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Leite M, Freitas A, Mitchell T, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Amanitin determination in bile samples by UHPLC-MS: LR-MS and HR-MS analytical performance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 247:116253. [PMID: 38810334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of misidentified foraged mushrooms containing bicyclic amanitin octapeptides is a worldwide public health and veterinary problem, being considered one of the deadliest accidental human and canine food ingestion due to acute liver failure (ALF). Reversal of advanced ALF and complete clinical recovery can be achieved following definitive removal of accumulated amatoxin laden bile from the gallbladder. An accurate means of quantifying amanitin content in aspirated bile is, therefore, urgently needed. Building on our prior work validating a method to detect and quantify amanitin in hepatic autopsy tissue, the development of an accurate method of measuring α- and β-amanitin in aspirated gallbladder bile was performed to evaluate the efficiency of this emergency procedure applied as a clinical treatment for intoxicated patients. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was optimized followed by detection based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) was compared with high resolution (HRMS) by the validation of UHPLC-MS/MS (triple quadrupole MS) and UHPLC-ToF-MS (time-of-flight MS). Both methods were able to detect amatoxins in bile with limits of detection and quantification ranging from 2.71 to 3.46 µg.kg-1, and 8.36-9.03 µg.kg-1 for α-amanitin and, 0.32-1.69 µg.kg-1 and 0.55-5.62 µg.kg-1 for β-amanitin, respectively. Validation was completed with the evaluation of linearity, specificity, robustness, recovery, and precision following the ICH guidelines and CIR 808/2021. The validated methods were finally applied to bile samples obtained 48-96 hours + post-ingestion from 4 amatoxin poisoning patients who underwent gallbladder drainage procedures in Vietnam, Canada, and California. Gallbladder bile from patients with amatoxin mushroom poisoning contained significant amanitin content, even when aspirated several days post-ingestion, thus confirming the important role of enterohepatic circulation in amatoxin hepatotoxicity. This work represents a high and unique analytical throughput in amanitin poisoning allowing to efficiently respond to this fatal health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vila do Conde 4485-655, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto 55142, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vila do Conde 4485-655, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto 55142, Portugal
| | | | - Jorge Barbosa
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vila do Conde 4485-655, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto 55142, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto 55142, Portugal.
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Yang S, Wen D, Zheng F, Pu S, Chen Z, Chen M, Di B, Liu W, Shi Y. Simple and rapid detection of three amatoxins and three phallotoxins in human body fluids by UPLC-MS-MS and its application in 15 poisoning cases. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:44-53. [PMID: 37929913 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are toxic cyclopeptides found in the genus Amanita and are among the predominant causes of foodborne sickness and poisoning-related fatalities in China. This study introduces and validates a simple, rapid and cost-effective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination and quantification of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, phallisacin, phallacidin and phalloidin in human blood and urine. Quick therapeutic decision-making is supported by a 9 min chromatographic separation performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) using a gradient of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade water and methanol:0.005% formic acid. The analyte limit of quantification was 1-3 ng/mL in blood and 0.5-2 ng/mL in urine. Calibrations curves, prepared by spiking drug-free blood and urine, demonstrated acceptable linearity with mean correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 for all phallotoxins and amatoxins. Acceptable intraday and interday precision (relative standard deviation <15%) and accuracy (bias, -4.8% to 13.0% for blood and-9.0% to 14.7% for urine) were achieved. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze 9 blood samples and 2 urine samples testing positive for amatoxins and/or phallotoxins. Amatoxins and/or phallotoxins were identified in each whole blood sample at a range of 1.12-5.63 ng/mL and in two urine samples from 1.01-9.27 ng/mL. The method has the benefits of simple sample preparation (protein precipitation) and wide analyte coverage, making it suitable for emergency quantitative surveillance toxicological analysis in clinics and forensic poisoning practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fenshuang Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No. 176 Qingnian Road, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Shanbai Pu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No. 176 Qingnian Road, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Zhuonan Chen
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mobing Chen
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
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Zhu J, Kou J, Ma L, Yu X, Li C, Wang Z, Shen J, Wen K, Yu W. Molecular Recognition Mechanism of an Anti-Amatoxins mAb and Its Application in Centrifugal Disk-Based Immunoassay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13889-13898. [PMID: 37695809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Amatoxins are polypeptides that cause 90% of fatalities from accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms. Unfortunately, there are no specific antidotes against amatoxins poisoning, hence preparation of high-affinity antibodies, understanding the receptor (amatoxins) and ligand (antibody) mechanism, and establishing a straightforward screening approach are of great significance for confirming poison agents and clinical diagnosis. Here, anti-amatoxins monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9B2 was prepared and the recognition mechanism was investigated. The approach is useful for designing desirable immunogens, developing new antibodies with improved performance, and constructing effective immunoassays. Based on the mAb, we designed a centrifugal disk-like microfluidics chip and developed a fully automated immunoassay capable of detecting amatoxins poisoning in various samples including serum, urine, and mushrooms. The whole detection process could be automatically accomplished within 30 min, with a limit of detection of 0.08 to 0.12 μg/L for real samples, ∼30-fold more sensitive than conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our platform not only provided a practical approach for performing poison agent confirmation and clinical diagnosis but also had important implications for improving the survival of patients with mushroom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, 132013 Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqian Kou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Licai Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Barbosa I, Domingues C, Ramos F, Barbosa RM. Analytical methods for amatoxins: A comprehensive review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 232:115421. [PMID: 37146495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amatoxins are toxic bicyclic octapeptides found in certain wild mushroom species, particularly Amanita phalloides. These mushrooms contain predominantly α- and β-amanitin, which can lead to severe health risks for humans and animals if ingested. Rapid and accurate identification of these toxins in mushroom and biological samples is crucial for diagnosing and treating mushroom poisoning. Analytical methods for the determination of amatoxins are critical to ensure food safety and prompt medical treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research literature on the determination of amatoxins in clinical specimens, biological and mushroom samples. We discuss the physicochemical properties of toxins, highlighting their influence on the choice of the analytical method and the importance of sample preparation, particularly solid-phase extraction with cartridges. Chromatographic methods are emphasised with a focus on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as one of the most relevant analytical method for the determination of amatoxins in complex matrices. Furthermore, current trends and future perspectives in amatoxin detection are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Domingues
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Oporto 55142, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, Oporto 55142, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Barbosa I, Domingues C, Barbosa RM, Ramos F. Amanitins in Wild Mushrooms: The Development of HPLC-UV-EC and HPLC-DAD-MS Methods for Food Safety Purposes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233929. [PMID: 36496736 PMCID: PMC9741345 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning remains a serious food safety and health concern in some parts of the world due to its morbidity and mortality. Identification of mushroom toxins at an early stage of suspected intoxication is crucial for a rapid therapeutic decision. In this study, a new extraction method was developed to determine α- and β-amanitin in mushroom samples collected from central Portugal. High-performance liquid chromatography with in-line ultraviolet and electrochemical detection was implemented to improve the specificity of the method. The method was fully validated for linearity (0.5-20.0 µg·mL-1), sensitivity, recovery, and precision based on a matrix-matched calibration method. The limit of detection was 55 µg mL-1 (UV) and 62 µg mL-1 (EC) for α-amanitin and 64 µg mL-1 (UV) and 24 µg mL-1 (EC) for β-amanitin. Intra- and inter-day precision differences were less than 13%, and the recovery ratios ranged from 89% to 117%. The developed method was successfully applied to fourteen Amanita species (A. sp.) and compared with five edible mushroom samples after extraction with Oasis® PRIME HLB cartridges without the conditioning and equilibration step. The results revealed that the A. phalloides mushrooms present the highest content of α- and β-amanitin, which is in line with the HPLC-DAD-MS. In sum, the developed analytical method could benefit food safety assessment and contribute to food-health security, as it is rapid, simple, sensitive, accurate, and selectively detects α- and β-amanitin in any mushroom samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Domingues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 55142 Oporto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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ZHANG X, CAI X, ZHANG X, LI R, ZHAO Y. [Highly sensitive determination of three kinds of amanitins in urine and plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with immunoaffinity column clean-up]. Se Pu 2022; 40:443-451. [PMID: 35478003 PMCID: PMC9404148 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.08018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of toxic mushroom poisoning occur frequently in China every year. In particular, mushrooms containing amanitins can cause acute liver damage, with high mortality rates. The symptoms of acute liver damage are experienced 9-72 h after consumption of the mushrooms. At this time, the concentration of amanitins in blood and urine is too low to be detected even by the highly sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), thus rendering clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult. To this end, a method was developed for the determination of α-amanitin, β-amanitin and γ-amanitin in urine and plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. Urine and plasma samples were extracted and cleaned up by using an immunoaffinity column. A sample of 2.00 mL urine or 1.00 mL of plasma was diluted with 8.00 mL of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and then loaded onto the immunoaffinity column at a flow rate of 0.5-1.0 mL/min. After washing the column with 10 mL of PBS and 13 mL of water successively, the bound amanitins were eluted with 3.00 mL of methanol-acetone (1∶1, v/v). The eluent was dried under nitrogen at 55 ℃. The residue was dissolved in 100 μL of 10% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution. The amanitins in urine were concentrated 20 times, while those in plasma were concentrated 10 times. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Kinetex Biphenyl column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with gradient elution using methanol and 0.005% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phases. The three amanitins were detected by negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and quantified by the solvent standard curve external standard method. Method validation was performed as recommended by the European Drug Administration (EMEA). Four levels of quality control (QC) samples were prepared, which covered the calibration curve range, viz., the limit of quantification (LOQ), within three times the LOQ (low QC), medium QC, and at 85% of the upper calibration curve range (high QC), and used to test the accuracy, precision, matrix effect, extraction recovery, and stability. The calibration curves for the three amanitins showed good linear relationships in the range of 0.1-200 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients (r) were greater than 0.999. The matrix effects and extraction efficiencies of the three amanitins in urine and plasma were 92%-108% and 90%-103%, respectively, and the coefficients of variation were less than 13%. The accuracies of the three amanitins in urine were within -9.4%-8.0%. The repeatability and intermediate accuracies were 3.0%-14% and 3.5%-18%, respectively. When the sampling volume was 2.00 mL, the limits of detection of the three amanitins in urine were 0.002 ng/mL. The accuracies of the three amanitins in plasma were within -13%-8.0%. The repeatability and intermediate accuracies were 3.9%-9.7% and 5.5%-12%, respectively. When the sampling volume was 1.00 mL, the limits of detection of the three amanitins in plasma were 0.004 ng/mL. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and accurate. During toxic mushroom poisoning detection, 0.0067 ng/mL of α-amanitin and 0.0059 ng/mL of β-amanitin were detected in the urine of poisoned patients 138 h after ingesting poisonous mushrooms. This method has successfully solved the problem of detecting ultra-trace levels of amanitins in the urine and plasma of poisoned patients. It has important practical significance for the early diagnosis, early treatment, and mortality reduction of suspected poisoning patients. This method can also provide reliable technical support for future research on the toxicological effects and in vivo metabolism of these toxins.
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Liu WQ, Shi Y, Xiang P, Yu F, Xie B, Dong M, Ha J, Ma CL, Wen D. Analysis of Five Mushroom Toxins in Blood by UPLC-HRMS. FA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2021; 37:646-652. [PMID: 35187916 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.301001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a method for the simultaneous and rapid detection of five mushroom toxins (α-amanitin, phallacidin, muscimol, muscarine and psilocin) in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). METHODS The blood samples were precipitated with acetonitrile-water solution(Vacetonitril∶Vwater=3∶1) and PAX powder, then separated on ACQUITY Premier C18 column, eluted gradient. Five kinds of mushroom toxins were monitored by FullMS-ddMS2/positive ion scanning mode, and qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted according to the accurate mass numbers of primary and secondary fragment ions. RESULTS All the five mushroom toxins had good linearity in their linear range, with a determination coefficient (R2)≥0.99. The detection limit was 0.2-20 ng/mL. The ration limit was 0.5-50 ng/mL. The recoveries of low, medium and high additive levels were 89.6%-101.4%, the relative standard deviation was 1.7%-6.7%, the accuracy was 90.4%-101.3%, the intra-day precision was 0.6%-9.0%, the daytime precision was 1.7%-6.3%, and the matrix effect was 42.2%-129.8%. CONCLUSIONS The method is simple, rapid, high recovery rate, and could be used for rapid and accurate qualitative screening and quantitative analysis of various mushroom toxins in biological samples at the same time, so as to provide basis for the identification of mushroom poisoning events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiao Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jing Ha
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Chun-Ling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Di Wen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Forensic Identification Center of Hebei Medical University, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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[Determination of amanita peptide toxins in human urine by TurboFlow online clean-up-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:338-345. [PMID: 34227315 PMCID: PMC9403809 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.06005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
鹅膏肽类毒素是一类环状多肽类蘑菇毒素,中毒后会造成急性肝损伤,病死率非常高。我国因误食野生毒蘑菇导致的中毒事件常有发生,测定人尿中鹅膏肽类毒素的浓度,可为临床早期诊断和救治提供有价值的信息。该研究建立了TurboFlow (TF)在线净化-液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱快速定量检测尿液中5种鹅膏肽类毒素(α-鹅膏毒肽、β-鹅膏毒肽、γ-鹅膏毒肽、羧基二羟鬼笔毒肽和二羟鬼笔毒肽)的新方法。尿液样品经高速离心后,直接注入TurboFlow在线净化-液相色谱-串联质谱进行分析。对影响TF在线净化的参数如TF净化柱、上样溶剂、洗脱溶剂、转移流速、转移时间等进行了优化。在优化后的实验条件下,以TurboFlowTMCyclone柱(50 mm×0.5 mm)为净化柱,Hypersil GOLD C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm)为分析柱,甲醇和4 mmol/L乙酸铵为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子选择反应监测(SRM)模式下进行检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果表明,鹅膏肽类毒素在1.0~50.0 μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均可达到0.997以上。方法的检出限为0.15~0.3 μg/L,定量限为0.5~1.0 μg/L。在2.0、5.0和10.0 μg/L的加标水平下,5种鹅膏肽类毒素的日内和日间回收率分别为87.0%~108.6%和86.8%~112.7%,日内、日间相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于14.5%。该检测方法准确、快速、灵敏度高、易操作,适用于公共卫生应急检测或临床中毒病因识别检测。
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E454. [PMID: 33322477 PMCID: PMC7764321 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques available for their identification and quantification. It seems indeed that these poisonings are only rarely documented by toxicological analysis, due mainly to a lack of analytical methods in biological matrices. There are many reasons for this issue: the numerous varieties of mushroom involved, mycotoxins with different chemical structures, a lack of knowledge about distribution and metabolism. To sum up, we are faced with (i) obstacles to the documentation and interpretation of fatal (or non-fatal) poisoning cases and (ii) a real need for analytical methods of identifying and quantifying these mycotoxins (and their metabolites) in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital–Hospices Civil de Lyon, 69002 Pierre Bénite, France
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Claude Bernard, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Department of Toxicology and Genopathy, Lille University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
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Bambauer TP, Wagmann L, Weber AA, Meyer MR. Analysis of α- and β-amanitin in Human Plasma at Subnanogram per Milliliter Levels by Reversed Phase Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110671. [PMID: 33113909 PMCID: PMC7690657 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins are known to be one of the main causes of serious to fatal mushroom intoxication. Thorough treatment, analytical confirmation, or exclusion of amatoxin intake is crucial in the case of any suspected mushroom poisoning. Urine is often the preferred matrix due to its higher concentrations compared to other body fluids. If urine is not available, analysis of human blood plasma is a valuable alternative for assessing the severity of intoxications. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography (LC)-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) method for confirmation and quantitation of α- and β-amanitin in human plasma at subnanogram per milliliter levels. Plasma samples of humans after suspected intake of amatoxin-containing mushrooms should be analyzed and amounts of toxins compared with already published data as well as with matched urine samples. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation, aqueous liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction. Full chromatographical separation of analytes was achieved using reversed-phase chromatography. Orbitrap-based MS allowed for sufficiently sensitive identification and quantification. Validation was successfully carried out, including analytical selectivity, carry-over, matrix effects, accuracy, precision, and dilution integrity. Limits of identification were 20 pg/mL and calibration ranged from 20 pg/mL to 2000 pg/mL. The method was applied to analyze nine human plasma samples that were submitted along with urine samples tested positive for amatoxins. α-Amanitin could be identified in each plasma sample at a range from 37–2890 pg/mL, and β-amanitin was found in seven plasma samples ranging from <20–7520 pg/mL. A LC-HRMS/MS method for the quantitation of amatoxins in human blood plasma at subnanogram per milliliter levels was developed, validated, and used for the analysis of plasma samples. The method provides a valuable alternative to urine analysis, allowing thorough patient treatment but also further study the toxicokinetics of amatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Markus R. Meyer
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-16-26430; Fax: +49-6841-16-26431
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11
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Analytical method development for α-amanitin and β-amanitin in plasma at ultra-trace level by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and its application in poisoning events. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Tan L, Li Y, Deng F, Pan X, Yu H, Marina ML, Jiang Z. Highly sensitive determination of amanita toxins in biological samples using β-cyclodextrin collaborated molecularly imprinted polymers coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461514. [PMID: 32898756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a β-cyclodextrin functional vinyl monomer was synthesized and the common moiety of five amanita toxins was used as the template for preparing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Chemical calculation was used to evaluate and describe the binding interactions between the template and the functional monomer. The preparation conditions were optimized and the resultant MIPs were characterized and employed as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. The SPE conditions including the amount of sorbent, extraction solution, and eluting solution were also optimized for the enrichment of the five toxins. Using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), detection limits ranging from 0.34-0.42 µg/L, 0.16-0.33 µg/L, and 0.035-0.056 µg/kg were achieved for the five toxins in serum, urine and liver samples, respectively. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of the amanita toxins in suspected samples and showed great potential in the diagnosis of mushroom poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongxian Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Fenfang Deng
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Extensive screening of cyclopeptide toxins in mushrooms by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 329:127146. [PMID: 32526599 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A non-target screening method of cyclopeptide toxins and their analogues in mushroom was developed, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) followed by mass spectrometry databases retrieval and software tools analysis for the candidate analogues. Three cyclopeptide toxins in the toxic mushroom Amanita rimosa were firstly screened without standard, and two of them were unknown analogues which were tentatively identified by the accurate masses, isotopic patterns and characteristic fragments. A validated quantitative method was performed to rapidly quantify three major cyclopeptide toxins in the Amanita rimosa sample including α-manitin, β-amanitin and phalloidin, and their contents were detected to be 4.52 mg/kg, 2.37 mg/kg and 2.53 mg/kg, respectively. The developed method has good selectivity and sensitivity for rapid and comprehensive screening the cyclopeptide toxins and their analogues in mushrooms at trace levels. Successful non-target screening of trace cyclopeptide toxin analogues will guarantee the food safety in mushrooms consumption.
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COŞKUN NC, KAYA E. ZEHİRLİ MANTAR TOKSİNLERİNİN ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİ. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.604023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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15
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Bever CS, Swanson KD, Hamelin EI, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Kaae J, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E123. [PMID: 32075251 PMCID: PMC7076753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, mushroom poisonings cause about 100 human deaths each year, with thousands of people requiring medical assistance. Dogs are also susceptible to mushroom poisonings and require medical assistance. Cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (or amatoxins, here), are the mushroom poison that causes the majority of these deaths. Current methods (predominantly chromatographic, as well as antibody-based) of detecting amatoxins are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid detection of amatoxins in urine samples. The LFIA detects as little as 10 ng/mL of α-amanitin (α-AMA) or γ-AMA, and 100 ng/mL of β-AMA in urine matrices. To demonstrate application of this LFIA for urine analysis, this study examined fortified human urine samples and urine collected from exposed dogs. Urine is sampled directly without the need for any pretreatment, detection from urine is completed in 10 min, and the results are read by eye, without the need for specialized equipment. Analysis of both fortified human urine samples and urine samples collected from intoxicated dogs using the LFIA correlated well with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S. Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (K.D.S.); (E.I.H.)
| | - Elizabeth I. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (K.D.S.); (E.I.H.)
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
| | - Jennifer Kaae
- Pet Emergency and Specialty Center of Marin, 901 E. Francisco Blvd, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA;
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Larry H. Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
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Simultaneous identification and characterization of amanita toxins using liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its applications. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:95-104. [PMID: 30107194 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate identification of multiple toxins for clinical diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning cases is still a challenge, especially with the lack of authentic references. In this study, we developed an effective method for simultaneous identification of amanita peptide toxins by liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The accuracy and selectivity of the methodology were validated through similar multiple fragmentation patterns and characteristic ions of standard α- and β-amanitin. The developed method could successfully separate and identify major toxic constituents in Amanita mushrooms. Two amatoxins and three phallotoxins were confirmed in a single run through their fragmentation patterns and characteristic ions, which can be used as diagnostic fragment ions to identify mushroom toxins in complex samples. Furthermore, the performance of the developed method was verified by using real biological samples, including plasma and urine samples collected from rats after intraperitoneal administration of toxins. Thus, the development methodology could be crucial for the accurate detection of mushroom toxins without standard references.
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17
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Detection of α-, β-, and γ-amanitin in urine by LC-MS/MS using 15N 10-α-amanitin as the internal standard. Toxicon 2018; 152:71-77. [PMID: 30071219 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The majority of fatalities from poisonous mushroom ingestion are caused by amatoxins. To prevent liver failure or death, it is critical to accurately and rapidly diagnose amatoxin exposure. We have developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to detect α-, β-, and γ-amanitin in urine to meet this need. Two internal standard candidates were evaluated, including an isotopically labeled 15N10-α-amanitin and a modified amanitin methionine sulfoxide synthetic peptide. Using the 15N10-α-amanitin internal standard, precision and accuracy of α-amanitin in pooled urine was ≤5.49% and between 100 and 106%, respectively, with a reportable range from 1-200 ng/mL. β- and γ-Amanitin were most accurately quantitated in pooled urine using external calibration, resulting in precision ≤17.2% and accuracy between 99 and 105% with calibration ranges from 2.5-200 ng/mL and 1.0-200 ng/mL, respectively. The presented urinary diagnostic test is the first method to use an isotopically labeled α-amanitin with the ability to detect and confirm human exposures to α-, β-, and γ-amanitin.
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18
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Xu XM, Cai ZX, Zhang JS, Chen Q, Huang BF, Ren YP. Screening of polypeptide toxins as adulteration markers in the food containing wild edible mushroom by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Zhang X, He K, Zhao R, Feng T, Wei D. Development of a Single Chain Variable Fragment Antibody and Application as Amatoxin Recognition Molecule in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Morel S, Fons F, Rapior S, Dubois V, Vitou M, Portet K, Dore JC, Poucheret P. Decision-Making for the Detection of Amatoxin Poisoning: A Comparative Study of Standard Analytical Methods. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2016. [DOI: 10.7872/crym/v37.iss2.2016.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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He K, Zhang X, Zhao R, Wang L, Feng T, Wei D. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a gold-nanoparticle based immunochromatographic test for amatoxins using recombinant antibody. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhou S, Chen D, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Sun C. A Simple and High-Throughput Analysis of Amatoxins and Phallotoxins in Human Plasma, Serum and Urine Using UPLC-MS/MS Combined with PRiME HLB μElution Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050128. [PMID: 27153089 PMCID: PMC4885043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are toxic cyclopeptides found in the genus Amanita and are among the predominant causes of fatal food poisoning in China. In the treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning, an early and definite diagnosis is necessary for a successful outcome, which has prompted the development of protocols for the fast and confirmatory determination of amatoxins and phallotoxins in human biological fluids. For this purpose, a simple, rapid and sensitive multiresidue UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, phalloidin (PHD) and phallacidin (PCD) in human plasma, serum and urine was developed and validated. The diluted plasma, serum and urine samples were directly purified with a novel PRiME technique on a 96-well μElution plate platform, which allowed high-throughput sample processing and low reagent consumption. After purification, a UPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed using positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. This method fulfilled the requirements of a validation test, with good results for the limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), accuracy, intra- and inter-assay precision, recovery and matrix effects. All of the analytes were confirmed and quantified in authentic plasma, serum and urine samples obtained from cases of poisoning using this method. Using the PRiME μElution technique for quantification reduces labor and time costs and represents a suitable method for routine toxicological and clinical emergency analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Haijiao Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Dawei Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qunmei Yao
- The People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China.
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
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Quantification of alpha-amanitin in biological samples by HPLC using simultaneous UV- diode array and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:85-95. [PMID: 26100080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Tomková J, Ondra P, Válka I. Simultaneous determination of mushroom toxins α-amanitin, β-amanitin and muscarine in human urine by solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution TOF mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Sgambelluri RM, Epis S, Sassera D, Luo H, Angelos ER, Walton JD. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2336-47. [PMID: 25098279 PMCID: PMC4147585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV absorbance and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the spectrum of peptide toxins present in six Italian species of Lepiota, including multiple samples of three of them collected in different locations. Field taxonomic identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. For comparison, we also analyzed specimens of Amanita phalloides from Italy and California, a specimen of A. virosa from Italy, and a laboratory-grown sample of Galerina marginata. α-Amanitin, β-amanitin, amanin, and amaninamide were detected in all samples of L. brunneoincarnata, and α-amanitin and γ-amanitin were detected in all samples of L. josserandii. Phallotoxins were not detected in either species. No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. echinacea, or L. magnispora. The Italian and California isolates of A. phalloides had similar profiles of amatoxins and phallotoxins, although the California isolate contained more β-amanitin relative to α-amanitin. Amaninamide was detected only in A. virosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Sgambelluri
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sara Epis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Sassera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Evan R Angelos
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Ruiz-Angel M, García-Alvarez-Coque M, Berthod A, Carda-Broch S. Are analysts doing method validation in liquid chromatography? J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Ishii A, Tada M, Kusano M, Ogawa T, Hattori H, Seno H, Zaitsu K. Simple and sensitive determination of α- and β-amanitin by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Ngo AN, Ezoulin MJ, Youm I, Youan BBC. Optimal Concentration of 2,2,2-Trichloroacetic Acid for Protein Precipitation Based on Response Surface Methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25750762 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For low protein concentrations containing biological samples (in proteomics) and for non proteinaceous compound assays (in bioanalysis), there is a critical need for a simple, fast, and cost-effective protein enrichment or precipitation method. However, 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is traditionally used for protein precipitation at ineffective concentrations for very low protein containing samples. It is hypothesized that response surface methodology, can be used to systematically identify the optimal TCA concentration for protein precipitation in a wider concentration range. To test this hypothesis, a central composite design is used to assess the effects of two factors (X1 = volume of aqueous solution of protein, and X2 = volume of TCA solution 6.1N) on the optical absorbance of the supernatant (Y1), and the percentage of protein precipitated (Y2). Using either bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein or human urine (with 20 ppm protein content), 4% w/v (a saddle point) is the optimal concentration of the TCA solution for protein precipitation that is visualized by SDS-PAGE analysis. At this optimal concentration, the Y2-values range from 76.26 to 92.67% w/w for 0.016 to 2 mg/mL of BSA solution. It is also useful for protein enrichment and xenobiotic analysis in protein-free supernatant as applied to tenofovir (a model HIV microbicide). In these conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation of tenofovir are respectively 0.0014 mg/mL and 0.0042 mg/mL. This optimal concentration of TCA provides optimal condition for protein purification and analysis of any xenobiotic compound like tenofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert N Ngo
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo 64108, USA
| | - Miezan Jm Ezoulin
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo 64108, USA
| | - Ibrahima Youm
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo 64108, USA
| | - Bi-Botti C Youan
- Laboratory of Future Nanomedicines and Theoretical Chronopharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo 64108, USA
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