scale). In fact, due to the distortion associated with polarization transfer and spin manipulation during 2D-NMR analyses, raw 13C abundance is found to be on an unusual scale. This was compensated for by a correction factor obtained via comparative analysis of a reference material (commercial DAGF) using both previous (single-pulse) and new (2D) sequences. Glucose from different biological origins (CO2 assimilation metabolisms of plants, namely, C3, C4, and CAM) was analyzed with the two sequences and compared. Validation criteria such as selectivity, limit of quantification, precision, trueness, and robustness are discussed, including in the framework of green analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Renou
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Valérie Daux
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, 2601 Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald Remaud
- CEISAM, CNRS, Nantes Université, F-44322 Nantes, France
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4
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Liu C, Liu P, Wang X, Li X, Horita J. Establishing the accuracy of position-specific carbon isotope analysis of propane by GC-pyrolysis-GC-IRMS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9494. [PMID: 36797978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Position-specific (PS) δ13 C values of propane have proven their ability to provide valuable information on the evolution history of natural gases. Two major approaches to measure PS δ13 C values of propane are isotopic 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Py-GC-IRMS). Measurement accuracy of the isotopic 13 C NMR has been verified, but the requirements of large sample size and long experimental time limit its applications. GC-Py-GC-IRMS is a more versatile method with a small sample size, but its accuracy has not been demonstrated. METHODS We measured the PS δ13 C values of propane from nine natural gases using both 13 C NMR and GC-Py-GC-IRMS, then evaluated the accuracy of the GC-Py-GC-IRMS method. RESULTS The results show that large carbon isotope fractionations occurred for both terminal and central carbons within propane during pyrolysis. The isotope fractionations during the pyrolysis are reproducible at optimum conditions, but vary between the two GC-Py-GC-IRMS systems tested, affected by experimental conditions (e.g., pyrolysis temperature, flow rate, and reactor conditions). CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to evaluate and calibrate each GC-Py-GC-IRMS system using propane gases with accurately determined PS δ13 C values. This study also highlights a need for PS isotope standards for propane and other molecules (e.g., butane and acetic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Liu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Juske Horita
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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5
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Le PM, Martineau E, Akoka S, Remaud G, Chartrand MMG, Meija J, Mester Z. Site-specific carbon isotope measurements of vanillin reference materials by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7153-7165. [PMID: 36097194 PMCID: PMC9482901 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin, one of the world's most popular flavor used in food and pharmaceutical industries, is extracted from vanilla beans or obtained (bio)-synthetically. The price of natural vanillin is considerably higher than that of its synthetic alternative which leads increasingly to counterfeit vanillin. Here, we describe the workflow of combining carbon isotope ratio combustion mass spectrometry with quantitative carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (13C-qNMR) to obtain carbon isotope measurements traceable to the Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB) with 0.7‰ combined standard uncertainty (or expanded uncertainty of 1.4‰ at 95% confidence level). We perform these measurements on qualified Bruker 400 MHz instruments to certify site-specific carbon isotope delta values in two vanillin materials, VANA-1 and VANB-1, believed to be the first intramolecular isotopic certified reference material (CRMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Mai Le
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Estelle Martineau
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
- CAPACITÉS SAS, Nantes, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Gerald Remaud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Michelle M G Chartrand
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Zoltán Mester
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Portaluri V, Thomas F, Jamin E, Lorandel B, Silvestre V, Akoka S, Remaud GS. Vanillin isotopic intramolecular 13C profile through polarization transfer NMR pulse sequence and statistical modelling. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Wang C, Heraty LJ, Wallace AF, Liu C, Li X, McGovern GP, Horita J, Fuller ME, Hatzinger PB, Sturchio NC. Position-specific isotope effects during alkaline hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitroanisole resolved by compound-specific isotope analysis, 13C NMR, and density-functional theory. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130625. [PMID: 33964759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA), and computational modeling (e.g., quantum mechanical models; reactive-transport models) are increasingly being used to monitor and predict biotic and abiotic transformations of organic contaminants in the field. However, identifying the isotope effect(s) associated with a specific transformation remains challenging in many cases. Here, we describe and interpret the position-specific isotope effects of C and N associated with a SN2Ar reaction mechanism by a combination of CSIA and PSIA using quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and density-functional theory, using 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) as a model compound. The position-specific 13C enrichment factor of O-C1 bond at the methoxy group attachment site (εC1) was found to be approximately -41‰, a diagnostic value for transformation of DNAN to its reaction products 2,4-dinitrophenol and methanol. Theoretical kinetic isotope effects calculated for DNAN isotopologues agreed well with the position-specific isotope effects measured by CSIA and PSIA. This combination of measurements and theoretical predictions demonstrates a useful tool for evaluating degradation efficiencies and/or mechanisms of organic contaminants and may promote new and improved applications of isotope analysis in laboratory and field investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Adam F Wallace
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Changjie Liu
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Gregory P McGovern
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, West Texas A&M University, TX, 79016, USA
| | - Juske Horita
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA
| | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Akoka S, Remaud GS. NMR-based isotopic and isotopomic analysis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 120-121:1-24. [PMID: 33198965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecules exist in different isotopic compositions and most of the processes, physical or chemical, in living systems cause selection between heavy and light isotopes. Thus, knowing the isotopic fractionation of the common atoms, such as H, C, N, O or S, at each step during a metabolic pathway allows the construction of a unique isotope profile that reflects its past history. Having access to the isotope abundance gives valuable clues about the (bio)chemical origin of biological or synthetic molecules. Whereas the isotope ratio measured by mass spectrometry provides a global isotope composition, quantitative NMR measures isotope ratios at individual positions within a molecule. We present here the requirements and the corresponding experimental strategies to use quantitative NMR for measuring intramolecular isotope profiles. After an introduction showing the historical evolution of NMR for measuring isotope ratios, the vocabulary and symbols - for describing the isotope content and quantifying its change - are defined. Then, the theoretical framework of very accurate quantitative NMR is presented as the principle of Isotope Ratio Measurement by NMR spectroscopy, including the practical aspects with nuclei other than 2H, that have been developed and employed to date. Lastly, the most relevant applications covering three issues, tackling counterfeiting, authentication, and forensic investigation, are presented, before giving some perspectives combining technical improvements and methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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9
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Guyader S, Thomas F, Jamin E, Grand M, Akoka S, Silvestre V, Remaud GS. Combination of13C and2HSNIF‐NMRisotopic fingerprints of vanillin to control its precursors. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Guyader
- Eurofins Analytics France 9 Rue Pierre Adolphe Bobierre, BP 42301 F‐44323 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Freddy Thomas
- Eurofins Analytics France 9 Rue Pierre Adolphe Bobierre, BP 42301 F‐44323 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Eric Jamin
- Eurofins Analytics France 9 Rue Pierre Adolphe Bobierre, BP 42301 F‐44323 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Mathilde Grand
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F‐44322 Nantes France
| | - Serge Akoka
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F‐44322 Nantes France
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F‐44322 Nantes France
| | - Gérald S. Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F‐44322 Nantes France
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Intramolecular 13C analysis of tree rings provides multiple plant ecophysiology signals covering decades. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5048. [PMID: 29567963 PMCID: PMC5864875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of carbon isotope contents of plant organic matter provide important information in diverse fields such as plant breeding, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry and paleoclimatology. They are currently based on 13C/12C ratios of specific, whole metabolites, but we show here that intramolecular ratios provide higher resolution information. In the glucose units of tree-ring cellulose of 12 tree species, we detected large differences in 13C/12C ratios (>10‰) among carbon atoms, which provide isotopically distinct inputs to major global C pools, including wood and soil organic matter. Thus, considering position-specific differences can improve characterisation of soil-to-atmosphere carbon fluxes and soil metabolism. In a Pinus nigra tree-ring archive formed from 1961 to 1995, we found novel 13C signals, and show that intramolecular analysis enables more comprehensive and precise signal extraction from tree rings, and thus higher resolution reconstruction of plants’ responses to climate change. Moreover, we propose an ecophysiological mechanism for the introduction of a 13C signal, which links an environmental shift to the triggered metabolic shift and its intramolecular 13C signature. In conclusion, intramolecular 13C analyses can provide valuable new information about long-term metabolic dynamics for numerous applications.
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Insights into the role of methionine synthase in the universal 13 C depletion in O - and N -methyl groups of natural products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 635:60-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jézéquel T, Joubert V, Giraudeau P, Remaud GS, Akoka S. The new face of isotopic NMR at natural abundance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:77-90. [PMID: 27921330 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method for isotope analysis at natural abundance is isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS) which provides bulk isotopic composition in 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O or 34 S. However, in the 1980s, the direct access to Site-specific Natural Isotope Fractionation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNIF-NMRTM ) was immediately recognized as a powerful technique to authenticate the origin of natural or synthetic products. The initial - and still most popular - application consisted in detecting the chaptalization of wines by irm-2 H NMR. The approach has been extended to a wide range of methodologies over the last decade, paving the way to a wide range of applications, not only in the field of authentication but also to study metabolism. In particular, the emerging irm-13 C NMR approach delivers direct access to position-specific 13 C isotope content at natural abundance. After highlighting the application scope of irm-NMR (2 H and 13 C), this article describes the major improvements which made possible to reach the required accuracy of 1‰ (0.1%) in irm-13 C NMR. The last part of the manuscript summarizes the different steps to perform isotope analysis as a function of the sample properties (concentration, peak overlap) and the kind of targeted isotopic information (authentication, affiliation). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangi Jézéquel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
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14
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Isotope Ratio Monitoring 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry for the Analysis of Position-Specific Isotope Ratios. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:369-401. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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15
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Remaud GS, Akoka S. A review of flavors authentication by position-specific isotope analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: the example of vanillin. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald S. Remaud
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
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16
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Romek KM, Remaud GS, Silvestre V, Paneth P, Robins RJ. Non-statistical 13C Fractionation Distinguishes Co-incident and Divergent Steps in the Biosynthesis of the Alkaloids Nicotine and Tropine. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16620-9. [PMID: 27288405 PMCID: PMC4974377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of natural products, isotopic fractionation occurs due to the selectivity of enzymes for the heavier or lighter isotopomers. As only some of the positions in the molecule are implicated in a given reaction mechanism, position-specific fractionation occurs, leading to a non-statistical distribution of isotopes. This can be accessed by isotope ratio monitoring (13)C NMR spectrometry. The solanaceous alkaloids S-(-)-nicotine and hyoscyamine (atropine) are related in having a common intermediate, but downstream enzymatic steps diverge, providing a relevant test case to: (a) elucidate the isotopic affiliation between carbon atoms in the alkaloids and those in the precursors; (b) obtain information about the kinetic isotope effects of as yet undescribed enzymes, thus to make predictions as to their possible mechanism(s). We show that the position-specific (13)C/(12)C ratios in the different moieties of these compounds can satisfactorily be related to their known precursors and to the known kinetic isotope effects of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, or to similar reaction mechanisms. Thus, the pathway to the common intermediate, N-methyl-Δ(1)-pyrrolinium, is seen to introduce similar isotope distribution patterns in the two alkaloids independent of plant species, whereas the remaining atoms of each target compound, which are of different origins, reflect their specific metabolic ancestry. We further demonstrate that the measured (13)C distribution pattern can be used to deduce aspects of the reaction mechanism of enzymes still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Romek
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Piotr Paneth
- the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Richard J Robins
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
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17
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Detecting long-term metabolic shifts using isotopomers: CO2-driven suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants over the 20th century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15585-90. [PMID: 26644588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504493112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial vegetation currently absorbs approximately a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mitigating the rise of atmospheric CO2. However, terrestrial net primary production is highly sensitive to atmospheric CO2 levels and associated climatic changes. In C3 plants, which dominate terrestrial vegetation, net photosynthesis depends on the ratio between photorespiration and gross photosynthesis. This metabolic flux ratio depends strongly on CO2 levels, but changes in this ratio over the past CO2 rise have not been analyzed experimentally. Combining CO2 manipulation experiments and deuterium NMR, we first establish that the intramolecular deuterium distribution (deuterium isotopomers) of photosynthetic C3 glucose contains a signal of the photorespiration/photosynthesis ratio. By tracing this isotopomer signal in herbarium samples of natural C3 vascular plant species, crops, and a Sphagnum moss species, we detect a consistent reduction in the photorespiration/photosynthesis ratio in response to the ∼100-ppm CO2 increase between ∼1900 and 2013. No difference was detected in the isotopomer trends between beet sugar samples covering the 20th century and CO2 manipulation experiments, suggesting that photosynthetic metabolism in sugar beet has not acclimated to increasing CO2 over >100 y. This provides observational evidence that the reduction of the photorespiration/photosynthesis ratio was ca. 25%. The Sphagnum results are consistent with the observed positive correlations between peat accumulation rates and photosynthetic rates over the Northern Hemisphere. Our results establish that isotopomers of plant archives contain metabolic information covering centuries. Our data provide direct quantitative information on the "CO2 fertilization" effect over decades, thus addressing a major uncertainty in Earth system models.
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18
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Julien M, Parinet J, Nun P, Bayle K, Höhener P, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Fractionation in position-specific isotope composition during vaporization of environmental pollutants measured with isotope ratio monitoring by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:299-306. [PMID: 26123718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic fractionation of pollutants in terrestrial or aqueous environments is a well-recognized means by which to track different processes during remediation. As a complement to the common practice of measuring the change in isotope ratio for the whole molecule using isotope ratio monitoring by mass spectrometry (irm-MS), position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) can provide further information that can be exploited to investigate source and remediation of soil and water pollutants. Position-specific fractionation originates from either degradative or partitioning processes. We show that isotope ratio monitoring by (13)C NMR (irm-(13)C NMR) spectrometry can be effectively applied to methyl tert-butylether, toluene, ethanol and trichloroethene to obtain this position-specific data for partitioning. It is found that each compound exhibits characteristic position-specific isotope fractionation patterns, and that these are modulated by the type of evaporative process occurring. Such data should help refine models of how remediation is taking place, hence back-tracking to identify pollutant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Julien
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Pierrick Nun
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Kevin Bayle
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes, France.
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19
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Bayle K, Grand M, Chaintreau A, Robins RJ, Fieber W, Sommer H, Akoka S, Remaud GS. Internal Referencing for ¹³C Position-Specific Isotope Analysis Measured by NMR Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7550-4. [PMID: 26158226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular (13)C composition of a molecule retains evidence relevant to its (bio)synthetic history and can provide valuable information in numerous fields ranging from biochemistry to environmental sciences. Isotope ratio monitoring by (13)C NMR spectrometry (irm-(13)C NMR) is a generic method that offers the potential to conduct (13)C position-specific isotope analysis with a precision better than 1‰. Until now, determining absolute values also required measurement of the global (or bulk) (13)C composition (δ(13)Cg) by mass spectrometry. In a radical new approach, it is shown that an internal isotopic chemical reference for irm-(13)C NMR can be used instead. The strategy uses (1)H NMR to quantify both the number of moles of the reference and of the studied compound present in the NMR tube. Thus, the sample preparation protocol is greatly simplified, bypassing the previous requirement for precise purity and mass determination. The key to accurate results is suppressing the effect of radiation damping in (1)H NMR which produces signal distortion and alters quantification. The methodology, applied to vanillin with dimethylsulfone as an internal standard, has an equivalent accuracy (<1‰) to that of the conventional approach. Hence, it was possible to clearly identify vanillin from different origins based on the (13)C isotopic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bayle
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mathilde Grand
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Richard J Robins
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | - Serge Akoka
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- †EBSI Team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling (CEISAM), University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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20
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Romek KM, Nun P, Remaud GS, Silvestre V, Taïwe GS, Lecerf-Schmidt F, Boumendjel A, De Waard M, Robins RJ. A retro-biosynthetic approach to the prediction of biosynthetic pathways from position-specific isotope analysis as shown for tramadol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8296-301. [PMID: 26106160 PMCID: PMC4500278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol, previously only known as a synthetic analgesic, has now been found in the bark and wood of roots of the African medicinal tree Nauclea latifolia. At present, no direct evidence is available as to the biosynthetic pathway of its unusual skeleton. To provide guidance as to possible biosynthetic precursors, we have adopted a novel approach of retro-biosynthesis based on the position-specific distribution of isotopes in the extracted compound. Relatively recent developments in isotope ratio monitoring by (13)C NMR spectrometry make possible the measurement of the nonstatistical position-specific natural abundance distribution of (13)C (δ(13)Ci) within the molecule with better than 1‰ precision. Very substantial variation in the (13)C positional distribution is found: between δ(13)Ci = -11 and -53‰. Distribution is not random and it is argued that the pattern observed can substantially be interpreted in relation to known causes of isotope fractionation in natural products. Thus, a plausible biosynthetic scheme based on sound biosynthetic principals of precursor-substrate relationships can be proposed. In addition, data obtained from the (18)O/(16)O ratios in the oxygen atoms of the compound add support to the deductions made from the carbon isotope analysis. This paper shows how the use of (13)C NMR at natural abundance can help with proposing a biosynthetic route to compounds newly found in nature or those difficult to tackle by conventional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Romek
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France; Laboratory for Isotope Effects Studies, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Pierrick Nun
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Florine Lecerf-Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes-CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 5063, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University Grenoble Alpes-CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 5063, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Unit Inserm U836, F-38700 La Tronche, France; University Joseph Fourier, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes Unité Mixte de Recherche 6230, F-44322 Nantes, France;
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21
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Diomande DG, Martineau E, Gilbert A, Nun P, Murata A, Yamada K, Watanabe N, Tea I, Robins RJ, Yoshida N, Remaud GS. Position-Specific Isotope Analysis of Xanthines: A 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method to Determine the 13C Intramolecular Composition at Natural Abundance. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6600-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier G. Diomande
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Martineau
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
- Spectromaitrise, CAPACITÉS SAS, 26 boulevard Vincent Gâche, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Gilbert
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Pierrick Nun
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Ariaki Murata
- Institute
of Food Chemistry, Braunschweig University of Technology, Schleinitzstrasse
20, DE-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naoharu Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Illa Tea
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Richard J. Robins
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Gérald S. Remaud
- EBSI
team, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modelling
(CEISAM), University of Nantes, CNRS UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 cedex 3 Nantes, France
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22
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Bayle K, Akoka S, Remaud GS, Robins RJ. Nonstatistical 13C distribution during carbon transfer from glucose to ethanol during fermentation is determined by the catabolic pathway exploited. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4118-28. [PMID: 25538251 PMCID: PMC4326821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the anaerobic fermentation of glucose to ethanol, the three micro-organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides exploit, respectively, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, the Entner-Doudoroff, and the reductive pentose phosphate pathways. Thus, the atoms incorporated into ethanol do not have the same affiliation to the atomic positions in glucose. The isotopic fractionation occurring in each pathway at both the methylene and methyl positions of ethanol has been investigated by isotopic quantitative (13)C NMR spectrometry with the aim of observing whether an isotope redistribution characteristic of the enzymes active in each pathway can be measured. First, it is found that each pathway has a unique isotope redistribution signature. Second, for the methylene group, a significant apparent kinetic isotope effect is only found in the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. Third, the apparent kinetic isotope effects related to the methyl group are more pronounced than for the methylene group. These findings can (i) be related to known kinetic isotope effects of some of the enzymes concerned and (ii) give indicators as to which steps in the pathways are likely to be influencing the final isotopic composition in the ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bayle
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS-University of Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France
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23
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Conditions to obtain precise and true measurements of the intramolecular 13C distribution in organic molecules by isotopic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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