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Khogali A, Elnaiem DEA, Díaz-Regañón R, Jibreel T, Nour BYM, Abdelrahman SH, Molina R, Jiménez M. Infection of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis Sand Flies at Different Microhabitats of a Kala-Azar Endemic Village in Eastern Sudan. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:40. [PMID: 38393129 PMCID: PMC10892308 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to compare the infection rates of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis sandflies at different microhabitats of a VL endemic village in Gedarif state, Sudan. DNA extracts of 1078 P. orientalis sand fly females sampled by CDC light traps from indoor, outdoor, peri-domestic, and sylvatic sites, in three transmission seasons, March-June 2016-18, in Helat-Belo village, were subjected to independent PCR amplifications targeting Leishmania kDNA and the cpb gene followed by ITS1 region sequencing. Leishmania kDNA was detected in 1.4% of the 1078 P. orientalis females captured in the area. Two of these specimens showed a characteristic 741 bp band of L. donovani after cpb gene amplification. The DNA sequence of the ITS1 region of the parasites matched the ITS1 L. donovani genotype F. There were no signficant differences between rates of infection of L. donovani in P. orientalis captured at different sites. Blood meals found in infected flies origninated from human (5 specimens), cattle (4 specimens) and donkey (2 specimens). The finding of fresh cow and donkey blood in the infected flies suggests the possible role of these animals in the zoopotentiation and/or zooprophylaxis against VL. The study provides important information for VL transmission models and control programs in East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Khogali
- Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan; (A.K.); (T.J.); (B.Y.M.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 Backbone Rd., Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Ramón Díaz-Regañón
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; (R.D.-R.); (R.M.)
| | - Tayseer Jibreel
- Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan; (A.K.); (T.J.); (B.Y.M.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Bakri Y. M. Nour
- Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan; (A.K.); (T.J.); (B.Y.M.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Samira Hamid Abdelrahman
- Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 21111, Sudan; (A.K.); (T.J.); (B.Y.M.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; (R.D.-R.); (R.M.)
- Collaborative Biomedical Research Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; (R.D.-R.); (R.M.)
- Collaborative Biomedical Research Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Xhekaj B, Hoxha I, Platzgummer K, Kniha E, Walochnik J, Sherifi K, Rexhepi A, Behluli B, Dvořák V, Fuehrer HP, Obwaller AG, Poeppl W, Stefanovska J, Cvetkovikj A. First Detection and Molecular Analysis of Leishmania infantum DNA in Sand Flies of Kosovo. Pathogens 2023; 12:1190. [PMID: 37887706 PMCID: PMC10610191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are the principal vectors of phleboviruses and Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniases. The Mediterranean sand fly fauna is diverse, and leishmaniasis, mainly caused by Leishmania infantum, is endemic in the Balkan countries. Despite recent entomological surveys, only some districts of Kosovo have been sampled for sand flies, with no proof/confirmation of L. infantum. This study aimed to gain further insights into the species composition of natural sand fly populations in previously unsampled districts and areas in Kosovo without reports of leishmaniasis and to detect Leishmania DNA in sand flies. A sand fly survey was conducted in 2022 in all seven districts of Kosovo. Collected females were screened for Leishmania DNA by PCR. Positive samples were sequenced and subjected to maximum likelihood analysis with reference sequences for further molecular characterization. The trapping activities at 114 different localities resulted in 3272 caught specimens, comprising seven sand fly species of two genera, namely Phlebotomus neglectus, Ph. perfiliewi, Ph. tobbi, Ph. papatasi, Ph. simici, Ph. balcanicus and Sergentomyia minuta. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in three individual sand flies of Ph. neglectus and Ph. perfiliewi. This study provides the most extensive sand fly survey in Kosovo and reports the first record of L. infantum DNA in sand flies, indicating autochthonous circulation of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betim Xhekaj
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Bulevardi “Bill Clinton”, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (B.X.); (K.S.); (A.R.); (B.B.)
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Ina Hoxha
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.H.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Katharina Platzgummer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.H.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.H.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.H.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Kurtesh Sherifi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Bulevardi “Bill Clinton”, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (B.X.); (K.S.); (A.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Agim Rexhepi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Bulevardi “Bill Clinton”, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (B.X.); (K.S.); (A.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Behlul Behluli
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Bulevardi “Bill Clinton”, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (B.X.); (K.S.); (A.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Vit Dvořák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adelheid G. Obwaller
- Division of Science, Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Defence, Roßauer Lände 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Poeppl
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Brünner Straße 238, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Jovana Stefanovska
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
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Burguete-Mikeo A, Fernández-Rubio C, Peña-Guerrero J, El-Dirany R, Gainza L, Carasa Buj B, Nguewa PA. Characterization of Leishmania Parasites Isolated from Naturally Infected Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2153. [PMID: 37443951 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is spreading in Europe, especially in endemic countries such as Italy and Spain, in part due to ongoing climate change and the increase in travel and migration. Although Leishmania infantum is the main agent responsible for this disease in humans and animals, other species and hybrids have been detected. This highlights the need to continue isolating and characterizing Leishmania strains from biological samples of infected hosts. In this study, we characterized the recently isolated parasites L. infantum NAV and L. infantum TDL, obtained from naturally infected mammals (dogs), and we compared them with the widely distributed and studied strain L. infantum BCN 150. Both NAV and TDL promastigotes showed a slower growth rate than BCN 150 and were significantly more sensitive to amphotericin B and miltefosine. Furthermore, the expression of the CYCA gene (involved in cell cycle and proliferation) was significantly downregulated in NAV and TDL isolates. On the other hand, CYC6 (implicated in treatment resistance) and APG9 (related to the recycling of protein under stress conditions and/or while undergoing a differentiation process and treatment resistance) levels were upregulated, compared to those measured in BCN 150. Both isolates displayed a higher infection capacity (>3 amastigotes per macrophage and >70% of infected macrophages) compared to controls (<2 amastigotes/cells and <50% of infected macrophages). Finally, a higher susceptibility to miltefosine treatment was observed in intracellular NAV and TDL amastigotes. In conclusion, TDL and NAV are novel Leishmania isolates that might be useful for in vitro and in vivo assays that will allow a better understanding of the parasite biology in Mediterranean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroia Burguete-Mikeo
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Fernández-Rubio
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Peña-Guerrero
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rima El-Dirany
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath 1003, Lebanon
| | - Leonardo Gainza
- Clinica Veterinaria Burlada, Plaza Ezcabazabal 2, E-31600 Burlada, Spain
| | - Belen Carasa Buj
- Clinica Veterinaria Belen Carasa Buj, c/Ximénez de Rada 53, E-31500 Tudela, Spain
| | - Paul A Nguewa
- ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:412. [PMID: 36335408 PMCID: PMC9636697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infections span a range of clinical syndromes and impact humans from many geographic foci, but primarily the world's poorest regions. Transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly, Leishmania infections are increasing with human movement (due to international travel and war) as well as with shifts in vector habitat (due to climate change). Accurate diagnosis of the 20 or so species of Leishmania that infect humans can lead to the successful treatment of infections and, importantly, their prevention through modelling and intervention programs. A multitude of laboratory techniques for the detection of Leishmania have been developed over the past few decades, and although many have drawbacks, several of them show promise, particularly molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction. This review provides an overview of the methods available to diagnostic laboratories, from traditional techniques to the now-preferred molecular techniques, with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based detection and typing methods.
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Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are a novel potential reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis in the Emilia-Romagna region of northeastern Italy. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:745-750. [PMID: 36265672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex human disease caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania, predominantly transmitted by the bite of sand flies. In Italy, leishmaniasis is caused exclusively by Leishmania infantum, responsible for the human and canine visceral leishmaniases (HVL and CVL, respectively). Within the Emilia-Romagna region, two different foci are active in the municipalities of Pianoro and Valsamoggia (both in the province of Bologna). Recent molecular studies indicated that L. infantum strains circulating in dogs and humans are different, suggesting that there is an animal reservoir other than dogs for human visceral leishmaniasis in the Emilia-Romagna region. In this work, we analyzed specimens from wild animals collected during hunts or surveillance of regional parks near active foci of human visceral leishmaniasis for L. infantum infection in the province of Bologna. Out of 70 individuals analyzed, 17 (24%) were positive for L. infantum. The infection prevalence in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), badgers (Meles meles), and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) was 80, 33, 25, and 11%, respectively. To distinguish the two strains of L. infantum we have developed a nested PCR protocol optimized for animal tissues. Our results demonstrated that most (over 90%) of L. infantum infections in roe deer were due to the strain circulating in humans in the Emilia-Romagna region.
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Özbilgin A, Tunalı V, Akar ŞŞ, Yıldırım A, Şen S, Çavuş I, Zorbozan O, Gündüz C, Turgay N, İnanır I. Autochthonous transmission of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major with all the components of infection cycle at Europe's doorstep. Acta Trop 2022; 230:106385. [PMID: 35245491 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and dogs may act as urban reservoirs. Turkey and most of the Mediterranean basin countries are endemic for leishmaniasis. In this study, it is aimed to report the autochthonous leishmaniasis cases, with all the components of the infection cycle (reservoir, vector, and the host) in a region close to Europe. METHODS Nine human and four canine autochthonous leishmaniasis cases were included in the study. Direct microscopy, culture methods, serological, and molecular tests were applied to the samples obtained from the cases. RESULTS VL and CL patients consisted of 2 L.infantum, 1 L. donovani, 2 L. tropica, and 2 L. tropica,1 L. major,1 L. infantum infected patients respectively. CanL cases were infected with L. infantum, L. donovani, L. tropica, and L. major. CONCLUSIONS All the cases were autochthonous cases located in Manisa province. As Greece and all the Mediterranean basin countries in Europe share competent vectors, it is concluded that the detection of all 4 species of Leishmania parasites in such proximity to Europe poses an important public health threat for Europe. This study reports all four species of Leishmania spp., including L. major and L.donovani in close proximity to continental Europe.
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De Silva NL, De Silva VNH, Deerasinghe ATH, Rathnapala UL, Itoh M, Takagi H, Weerasooriya MV, Kato H, Yahathugoda TC. Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested PCR and Its Application for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Microorganisms 2022; 10:990. [PMID: 35630433 PMCID: PMC9145043 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka has rendered clinical diagnosis difficult; thus, laboratory confirmation is indispensable. A modified (two novel inner primers to detect CL caused by Leishmania donovani) nested Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS1) PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed and tested. The sensitivity of the modified nested PCR was tested using serial dilutions (103 to 10−2) of the DNA extract of a cultured L. donovani DD8 strain. Patients (n = 194) from Southern Sri Lanka were examined clinically, microscopically (Slit Skin Smear-SSS) and using the modified nested PCR. The modified nested PCR detected 2.55 fg of parasite DNA compared to ITS1 PCR (25 fg) and detected more cases than SSS (94.3% vs. 77.3%; p < 0.01). The RFLP pattern was L. donovani in all cases. The modified nested PCR performed well in clinically doubtful lesions (95% by PCR vs. 60% by SSS; p < 0.01), ulcerated nodules (91% vs. 71.8%; p < 0.01) and plaques (100% vs. 66.7%; p < 0.01). SSS demonstrated sensitivity (80.9%), specificity (81.8%), PPV (98.7%) and NPV (20.5%) against modified PCR. Low parasite loads and atypical lesions can be diagnosed by the proposed method with higher accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmitha Lalindi De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (N.L.D.S.); (M.V.W.); (T.C.Y.)
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Itoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.I.); (H.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Takagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (M.I.); (H.T.)
| | | | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Thishan Channa Yahathugoda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka; (N.L.D.S.); (M.V.W.); (T.C.Y.)
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Dinç M, Yalçın T, Çavuş İ, Özbilgin A. Comparative proteomic analysis of Leishmania parasites isolated from visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Parasitology 2022; 149:298-305. [PMID: 34758895 PMCID: PMC11010476 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease in which different clinical manifestations are classified into three primary forms: visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous. These disease forms are associated with parasite species of the protozoan genus Leishmania. For instance, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica are typically linked with visceral (VL) and cutaneous (CL) leishmaniasis, respectively; however, these two species can also cause other form to a lesser extent. What is more alarming is this characteristic, which threatens current medical diagnosis and treatment, is started to be acquired by other species. Our purpose was to address this issue; therefore, gel-based and gel-free proteomic analyses were carried out on the species L. infantum to determine the proteins differentiating between the parasites caused VL and CL. In addition, L. tropica parasites representing the typical cases for CL were included. According to our results, electrophoresis gels of parasites caused to VL were distinguishable regarding the repetitive down-regulation on some specific locations. In addition, a distinct spot of an antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, was shown up only on the gels of CL samples regardless of the species. In the gel-free approach, 37 proteins that were verified with a second database search using a different search engine, were recognized from the comparison between VL and CL samples. Among them, 31 proteins for the CL group and six proteins for the VL group were determined differentially abundant. Two proteins from the gel-based analysis, pyruvate kinase and succinyl-coA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase analysis were encountered in the protein list of the CL group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dinç
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Integrated Research Centers, National Mass Spectrometry Application and Research Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Talat Yalçın
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çavuş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özbilgin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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DA Costa Neto JJ, Neves Martins C, Santos Março K, Furlan Paz B, Paz Monteiro G, Torres DE Melo R, Dantas Mota FC, Alves AE. NOTETongue nodules in an atypical canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1549-1553. [PMID: 34393149 PMCID: PMC8569869 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to report a case of canine leishmaniasis with the only visible clinical sign
being the presence of nodules in the lateral region of the tongue. The bitch was treated
for a mandibular fracture, when multiple small nodules were observed on the tongue. We
identify nodular glossitis with the presence of structures compatible with amastigote
forms of Leishmania. The bitch was positive by ELISA, RIFI and PCR
assays. Clinical re-evaluation after one year of treatment for leishmaniasis showed
clinical improvement, but there was maintenance of antibody titers and infectivity.
Lingual nodules as the only clinical sign of the disease is rare, especially in endemic
areas, but should be included as differential diagnosis for leishmaniasis in the
country.
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Affiliation(s)
- João José DA Costa Neto
- Uniprofessional Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Camila Neves Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Karen Santos Março
- Postgraduate in Specialization in Small Animal Medical Clinic, Equalis-Higher Education and Qualification
| | - Beatriz Furlan Paz
- Uniprofessional Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Guilherme Paz Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Roberta Torres DE Melo
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Francisco Cláudio Dantas Mota
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Aracelle Elisane Alves
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
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Jaiteh MB, İnkaya AÇ, Üner A, Elçin G, Ergüven S, Kurtulan O, Harxhi A, Akova M. Persistent dermal lesions in a patient with previous history of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102197. [PMID: 32920054 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that most frequently occurs after an episode of VL caused by Leishmania donovani. In this case report, we present a 21-year-old male patient with persistent skin lesions and recurrent visceral leishmaniasis (VL) due to Leishmania infantum. The patient did not respond to multiple lines of anti-leishmanial treatment (including Liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine) and later died from cerebral lesions presumed to be secondary to persistent VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed B Jaiteh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Üner
- Department of Medical Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Elçin
- Department of Dermatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ergüven
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Olcay Kurtulan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arjan Harxhi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Fotakis EA, Giantsis IA, Castells Sierra J, Tanti F, Balaska S, Mavridis K, Kourtidis S, Vontas J, Chaskopoulou A. Population dynamics, pathogen detection and insecticide resistance of mosquito and sand fly in refugee camps, Greece. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 32183909 PMCID: PMC7079361 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-0635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 2015 thousands of refugees are being hosted in temporary refugee camps in Greece. Displaced populations, travelling and living under poor conditions with limited access to healthcare are at a high risk of exposure to vector borne disease (VBD). This study sought to evaluate the risk for VBD transmission within refugee camps in Greece by analyzing the mosquito and sand fly populations present, in light of designing effective and efficient context specific vector and disease control programs. METHODS A vector/pathogen surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and sand flies was deployed in four temporary refugee camps in Greece. Sample collections were conducted bi-weekly during June-September 2017 with the use of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and oviposition traps. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito/sand fly species composition, population dynamics, pathogen infection rates, and insecticide resistance status in the major vector species. RESULTS Important disease vectors including Anopheles sacharovi, Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and the Leishmania vectors Phlebotomus neglectus, P. perfiliewi and P. tobbi were recorded in the study refugee camps. No mosquito pathogens (Plasmodium parasites, flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed samples yet high sand fly Leishmania infection rates are reported. Culex pipiens mosquitoes displayed relatively high knock down resistance (kdr) mutation allelic frequencies (ranging from 41.0 to 63.3%) while kdr mutations were also detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but not in Anopheles and sand fly specimens. No diflubenzuron (DFB) mutations were detected in any of the mosquito species analysed. CONCLUSIONS Important disease vectors and pathogens in vectors (Leishmania spp.) were recorded in the refugee camps indicating a situational risk factor for disease transmission. The Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus kdr mutation frequencies recorded pose a potential threat against the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides in these settings. In contrast, pyrethroids appear suitable for the control of Anopheles mosquitoes and sand flies and DFB for Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus larvicide applications. Targeted actions ensuring adequate living conditions and the establishment of integrated vector-borne disease surveillance programs in refugee settlements are essential for protecting refugee populations against VBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. .,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | | | - Filianna Tanti
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofoklis Kourtidis
- General Directorate of Public Health and Social Welfare, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Refugees at the Crossroads of Continents: A Molecular Approach for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Among Refugees in Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:136-143. [PMID: 31721060 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to mass population movements driven by internal conflicts and wars, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is becoming increasingly important in Turkey. This study is aimed at determining the clinical aspects, diagnosis and genotyping of CL patients coming to Turkey from abroad. METHODS In our study, the clinical materials obtained from the patients or sent for diagnostic purposes from other centers to our laboratory between years 2012 and 2016 were assessed retrospectively. In total, there were 38 patients from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan. RESULTS 29 (76%), 28 (73%) and 33 (87%) samples were positive by light microscopy, Novy-McNeal-Nicolle(NNN), and enriched medium, respectively. By ITS-1 gene region PCR, 31 (81%) of the cases were positive. 35 of the patients were tested positive by at least one of the diagnostic methods. By genotyping, 21 Leishmania tropica, 8 Leishmania major, 3 Leismania infantum, 2 Leishmania donovani, and 1 Leishmania aethopica were detected. CONCLUSION This study is aimed at informing the clinicians working in the field for the import CL cases and recording the changing epidemiological features of CL in the region as well as discussing the possible focus for L. aethiopica infection which has not been shown in the region before.
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Kalantari M, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Soltani A, Mohammadpour I, Azizi K. DNA-based detection of Leishmania and Crithidia species isolated from humans in cutaneous and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis from Shiraz and Kharameh, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 57:52-57. [PMID: 33818456 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.309518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Leishmania major and L. tropica are the main pathogens of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in several rural and some urban regions of Iran, respectively. The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania species, and update the distribution data of these species in humans suspected to CL in two endemic foci in southern Iran. METHODS From March 2016 to March 2017, 276 positive samples from of 350 suspected cases were diagnosed and compared by different diagnostic methods, viz. microscopy, culture, and PCR. In PCR assay, four different gene identifications were performed including minicircle kDNA, and cysteine protease B genes for Leishmania detection, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and internal transcribed spacer 1 genes for Crithidia detection. RESULTS In total, 68% (235/350) and 65.3% (177/271) of patients suspected of leishmaniasis were positive by microscopy and cultivation methods. In PCR assay, L. major, and L. tropica were detected in 86.2% (238/276), and 13.1% (36/276) of CL cases, respectively. Also, dermal L. infantum strain was isolated from 0.7% (2/276) of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients. In addition, Crithidia fasciculata was detected in two CL patients chronically infected with L. major. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION It appears that the epidemiology of CL has changed during the last decades and can complicate the control strategy aspects of CL in southern Iran. Therefore, more epidemiological, ecological, and gene polymorphism studies are needed to understand the pathogenic role of these species in human, as a main host of leishmaniasis in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kalantari
- Research Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Qasem Asgari
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Conter CC, Mota CA, Dos Santos BA, de Souza Braga L, de Souza Terron M, Navasconi TR, Fernandes ACBS, Demarchi IG, de Castro KRR, Aristides SMA, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV. PCR primers designed for new world Leishmania: A systematic review. Exp Parasitol 2019; 207:107773. [PMID: 31605671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the primers that were designed to detect New World Leishmania were systematically reviewed to report the characteristics of each target, detection limit, specificity of the primers designed and diagnostic sensibility. The papers identified in the databases PubMed and Web of Science involved 50 studies. Minicircle is the most applied target in molecular research for diagnosis, due to its high sensitivity in detecting Leishmania in different clinical samples, a characteristic that can be partially attributed to the higher number of copies of the minicircle per cell. The other molecular targets shown in this review were less sensitive to diagnostic use because of the lower number of copies of the target gene per cell, but more specific for identification of the subgenus and/or species. The choice of the best target is an important step towards the result of the research. The target allows the design of primers that are specific to the genus, subgenus or a particular species and also imparts sensitivity to the method for diagnosis. The findings of this systematic review provide the advantages and disadvantages of the main molecular targets and primers designed for New World Leishmania, offering information so that the researcher can choose the PCR system best suited to their research need. This is a timely and extremely thorough review of the primers designed for New World Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cella Conter
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Laís de Souza Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Taísa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Rehman K, Walochnik J, Mischlinger J, Alassil B, Allan R, Ramharter M. Leishmaniasis in Northern Syria during Civil War. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1973-1981. [PMID: 30334717 PMCID: PMC6199995 DOI: 10.3201/eid2411.172146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the ongoing civil war in Syria, the governmental surveillance system for leishmaniasis has lost access to provinces of northern Syria. The MENTOR Initiative, an international not-for-profit organization, was commissioned to implement an integrated leishmaniasis control program, providing an opportunity to reassess the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in northern Syria. Epidemiologic data and biologic samples for molecular species diagnostics were collected from collaborating local health centers. Incidence peaked in March 2015 at 7,743 estimated monthly cases. High levels of transmission were observed in traditional endemic regions but extended to previously hypoendemic regions, such as Al-Raqqa and Al-Hasakah. Incidence decreased to 3,209 in July 2015. Data indicate that the prewar trend of increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis accelerated during the beginning of armed conflict but declined after implementation of the comprehensive control program by the MENTOR Initiative. Molecular analysis revealed a spectrum of Leishmania species and sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Hofmann M, Hodžić A, Pouliou N, Joachim A. Vector-borne pathogens affecting shelter dogs in eastern Crete, Greece. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1661-1666. [PMID: 30868293 PMCID: PMC6478633 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Canine pathogens transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods are of significant importance for veterinary and, in some cases, human health. However, they are still underestimated and rarely investigated in many parts of the Mediterranean region, mostly due to financial reasons. Therefore, in the present paper, we investigated the occurrence of blood-associated pathogens affecting dogs in Crete, Greece. For this purpose, blood samples from 103 shelter dogs were screened for the pathogens by PCR and serological tests. Overall, samples from 43 dogs scored positive for at least one pathogen (41.8%). In particular, antibodies to Leishmania infantum were detected in 26 dogs (25.2%), and 15 and 11 animals were positive for Hepatozoon canis (14.6%) and Mycoplasma haemocanis (10.7%) by PCR, respectively. Co-infections were recorded in nine animals. Clinical signs indicative of infection (alterations of skin or coat or reduced body condition) were detected in 10 animals, four of which were infected with one pathogen, three with two pathogens. Based on the results obtained, dogs from Crete appear to be frequently exposed to several blood-borne pathogens, including agents of zoonotic concern. Given that some of the pathogens were reported for the first time in this area, results presented in our study should improve the awareness of the local veterinarians and of dog rescue organisations in order to reduce disease burden on stray and owned dogs and to control the spread of canine vector-borne diseases from Greece to non-endemic areas by travelling or exported infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hofmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niki Pouliou
- Animal Medical Center, Kýprou 61, 722 00 Ierapetra, Greece
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Fotakis EA, Giantsis IA, Avgerinou A, Kourtidis S, Agathaggelidou E, Kapoula C, Dadakou G, Vontas J, Chaskopoulou A. Identification of Leishmania Species in Naturally Infected Sand Flies from Refugee Camps, Greece. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:361-364. [PMID: 30346269 PMCID: PMC6346468 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.181359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High infection rates of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica were detected in Phlebotomus spp. sand flies collected from refugee camps in Greece, indicating increased risk of infection among local populations. Detection and treatment of leishmaniasis, community education, and vector control are essential measures to prevent pathogen transmission and protect public health.
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Alić A, Prašović S, Čamo D, Ćoralić A, Preldžić D, Duscher GG, Hodžić A. Fatal visceral leishmaniosis in a dog caused by Leishmania infantum in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A case report. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 15:100260. [PMID: 30929944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum, is a zoonotic vector-borne disease endemic in the Mediterranean region. Here, we report a molecularly confirmed case of fatal CanL caused by L. infantum in the south of Bosnia and Herzegovina where epidemiology data are scarce. A 2.5-year-old, male golden retriever presented with a history of lethargy, prostration, and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed pale mucosae membranes, reduced capillary refill time, anuria, and ulcerated oral mucosae and skin of the legs. Complete blood count discovered severe non-regenerative, normocytic and normochromic anemia. Biochemistry profile showed hyperglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased potassium, and considerably elevated creatinine, urea, and phosphorus. Rapid Leishmania SNAP test was negative, as well as the serum neutralization test for leptospirosis. At necropsy, mildly enlarged and firm yellow to tan kidneys were the most prominent lesions. Macrophages laden with amastigotes in bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes and the skin were seen in histopathology. Molecular testing by PCR and sequencing (cpb gene) confirmed and identified the pathogen as L. infantum. This study highlights the lack of key measures necessary to undertake the proper control of this important zoonosis in the country. Nationwide epidemiologic study on CanL and its vector(s), along with adoption and establishment of proper diagnostic approach with quantitative serologic and molecular methods in place are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Alić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Senad Prašović
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Denis Čamo
- Internal Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Agnesa Ćoralić
- Internal Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dajna Preldžić
- Internal Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Georg Gerhard Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease, is a major public health concern globally. Countries affected by VL have signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases and committed to eliminate VL as a public health problem by 2020. To achieve and sustain VL elimination, it will become progressively important not to miss any remaining cases in the community who can maintain transmission. This requires accurate identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers using highly sensitive diagnostic tools at the primary health service setting. The rK39 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is the most widely used tool and with its good sensitivity and specificity is the first choice for decentralized diagnosis of VL in endemic areas. However, this test cannot discriminate between current, subclinical, or past infections and is useless for diagnosis of relapses and as a prognostic (cure) test. Importantly, as the goal of elimination of VL as a public health problem is approaching, the number of people susceptible to infection will increase. Therefore, correct diagnosis using a highly sensitive diagnostic test is crucial for applying appropriate treatment and management of cases. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved Leishmania detection and quantification, and therefore this technology has become increasingly relevant due to its possible application in a variety of clinical sample types. Most importantly, given current problems in identifying asymptomatic individuals because of poor correlation between the main methods of detection, molecular tests are valuable for VL elimination programs, especially to monitor changes in burden of infection in specific communities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available VL diagnostics and discusses the usefulness of molecular methods in the diagnosis, quantification, and species differentiation as well as their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India.
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Özbilgin A, Harman M, Karakuş M, Bart A, Töz S, Kurt Ö, Çavuş İ, Polat E, Gündüz C, Van Gool T, Özbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in Turkey. Acta Trop 2017; 173:90-96. [PMID: 28587839 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Turkey, the main causative agents are Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and L. infantum for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, we investigated leishmaniasis cases caused by L. donovani and established animal models for understanding its tropism in in vivo conditions. Clinical samples (lesion aspirations and bone marrow) obtained from CL/VL patients were investigated using parasitological (smear/NNN) and DNA-based techniques. For species identification, a real time ITS1-PCR was performed using isolates and results were confirmed by hsp70 PCR-N/sequencing and cpb gene PCR/sequencing in order to reveal Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum discrimination. Clinical materials from CL and VL patients were also inoculated into two experimental groups (Group CL and Group VL) of Balb/C mice intraperitoneally for creating clinical picture of Turkish L. donovani strains. After 45days, the samples from visible sores of the skin were taken, and spleens and livers were removed. Measurements of the internal organs were done and touch preparations were prepared for checking the presence of amastigotes. The strains were isolated from all patients and amastigotes were seen in all smears of the patients, and then isolates were immediately stored in liquid nitrogen. In real time ITS1-PCR, the melting temperatures of all samples were out of range of L. infantum, L. tropica and L. major. Sequencing of hsp70 PCR-N showed that all isolates highly identical to previously submitted L. donovani sequences in GenBank, and cpb gene sequencing showed five isolates had longer cpbF allele, whereas one isolate contained a mixed sequence of both cpbF and cpbE. All mice in both experimental groups became infected. Compared to controls, the length and width of both liver and spleen were significantly elevated (p<0.001) in both groups of mice. However, the weight of the liver increased significantly in all mice whereas the weight of spleen increased only in VL group. Amastigotes were also seen in all touch preparations prepared from skin sores, spleen and liver. L. donovani strain was isolated from autocutaneous a VL patient first time in Turkey. Animal models using clinical samples were successfully established and important clinical differences of the isolated strains were observed.
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Rugna G, Carra E, Corpus F, Calzolari M, Salvatore D, Bellini R, Di Francesco A, Franceschini E, Bruno A, Poglayen G, Varani S, Vitale F, Merialdi G. Distinct Leishmania infantum Strains Circulate in Humans and Dogs in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northeastern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:409-415. [PMID: 28301296 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is an emerging problem in Italy and is on the increase in the Emilia-Romagna region, northeastern part of the country. Nevertheless, studies dealing with the molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. circulating in these areas are limited. In the present work, we explored the genetic polymorphism of Leishmania isolates from 28 cases of canine leishmaniasis and three cases of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which occurred in 2013-2014 in the Emilia-Romagna region. The characterization was carried out in comparison with nine human isolates of Leishmania from other VL endemic Italian regions and two reference strains. Nucleic acid from 31 Leishmania-positive phlebotomine sandfly pools, sampled in 2012-2013 in the Emilia-Romagna region, were also evaluated. DNA amplification and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 and of a repetitive nuclear region on chromosome 31 were carried out for genotyping. Two size polymorphic targets were also analyzed by PCR, the cpb E/F-gene and the k26-gene. Altogether, the analysis showed the circulation of different Leishmania infantum genotypes in the Emilia-Romagna region: two genotypes found in dogs from public kennels were similar to VL isolates from other Italian regions, whereas a third genotype was detected in VL cases of the Emilia-Romagna region and in all but one of the sandfly pools. The combined molecular tools applied in this study can constitute a helpful support for parasite tracking (e.g., in outbreak investigations) and for a better understanding of the epidemiological evolution of leishmaniasis in northeastern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rugna
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Carra
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Corpus
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- 3 Medical and Veterinary Entomology Department, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli" IAEA Collaborating Center , Crevalcore, Italy
| | | | - Erica Franceschini
- 4 Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria , Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Bruno
- 5 Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo , S.C. Microbiologia e Virologia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Poglayen
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- 6 Unit of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- 7 National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.) , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
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Nath-Chowdhury M, Sangaralingam M, Bastien P, Ravel C, Pratlong F, Mendez J, Libman M, Ndao M. Real-time PCR using FRET technology for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species differentiation. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:255. [PMID: 27141967 PMCID: PMC4855858 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, there has been a re-emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic countries and an increase in imported cases in non-endemic countries by travelers, workers, expatriates, immigrants, and military force personnel. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused primarily by Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. aethiopica. Despite their low sensitivity, diagnosis traditionally includes microscopic and histopathological examinations, and in vitro cultivation. Several conventional PCR techniques have been developed for species identification, which are time-consuming and labour-intensive. Real-time PCR using SYBR green dye, although provides rapid detection, may generate false positive signals. Therefore, a rapid and easy method such as a FRET-based real-time PCR would improve not only the turn-around time of diagnosing Old World cutaneous Leishmania species but will also increase its specificity and sensitivity. Methods A FRET-based real-time PCR assay which amplifies the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease B gene encoding a major Leishmania antigen was developed to differentiate L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica in one single step using one set of primers and probes. Assay performance was tested on cutaneous and visceral strains of Leishmania parasite cultures and isolates of other protozoan parasites as well as human biopsy specimen. Results The assay readily differentiates between the three Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species based on their melting curve characteristics. A single Tm at 55.2 ± 0.5 °C for L. aethiopica strains was distinguished from a single Tm at 57.4 ± 0.2 °C for L. major strains. A double curve with melting peaks at 66.6 ± 0.1 °C and 48.1 ± 0.5 °C or 55.8 ± 0.6 °C was observed for all L. tropica strains. The assay was further tested on biopsy specimens, which showed 100 % agreement with results obtained from isoenzyme electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. Conclusion Currently, there are no published data on real-time PCR using FRET technology to differentiate between Old World cutaneous Leishmania species. In summary, our assay based on specific hybridization addresses the limitations of previous PCR technology and provides a single step, reliable method of species identification and rapid diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milli Nath-Chowdhury
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mugundhine Sangaralingam
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Montpellier and University Montpellier I (Faculty of Medicine), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224- UM1 et 2 "MIVEGEC", Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Mendez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael Libman
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Mahdy MAK, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Abdul-Ghani R, Saif-Ali R, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Eryani SM, Lim YAL, Mahmud R. First Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Species Causing Visceral Leishmaniasis among Children in Yemen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151265. [PMID: 26966902 PMCID: PMC4788415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a debilitating, often fatal disease caused by Leishmania donovani complex; however, it is a neglected tropical disease. L. donovani complex comprises two closely related species, L. donovani that is mostly anthroponotic and L. infantum that is zoonotic. Differentiation between these two species is critical due to the differences in their epidemiology and pathology. However, they cannot be differentiated morphologically, and their speciation using isoenzyme-based methods poses a difficult task and may be unreliable. Molecular characterization is now the most reliable method to differentiate between them and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The present study aims to characterize Leishmania species isolated from bone marrows of Yemeni pediatric patients using sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene. Out of 41 isolates from Giemsa-stained bone marrow smears, 25 isolates were successfully amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and sequenced in both directions. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor joining method placed all study isolates in one cluster with L. donovani complex (99% bootstrap). The analysis of ITS1 for microsatellite repeat numbers identified L. infantum in 11 isolates and L. donovani in 14 isolates. These data suggest the possibility of both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission of VL-causing Leishmania species in Yemen. Exploring the possible animal reservoir hosts is therefore needed for effective control to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. K. Mahdy
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdulsalam M. Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Reyadh Saif-Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samira M. Al-Eryani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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24
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Rohousova I, Talmi-Frank D, Kostalova T, Polanska N, Lestinova T, Kassahun A, Yasur-Landau D, Maia C, King R, Votypka J, Jaffe CL, Warburg A, Hailu A, Volf P, Baneth G. Exposure to Leishmania spp. and sand flies in domestic animals in northwestern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:360. [PMID: 26152578 PMCID: PMC4495613 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, Leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in L. donovani foci, and the role of these animals as reservoirs for human L. donovani infection remains unclear. Methods We conducted a study of domestic animals (goats, sheep, cows, dogs, and donkeys) in three L. donovani foci in northwestern Ethiopia. Domestic animals were screened for Leishmania DNA and for anti-L. donovani IgG. Serum anti-sand fly saliva antibodies were used as a marker of exposure to the vector sand fly, Phlebotomus orientalis. Results Of 546 animals tested, 32 (5.9 %) were positive for Leishmania DNA, with positive animals identified among all species studied. Sequencing indicated that the animals were infected with parasites of the L. donovani complex but could not distinguish between L. infantum and L. donovani. A total of 18.9 % of the animals were seropositive for anti-L. donovani IgG, and 23.1 % of the animals were seropositive for anti-P. orientalis saliva IgG, with the highest seroprevalence observed in dogs and sheep. A positive correlation was found between anti-P. orientalis saliva and anti-L. donovani IgGs in cows, goats, and sheep. Conclusions The detection of L. donovani complex DNA in the blood of domestic animals, the reported seroprevalence to the L. donovani antigen, and the widespread exposure to sand fly saliva among domestic animals indicate that they are frequently exposed to Leishmania infection and are likely to participate in the epidemiology of Leishmania infection, either as potential blood sources for sand flies or possibly as parasite hosts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0976-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Dalit Talmi-Frank
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Tatiana Kostalova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Nikola Polanska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Aysheshm Kassahun
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Yasur-Landau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Carla Maia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3 Am Ve'Olamo Street, Jerusalem, 95463, Israel.
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Abstract
Leishmania is an infectious protozoan parasite related to African and American trypanosomes. All Leishmania species that are pathogenic to humans can cause dermal disease. When one is confronted with cutaneous leishmaniasis, identification of the causative species is relevant in both clinical and epidemiological studies, case management, and control. This review gives an overview of the currently existing and most used assays for species discrimination, with a critical appraisal of the limitations of each technique. The consensus taxonomy for the genus is outlined, including debatable species designations. Finally, a numerical literature analysis is presented that describes which methods are most used in various countries and regions in the world, and for which purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Van der Auwera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium Antwerp University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Hitakarun A, Tan-ariya P, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Siriyasatien P, Tiwananthagorn S, Leelayoova S. Comparison of PCR methods for detection of Leishmania siamensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:458. [PMID: 25274259 PMCID: PMC4188918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania siamensis, a newly identified species, has been reported as a causative agent of leishmaniasis in Thailand. This organism has been identified and genetically characterized using PCR techniques based on several target genes. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these methods for the diagnosis of L. siamensis infection have never been evaluated. METHODS To evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of PCR methods to detect L. siamensis infection, PCR for different genetic markers, i.e., the small subunit ribosomal RNA region (SSU-rRNA), the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), cytochrome b (cyt b), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), the spliced leader mini-exon, and the triose-phosphate isomerase (tim) genes were compared. RESULTS Both the ITS1-PCR and the SSU rRNA-PCR could detect promastigote of L. siamensis at concentrations as low as 0.05 parasites/μl or the DNA concentration at 2.3 pg/μl. Though the ITS1-PCR method only recognized 8 samples as positive, all of these could be assessed as true positive according to microscopic diagnosis and/or amplifying the results of the PCR and their sequencing, while other methods also produced false positive results. Compared with the ITS1-PCR method, the PCR amplified SSU-rRNA and cpb gene showed 100% sensitivity for the detection of L. siamensis in clinical specimens. The PCR amplified mini-exon and hsp70 gene also gave a high sensitivity of 87.5%. In contrast, the PCR methods for cyt b and tim gene showed low sensitivity. The PCR methods for cyt b, mini-exon and tim gene showed 100% specificity compared with the ITS1-PCR. CONCLUSION As a result, the ITS1-PCR method is a suitable target for PCR-based detection of L. siamensis infection in clinical specimens due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The results of this study can be used for molecular diagnosis as well as in epidemiological studies of L. siamensis in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atitaya Hitakarun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Peerapan Tan-ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Tawee Naaglor
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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27
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Jiménez M, González E, Iriso A, Marco E, Alegret A, Fúster F, Molina R. Detection of Leishmania infantum and identification of blood meals in Phlebotomus perniciosus from a focus of human leishmaniasis in Madrid, Spain. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2453-9. [PMID: 23535889 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since 2010, the number of cases of both human visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in southwestern Madrid region (Spain) and more specifically in the town of Fuenlabrada has increased. Direct xenodiagnosis of leishmaniasis proved that hares (Lepus granatensis) from this focus are able to infect with Leishmania infantum colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus. To a better understanding of this focus of leishmaniasis, we conducted an entomological survey using CDC light traps, at the end of the seasonal transmission period of 2011 before the beginning of control measures of the disease, to study the phlebotomine sand flies species involved. Detection of Leishmania DNA in the sand flies captured was studied by kDNA-PCR and cpb-PCR. In addition, blood fed and gravid female P. perniciosus were analysed by a PCR based in vertebrate cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Taxonomic identification of captured sand flies (n = 174) as P. perniciosus (n = 171) and Sergentomyia minuta (n = 3) together with the analysis of blood feeding in ten sand flies that shows a high preference for hares (n = 6), followed by humans (n = 3), and cats (n = 1) confirm a strong association between P. perniciosus hares and humans in the focus. Moreover, 79 out of 135 (58.5 %) P. perniciosus were positive to L. infantum by PCR approaches. These data support the increase of human leishmaniasis cases in the area and the existence of an unusual sylvatic cycle alternative to the classical domestic one, where the dog is the main reservoir of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Jiménez
- Unidad de Entomología Médica, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Chaouch M, Fathallah-Mili A, Driss M, Lahmadi R, Ayari C, Guizani I, Ben Said M, BenAbderrazak S. Identification of Tunisian Leishmania spp. by PCR amplification of cysteine proteinase B (cpb) genes and phylogenetic analysis. Acta Trop 2013; 125:357-65. [PMID: 23228525 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination of the Old World Leishmania parasites is important for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis. We have developed PCR assays that allow the discrimination between Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum Tunisian species. The identification was performed by a simple PCR targeting cysteine protease B (cpb) gene copies. These PCR can be a routine molecular biology tools for discrimination of Leishmania spp. from different geographical origins and different clinical forms. Our assays can be an informative source for cpb gene studying concerning drug, diagnostics and vaccine research. The PCR products of the cpb gene and the N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (nagt) Leishmania gene were sequenced and aligned. Phylogenetic trees of Leishmania based cpb and nagt sequences are close in topology and present the classic distribution of Leishmania in the Old World. The phylogenetic analysis has enabled the characterization and identification of different strains, using both multicopy (cpb) and single copy (nagt) genes. Indeed, the cpb phylogenetic analysis allowed us to identify the Tunisian Leishmania killicki species, and a group which gathers the least evolved isolates of the Leishmania donovani complex, that was originated from East Africa. This clustering confirms the African origin for the visceralizing species of the L. donovani complex.
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29
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Polymorphism in the HASPB repeat region of East African Leishmania donovani strains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2031. [PMID: 23358849 PMCID: PMC3554577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani is a major health problem in Ethiopia. Parasites in disparate regions are transmitted by different vectors, and cluster in distinctive genotypes. Recently isolated strains from VL and HIV-VL co-infected patients in north and south Ethiopia were characterized as part of a longitudinal study on VL transmission. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sixty-three L. donovani strains were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting three regions: internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), cysteine protease B (cpb), and HASPB (k26). ITS1- and cpb--PCR identified these strains as L. donovani. Interestingly, the k26--PCR amplicon size varied depending on the patient's geographic origin. Most strains from northwestern Ethiopia (36/40) produced a 290 bp product with a minority (4/40) giving a 410 bp amplicon. All of the latter strains were isolated from patients with HIV-VL co-infections, while the former group contained both VL and HIV-VL co-infected patients. Almost all the strains (20/23) from southwestern Ethiopia produced a 450 bp amplicon with smaller products (290 or 360 bp) only observed for three strains. Sudanese strains produced amplicons identical (290 bp) to those found in northwestern Ethiopia; while Kenyan strains gave larger PCR products (500 and 650 bp). High-resolution melt (HRM) analysis distinguished the different PCR products. Sequence analysis showed that the k26 repeat region in L. donovani is comprised of polymorphic 13 and 14 amino acid motifs. The 13 amino acid peptide motifs, prevalent in L. donovani, are rare in L. infantum. The number and order of the repeats in L. donovani varies between geographic regions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HASPB repeat region (k26) shows considerable polymorphism among L. donovani strains from different regions in East Africa. This should be taken into account when designing diagnostic assays and vaccines based on this antigen.
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30
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Hamarsheh O, Nasereddin A, Damaj S, Sawalha S, Al-Jawabreh H, Azmi K, Amro A, Ereqat S, Abdeen Z, Al-Jawabreh A. Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania parasites in apparently healthy dogs in the West Bank, Palestine. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:183. [PMID: 22937916 PMCID: PMC3453513 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by Leishmania infantum in all Mediterranean countries. The Leishmania parasite is transmitted by the bite of a corresponding sand fly vector and primarily maintained in nature by wild and domestic reservoirs, including dogs, foxes and jackals. Infected dogs are the primary reservoir host in endemic regions and are the most significant risk disposing humans to infection. The present study aimed at assessing the prevalence of infection with Leishmania and identification of Leishmania infantum in domestic dogs in the West Bank, Palestine. METHODS The infection rate among domestic dogs collected from seven districts in the Palestinian West Bank was investigated by examination of parasites in culture from the buffy coat using serological and molecular methods; based on ELISA, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and cysteine protease (CPB) PCR. RESULTS Out of 215 dogs examined for Leishmania, 36 (16.7%) were positive in at least one method. Twenty three animals (11.5%) were positive for Leishmania DNA, whereas, ELISA and culture revealed 16 (7.5%), and 4 (1.5%) respectively. CPB-PCR on one of three culture-positive isolates revealed Leishmania infantum as the causative agent for Leishmania infection in dogs. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that canine leishmania infection is prevalent with varying degrees in all the seven studied districts in Palestine despite the absence of human VL cases in 4 of these districts. The causative agent was confirmed to be Leishmania infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hamarsheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 51000, Jerusalem, Palestine
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Abedalmajeed Nasereddin
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Safa Damaj
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - SamIr Sawalha
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | - Kifaya Azmi
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ahmad Amro
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute (ANAHRI), Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
- Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine
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31
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Rassi Y, Sanei Dehkordi A, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A, Zarei Z, Javadian E. First report on natural infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:344-9. [PMID: 22609304 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important health problem in Ardebil, where it borders Azerbaijan in the northwestern Iran. In spite of the presence of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (CL and VL) in northwestern Iran, previous researches have consistently revealed the etiologic agent of VL in the region to be Leishmania infantum. This is the first report of natural infection of Phlebotomus tobbi with L. infantum in Bilesavar district in the northern part of Ardebil province bordering Azerbaijan. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of kDNA, ITS1-rDNA, and CPB genes of the parasite followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and gene sequencing analyses revealed presence of L. infantum in six out of 433 tested female sand fly specimens. Although sand flies of P. tobbi were infrequent, two out of 32 (6.25%) females captured in the area were found infected with the parasite. Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus, the known vector of VL in the area, were the most dominant species but only four out of 273 (1.47%) tested were infected with L. infantum. This study showed that P. tobbi similar to P. perfiliewi transcaucasicus could play a significant role in the transmission of the L. infantum. However more investigations are needed to demonstrate that L. infantum is the only species circulating in the focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavar Rassi
- Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gouzelou E, Haralambous C, Amro A, Mentis A, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Votypka J, Volf P, Ozensoy Toz S, Kuhls K, Schönian G, Soteriadou K. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) of strains from Turkey and Cyprus reveals a novel monophyletic L. donovani sensu lato group. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1507. [PMID: 22348162 PMCID: PMC3279343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New foci of human CL caused by strains of the Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) complex have been recently described in Cyprus and the Çukurova region in Turkey (L. infantum) situated 150 km north of Cyprus. Cypriot strains were typed by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) using the Montpellier (MON) system as L. donovani zymodeme MON-37. However, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) has shown that this zymodeme is paraphyletic; composed of distantly related genetic subgroups of different geographical origin. Consequently the origin of the Cypriot strains remained enigmatic. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The Cypriot strains were compared with a set of Turkish isolates obtained from a CL patient and sand fly vectors in south-east Turkey (Çukurova region; CUK strains) and from a VL patient in the south-west (Kuşadasi; EP59 strain). These Turkish strains were initially analyzed using the K26-PCR assay that discriminates MON-1 strains by their amplicon size. In line with previous DNA-based data, the strains were inferred to the L. donovani complex and characterized as non MON-1. For these strains MLEE typing revealed two novel zymodemes; L. donovani MON-309 (CUK strains) and MON-308 (EP59). A population genetic analysis of the Turkish isolates was performed using 14 hyper-variable microsatellite loci. The genotypic profiles of 68 previously analyzed L. donovani complex strains from major endemic regions were included for comparison. Population structures were inferred by combination of bayesian model-based and distance-based approaches. MLMT placed the Turkish and Cypriot strains in a subclade of a newly discovered, genetically distinct L. infantum monophyletic group, suggesting that the Cypriot strains may originate from Turkey. CONCLUSION The discovery of a genetically distinct L. infantum monophyletic group in the south-eastern Mediterranean stresses the importance of species genetic characterization towards better understanding, monitoring and controlling the spread of leishmaniasis in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Gouzelou
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Haralambous
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Ahmad Amro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Andreas Mentis
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Référence des Leishmania, Université Montpellier 1 and CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Référence des Leishmania, Université Montpellier 1 and CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Seray Ozensoy Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ketty Soteriadou
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Kumar D, Kumar S, Chakravarty J, Sundar S. A novel 12.6-kDa protein of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1359-64. [PMID: 21923256 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), rK39 antigen-based rapid test is widely used. Unfortunately, up to 32% healthy individuals from endemic region test positive with this antigen. There is an urgent need to search for a more specific antigen with sensitivity similar to rK39. METHODS We identified a Leishmania donovani-specific 12.6-kDa (BHUP3) soluble promastigote antigen through sensitive western blot technique. The identified protein was partially purified from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic response of eluted protein was determined by western blot with different groups of individual sera. The diagnostic potential was further validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum of 100 VL patients, 93 nonendemic healthy control individuals, 110 endemic healthy control individuals, and 110 disease control individuals. Further, it was characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis. RESULTS On blotting, antibody against this protein was recognized by all (9/9) VL patient's sera, but it was absent in every control group (nonendemic healthy control and endemic healthy control). Sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 88% (89/101), whereas the specificity for endemic healthy, nonendemic healthy, and different disease groups were 96% (106/110), 100% (93/93), and 97% (107/110), respectively. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a single spot, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis revealed that it is a 113-amino-acid-long putative uncharacterized protein of 12.6-kDa anamorsin homolog matched completely with Leishmania major (GenBank accession number: Q4QIS1). CONCLUSION Despite marginally lower sensitivity of BHUP3, excellent specificity warrants its further development as a tool for diagnosis of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kuru T, Janusz N, Gadisa E, Gedamu L, Aseffa A. Leishmania aethiopica: development of specific and sensitive PCR diagnostic test. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:391-5. [PMID: 21616071 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PCR has proved useful for rapid diagnosis and typing of Leishmania. Lack of specificity to discriminate between species and/or sensitivity to detect from clinical samples has always been an issue. Previously developed primers either require PCR-RFLP analysis for Leishmania aethiopica discrimination or lack sensitivity to detect L. aethiopica from clinical samples. Here we report the development and validation of L. aethiopica specific PCR primers (V5F/V10R) based on cysteine protease B (cpb), a multicopy and polymorphic gene of Leishmania. V5F/V10R primers differentiate L. aethiopica from Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum by direct PCR. In addition, they are sensitive enough to detect L. aethiopica from biopsy samples. The primers can be very useful for epidemiological studies, species typing and diagnosis of L. aethiopica directly from clinical samples. Implementation of these primers in routine L. aethiopica diagnosis can improve detection rate, save time, money and labor required for culturing Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklu Kuru
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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Haouas N, Garrab S, Gorcii M, Khorchani H, Chargui N, Ravel C, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for Leishmania major/Leishmania killicki/Leishmania infantum discrimination from clinical samples, application in a Tunisian focus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 68:152-8. [PMID: 20846587 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II gene of Leishmania genus was used to develop a molecular tool for detection and species differentiation of Leishmania from clinical samples. Identification was achieved by a polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with 2 restriction endonucleases BstU1 and Taq1. Despite the relatively low sensitivity, it is able to differentiate between 3 complexes responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Haouas
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology (99UR/08-05), Department of Clinical Biology B, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Roelfsema JH, Nozari N, Herremans T, Kortbeek LM, Pinelli E. Evaluation and improvement of two PCR targets in molecular typing of clinical samples of Leishmania patients. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Faye B, Bañuls A, Bucheton B, Dione M, Bassanganam O, Hide M, Dereure J, Choisy M, Ndiaye J, Konaté O, Claire M, Senghor M, Faye M, Sy I, Niang A, Molez J, Victoir K, Marty P, Delaunay P, Knecht R, Mellul S, Diedhiou S, Gaye O. Canine visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Senegal: risk of emergence in humans? Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Odiwuor SOC, Saad AA, De Doncker S, Maes I, Laurent T, El Safi S, Mbuchi M, Büscher P, Dujardin JC, Van der Auwera G. Universal PCR assays for the differential detection of all Old World Leishmania species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:209-18. [PMID: 20936316 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For the epidemiological monitoring and clinical case management of leishmaniasis, determination of the causative Leishmania species gains importance. Current assays for the Old World often suffer from drawbacks in terms of validation on a geographically representative sample set and the ability to recognize all species complexes. We want to contribute to standardized species typing for Old World leishmaniasis. We determined the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence of 24 strains or isolates, and validated four species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) amplifying this target. They discriminate L. aethiopica, L. tropica, L. major, and the L. donovani complex, use the same cycling conditions, and include an internal amplification control. Our PCRs amplify 0.1 pg of Leishmania DNA, while being 100% specific for species identification on an extensive panel of geographically representative strains and isolates. Similar results were obtained in an endemic reference laboratory in Kenya. Species could also be identified in clinical specimens. The presented PCRs require only agarose gel detection, and have several other advantages over many existing assays. We outline potential problems, suggest concrete solutions for transferring the technique to other settings, and deliver the proof-of-principle for analyzing clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ogado Ceasar Odiwuor
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
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Gadisa E, Kuru T, Genet A, Engers H, Aseffa A, Gedamu L. Leishmania donovani complex (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae): Comparison of deoxyribonucleic acid based techniques for typing of isolates from Ethiopia. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Heat-shock protein 70 PCR-RFLP: a universal simple tool for Leishmania species discrimination in the New and Old World. Parasitology 2010; 137:1159-68. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntroduction. Species typing in leishmaniasis gains importance in diagnostics, epidemiology, and clinical studies. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay of PCR amplicons from a partial heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) had been described for the New World, allowing identification of some species. Methods. Based on an initial in silico analysis of 51 hsp70 sequences, most of which we recently determined in the frame of a phylogenetic study, species-specific restriction sites were identified. These were tested by PCR-RFLP on 139 strains from 14 species, thereby documenting both inter- and intra-species variability. Results. Our assay could identify Leishmania infantum, L. donovani, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis by applying 2 subsequent digests. L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. garnhami did not generate species-specific restriction fragment patterns. Conclusion. Currently no assay is available for global Leishmania species discrimination. We present a universal PCR-RFLP method allowing identification of most medically relevant Old and New World Leishmania species on the basis of a single PCR, obviating the need to perform separate PCRs. The technique is simple to perform and can be implemented in all settings where PCR is available.
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Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Hide M, Javadian EA, Rassi Y, Sadraei J, Mohebali M, Mehdi Sedaghat M, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F. Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and L. infantum in northwest Iran. Exp Parasitol 2009; 123:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia and especially Leishmania braziliensis are responsible for a large proportion of New World leishmaniasis cases. The reproductive mode of Leishmania species has often been assumed to be predominantly clonal, but remains unsettled. We have investigated the genetic polymorphism at 12 microsatellite loci on 124 human strains of Leishmania braziliensis from 2 countries, Peru and Bolivia. There is substantial genetic diversity, with an average of 12.4 +/- 4.4 alleles per locus. There is linkage disequilibrium at a genome-wide scale, as well as a substantial heterozygote deficit (more than 50% the expected value from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium), which indicates high levels of inbreeding. These observations are inconsistent with a strictly clonal model of reproduction, which implies excess heterozygosity. Moreover, there is large genetic heterogeneity between populations within countries (Wahlund effect), which evinces a strong population structure at a microgeographic scale. Our findings are compatible with the existence of population foci at a microgeographic scale, where clonality alternates with sexuality of an endogamic nature, with possible occasional recombination events between individuals of different genotypes. These findings provide key clues on the ecology and transmission patterns of Leishmania parasites.
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Development of species-specific PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays for L. infantum/L. donovani discrimination. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Laurent T, Van der Auwera G, Hide M, Mertens P, Quispe-Tintaya W, Deborggraeve S, De Doncker S, Leclipteux T, Bañuls AL, Büscher P, Dujardin JC. Identification of Old World Leishmania spp. by specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of cysteine proteinase B genes and rapid dipstick detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 63:173-81. [PMID: 19097841 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We used the cysteine proteinase B (cpb) gene family of the trypanosomatid genus Leishmania as a target to develop rapid, specific, and easy-to-use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to discriminate Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania aethiopica, and Leishmania major. Identification of all 5 Old World species and validation of intraspecies variability are features lacking in other species-specific PCRs. Amplicon analysis was done on agarose gels and was further simplified by using an oligochromatography dipstick to detect L. infantum and L. donovani products. Because the analytical sensitivity is lower than that of certain other species- and genus-specific PCRs, our assays are especially valuable for use on cultured isolates or directly on cryostabilates. As such, they can be implemented by research and health centers having access to culturing, DNA isolation, and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Laurent
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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