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Cho S, Il Jang J, Min Kim H, Kim J, Chung H. Spatially offset Raman scattering line-mapping as an adaptive tool ensuring accuracy for determination of component concentrations in tablets with different particle sizes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124751. [PMID: 38959689 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Spatially offset Raman scattering (SORS) line-mapping was explored as a versatile tool to examine accuracy variations in compositional analyses of tablets with different particle sizes. SORS spectra collected near the laser irradiation were less representative of tablet composition due to the limited spectroscopic sampling volume, while the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of corresponding spectra were higher. On the other hand, SORS spectra at longer offset distances were better representative of tablet composition, while their S/N ratios were decreased considerably. Therefore, the use of only a certain portion of sliced (line-mapped) spectra balanced with the sample representation and S/N ratio could be advantageous to enhance accuracy. Moreover, a group of optimal slice spectra is expected to vary when the particle size of the tablet changes since the characteristics of internal photon propagation also would change. For the overall examination, SORS spectra of 30 Anaprox tablets (composed of 4 constituents including naproxen sodium) with 2 particle sizes (88.4 ± 11.8 µm and 118.9 ± 38.8 µm) were analyzed, and the concentrations of three components in these tablets were determined. A total of 6 cases (3 components and 2 particle sizes) were examined. When the average optimal slice spectra were employed in each case, the errors were lower compared to those using the average of all slice spectra. The demonstrated scheme was versatile to study the offset distance-dependent accuracy variations according to particle size and target component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Kim
- Mokpo Marine Food-Industry Research Center, Mokpo-si, Jeollanam-do 58621, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoeil Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Fu X, Cao X, Fu Z, Huang Z, Jin W, Fu G, Bi W. Antiepileptic drug concentration detection based on Raman spectroscopy and an improved snake optimization-convolutional neural network algorithm. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6097-6104. [PMID: 37933570 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01631e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for measurement of antiepileptic drug concentrations based on Raman spectroscopy and an optimization algorithm for mathematical models are proposed and investigated. This study uses Raman spectroscopy to measure mixed antiepileptic drugs, and an Improved Snake Optimization (ISO)-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm is proposed. Raman spectroscopy is widely used in the identification of pharmaceutical ingredients due to its sharp peaks, no pre-treatment of samples and non-destructive detection. To analyze the spectral data precisely, a machine learning method is used in this paper. The ISO algorithm is an improved intelligent swarm algorithm in which the method of generating random solutions is improved, which can ensure that a comprehensive local search of the model is performed, the global search capability is maintained at a later stage, and the convergence speed is accelerated. In this study, 360 groups of oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine drug mixtures are measured using Raman spectroscopy, and the raw spectral data after pre-processing are trained and evaluated using ISO-CNN algorithms, and the results are compared and analyzed with those obtained from other algorithms such as the Northern Goshawk Optimization algorithm, Chameleon Swarm Algorithm, and White Shark Optimizer algorithm. The results show that the best ISO-CNN algorithm training is achieved for oxcarbazepine, with a determination coefficient and root mean square error of 0.99378 and 0.0295 for the validation set, and 0.99627 and 0.0278 for the test set. The overall results suggest that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms can be a potential tool for drug concentration prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghu Fu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Xiqing Cao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Zizhen Fu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Zhexu Huang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Wa Jin
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Guangwei Fu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Weihong Bi
- School of Information Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
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3
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Cooman T, Trejos T, Romero AH, Arroyo LE. Implementing machine learning for the identification and classification of compound and mixtures in portable Raman instruments. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Elderderi S, Wils L, Leman-Loubière C, Byrne HJ, Chourpa I, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Munnier E, Elbashir AA, Boudesocque-Delaye L, Bonnier F. In Situ Water Quantification in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Portable Raman Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185488. [PMID: 34576961 PMCID: PMC8471915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a label-free, non-destructive, non-invasive analytical tool that provides insight into the molecular composition of samples with minimum or no sample preparation. The increased availability of commercial portable Raman devices presents a potentially easy and convenient analytical solution for day-to-day analysis in laboratories and production lines. However, their performance for highly specific and sensitive analysis applications has not been extensively evaluated. This study performs a direct comparison of such a commercially available, portable Raman system, with a research grade Raman microscope system for the analysis of water content of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES). NADES are renewable, biodegradable and easily tunable “green” solvents, outcompeting existing organic solvents for applications in extraction from biomass, biocatalysis, and nanoparticle synthesis. Water content in NADES is, however, a critical parameter, affecting their properties, optimal use and extraction efficiency. In the present study, portable Raman spectroscopy coupled with Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) is investigated for rapid determination of water content in NADES samples in situ, i.e., directly in glassware. Three NADES systems, namely Betaine Glycerol (BG), Choline Chloride Glycerol (CCG) and Glucose Glycerol (GG), containing a range of water concentrations between 0% (w/w) and 28.5% (w/w), were studied. The results are directly compared with previously published studies of the same systems, using a research grade Raman microscope. PLSR results demonstrate the reliability of the analysis, surrendering R2 values above 0.99. Root Mean Square Errors Prediction (RMSEP) of 0.6805%, 0.9859% and 1.2907% w/w were found for respectively unknown CCG, BG and GG samples using the portable device compared to 0.4715%, 0.3437% and 0.7409% w/w previously obtained by analysis in quartz cuvettes with a Raman confocal microscope. Despite the relatively higher values of RMSEP observed, the comparison of the percentage of relative errors in the predicted concentration highlights that, overall, the portable device delivers accuracy below 5%. Ultimately, it has been demonstrated that portable Raman spectroscopy enables accurate quantification of water in NADES directly through glass vials without the requirement for sample withdrawal. Such compact instruments provide solvent and consumable free analysis for rapid analysis directly in laboratories and for non-expert users. Portable Raman is a promising approach for high throughput monitoring of water content in NADES that can support the development of new analytical protocols in the field of green chemistry in research and development laboratories but also in the industry as a routine quality control tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Elderderi
- EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (S.E.); (I.C.); (E.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan
| | - Laura Wils
- EA 7502 Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA), Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (L.W.); (C.L.-L.); (C.E.-G.); (L.B.-D.)
| | - Charlotte Leman-Loubière
- EA 7502 Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA), Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (L.W.); (C.L.-L.); (C.E.-G.); (L.B.-D.)
| | - Hugh J. Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, TU Dublin-City Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland;
| | - Igor Chourpa
- EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (S.E.); (I.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Cécile Enguehard-Gueiffier
- EA 7502 Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA), Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (L.W.); (C.L.-L.); (C.E.-G.); (L.B.-D.)
| | - Emilie Munnier
- EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (S.E.); (I.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Abdalla A. Elbashir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum 11115, Sudan;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leslie Boudesocque-Delaye
- EA 7502 Synthèse et Isolement de Molécules BioActives (SIMBA), Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (L.W.); (C.L.-L.); (C.E.-G.); (L.B.-D.)
| | - Franck Bonnier
- EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (S.E.); (I.C.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Through-container quantitative analysis of hand sanitizers using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Commun Chem 2021; 4:126. [PMID: 36697655 PMCID: PMC9814617 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created an increased demand for hygiene supplies such as hand sanitizers. In response, a large number of new domestic or imported hand sanitizer products entered the US market. Some of these products were later found to be out of specification. Here, to quickly assess the quality of the hand sanitizer products, a quantitative, through-container screening method was developed for rapid and non-destructive screening. Using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and support vector regression (SVR), active ingredients (e.g., type of alcohol) of 173 commercial and in-house products were identified and quantified regardless of the container material or opacity. Alcohol content in hand sanitizer formulations were predicted with high accuracy [Formula: see text] using SVR and [Formula: see text] of the substandard test samples were identified. In sum, a SORS-SVR method was developed and used for testing medical countermeasures used against COVID-19, demonstrating a potential for high-volume testing during public health threats.
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Luangasanatip N, Khonputsa P, Caillet C, Vickers S, Zambrzycki S, Fernández FM, Newton PN, Lubell Y. Implementation of field detection devices for antimalarial quality screening in Lao PDR-A cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009539. [PMID: 34591842 PMCID: PMC8483304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Substandard and falsified (SF) antimalarials have devastating consequences including increased morbidity, mortality and economic losses. Portable medicine quality screening devices are increasingly available, but whether their use for the detection of SF antimalarials is cost-effective is not known. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of introducing such devices in post-market surveillance in pharmacies in Laos, conservatively focusing on their outcome in detecting SF artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). We simulated the deployment of six portable screening devices: two handheld near-infrared [MicroPHAZIR RX, NIR-S-G1], two handheld Raman [Progeny, TruScan RM]; one portable mid-infrared [4500a FTIR] spectrometers, and single-use disposable paper analytical devices [PADs]. We considered two scenarios with high and low levels of SF ACTs. Different sampling strategies in which medicine inspectors would test 1, 2, or 3 sample(s) of each brand of ACT were evaluated. Costs of inspection including device procurement, inspector time, reagents, reference testing, and replacement with genuine ACTs were estimated. Outcomes were measured as disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated for each device compared with a baseline of visual inspections alone. In the scenario with high levels of SF ACTs, all devices were cost-effective with a 1-sample strategy. In the scenario of low levels of SF ACTs, only four devices (MicroPHAZIR RX, 4500a FTIR, NIR-S-G1, and PADs) were cost-effective with a 1-sample strategy. In the multi-way comparative analysis, in both scenarios the NIR-S-G1 testing 2 samples was the most cost-effective option. Routine inspection of ACT quality using portable screening devices is likely to be cost-effective in the Laos context. This work should encourage policy-makers or regulators to further investigate investment in portable screening devices to detect SF medicines and reduce their associated undesired health and economic burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantasit Luangasanatip
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panarasri Khonputsa
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Vickers
- Lao-Oxford Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Newton
- Lao-Oxford Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Atabaki AH, Herrington WF, Burgner C, Jayaraman V, Ram RJ. Low-power swept-source Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24723-24734. [PMID: 34614822 DOI: 10.1364/oe.427105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
'Molecular fingerprinting' with Raman spectroscopy can address important problems-from ensuring our food safety, detecting dangerous substances, to supporting disease diagnosis and management. However, the broad adoption of Raman spectroscopy demands low-cost, portable instruments that are sensitive and use lasers that are safe for human eye and skin. This is currently not possible with existing Raman spectroscopy approaches. Portability has been achieved with dispersive Raman spectrometers, however, fundamental entropic limits to light collection both limits sensitivity and demands high-power lasers and cooled expensive detectors. Here, we demonstrate a swept-source Raman spectrometer that improves light collection efficiency by up to 1000× compared to portable dispersive spectrometers. We demonstrate high detection sensitivity with only 1.5 mW average excitation power and an uncooled amplified silicon photodiode. The low optical power requirement allowed us to utilize miniature chip-scale MEMS-tunable lasers with close to eye-safe optical powers for excitation. We characterize the dynamic range and spectral characteristics of this Raman spectrometer in detail, and use it for fingerprinting of different molecular species consumed everyday including analgesic tablets, nutrients in vegetables, and contaminated alcohol. By moving the complexity of Raman spectroscopy from bulky spectrometers to chip-scale light sources, and by replacing expensive cooled detectors with low-cost uncooled alternatives, this swept-source Raman spectroscopy technique could make molecular fingerprinting more accessible.
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8
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Lanzarotta A, Kern S, Batson J, Falconer TM, Fulcher M, Gaston KW, Kimani MM, Lorenz L, Morales-Garcia F, Ranieri N, Skelton D, Thatcher MD, Toomey VM, Voelker S, Witkowski MR. Evaluation of "Toolkit" consisting of handheld and portable analytical devices for detecting active pharmaceutical ingredients in drug products collected during a simultaneous nation-wide mail blitz. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114183. [PMID: 34098507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A "toolkit" consisting of a handheld Raman spectrometer equipped with a 1064 nm laser, a portable Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer and a portable direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometer (DART-MS) was employed in a laboratory setting to examine 82 representative products collected during a nationwide mail blitz for the presence of APIs. These results were compared to those obtained using laboratory-based methods; 8 of the products were not found to contain APIs and 74 of the products were found to contain a total of 88 APIs (65 of the 88 APIs were unique). The individual performance of each device and combined performance of the three-device toolkit were evaluated with regard to true positives, true negatives, false positives and false negatives. Using this toolkit, 81 (92.0 %) of the APIs were detected by at least one technique and 47 (64.8 %) of the APIs were detected by at least two techniques. Seven false negatives (8.0 %) were encountered and while the toolkit yielded 12 false positives, no false positives were detected by more than one technique. Overall, this study demonstrated that when the toolkit detects an API using two or more devices, the results are as reliable as those generated by a full-service laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | - Sara Kern
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - JaCinta Batson
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Travis M Falconer
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Moseley Fulcher
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Kirk W Gaston
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Martin M Kimani
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Lisa Lorenz
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Flavia Morales-Garcia
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Nicola Ranieri
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - David Skelton
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Michael D Thatcher
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Valerie M Toomey
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Sarah Voelker
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Mark R Witkowski
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
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9
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Schram J, Parrilla M, Sleegers N, Van Durme F, van den Berg J, van Nuijs ALN, De Wael K. Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1282-1294. [PMID: 33624933 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on-site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SCs) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone, and 4-chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever-diversifying drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schram
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Parrilla
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Sleegers
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorrit van den Berg
- Team Illicit Drugs, The Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
AbstractThere is a growing need for chemical analyses to be performed in the field, at the point of need. Tools and techniques often found in analytical chemistry laboratories are necessary in performing these analyses, yet have, historically, been unable to do so owing to their size, cost and complexity. Technical advances in miniaturisation and liquid chromatography are enabling the translation of these techniques out of the laboratory, and into the field. Here we examine the advances that are enabling portable liquid chromatography (LC). We explore the evolution of portable instrumentation from its inception to the most recent advances, highlighting the trends in the field and discussing the necessary criteria for developing in-field solutions. While instrumentation is becoming more capable it has yet to find adoption outside of research.
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11
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Coic L, Sacré PY, Dispas A, Dumont E, Horne J, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Evaluation of the analytical performances of two Raman handheld spectrophotometers for pharmaceutical solid dosage form quantitation. Talanta 2020; 214:120888. [PMID: 32278435 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of pharmaceutical solid dosage form quantitation using handheld Raman spectrophotometers. The two spectrophotometers used are designed with different technologies: one allows getting a more representative sampling with the Orbital Raster Scanning technology and the other one allows setting acquisition parameters. The goal was to evaluate which technology could provide the best analytical results. Several parameters were optimized to get the lowest prediction error in the end. The main objective of this study was to evaluate if this kind of instrument would be able to identify substandard medicines. For that purpose, two case-study were explored. At first, a full ICH Q2 (R1) compliant validation was performed for moderate Raman scatterer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a specific formulation. It was successfully validated in the ±15% relative total error acceptance limits, with a RMSEP of 0.85% (w/w). Subsequently, it was interesting to evaluate the influence of excipients when the API is a high Raman scatterer. For that purpose, a multi-formulation model was developed and successfully validated with a RMSEP of 2.98% (w/w) in the best case. These two studies showed that thanks to the optimization of acquisition parameters, Raman handheld spectrophotometers methods were validated for two different case-study and could be applied to identify substandard medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Coic
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elodie Dumont
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Julie Horne
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Lanzarotta A, Kimani MM, Thatcher MD, Lynch J, Fulcher M, Witkowski MR, Batson JS. Evaluation of Suspected Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Tablets Declared to Contain Controlled Substances Using Handheld Raman Spectrometers. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1274-1279. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Martin M. Kimani
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Michael D. Thatcher
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - John Lynch
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Moseley Fulcher
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - Mark R. Witkowski
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
| | - JaCinta S. Batson
- Forensic Chemistry Center Office of Regulatory Science Office of Regulatory Affairs U.S. Food & Drug Administration Cincinnati OH 45237
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13
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Nguyen TAH, Pham TNM, Le TB, Le DC, Tran TTP, Nguyen TQH, Nguyen TKT, Hauser PC, Mai TD. Cost-effective capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for quality control of beta-lactam antibiotics. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Vibrational spectroscopy in analysis of pharmaceuticals: Critical review of innovative portable and handheld NIR and Raman spectrophotometers. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gerace E, Seganti F, Luciano C, Lombardo T, Di Corcia D, Teifel H, Vincenti M, Salomone A. On-site identification of psychoactive drugs by portable Raman spectroscopy during drug-checking service in electronic music events. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:50-56. [PMID: 30614092 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Hundreds of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have burst into the marketplace, making both the scientific community and people who use drugs lacking of adequate information about their diffusion and effects. In this scenario, drug-checking services have been recently proposed to assist harm reduction policies and provide a global description of the circulating drugs. DESIGN AND METHODS The results obtained by a portable Raman spectroscopy device on 472 alleged drugs within the first formal implementation of drug checking in Italy, are reported. The testing was made through a plastic bag held by the applicant and containing the alleged drug. The substance identification was executed by comparison with a spectral library. RESULTS Illicit substances were detected in 304 samples. Findings included MDMA (106 samples), ketamine (87 samples), cocaine (51 samples), amphetamine (47 samples), methamphetamine (two samples), heroin (two samples) and NPS (nine samples). Two samples were identified as precursors of psychoactive substances. Identification of a non-controlled substance occurred in 38 samples. Output of inconclusive result was recorded from 128 samples tested on-site, from which the applicant allowed us to collect a small portion in 68 cases, for a delayed laboratory analysis by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Drug checking by Raman spectroscopy proved effective to identify psychoactive drugs including NPS and track the drug distribution in various recreational settings. The field testing activity revealed the presence of several NPS in the nightlife scenario, often in replacement of traditional illicit drugs, thus posing a high overdose risk and a life-threatening situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gerace
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Seganti
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Clemente Luciano
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Tonia Lombardo
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Corcia
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Universiy of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Regional Antidoping and Toxicology Center "A. Bertinaria", Turin, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Universiy of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Vickers S, Bernier M, Zambrzycki S, Fernandez FM, Newton PN, Caillet C. Field detection devices for screening the quality of medicines: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000725. [PMID: 30233826 PMCID: PMC6135480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor quality medicines have devastating consequences. A plethora of innovative portable devices to screen for poor quality medicines has become available, leading to hope that they could empower medicine inspectors and enhance surveillance. However, information comparing these new technologies is woefully scarce. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and SciFinder databases up to 30 April 2018. Scientific studies evaluating the performances/abilities of portable devices to assess any aspect of the quality of pharmaceutical products were included. RESULTS Forty-one devices, from small benchtop spectrometers to 'lab-on-a-chip' single-use devices, with prices ranging from US$20 000, were included. Only six devices had been field-tested (GPHF-Minilab, CD3/CD3+, TruScan RM, lateral flow dipstick immunoassay, CBEx and Speedy Breedy). The median (range) number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) assessed per device was only 2 (1-20). The majority of devices showed promise to distinguish genuine from falsified medicines. Devices with the potential to assay API (semi)-quantitatively required consumables and were destructive (GPHF-Minilab, PharmaChk, aPADs, lateral flow immunoassay dipsticks, paper-based microfluidic strip and capillary electrophoresis), except for spectroscopic devices. However, the 10 spectroscopic devices tested for their abilities to quantitate APIs required processing complex API-specific calibration models. Scientific evidence of the ability of the devices to accurately test liquid, capsule or topical formulations, or to distinguish between chiral molecules, was limited. There was no comment on cost-effectiveness and little information on where in the pharmaceutical supply chain these devices could be best deployed. CONCLUSION Although a diverse range of portable field detection devices for medicines quality screening is available, there is a vitally important lack of independent evaluation of the majority of devices, particularly in field settings. Intensive research is needed in order to inform national medicines regulatory authorities of the optimal choice of device(s) to combat poor quality medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vickers
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Paiva EM, da Silva VH, Poppi RJ, Pereira CF, Rohwedder JJ. Comparison of macro and micro Raman measurement for reliable quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical polymorphs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Khandasammy SR, Fikiet MA, Mistek E, Ahmed Y, Halámková L, Bueno J, Lednev IK. Bloodstains, paintings, and drugs: Raman spectroscopy applications in forensic science. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bian H, Gao J. Error analysis of the spectral shift for partial least squares models in Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:8016-8027. [PMID: 29715775 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.008016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy paired with the partial least squares (PLS) method is commonly used for quantitative or qualitative analysis of complex samples. However, spectral shift induced by different Raman spectroscopy, different environment or different measured time will decrease the accuracy of the PLS model. In this work, the processing algorithms that improve the accuracy by removing the noise, background and varying sources of other spectral interference were first reviewed. The error induced by the spectral shift was analyzed and the formulas of the error were derived. The formulas were then used to calculate the theoretical error in the example of discriminating human and nonhuman blood. A comparison of the actual errors obtained from the mathematical method and experiment with the theoretical value demonstrated the effectiveness of the equation. The compensation for nonhuman blood according to the average error demonstrated the improvement of the accuracy. Finally, the non-uniform sampling of the Raman shift by charge-coupled device (CCD) was considered in the error equation. An accurate error equation was obtained. This work could help improve the stability of PLS models in the case of the spectral shift of the spectrometer in Raman spectroscopy.
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