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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102356. [PMID: 37242931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical-physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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3
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Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H, Kondo Y, Shinada H. Characterization of styrene/methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate terpolymer with Kendrick mass defect analysis in electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9455. [PMID: 36504460 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthesis of copolymer is one of the major approaches to establish sophisticated polymers. In copolymer analysis in mass spectrometry (MS), an increase in the number of monomer unit species and/or the polymer molecular weight results in complex mass spectra, and a method is required to solve this problem. METHODS In this study, electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze styrene/methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate (St/MMA/nBA) terpolymers via Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis. An expanded Fourier transform-based noise reduction method for the copolymer was developed to improve the decrease in the signal/noise ratio observed in the higher m/z region. RESULTS Low-mass terpolymers (0.7 kDa) were identified by comparing the observed and theoretical results using a two-dimensional KMD plot. For the 1.5 kDa terpolymer, the signal overlap, of which KMD value was not matched with the theoretical one, was interpreted by the shift from the theoretical value in the KMD plot. For the 3.0 kDa terpolymers, the compositional candidates were determined by the prediction based on the compositional information of low-mass terpolymers previously analyzed. The 4.5 kDa terpolymer was interpreted after the expanded noise filtering. CONCLUSIONS The terpolymers, whose molecular weight was up to 4.5 kDa, were successfully characterized at a molecular level. The dependency of the St/MMA/nBA composition on molecular weight was observed; that is, the nBA content decreased with an increase in the molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kondo
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shinada
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan
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4
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Mengerink Y, Philipsen H, Jordens J, Mengerink J, van der Hoeven R, Peters RAH. Sequence distribution determination by
SWAMP‐MS
a systematic way of analyzing multiple fragmented polymers with mass spectrometry. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ynze Mengerink
- ACC DSM Geleen The Netherlands
- Biomedical DSM Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Harry Philipsen
- ACC DSM Geleen The Netherlands
- Engineering Materials DSM Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ron A. H. Peters
- Group Innovation Covestro Waalwijk The Netherlands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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5
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Shi Q, Yin H, Song R, Xu J, Tan J, Zhou X, Cen J, Deng Z, Tong H, Cui C, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Liu S. Digital micelles of encoded polymeric amphiphiles for direct sequence reading and ex vivo label-free quantification. Nat Chem 2023; 15:257-270. [PMID: 36329179 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Identification and quantification of synthetic polymers in complex biological milieu are crucial for delivery, sensing and scaffolding functions, but conventional techniques based on imaging probe labellings only afford qualitative results. Here we report modular construction of precise sequence-defined amphiphilic polymers that self-assemble into digital micelles with contour lengths strictly regulated by oligourethane sequences. Direct sequence reading is accomplished with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry, facilitated by high-affinity binding of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene glycol) dendrons and selective cleavage of benzyl-carbamate linkages. A mixture of four types of digital micelles could be identified, sequence-decoded and quantified by MALDI and MALDI imaging at cellular, organ and tissue slice levels upon in vivo administration, enabling direct comparison of biological properties for each type of digital micelle in the same animal. The concept of digital micelles and encoded amphiphiles capable of direct sequencing and high-throughput label-free quantification could be exploited for next-generation precision nanomedicine designs (such as digital lipids) and protein corona studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Mass Spectrometry Lab, Instruments Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rundi Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Cen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huimin Tong
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenhui Cui
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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6
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Shi Q, Zhou X, Xu J, Zhang J, Wang N, Zhang G, Hu J, Liu S. Dendritic Quaternary-Encoded Oligourethanes for Data Encryption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214695. [PMID: 36412223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of sequence-defined digital polymers for data storage and encryption has received increasing attention due to their precision structures similar to natural biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA) but increased stability. However, the rapid development of sequencing techniques raises the concern of information leakage. Herein, dendritic quaternary-encoded oligourethanes bearing a photoresponsive trigger, self-immolative backbones, and a mass spectrometry tag of PEG dendron have been developed for data encryption. Although the sequence information in linear analogs can be readily deciphered by mass spectrometry, sequencing of dendritic oligourethanes cannot be achieved by either primary MS or tandem MS/MS owing to the unique spatial conformation. Intriguingly, the fragmentation pathways of a quaternary dendrimer under MS/MS conditions can be converted to 2772-bit 2D matrices with ≈1.98×1087 permutations, serving as high-strength encryption keys for highly reliable data encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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7
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Accioni F, Vázquez J, Merinero M, Begines B, Alcudia A. Latest Trends in Surface Modification for Dental Implantology: Innovative Developments and Analytical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:455. [PMID: 35214186 PMCID: PMC8876580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the world population and its life expectancy, as well as the ongoing concern about our physical appearance, have elevated the relevance of dental implantology in recent decades. Engineering strategies to improve the survival rate of dental implants have been widely investigated, focusing on implant material composition, geometry (usually guided to reduce stiffness), and interface surrounding tissues. Although efforts to develop different implant surface modifications are being applied in commercial dental prostheses today, the inclusion of surface coatings has gained special interest, as they can be tailored to efficiently enhance osseointegration, as well as to reduce bacterial-related infection, minimizing peri-implantitis appearance and its associated risks. The use of biomaterials to replace teeth has highlighted the need for the development of reliable analytical methods to assess the therapeutic benefits of implants. This literature review considers the state-of-the-art strategies for surface modification or coating and analytical methodologies for increasing the survival rate for teeth restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Accioni
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Juan Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Manuel Merinero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Begines
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Alcudia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (F.A.); (M.M.)
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8
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Morgan TE, Floyd TG, Marzullo BP, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Stochasticity of poly(2-oxazoline) oligomer hydrolysis determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Polym Chem 2022; 13:4162-4169. [PMID: 35923808 PMCID: PMC9294869 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding modification of synthetic polymer structures is necessary for their accurate synthesis and potential applications. In this contribution, a series of partially hydrolyzed poly(2-oxazoline) species were produced forming poly[(2-polyoxazoline)-co-(ethylenimine)] (P(EtOx-co-EI)) copolymers; EI being the hydrolyzed product of Ox. Bulk mass spectrometry (MS) measurements accurately measured the EI content. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the EI content in the copolymer samples determined the distribution of each monomer within the copolymer and corresponded to a theoretically modelled random distribution. The EI distribution across the polymers was shown to be effected by the choice of terminus, with a permanent hydrolysis event observed at an OH terminus. A neighbouring group effect wasn't observed at the polymer length analysed (approximately 25-mer species), suggesting that previously observed neighbouring group effects require a larger polymer chain. Although clearly useful for random polymer distribution this approach may be applied to many systems containing non-specific modifications to determine if they are directed or random locations across peptides, proteins, polymers, and nucleic acids. Tandem mass spectrometry can be used to better understand modification sites of synthetic polymer structures providing more complete chemical knowledge which is necessary for their accurate synthesis and potential applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Thomas G Floyd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Bryan P Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Charter Way Macclesfield SK102NA UK
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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9
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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Mass Spectrometry as a Crucial Analytical Basis for Omics Sciences. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8693159 DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to the consideration of mass spectrometric platforms as applied to omics sciences. The most significant attention is paid to omics related to life sciences (genomics, proteomics, meta-bolomics, lipidomics, glycomics, plantomics, etc.). Mass spectrometric approaches to solving the problems of petroleomics, polymeromics, foodomics, humeomics, and exosomics, related to inorganic sciences, are also discussed. The review comparatively presents the advantages of various principles of separation and mass spectral techniques, complementary derivatization, used to obtain large arrays of various structural and quantitative information in the mentioned omics sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. G. Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - R. S. Borisov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Core Facility Center “Arktika,” Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia
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10
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Omae M, Ozeki Y, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. End group analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s using the most abundant peak in electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-based noise filtering. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9176. [PMID: 34355832 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We recently developed the characterization method for synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry, in which the m/z value of the most abundant peak was used for characterization. However, the identification of the most abundant peak from the isotopic peaks was often difficult due to the background noise. METHODS Here, we employed a noise reduction method using Fourier transform (FT) filtering. In the power spectrum obtained using FT of the mass spectrum of the multiple charged analytes, the significant signals in the low-frequency region and at frequency z are observed for the analytes of z charges. When the signals in both regions were used for inversed FT (i.e., the signals in other regions were zero padded), a noise-filtered mass spectrum was obtained. RESULTS In the analysis of poly(methylmethacrylate)s weighing 13-17 kDa, mass spectra without noise filtering with relatively high-intensity noise (than signal) were complicated to identify the most abundant peak. On the contrary, the most abundant peak was clearly identified from the mass spectra after FT-based noise filtering, and end group composition was estimated successfully. CONCLUSIONS The proposed FT-based noise filtering for the mass spectrum is effective to characterize multiply charged synthetic polymers weighing more than a few tens of kilodalton using electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Omae
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Joseph A, Simo GM, Gao T, Alhindi N, Xu N, Graham DJ, Gamble LJ, Nance E. Surfactants influence polymer nanoparticle fate within the brain. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121086. [PMID: 34481289 PMCID: PMC8478896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is limited by poor penetration of pharmaceutical agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), within the brain parenchyma, and into specific cells of interest. Nanotechnology can overcome these barriers, but its ability to do so is dependent on nanoparticle physicochemical properties including surface chemistry. Surface chemistry can be determined by a number of factors, including by the presence of stabilizing surfactant molecules introduced during the formulation process. Nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 (F68), poloxamer 407 (F127), and polysorbate 80 (P80) have demonstrated uptake in BBB endothelial cells and enhanced accumulation within the brain. However, the impact of surfactants on nanoparticle fate, and specifically on brain extracellular diffusion or intracellular targeting, must be better understood to design nanotherapeutics to efficiently overcome drug delivery barriers in the brain. Here, we evaluated the effect of the biocompatible and commonly used surfactants cholic acid (CHA), F68, F127, P80, and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticle transport to and within the brain. The inclusion of these surfactant molecules decreases diffusive ability through brain tissue, reflecting the surfactant's role in encouraging cellular interaction at short length and time scales. After in vivo administration, PLGA-PEG/P80 nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced penetration across the BBB and subsequent internalization within neurons and microglia. Surfactants incorporated into the formulation of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles therefore represent an important design parameter for controlling nanoparticle fate within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georges Motchoffo Simo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Torahito Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Norah Alhindi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lara J Gamble
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 98195; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Morgan TE, Wootton CA, Marzullo B, Paris J, Kerr A, Ellacott SH, van Agthoven MA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Characterization Across a Dispersity: Polymer Mass Spectrometry in the Second Dimension. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2153-2161. [PMID: 34264672 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the natural dispersity that is present in synthetic polymers, an added complexity is always present in the analysis of polymeric species. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis requires the isolation of individual precursors before a fragmentation event to allow the unambiguous characterization of these species and is not viable at certain levels of complexity due to achievable isolation widths. Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) fragments ions and correlates fragments with their corresponding precursors without the need for isolation. In this study, 2DMS electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation of a polyoxazoline and polyacrylamide species was carried out, resulting in the analysis of byproducts and individual polymer species without the use of chromatographic techniques. This study shows that 2DMS ECD is a powerful tool for the analysis of polyacrylamide and polyoxazoline species and offers a new dimension in the characterization of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sean H Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A van Agthoven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Nitsche T, Sheil MM, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C, Blanksby SJ. Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid End-Groups. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2123-2134. [PMID: 34242006 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of low-charging synthetic polymers typically produces mass spectra exhibiting a bias toward the low-mass region of the polymer mass distribution. To examine the origin(s) of this ionization bias, narrow dispersity polystyrene polymers (Đ < 1.10) were prepared with ionizable carboxylic acid end-groups at one or both chain termini. The mixture complexity was further reduced through preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and these well-defined polymers were subjected to negative ion ESI-MS on a high-resolution instrument with a mass-to-charge (m/z) range up to 8000. Incorporation of one carboxylic acid end-group facilitated the generation of singly charged [M - H]- ions across the entire range of the mass analyzer. The comparison of mass spectra with size-exclusion chromatograms of the same polymer revealed an ionization bias toward lower masses, which was partially overcome through fractionation, modification of electrospray solvent, and increased declustering potentials. Incorporation of a second ionizable moiety within polymers of equivalent size facilitated multiply charged [M - 2H]2- ion formation with significantly improved ionization efficiency, spectral coverage of the molar mass distribution, and minimal cluster ion formation. These findings indicate that increased charging of polymers through multiple, well-defined sites of ionization can enhance volatilization and ionization of higher-mass polymers. Generation of higher-molecular-weight polymers in low-charge states-while possible under ideal conditions-competes ineffectively with either nonspecific, multiple-charging of similar sized polymers or ionization of the smaller polymers in the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Margaret M Sheil
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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14
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Kimmig J, Zechel S, Schubert US. Digital Transformation in Materials Science: A Paradigm Change in Material's Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004940. [PMID: 33410218 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing digitalization is rapidly changing and will further revolutionize all parts of life. This statement is currently omnipresent in the media as well as in the scientific community; however, the exact consequences of the proceeding digitalization for the field of materials science in general and the way research will be performed in the future are still unclear. There are first promising examples featuring the potential to change discovery and development approaches toward new materials. Nevertheless, a wide range of open questions have to be solved in order to enable the so-called digital-supported material research. The current state-of-the-art, the present and future challenges, as well as the resulting perspectives for materials science are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kimmig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
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15
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Yoo HJ, Kim DH, Shin D, Oh Y, Lee S, Lee JY, Choi YJ, Lee SH, Lee KS, Kim Y, Cho K. Recent developments in pre-treatment and analytical techniques for synthetic polymers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5767-5800. [PMID: 33241791 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of effort has been expended to develop accurate means of determining the properties of synthetic polymers using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Many studies have focused on the importance of sample pre-treatment to obtain accurate analysis results. This review discusses the history of synthetic polymer characterization and highlights several applications of MALDI-TOF MS that recognize the importance of pre-treatment technologies. The subject area is of significance in the field of analytical chemistry, especially for users of the MALDI technique. Since the 2000s, many such technologies have been developed that feature improved methods and conditions, including solvent-free systems. In addition, the recent diversification of matrix types and the development of carbon-based matrix materials are described herein together with the current status and future directions of MALDI-TOF MS hardware and software development. We provide a summary of processes used for obtaining the best analytical results with synthetic polymeric materials using MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Yoo
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Korea.
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16
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Duez Q, Moins S, Coulembier O, De Winter J, Cornil J, Gerbaux P. Assessing the Structural Heterogeneity of Isomeric Homo and Copolymers: an Approach Combining Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2379-2388. [PMID: 33044069 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers occupy a unique place in the field of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). Indeed, due to their intrinsic dispersity, they have the asset to offer a broad range of homologous ions with different lengths that can be detected in several charge states. In addition, the gas-phase structure of polymer ions mostly depends on their ability to screen the adducted charges. Several works dealing with linear, cyclic, and star-shaped polymers have already shown that the gas-phase structure of polymer ions heavily relies on the polymer architecture, i.e., the primary structure. In the present work, we move a step further by evaluating whether a relationship exists between the primary and secondary structures of synthetic homo and copolymers. The IMS-MS experiments will be further complemented by MD simulations. To highlight the effectiveness of IMS separation, we selected isomeric homo and copolymers made of lactide (LA) and propiolactone (PL) units. In this way, the mass analysis becomes useless since isomeric comonomer sequences can coexist for any given chain length. An UPLC method was implemented in the workflow to successfully separate all PL-LA comonomer sequences before infusion in the IMS-MS instrument. The analysis of doubly charged copolymers showed that the comonomer sequence has an impact on the IMS response. However, this only holds for copolymer ions with precise sizes and charge states, and this is therefore not a rule of thumb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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17
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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18
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Inutan ED, Meher AK, Karki S, Fischer JL, Imperial LF, Foley CD, Jarois DR, El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Trimpin S. New mass spectrometry concepts for characterization of synthetic polymers and additives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8768. [PMID: 32107802 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New ionization processes have been developed for biological mass spectrometry (MS) in which the matrix lifts the nonvolatile analyte into the gas phase as ions without any additional energy input. We rationalized that additional fundamental knowledge is needed to assess analytical utility for the field of synthetic polymers and additives. METHODS Different mass spectrometers (Thermo Orbitrap (Q-)Exactive (Focus); Waters SYNAPT G2(S)) were employed. The formation of multiply charged polymer ions upon exposure of the matrix/analyte(/salt) sample to sub-atmospheric pressure directly from the solid state and surfaces facilitates the use of advanced mass spectrometers for detection of polymeric materials including consumer products (e.g., gum). RESULTS Astonishingly, using nothing more than a small molecule matrix compound (e.g., 2-methyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol or 3-nitrobenzonitrile) and a salt (e.g., mono- or divalent cation(s)), such samples upon exposure to sub-atmospheric pressure transfer nonvolatile polymers and nonvolatile salts into the gas phase as multiply charged ions. These successes contradict the conventional understanding of ionization in MS, because can nonvolatile polymers be lifted in the gas phase as ions not only by as little as a volatile matrix but also by the salt required for ionizing the analyte through noncovalent metal cation adduction(s). Prototype vacuum matrix-assisted ionization (vMAI) and automated sources using a contactless approach are demonstrated for direct analyses of synthetic polymers and plasticizers, minimizing the risk of contamination using direct sample introduction into the mass spectrometer vacuum. CONCLUSIONS Direct ionization methods from surfaces without the need of high voltage, a laser, or even applied heat are demonstrated for characterization of detailed materials using (ultra)high-resolution and accurate mass measurements enabled by the multiply charged ions extending the mass range of high-performance mass spectrometers and use of a split probe sample introduction device. Our vision is that, with further development of fundamentals and dedicated sources, both spatial- and temporal-resolution measurements are within reach if sensitivity is addressed for decreasing sample-size measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
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19
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Ren J, Tian Y, Hossain E, Ho JS, Mann YS, Zhang Y, Browne MD, Connolly MD, Zuckermann RN. Mass spectrometry studies of the fragmentation patterns and mechanisms of protonated peptoids. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23358. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ren
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Ekram Hossain
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Joshua S. Ho
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Yadwinder S. Mann
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Michael D. Browne
- Department of Chemistry University of the Pacific Stockton CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Michael D. Connolly
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA, U.S.A. USA
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA, U.S.A. USA
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20
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Dong Y, Sun F, Ping Z, Ouyang Q, Qian L. DNA storage: research landscape and future prospects. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1092-1107. [PMID: 34692128 PMCID: PMC8288837 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The global demand for data storage is currently outpacing the world's storage capabilities. DNA, the carrier of natural genetic information, offers a stable, resource- and energy-efficient and sustainable data storage solution. In this review, we summarize the fundamental theory, research history, and technical challenges of DNA storage. From a quantitative perspective, we evaluate the prospect of DNA, and organic polymers in general, as a novel class of data storage medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Dong
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fajia Sun
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi Ping
- Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- The State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Qian
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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22
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Scotti G, Nilsson SM, Matilainen VP, Haapala M, Boije af Gennäs G, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Salminen A, Kotiaho T. Simple 3D printed stainless steel microreactors for online mass spectrometric analysis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02002. [PMID: 31312730 PMCID: PMC6609794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple flow chemistry microreactor with an electrospray ionization tip for real time mass spectrometric reaction monitoring is introduced. The microreactor was fabricated by a laser-based additive manufacturing technique from acid-resistant stainless steel 316L. The functionality of the microreactor was investigated by using an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder and subsequent retro Diels-Alder reaction for testing. Challenges and problems encountered are discussed and improvements proposed. Adsorption of reagents to the rough stainless steel channel walls, short length of the reaction channel, and making a proper ESI tip present challenges, but the microreactor is potentially useful as a disposable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmario Scotti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia M.E. Nilsson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville-Pekka Matilainen
- Laser Processing Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Tuotantokatu 2, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Salminen
- Laser Processing Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Tuotantokatu 2, FI-53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Town JS, Jones GR, Hancox E, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM. Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Polymeric Structure Analysis: A Comparison of Two Common MALDI–ToF/ToF Techniques. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900088. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ellis Hancox
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
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Neagu AN. Proteome Imaging: From Classic to Modern Mass Spectrometry-Based Molecular Histology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:55-98. [PMID: 31347042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of classic imaging in Histology during the actually era of multiomics, the multi-color "molecular microscope" by its emerging "molecular pictures" offers quantitative and spatial information about thousands of molecular profiles without labeling of potential targets. Healthy and diseased human tissues, as well as those of diverse invertebrate and vertebrate animal models, including genetically engineered species and cultured cells, can be easily analyzed by histology-directed MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. The aims of this review are to discuss a range of proteomic information emerging from MALDI mass spectrometry imaging comparative to classic histology, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, with applications in biology and medicine, concerning the detection and distribution of structural proteins and biological active molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and proteins, allergens, neurotransmitters and hormones, enzymes, growth factors, toxins and others. The molecular imaging is very well suited for discovery and validation of candidate protein biomarkers in neuroproteomics, oncoproteomics, aging and age-related diseases, parasitoproteomics, forensic, and ecotoxicology. Additionally, in situ proteome imaging may help to elucidate the physiological and pathological mechanisms involved in developmental biology, reproductive research, amyloidogenesis, tumorigenesis, wound healing, neural network regeneration, matrix mineralization, apoptosis and oxidative stress, pain tolerance, cell cycle and transformation under oncogenic stress, tumor heterogeneity, behavior and aggressiveness, drugs bioaccumulation and biotransformation, organism's reaction against environmental penetrating xenobiotics, immune signaling, assessment of integrity and functionality of tissue barriers, behavioral biology, and molecular origins of diseases. MALDI MSI is certainly a valuable tool for personalized medicine and "Eco-Evo-Devo" integrative biology in the current context of global environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
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26
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Morgan TE, Ellacott SH, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Coupling Electron Capture Dissociation and the Modified Kendrick Mass Defect for Sequencing of a Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Polymer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11710-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sean H. Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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27
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Molecular Level Structure of Biodegradable Poly(Delta-Valerolactone) Obtained in the Presence of Boric Acid. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082034. [PMID: 30110952 PMCID: PMC6222617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, low molecular weight poly(δ-valerolactone) (PVL) was synthesized through bulk-ring openings polymerization of δ-valerolactone with boric acid (B(OH)₃) as a catalyst and benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator. The resulting homopolymer was characterized with the aid of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques to gain further understanding of its molecular structure. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra of poly(δ-valerolactone) showed the presence of two types of homopolyester chains-one terminated by benzyl ester and hydroxyl end groups and one with carboxyl and hydroxyl end groups. Additionally, a small amount of cyclic PVL oligomers was identified. To confirm the structure of PVL oligomers obtained, fragmentation of sodium adducts of individual polyester molecules terminated by various end groups was explored in ESI-MSn by using collision induced dissociation (CID) techniques. The ESI-MSn analyses were conducted both in positive- and negative ion mode. The comparison of the fragmentation spectra obtained with proposed respective theoretical fragmentation pathways allowed the structure of the obtained oligomers to be established at the molecular level. Additionally, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), it was proven that regardless of the degree of oligomerization, the resulting PVL samples were a mixture of two types of linear PVL oligomers differing in end groups and containing just a small amount of cyclic oligomers that tended to be not visible at higher molar masses.
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Ahmadi S, Winter D. Identification of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Detergents Using Peptide Search Engines. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6594-6600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Ahmadi
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Ren J, Mann YS, Zhang Y, Browne MD. Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553518 DOI: 10.3791/56652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific;
| | | | - Yuntao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific
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Martin-Somer A, Martens J, Grzetic J, Hase WL, Oomens J, Spezia R. Unimolecular Fragmentation of Deprotonated Diproline [Pro2-H]− Studied by Chemical Dynamics Simulations and IRMPD Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2612-2625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Somer
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Evry 91025, France
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo
13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josipa Grzetic
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William L. Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 908, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Evry 91025, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F. 75005 Paris, France
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Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Critical Conditions for Liquid Chromatography of Statistical Copolymers: Functionality Type and Composition Distribution Characterization by UP-LCCC/ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1778-1786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Weiss RM, Li J, Liu HH, Washington MA, Giesen JA, Grayson SM, Meyer TY. Determining Sequence Fidelity in Repeating Sequence Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)s. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Weiss
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Han H. Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael A. Washington
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joseph A. Giesen
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tara Y. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- McGowan
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Cecchini MM, Steinkoenig J, Reale S, Barner L, Yuan J, Goldmann AS, De Angelis F, Barner-Kowollik C. Universal mass spectrometric analysis of poly(ionic liquid)s. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4912-4921. [PMID: 30155139 PMCID: PMC6018439 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a universal high resolution mass spectrometric method for the analysis of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), which belong to the most challenging polyelectrolytes from an analytical perspective, by fusing high resolution collision-induced dissociation (CID)-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) with supercharging agents as well as quadrupole time-of-flight (QToF) MS. The study includes a wide array of hydrophilic halide-containing PILs, which were analyzed in negative mode. The influence of the core structures (based on imidazolium, triazolium, ammonium, phosphonium and pyridinium moieties), and variable styrene-, acrylate- and vinyl-type IL polymers on the ionization behavior is mapped in detail. Variable end group functionalities were introduced via functional chain transfer agents (CTA) in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to study their behavior during the MS analysis. Furthermore, the demanding class of vinylimidazolium halide IL polymers was investigated. The current contribution thus introduces a new analytical technology platform for an entire polymer class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Cecchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche , Università degli Studi dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio , Coppito , 67100 , L'Aquila , Italy .
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany .
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Samantha Reale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche , Università degli Studi dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio , Coppito , 67100 , L'Aquila , Italy .
| | - Leonie Barner
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory , Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Research Campus Golm , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Anja S Goldmann
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany .
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche , Università degli Studi dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio , Coppito , 67100 , L'Aquila , Italy .
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany .
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory , Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
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Plazzotta B, Diget JS, Zhu K, Nyström B, Pedersen JS. Small-angle X-ray scattering as a useful supplementary technique to determine molecular masses of polyelectrolytes in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:1913-1917. [PMID: 27840558 PMCID: PMC5094539 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Determination of molecular masses of charged polymers is often nontrivial and most methods have their drawbacks. For polyelectrolytes, a new possibility for the determination of number-average molecular masses is represented by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) which allows fast determinations with a 10% accuracy. This is done by relating the mass to the position of a characteristic peak feature which arises in SAXS due to the local ordering caused by charge-repulsions between polyelectrolytes. Advantages of the technique are the simplicity of data analysis, the independency from polymer architecture, and the low sample and time consumption. The method was tested on polyelectrolytes of various structures and chemical compositions, and the results were compared with those obtained from more conventional techniques, such as asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation, gel permeation chromatography, and classical SAXS data analysis, showing that the accuracy of the suggested method is similar to that of the other techniques. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1913-1917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Plazzotta
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Kaizheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern Oslo N-0315 Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P. O. Box 1033 Blindern Oslo N-0315 Norway
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
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Liang YJ, Lin YT, Chen CW, Lin CW, Chao KM, Pan WH, Yang HC. SMART: Statistical Metabolomics Analysis—An R Tool. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6334-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Liang
- Graduate
Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute
of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Institute
of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Institute
of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute
of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Mao Chao
- Graduate
Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute
of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute
of Public Health, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department
of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute
of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- School
of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Kudina O, Eral B, Mugele F. e-MALDI: An Electrowetting-Enhanced Drop Drying Method for MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4669-75. [PMID: 27026060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is frequently compromised by the heterogeneous distribution of matrix and analyte deposits on the target plate arising during the conventional drop-drying sample preparation procedure. It was recently shown that this so-called coffee stain effect can be suppressed by exciting evaporating complex fluids throughout the drying process using AC-electrowetting. Here, we demonstrate that electrowetting-assisted drying of solutions of common MALDI matrix materials and a variety of common low molecular weight pharmaceutical molecules indeed leads to substantially smaller and more homogeneous sample spots on special electrowetting-functionalized e-MALDI target plates. The improved spot quality enables 2-30× enhanced MALDI-MS signals along with substantial reductions of the typical lateral variations of the MALDI-MS. The latter largely eliminates the time-consuming need to search for "sweet spots".
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Kudina
- Physics of Complex Fluids, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Burak Eral
- eMALDI BV , Hengelosestraat 511, 7521 AG Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.,eMALDI BV , Hengelosestraat 511, 7521 AG Enschede, The Netherlands
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38
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Shaunak S. Perspective: Dendrimer drugs for infection and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lutz JF. Coding Macromolecules: Inputting Information in Polymers Using Monomer-Based Alphabets. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lutz
- Precision Macromolecular
Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP84047, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex
2, France
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Crecelius AC, Schubert US, von Eggeling F. MALDI mass spectrometric imaging meets “omics”: recent advances in the fruitful marriage. Analyst 2015; 140:5806-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI MSI) is a method that allows the investigation of the molecular content of surfaces, in particular, tissues, within its morphological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - U. S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - F. von Eggeling
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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41
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Bouvier ES, Koza SM. Advances in size-exclusion separations of proteins and polymers by UHPLC. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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42
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13010-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. “Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Robb DB, Brown JM, Morris M, Blades MW. Method of Atmospheric Pressure Charge Stripping for Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Its Application for the Analysis of Large Poly(Ethylene Glycol)s. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9644-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502145x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon B. Robb
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeffery M. Brown
- Waters Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Morris
- Waters Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. Blades
- University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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