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Ragavendran C, Govindaraj A, Kamaraj C, Natarajan D, Malafaia G, Alrefaei AF, Almutairi MH. Fusarium begoniae metabolites: a promising larvicidal, pupicidal potential, histopathological alterations and detoxifications enzyme profiles of medically important mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 39263325 PMCID: PMC11384672 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungal molecules have the potential to be a cost-effective chemical source for developing eco-friendly disease-controlling pharmaceuticals that target mosquito-borne illnesses. The primary aims of the study were to identify the fungus Fusarium begoniae larvicidal ability against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated lethal concentrations that kill 50% of exposed larvae (LC50) and 90% of exposed larvae (LC90) for the 1st to 4th instar larvae of An. stephensi (LC50 = 54.821, 66.525, 68.250, and 73.614; LC90 = 104.56, 138.205, 150.415, and 159.466 μg/mL), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 64.981, 36.505, 42.230, and 36.514; LC90 = 180.46, 157.105, 140.318, and 153.366 μg/ mL), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 74.890, 33.607, 52.173, and 26.974; LC90 = 202.56, 162.205, 130.518, and 163.286 μg/mL). Mycelium metabolites were evaluated for their pupicidal activity towards Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 80.669, LC90 = 119.904), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 70.569, LC90 = 109.840), and An. stephensi (LC50 = 73.269, LC90 = 110.590 μg/mL). The highest larvicidal activity was recorded at 300 µg/mL, with 100% mortality against first and second-instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Metabolite exposure to larvae exhibited several abnormal behavioral changes. The exposure to F. begoniae metabolite, key esterases such as acetylcholinesterase, α-and-β-carboxylesterase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity significantly decreased compared to control larvae. The outcomes of the histology analysis revealed that the mycelium metabolites-treated targeted larvae had a disorganized abdominal mid and hindgut epithelial cells. The is first-hand information on study of ethyl-acetate-derived metabolites from F. begoniae tested against larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi. Bio-indicator toxicity findings demonstrate that A. nauplii displayed no mortality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04061-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600 077 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Annadurai Govindaraj
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research and Virtual Education, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Tamil Nadu, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203 India
| | - Devarajan Natarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO Brazil
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Baz MM, El-Tabakh MAM, Selim A, Alasmari SM, Alkhaibari AM, Alruhaili MH, Gattan HS, Abdelkhalek HF. Chemical composition and bio-efficacy of agro-waste plant extracts and their potential as bioinsecticides against Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Parasitol Int 2024; 104:102968. [PMID: 39271003 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are considered one of the most lethal creatures on the planet and are responsible for millions of fatalities annually through the transmission of several diseases to humans. Green trash is commonly employed in agricultural fertilizer manufacturing and microbial bioprocesses for energy production. However, there is limited information available on the conversion of green waste into biocides. This study investigates the viability of utilizing green waste as a new biopesticide against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. The current study found that plant extracts from Punica granatum (98.4 % mortality), Citrus sinensis (92 % mortality), Brassica oleracea (88 % mortality), Oryza sativa (81.6 % mortality), and Colocasia esculenta (53.6 % mortality) were very good at killing Cx. pipiens larvae 24 h post-treatment. The LC50 values were 314.43, 370.72, 465.59, 666.67, and 1798.03 ppm for P. granatum, C. sinensis, B. oleracea, O. sativa, and C. esculenta, respectively. All plant extracts, particularly P. granatum extract (14.93 and 41.87 U/g), showed a significant reduction in acid and alkaline phosphate activity. Additionally, pomegranate extract showed a significant decrease (90 %) in field larval density, with a stability of up to five days post-treatment. GC-MS results showed more chemical classes, such as terpenes, esters, fatty acids, alkanes, and phenolic compounds. HPLC analysis revealed that the analyzed extracts had a high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid components. Moreover, there are many variations among these plants in the amount of each compound. The docking interaction showed a simulation of the atomic-level interaction between a protein and a small molecule through the binding site of target proteins, explaining the most critical elements influencing the enzyme's activity or inhibitions. The study's findings showed that the various phytochemicals found in agro-waste plants had high larvicidal activity and provide a safe and efficient substitute to conventional pesticides for pest management, as well as a potential future in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Baz
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
| | | | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt.
| | - Saeed M Alasmari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Najran University, 1988 Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Mousa Alkhaibari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba F Abdelkhalek
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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Summer M, Tahir HM, Ali S. Sonication and heat-mediated synthesis, characterization and larvicidal activity of sericin-based silver nanoparticles against dengue vector (Aedes aegypti). Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1363-1377. [PMID: 37119431 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of the larvicidal potential of novel silk protein (sericin)-based silver nanoparticles (Se-AgNPs) were the prime motives of the designed study. Furthermore, investigation of the sericin as natural reducing or stabilizing agent was another objective behind this study. Se-AgNPs were synthesized using sonication and heat. Fabricated Se-AgNPs were characterized using particle size analyzer, UV spectrophotometry, FTIR and SEM which confirmed the fabrication of the Se-AgNPs. Size of sonication-mediated Se-AgNPs was smaller (7.49 nm) than heat-assisted Se-AgNPs (53.6 nm). Being smallest in size, sonication-assisted Se-AgNPs revealed the significantly highest (F4,10 = 39.20, p = .00) larvicidal activity against fourth instar lab and field larvae (F4,10 = 1864, p = .00) of dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) followed by heat-assisted Se-AgNPs and positive control (temephos). Non-significant larvicidal activity was showed by silver (without sericin) which made the temperature stability of silver, debatable. Furthermore, findings of biochemical assays (glutathione-S transferase, esterase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed the levels of resistance in field strain larvae. Aforementioned findings of the study suggests the sonication as the best method for synthesis of Se-AgNPs while the larvicidal activity is inversely proportional to the size of Se-AgNPs, i.e., smallest the size, highest the larvicidal activity. Conclusively, status of the sericin as a natural reducing/stabilizing agent has been endorsed by the findings of this study. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Incorporation of biocompatible and inexpensive sericin as a capping/reducing agent for synthesis of Se-AgNPs. A novel sonication method was used for the fabrication of Se-AgNPs which were thoroughly characterized by particle size analyzer, UV-visible spectrophotometry, SEM and FTIR. Analysis of enzymatic (GSTs, ESTs) levels in field and lab strains of Aedes aegypti larvae for evaluation of insecticides resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Summer
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Chinnasamy R, Govindasamy B, Venkatesh M, Magudeeswaran S, Dhanarajan A, Devarajan N, Willie P, Perumal V, Mekchay S, Krutmuang P. Bio-efficacy of insecticidal molecule emodin against dengue, filariasis, and malaria vectors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61842-61862. [PMID: 36934179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Emodin, a compound isolated from Aspergillus terreus, was studied using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and compound purity (96%) was assessed by TLC. Furthermore, high larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti-AeA (LC50 6.156 and LC90 12.450 mg/L), Culex quinquefasciatus-CuQ (8.216 and 14.816 mg/L), and Anopheles stephensi-AnS larvae (6.895 and 15.24 mg/L) was recorded. The first isolated fraction (emodin) showed higher pupicidal activity against AeA (15.449 and 20.752 mg/L). Most emodin-treated larvae (ETL) showed variations in acetylcholine esterase, α and β-carboxylesterases, and phosphatase activities in the 4th instar, indicating the intrinsic differences in their biochemical changes. ETL had numerous altered tissues, including muscle, gastric caeca, hindgut, midgut, nerve ganglia, and midgut epithelium. Acute toxicity of emodin on brine shrimp Artemia nauplii (54.0 and 84.5 mg/L) and the zebrafish Danio rerio (less toxicity observed) was recorded. In docking studies, Emodin interacted well with odorant-binding-proteins of AeA, AnS, and CuQ with docking scores of - 8.89, - 6.53, and - 8.09 kcal mol-1, respectively. Therefore, A. terreus is likely to be effective against mosquito larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragavendran Chinnasamy
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Balasubramani Govindasamy
- Department of Research & Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering (SSE), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sivanandam Magudeeswaran
- Department of Physics, Centre for Research and Development, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulbalachandran Dhanarajan
- Molecular and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Devarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Peijnenburg Willie
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vivekanandhan Perumal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 77, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Supamit Mekchay
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Ramachandran M, Deepika N, Jayakumar M. Toxicity of Ocimum americanum L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) and their impact on insecticide resistance. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e21961. [PMID: 36089651 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are a key threat to millions of people worldwide. They spread the pathogens that cause deadly diseases among humans and animals. Synthetic pesticides are the best agents to control mosquitoes, but they cause several problems for the environment as well as public health. Continuous usage of commonly available insecticides develops multiple resistances among pests. In search of alternatives to synthetic pesticides, botanicals could be one of the best alternatives to control mosquitoes. The present study explores the insecticidal activity of Ocimum americanum against Aedes aegypti larvae and their effect on detoxification enzymes. Leaves of O. americanum were sequentially extracted using hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Among these, hexane extract showed 100% larvicidal activity at 1 g/L concentration for 24 h and the LC50 value was 0.3 g/L. The phytochemical screening of hexane extract was performed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, which showed 27 compounds. The major compounds are squalene (13.03%), camphor (9.77%), and 1-Iodohexadecane (8.02%). The toxicity of active hexane extract was tested against third instar larvae of Chironomus costatus (nontarget organism). Results revealed less toxicity (12.2%) at 1 g/L concentration on the nontarget organism. The enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase and β-carboxylesterase was significantly inhibited by the hexane extract. The present study reveals the insecticidal potential of O. americanum with minimum effects on nontarget organisms. The O. americanum extract inhibited the activity of A. aegypti's major insecticide-resistant enzymes. O. americanum could be one of the best alternatives to controlling mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagabushanam Deepika
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Applied Entomology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Manickkam Jayakumar
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Applied Entomology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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Hadidy DE, El Sayed AM, Tantawy ME, Alfy TE, Farag SM, Haleem DRA. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Ageratum houstonianum against Culex pipiens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21410. [PMID: 36496475 PMCID: PMC9741651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are unquestionably the most medic arthropod vectors of disease. Culex pipiens, usually defined as a common house mosquito, is a well-known carrier of several virus diseases. Crude ethanol extracts of different organs of Agratum houstonianum are tested with Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) to determine their larvicidal, antifeedant, and repellency effects. Alongside biochemical analysis, the activity of the AChE, ATPase, CarE, and CYP-450 is detected in the total hemolymph of the C. pipiens larvae to examine the enzymatic action on the way to explain their neurotoxic effect and mode of action. Through HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the phytochemical profile of A. houstonianum aerial parts is identified. The larvicidal activity of aerial parts; flower (AF), leaf (AL), and stem (AS) of A. houstonianum extracts are evaluated against the 3rd instar larvae of C. pipiens at 24-, 48- and 72-post-treatment. A. houstonianium AF, AL, and AS extracts influenced the mortality of larvae with LC50 values 259.79, 266.85, and 306.86 ppm, respectively after 24 h of application. The potency of AF and AL extracts was 1.69- and 1.25-folds than that of AS extract, respectively. A high repellency percentage was obtained by AF extract 89.10% at a dose of 3.60 mg/cm2. A. houstonianium AF prevailed inhibition on acetylcholinesterase and decrease in carboxylesterase activity. Moreover, a significant increase in the ATPase levels and a decrease in cytochrome P-450 monooxegenase activity (- 36.60%) are detected. HPLC analysis prevailed chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic acids in AL and AF, respectively. GC-MS analysis of A. houstonianum results in the identification of phytol as the major makeup. Precocene I and II were detected in AF. Linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acid were detected in comparable amounts in the studied organs. Overall, results suggest that the A. houstonianum flower extract (AF) exhibits significant repellent, antifeedant, and larvicidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa El Hadidy
- grid.419698.bDepartment of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 51-Wezaret El-Zeraa St, Giza, 12611 Egypt
| | - Abeer M. El Sayed
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, 11562 Egypt
| | - Mona El Tantawy
- grid.419698.bDepartment of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 51-Wezaret El-Zeraa St, Giza, 12611 Egypt
| | - Taha El Alfy
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, 11562 Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Farag
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Doaa R. Abdel Haleem
- grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
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Arokiyaraj C, Bhattacharyya K, Reddy SGE. Toxicity and synergistic activity of compounds from essential oils and their effect on detoxification enzymes against Planococcus lilacinus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016737. [PMID: 36352862 PMCID: PMC9638053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell, is a primary surface-feeding insect pest of fruit and flowering plants and also transmits plant viruses, resulting in economic crop loss. Inappropriate and recurrent use of pesticides for mealybug control results in resistance building and deleterious effects on humans and the environment. Essential oils are the most excellent choice for insecticides. Insecticidal activities of pure compounds of essential oils against P. lilacinus are not reported. The present study aims to study the insecticidal activities of some pure active compounds and their binary mixture's action by topical application against P. lilacinus. Results showed that the pure compounds of L-limonene, β-myrcene, and ocimene revealed toxicity (each at LD50 = 0.37 µg/insect) after 96 h. The binary mixtures of geraniol + L-menthol and L-limonene + geraniol exhibited synergistic effects (each at LD50 = 0.03 µg/insect) after 96 h. The monoterpenes of ocimene and β-myrcene at the higher concentration of 5,000 ppm substantially inhibited the detoxification enzyme activities of AChE (0.93 and 0.78 mU/mg, respectively) and GST (2.19 and 7.29 nmol/min/ml, respectively) in P. lilacinus after 48 h. SEM analysis reported the significant anomalies on the morphology of abdominal cuticle, setae, and thoracic leg after 96-h treatment with ocimene at 1,250 ppm against P. lilacinus. Based on the results, the tested pure compounds and their combinations can be suggested for the control of mealybugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arokiyaraj
- Entomology Laboratory, Agro-Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Kangkanjyoti Bhattacharyya
- Entomology Laboratory, Agro-Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Sajjalavarahalli G. Eswara Reddy
- Entomology Laboratory, Agro-Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Mohamed RA, Ghazali NM, Kassem LM, Elgazzar E, Mostafa WA. Synthesis of MnCoO/CNT nanoflakes for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye and the evaluation of their activity against Culex pipiens larvae in the purification of fresh water. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29048-29062. [PMID: 36320778 PMCID: PMC9554941 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04823j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers worldwide have been looking forward to using novel ways to purify fresh water containing pollutants and disease vectors. In the current work, nanoparticles were introduced as a promising technique for cleaning water and saving human health and living organisms. The nanocomposites, MnCoO and MnCoO/CNTs, were fabricated by a cost-effective co-precipitation method. Phase and molecular structures were investigated by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The samples exhibited polycrystalline nature of binary phase and weak crystallinity. The elemental composition was recorded by EDX spectra, revealing the purity of the nanoparticles. The surface morphology and particle distribution were described using SEM and TEM micrographs, indicating that MnCoO/CNTs are nanoflakes with a large surface area. The optical parameters include α, E g, n, k, which were identified from T% and R% measurements, suggesting that MnCoO has a direct band gap that reduced with the CNT support. The photocatalytic activity of MnCoO/CNTs was examined for the degradation of methyl orange dye with an efficiency of ∼90.97% over 0.6 g L-1 within 50 min under UV irradiation. In the larvicidal activity, the micrograph images revealed the impact of the nanoflake particles on the 4th instar larvae, where the enzymatic activity of esterases acetylcholinesterase, α- and β-carboxylesterase, and transaminases drastically decreased with the MnCoO/CNT ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A. Mohamed
- Department of Biology, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim UniversityP. O. Box: 5888Unaizah 56219QassimSaudi Arabia,Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig UniversityP. O. Box 44519Zagazig 44516Egypt
| | - Niveen M. Ghazali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognozy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim UniversityP. O. Box: 5888Unaizah 51911QassimSaudi Arabia
| | - L. M. Kassem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim UniversityP. O. Box: 5888Unaizah 51911QassimSaudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Elgazzar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
| | - Wageha A. Mostafa
- Entomology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig UniversityZagazig 44519Egypt
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Ishwarya R, Jayakumar R, Govindan T, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Nicoletti M, Vaseeharan B. Swift synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using unripe fruit extract of Pergularia daemia: An enhanced and eco-friendly control agent against Zika virus vector Aedes aegypti. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106489. [PMID: 35487294 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study Pergularia daemia unripe fruits were used to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (Pd-ZnONPs). UV-vis Spectroscopy detected the production of ZnONPs. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM studies were used to characterize the synthesized Pd-ZnONPs. Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) third instar larvae were analyzed to diverse concentrations of Pd-unripe fruit extract and Pd-ZnONPs for 24 hours to assess the larvicidal effect. Mortality was also detected in Ae. aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions, with corresponding LC50 and LC90 values of 11.11 and 21.20 µg/ml respectively. As a result of this study, the levels of total proteins, esterases, acetylcholine esterase, and phosphatase enzymes in the third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were significantly lower than the control. These findings suggest that Pd-ZnONPs could be used to suppress mosquito larval populations.
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Abstract
Botanical insecticides are preferred for their environment and user-friendly nature. Eugenol is a plant-based monoterpene having multifarious biocidal activities. To understand whether eugenol would persistently work against Aedes aegypti, we performed larvicidal bioassays on thirty successive generations and determined median lethal concentration (LC50) on each generation. Results showed no apparent differences between LC50 at F0 (63.48 ppm) and F30 (64.50 ppm) indicating no alteration of susceptibility toward eugenol. To analyze, if eugenol has any effect on metabolic detoxification-associated enzymes, we measured esterases (alpha and beta), cytochrome P450, and GST activities from the survived larvae exposed to LC50 concentration from F0–F30. Results revealed a decrease of esterases, GST, and cytochrome P450 activities at the initial 4–8 generations and then a gradual increase as the generations progressed. GST activity remained significantly below the control groups. Synergists (TPP, DEM, and PBO) were applied along with eugenol at F30 and LC50 concentration, and the said enzyme activities were recorded. Results showed a noticeable decrease in LC50 and enzyme activities indicating effective inhibitions of the respective enzymes. Overall, present results inferred that eugenol would effectively work as a larvicide for a longer period in successive generations without initiating rapid resistance and therefore could be advocated for controlling A. aegypti.
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Amala K, Karthi S, Ganesan R, Radhakrishnan N, Srinivasan K, Mostafa AEZMA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alkahtani J, Elshikh MS, Senthil-Nathan S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Krutmuang P. Bioefficacy of Epaltes divaricata (L.) n-Hexane Extracts and Their Major Metabolites against the Lepidopteran Pests Spodoptera litura (fab.) and Dengue Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linn.). Molecules 2021; 26:3695. [PMID: 34204264 PMCID: PMC8234362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research investigated the chemical characterization and insecticidal activity of n-Hexane extracts of Epaltes divaricata (NH-EDx) along with their chief derivatives n-Hexadecanoic acid (n-HDa) and n-Octadecanoic acid (n-ODa) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura. Chemical screening of NH-EDx through GC-MS analysis delivered nine major derivatives, and the maximum peak area percentage was observed in n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.63%) followed by n-Octadecadienoic acid (6.73%). The larvicidal activity of NH-EDx (1000 ppm), n-HDa (5 ppm), and n-ODa (5 ppm) against the A. aegypti and S. litura larvae showed significant mortality rate in a dose-dependent way across all the instars. The larvicidal activity was profound in the A. aegypti as compared to the S. litura across all the larval instars. The sublethal dosages of NH-EDx (500 ppm), n-HDa (2.5 ppm), and n-ODa (2.5 ppm) also showed alterations in the larval/pupal durations and adult longevity in both the insect pests. The enzyme activity revealed that the α- and β-carboxylesterase levels were decreased significantly in both the insect pests, whereas the levels of GST and CYP450 uplifted in a dose-dependent manner of NH-EDx, n-HDa, and n-ODa. Correspondingly, midgut tissues such as the epithelial layer (EL), gut lumen (GL), peritrophic matrix (Pm), and brush border membrane (BBM) were significantly altered in their morphology across both A. aegypti and S. litura against the NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites. NH-EDx and their bioactive metabolites n-HDa and n-ODa showed significant larvicidal, growth retardant, enzyme inhibition, and midgut toxicity effects against two crucial agriculturally and medically challenging insect pest of ecological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Amala
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Bio-Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200 704, Korea;
| | - Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; (N.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Kumaraswamy Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; (N.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Abd El-Zaher M. A. Mostafa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-Z.M.A.M.); (A.A.A.-G.); (J.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-Z.M.A.M.); (A.A.A.-G.); (J.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-Z.M.A.M.); (A.A.A.-G.); (J.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.-Z.M.A.M.); (A.A.A.-G.); (J.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Bio-Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai, University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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12
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Felix SF, Rodrigues AM, Rodrigues ALM, de Freitas JCC, Alves DR, da Silva AA, dos Santos DL, de Oliveira KRL, Montes RA, da Silva MVF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM. Chemical Composition, Larvicidal Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition of the Essential Oil of Lippia grata Schauer from the Caatinga Biome against Dengue Vectors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030250. [PMID: 33802178 PMCID: PMC8000323 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect resistance and environmental pollution are among the drawbacks of continuous use of synthetic insecticides against the vectors of dengue, Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus. The objective of this study was to analyze the composition of the essential oil of Lippia grata Schauer collected from plants, in three periods of the year, to compare the larvicidal activity and enzymatic inhibition of the dengue vectors. The oilsanalyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), presented thymol and 1,8-cineole, as the main constituents, in all three periods. This composition was different from that found in previous studies of the species from different places, thus, suggesting a new chemotype of Lippia grata. Larvicidal tests were performed at concentrations of 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5 μg.mL−1 and the essential oil from the rainy season showed the best results, with LC50 of 22.79 μg.mL−1 and 35.36 μg.mL−1 against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively; this result was better than other reports. In the rainy period, however, there was a greater variety of components, which led to a better larvicidal effect, possibly due to synergistic action with minor constituents. Total proteins, amylases, and acetylcholinesterase of both species were inhibited by the oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stênio Freitas Felix
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), Campus Iguatu, Rodovia Iguatu/Várzea Alegre, km 05, s/n, Vila Cajazeiras, Iguatu, 63503-790 Ceará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, RENORBIO, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (S.F.F.); (S.M.d.M.); Tel.: +55-85-3191-9961 (S.M.d.M.)
| | - Alzeir Machado Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), Campus Acopiara/Rodovia CE 060, km 332, s/n, Vila Martins, Acopiara, 63560-000 Ceará, Brazil;
| | - Ana Livya Moreira Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, RENORBIO, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Análises Cromatográficas e Espectroscópicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil;
| | | | - Daniela Ribeiro Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Alice Araújo da Silva
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Dayanne Lima dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Kethelly Rayne Lima de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Renato Almeida Montes
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Marcus Vinicius Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil; (A.A.d.S.); (D.L.d.S.); (K.R.L.d.O.); (R.A.M.); (M.V.F.d.S.)
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Laboratório de Análises Cromatográficas e Espectroscópicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil;
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, 60741-000 Ceará, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.F.F.); (S.M.d.M.); Tel.: +55-85-3191-9961 (S.M.d.M.)
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Baskar K, Chinnasamy R, Pandy K, Venkatesan M, Sebastian PJ, Subban M, Thomas A, Kweka EJ, Devarajan N. Larvicidal and histopathology effect of endophytic fungal extracts of Aspergillus tamarii against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05331. [PMID: 33150212 PMCID: PMC7599128 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes biolarvicides remain the most important method for mosquito control. The previous studies have shown Aspergillus sp.-expressed larvicidal properties against mosquito species. The present study evaluated larvicidal and histopathological effect of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus tamarii isolated from theCactus stem (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill). METHOD The molecular identification of isolated A. tamarii was done by PCR amplification (5.8s rDNA) using a universal primer (ITS-1 and ITS-2). The secondary metabolites of A. tamarii was tested for larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal bioassay of different concentrations (- 100, 300, 500, 800 and 1000 μg/mL) isolated extracts were done according to the modified protocol. Each test included a set of control groups (i.e. DMSO and distilled water). The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated by probit analysis. Experimental monitoring duration was 48 h. RESULTS The ethyl acetate extract from A. tamarii fungus resulted - excellent mosquitocidal effect against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, with least LC50 and LC90 values. -After 48 h, the Ae. aegypti expressed better results (LC50 = 29.10, 18.69, 16.76, 36.78 μg/mL and the LC90 = 45.59, 27.66, 27.50, 54.00 μg/mL) followed by Cx. quinquefaciatus (LC50 = 3.23, 24.99, 11.24, 10.95 μg/mL and the LC90 = 8.37, 8.29, 21.36, 20.28 μg/mL). The biochemical level of A. tamarii mycelium extract on both larvae was measured and the results shown a dose dependent activity on the level of AchE, α- and β-carboxylesterase assay. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) profile of A. tamarii extract reflected three compounds i.e. preg-4-en-3-one, 17. α-hydroxy-17. β-cyano- (7.39%), trans-3-undecene-1,5-diyne (45.77%) and pentane, 1,1,1,5-tetrachloro- (32.16%) which which might had attributed to larvae mortality. CONCLUSION The findings of - present study shows that the use of endophytic A. tamarii fungal metabolites for control of dengue and filariasis vectors is promising and needs a semifield and small scale filed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Baskar
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ragavendran Chinnasamy
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthika Pandy
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Joy Sebastian
- Biomedical Zebrafish Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Subban
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adelina Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Eliningaya J. Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Natarajan Devarajan
- Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dhavan PP, Jadhav BL. Eco-friendly approach to control dengue vector Aedes aegypti larvae with their enzyme modulation by Lumnitzera racemosa fabricated zinc oxide nanorods. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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15
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Deb M, Kumar D. Bioactivity and efficacy of essential oils extracted from Artemisia annua against Tribolium casteneum (Herbst. 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): An eco-friendly approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109988. [PMID: 31767459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium casteneum is a major stored grains pest causing huge loss by secreting toxic quinones' which make the grains unfit for human consumption. Increasing concern about the fast-growing resistance in T. casteneum against fumigants has evoked more intense research worldwide. Therefore, finding an eco-friendly alternative for the management of the pest is of great importance. In this study, the insecticidal activity of the essential oils (EOs) of Artemisia annua is evaluated. Chemical composition of the EOs eluted with methanol and petroleum ether was analysed through Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result has reported a total of 13 & 16 compounds in the methanol and petroleum ether EOs respectively. In contact toxicity studies, adults were found more susceptible to the petroleum ether EOs (LD50 = 0.43 mg adult-1) than the methanolic EOs (LD50 = 1.87 mg adult-1). Petroleum ether EOs was also superior in fumigant assays against both the adults (0.81 mg L air-1) and larvae (0.65 mg L air-1). Moreover, the same was also recorded as a strong repellent. The bio-molecular studies conducted to gain an insight into the extent of metabolic disturbances inflicted in the treatment sets has shown a significant increase in Lipid peroxidase and decrease (p˂0.01) in protein, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione S Transferees, Reduced Glutathione level. This indicates the major signs of oxidative stress in the treatment sets. The Results ascertain the knowledge to develop natural insecticides from Artemisia annua using a potential solvent to be used in the future as an efficient management tool against T. casteneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamata Deb
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dolly Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India.
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16
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Parthiban E, Arokiyaraj C, Ramanibai R. Annona muricata: An alternate mosquito control agent with special reference to inhibition of detoxifying enzymes in Aedes aegypti. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110050. [PMID: 31816498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate an effectual level of Annona muricata (soursop) extracts on mosquito vectors namely, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The toxicity study on non-target organism and other important biochemical marker enzymes to find and illustrate the exact mechanism of specific enzymes responsible for detoxifying allelochemicals. Among the various soursop seed kernel extracts tested for larvicidal activity, the 0.9% saline extract exhibited maximum mortality (100%) against three vectors at the lowest concentration for 24 h exposure. Based on these findings, the saline extract was opted for further studies including toxicity on non-target organism and systemic effects on important biochemical constituents in the larvae A. aegypti at the lethal threshold time (18 h) with LC50 concentration (0.009 mg/mL). The tested extract against non-target aquatic fourth instar larvae Chironomus costatus was safe up to 0.0028 mg/mL for 24 h exposure and the mortality was observed only above the concentration 0.0028 mg/mL used in the study. The systemic effects on main neuron transmitter Acetylcholinesterase (p ≤ 0.01), xenobiotics detoxifying enzyme of α-and β-carboxylesterase (p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.01) and antioxidant enzyme glutathione S-transferase (p ≤ 0.05) were reduced significantly in quantitative analysis. Analysis of such biochemical constituents of proteins and enzymes α-and β-carboxylesterase were considerably down regulated in the resolving native-PAGE. In contrast, acid and alkaline phosphatase were upregulated in both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This investigation clearly demonstrates the soursop extract has potent larvicidal agent with alterations in biochemical constituents of exposed larvae of A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezhumalai Parthiban
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Charles Arokiyaraj
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
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Thanigaivel A, Chanthini KMP, Karthi S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Ponsankar A, Sivanesh H, Stanley-Raja V, Shyam-Sundar N, Narayanan KR, Senthil-Nathan S. Toxic effect of essential oil and its compounds isolated from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Burm. f. against dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti Linn. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:163-170. [PMID: 31519251 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a major mosquito vector that can transfer many deadly diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses. Due to the developing resistance among the vector populations by the application of chemical insecticides, alternative eco-friendly vector management strategies are being focused. In this aspect, the present study was carried out to evaluate the mosquitocidal potentials of essential oil of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides (EO-Sa). EO-Sa was found to be effective against Ae. aegypti mosquito vector by exhibiting significant larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent activities. GCMS analysis of EO-Sa revealed the presence of Carvone as the major component (peak area of 89.7%). The larvicidal bioassays performed revealed that the second instar larvae were relatively more susceptible (94.32% mortality) to EO-Sa treatments (75 ppm), LC50, 20.38 ppm.The sub lethal treatment concentration (20 ppm) significantly affected the oviposition, fecundity and morphology of Ae. aegypti. At sub lethal treatment concentration, EO-Sa down regulated α- and β carboxylesterase and up regulated the GST and CYP450 level of third and fourth instar larvae. Thus the present results illustrates that EO-Sa can deliver a durable larvicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity against Ae. aegypti in an effective and eco-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Department of Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, 600 054 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Haridoss Sivanesh
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanan Shyam-Sundar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Rodrigues AM, Silva AAS, Pinto CCC, Lima Dos Santos D, Carneiro de Freitas JC, Martins VEP, Maia de Morais S. Larvicidal and Enzymatic Inhibition Effects of Annona muricata Seed Extract and Main Constituent Annonacin against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E112. [PMID: 31357557 PMCID: PMC6789477 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are vectors of arboviruses that cause dengue, zika and chikungunya. Bioactive compounds from plants are environmentally sustainable alternatives to control these vectors and thus the arboviruses transmitted by them. The present study evaluated the larvicidal activity of an acetogenin-rich fraction (ACERF) and its main constituent annonacin obtained from Annona muricata seeds on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The larvicidal assays were performed using different concentrations to calculate the LC50 and LC90 values observed 24 h after exposure to the treatment. Annonacin was more active against Ae. aegypti (LC50 2.65 μg·mL-1) in comparison with Ae. albopictus (LC50 8.34 μg·mL-1). In contrast, the acetogenin-rich fraction was more active against Ae. albopictus (LC50 3.41 μg·mL-1) than Ae. aegypti (LC50 12.41 μg·mL-1). ACERF and annonacin treated larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus showed significant differences in the inhibition of their metabolic enzymes when compared to untreated larvae. The results demonstrate the relevant larvicidal action of the acetogenin-rich fraction and annonacin showing the potential to develop new products for the control of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzeir Machado Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ensino, Ciências e Formação de Professores, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Avenida Almirante Barroso, 1155, Belém 66093-020, Pará, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, RENORBIO, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60741-000, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Adailson Sousa Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, Fortaleza 60430-275, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cleonilda Claita Carneiro Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, RENORBIO, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60741-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dayanne Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60741-000, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Emanuel Pessoa Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Unilab), Campus das Auroras, Rua José Franco de Oliveira s/n, Redenção 62790-970, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60741-000, Ceará, Brazil.
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Chellappandian M, Senthil-Nathan S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Karthi S, Thanigaivel A, Kalaivani K, Sivanesh H, Stanley-Raja V, Chanthini KMP, Shyam-Sundar N. Target and non-target botanical pesticides effect of Trichodesma indicum (Linn) R. Br. and their chemical derivatives against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16303-16315. [PMID: 30977009 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of crude ethanol derived leaf extract Trichodesma indicum (Linn) (Ex-Ti) and their chief derivatives were accessed on the survival and development of the dengue mosquito Ae. aegypti also their non-toxic activity against mosquito predator. T. indicum is recognized to be the vital weed plant and a promising herb in the traditional ayurvedic medicine. In this study, the GC-MS chromatogram of Ex-Ti showed higher peak area percentage for cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (21.83%) followed by cycloheptadecanone (14.32%). The Ex-Ti displayed predominant mortality in larvae with 96.45 and 93.31% at the prominent dosage (200 ppm) against III and IV instar. Correspondingly, sub-lethal dosage against the enzymatic profile of III and IV instar showed downregulation of α,β-carboxylesterase and SOD protein profiles at the maximum concentration of 100 ppm. However, enzyme level of GST as well as CYP450 increased significantly dependent on sub-lethal concentration. Likewise, fecundity and hatchability of egg rate of dengue mosquito decreased to the sub-lethal concentration of Ex-Ti. Repellent assay illustrates that Ex-Ti concentration had greater protection time up to 210 min at 100 ppm. Also, activity of Ex-Ti on adult mosquito displayed 100% mortality at the maximum dosage of 600, 500 and 400 ppm within the period of 50, 60 and 70 min, respectively. Photomicrography screening showed that lethal dosage of Ex-Ti (100 ppm) produced severe morphological changes with dysregulation in their body parts as matched to the control. Effects of Ex-Ti on the Toxorhynchites splendens IV instar larvae showed less mortality (43.47%) even at the maximum dosage of 1500 ppm as matched to the chemical pesticide Temephos. Overall, the present research adds a toxicological valuation on the Ex-Ti and their active constituents as a larvicidal, repellent and adulticidal agents against the global burdening dengue mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthiah Chellappandian
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India.
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 054, India
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 802, India
| | - Haridoss Sivanesh
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Narayanan Shyam-Sundar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
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20
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Vellore Nagarajan K, Vijayarangan DR. Lagenaria siceraria - synthesised ZnO NPs - a valuable green route to control the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:170-177. [PMID: 31051447 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a dangerous disease affecting humans and animals in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. According to recent estimates, 3.2 billion people are at risk of malaria. Many drugs are in practices to control this disease and their vectors. Eco-friendly control tools are needed to fight vectors of this important disease. Nanotechnology is playing a key role in the fight against many public health emergencies. In the present study, Lagenaria siceraria aqueous peel extract was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), then tested on Anopheles stephensi eggs, larvae and pupae. The L. siceraria-synthesised ZnO NPs were characterized additionally by FTIR, AFM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDX, and SEM spectroscopy The ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and repellent activities of L. siceraria and green-synthesised ZnO NPs were analysed on A. stephensi. The potential mechanism of action of ZnO NPs was studied investigating the changes in various enzyme activities in A. stephensi IV instar larvae. Furthermore, the smoke toxicity of L. siceraria-based cones against A. stephensi evoked higher mortality if compared with the control. Overall, the present study concluded that L. siceraria peel extract and its mediated green synthesised ZnO NPs represent a valuable green option to manage against malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Vellore Nagarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devi Rajeswari Vijayarangan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Murillo D, Murillo A, Lee S. The Role of Vertical Transmission in the Control of Dengue Fever. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E803. [PMID: 30841574 PMCID: PMC6427266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a two-strain dengue model with vertical transmission in the mosquito population is considered. Although vertical transmission is often ignored in models of dengue fever, we show that effective control of an outbreak of dengue can depend on whether or not the vertical transmission is a significant mode of disease transmission. We model the effect of a control strategy aimed at reducing human-mosquito transmissions in an optimal control framework. As the likelihood of vertical transmission increases, outbreaks become more difficult and expensive to control. However, even for low levels of vertical transmission, the additional, uncontrolled, transmission from infected mosquito to eggs may undercut the effectiveness of any control function. This is of particular importance in regions where existing control policies may be effective and the endemic strain does not exhibit vertical transmission. If a novel strain that does exhibit vertical transmission invades, then existing, formerly effective, control policies may no longer be sufficient. Therefore, public health officials should pay more attention to the role of vertical transmission for more effective interventions and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murillo
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Anarina Murillo
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
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22
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Biochemical Effects of Petroselinum crispum (Umbellifereae) Essential Oil on the Pyrethroid Resistant Strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2018; 10:insects10010001. [PMID: 30586929 PMCID: PMC6359662 DOI: 10.3390/insects10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In ongoing screening research for edible plants, Petroselinum crispum essential oil was considered as a potential bioinsecticide with proven antimosquito activity against both the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti. Due to the comparative mosquitocidal efficacy on these mosquitoes, this plant essential oil is promoted as an attractive candidate for further study in monitoring resistance of mosquito vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of P. crispum essential oil on the biochemical characteristics of the target mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, by determining quantitative changes of key enzymes responsible for xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), α- and β-esterases (α-/β-ESTs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP) and mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Three populations of Ae. aegypti, comprising the pyrethroid susceptible Muang Chiang Mai-susceptible (MCM-S) strain and the pyrethroid resistant Pang Mai Dang-resistant (PMD-R) and Upakut-resistant (UPK-R) strains, were used as test organisms. Biochemical study of Ae. aegypti larvae prior to treatment with P. crispum essential oil revealed that apart from AChE, the baseline activity of most defensive enzymes, such as GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP, ALP and MFO, in resistant UPK-R or PMD-R, was higher than that determined in susceptible MCM-S. However, after 24-h exposure to P. crispum essential oil, the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant Ae. aegypti showed similarity in biochemical features, with alterations of enzyme activity in the treated larvae, as compared to the controls. An increase in the activity levels of GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP and ALP was recorded in all strains of P. crispum oil-treated Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas MFO and AChE activity in these mosquitoes was decreased. The recognizable larvicidal capability on pyrethroid resistant Ae. aegypti, and the inhibitory effect on AChE and MFO, emphasized the potential of P. crispum essential oil as an attractive alternative application for management of mosquito resistance in current and future control programs.
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Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Thanigaivel A, Edwin ES, Ponsankar A, Senthil-Nathan S, Selin-Rani S, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Toxicological effects of chemical constituents from Piper against the environmental burden Aedes aegypti Liston and their impact on non-target toxicity evaluation against biomonitoring aquatic insects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10434-10446. [PMID: 28852982 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. The mosquito, Aedes aegypti, also spreads Yellow fever, Chikungunya, and Zika virus. As the primary vector for dengue, Ae. aegypti now occurs in over 20 countries and is a serious concern with reports of increasing insecticide resistance. Developing new treatments to manage mosquitoes are needed. Formulation of crude volatile oil from Piper betle leaves (Pb-CVO) was evaluated as a potential treatment which showed larvicidal, ovipositional, and repellency effects. Gut-histology and enzyme profiles were analyzed post treatment under in-vitro conditions. The Pb-CVO from leaves of field collected plants was obtained by steam distillation and separated through rotary evaporation. The Pb-CVO were evaluated for chemical constituents through GC-MS analyses revealed 20 vital compounds. The peak area was establish to be superior in Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (14.95%). Pb-CVO were determined and tested as four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L) of Pb-CVO towards Ae. aegypti. The larvicidal effects exhibited dose dependent mortality being greatest at 1.5 mg Pb-CVO/10 g leaves. The LC50 occurred at 0.63 mg Pb-CVO/L. Larva of Ae. aegypti exposed to Pb-CVO showed significantly reduced digestive enzyme actions of α- and β-carboxylesterases. In contrast, GST and CYP450 enzyme levels increased significantly as concentration increased. Correspondingly, oviposition deterrence index and egg hatch of Ae. aegypti exposed to sub-lethal doses of Pb-CVO demonstrated a strong effect suitable for population suppression. Repellency at 0.6 mg Pb-CVO applied as oil had a protection time of 15-210 min. Mid-gut histological of Ae. aegypti larvae showed severe damage when treated with 0.6 mg of Pb-CVO treatment compared to the control. Non-toxic effects against aquatic beneficial insects, such as Anisops bouvieri and Toxorhynchites splendens, were observed at the highest concentrations, exposed for 3 h. These results suggest that the Pb-CVO may contain effective constituents suitable for development of new vector control agents against Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India.
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 802, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Thanigaivel A, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Edwin ES, Ponsankar A, Selin-Rani S, Chellappandian M, Kalaivani K, Senthil-Nathan S, Benelli G. Development of an eco-friendly mosquitocidal agent from Alangium salvifolium against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and its biosafety on the aquatic predator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10340-10352. [PMID: 28580548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts with their enriched chemical constituents have established potential alternative mosquito control agents. In this research, we developed an eco-friendly mosquitocidal agent from Alangium salvifolium leaves against the dengue and Zika virus vector Aedes aegypti and we investigated its biosafety on the mosquito aquatic predator Toxorhynchites splendens. Results showed that the methanolic extract of A. salvifolium leaves was composed by eight main compounds, with major peak area for hexadecenoic acid (21.74%). LC50 and LC90 values calculated on Ae. aegypti fourth instar larvae were 104.80 and 269.15 ppm respectively. The methanolic extract tested at 100 ppm decreased the α-β carboxylesterase and SOD ratio significantly and upregulated the GST and CYP450 level. The A. salvifolium methanolic extract displayed significant repellent and adulticidal activity at 100 and 400 ppm respectively. The treatment with 100 ppm of the methanolic extract led to 210 min of protection from Ae. aegypti bites. Four hundred parts per million of the extract showed 98% adult mortality within 30 min from the treatment. Lastly, biosafety assays on the mosquito aquatic predator Tx. splendens showed that the toxicity of the A. salvifolium extract was significantly lower if compared to the cypermethrin-based treatments. The methanolic extract of A. salvifolium showed a maximum of 47.3% mortality rate at the concentration of 1000 ppm, while 0.7 ppm of cypermethrin achieved 91.3% mortality rate on Tx. splendens. Overall, our study enhances basic knowledge on how to improve natural larvicidal agents against dengue and Zika virus mosquito vector with harmless responses on non-target aquatic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Muthiah Chellappandian
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 802, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 627 412, India.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del 23 Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Ga'al H, Fouad H, Tian J, Hu Y, Abbas G, Mo J. Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of silver nanoparticles against Aedes albopictus larvae and pupae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:49-56. [PMID: 29463408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been studied in a wide range of medical and entomological research works due to their eco-friendly aspects. In our study salicylic acid (SA) and its derivative, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), were used in a one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). First, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy was used to detect the formation of AgNPs. Second, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope; energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. I, II, III and IV Instar larvae and pupae of Ae. Albopictus were exposed to various concentrations of SA, DNS and synthesized AgNPs for 24h to evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal effect. In larvicidal bioassay of SA, moderate mortality was observed at 180ppm against Ae. Albopictus with LC50 values of 86, 108, 135 and 141ppm for instar larvae I, II, III and IV, respectively. Synthesized AgNPs showed highest mortality rate at 12ppm and the LC50 values of SAAgNPs were 1.2ppm (I), 1.4ppm (II), 1.8ppm (III), 2.0ppm (IV) and 1.4ppm (pupae). Whereas LC50 values of DNSAgNPs were 1.2ppm (I), 1.5ppm (II), 1.8ppm (III) 2.3ppm (IV) and 1.4ppm (pupae). Moreover, the investigations toward the systemic effect of the tested substances on the fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus was evaluated and the levels of total proteins, esterases, acetylcholine esterase, and phosphatase enzymes were found to be significantly decreased as compared with the control. These results highlight that SA-AgNPs and DNS-AgNPs are potential tools to control larval populations of mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ga'al
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Hatem Fouad
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Field Crop Pests, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yin Hu
- National Termite Control Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Jianchu Mo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Fouad H, Hongjie L, Hosni D, Wei J, Abbas G, Ga'al H, Jianchu M. Controlling Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens using silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of Cassia fistula fruit pulp and its mode of action. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:558-567. [PMID: 28541740 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1329739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes act as key vector for transmission of devastating parasites and pathogens which affect millions of people globally. In this research, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles of Cassia fistula fruit pulp as an innovative and operative tool against vector mosquitoes is presented. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by a series of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope and confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction. Silver nanoparticles were highly effective against the larvae (I-IV instar) and pupae of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment. Ae. albopictus had LC50 values ranging from 8.3 mg/L (I instar) to 17.3 mg/L (pupae) and LC50 ranging from 1.1 mg/L (I instar) to 19.0 mg/L (pupae) against Cx. pipiens pallens. The systemic effect of AgNPs was further assessed in the fourth instar larvae of Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens by measuring the levels of total proteins and activity of two important marker enzymes: Acetylcholinesterase and α- and β-carboxylesterase. Overall, the findings of the study suggest that the use of Cassia fistula-fruit pulp extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be used for controlling vector mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of AgNPs synthesized by Cassia fistula fruit pulp and its possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Fouad
- a Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects , Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China.,b Department of Field Crop Pests , Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Li Hongjie
- a Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects , Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Dawood Hosni
- c Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Jiqian Wei
- d Hangzhou General Station of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- e Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Gujrat , Gujrat , Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ga'al
- a Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects , Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
| | - Mo Jianchu
- a Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects , Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , PR China
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Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Ponsankar A, Thanigaivel A, Edwin ES, Selin-Rani S, Chellappandian M, Pradeepa V, Lija-Escaline J, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Comparative analysis of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedes aegypti Liston) responses to the insecticide Temephos and plant derived essential oil derived from Piper betle L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:439-446. [PMID: 28213320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to treatments with Temephos or plant derived oil, Pb-CVO, between a field collected Wild Strain (WS) and a susceptible Laboratory Strain (LS) of Ae. aegypti were measured. The Temephos (0.1mg/L) showed the greatest percentage of mosquito mortality compared to Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L) in LS Ae. aegypti. However, WS Ae. aegypti was not significantly affected by Temephos (0.1mg/L) treatment compare to the Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L). However, both strains (LS and WS) when treated with Pb-CVO (1.5mg/L) displayed steady larval mortality rate across all instars. The LC50 of Temephos was 0.027mg in LS, but increased in WS to 0.081mg/L. The LC50 of Pb-CVO treatment was observed at concentrations of 0.72 and 0.64mg/L for LS and WS strains respectively. The enzyme level of α- and β-carboxylesterase was reduced significantly in both mosquito strains treated with Pb-CVO. Whereas, there was a prominent deviation in the enzyme ratio observed between LS and WS treated with Temephos. The GST and CYP450 levels were upregulated in the LS, but decreased in WS, after treatment with Temephos. However, treatment with Pb-CVO caused both enzyme levels to increase significantly in both the strains. Visual observations of the midgut revealed cytotoxicity from sub-lethal concentrations of Temephos (0.04mg/L) and Pb-CVO (1.0mg/L) in both strains of Ae. aegypti compared to the control. The damage caused by Temephos was slightly less in WS compared to LS mosquito strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Chellappandian
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Pradeepa
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jalasteen Lija-Escaline
- óDivision of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- óPost Graduate and Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- óUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- óDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- óDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Pradeepa V, Senthil-Nathan S, Sathish-Narayanan S, Selin-Rani S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Edwin ES, Sakthi-Bagavathy M, Kalaivani K, Murugan K, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Potential mode of action of a novel plumbagin as a mosquito repellent against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi, (Culicidae: Diptera). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:84-93. [PMID: 27914545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin was isolated and characterized from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica using chromatography: TLC, Column chromatogram, HPLC, FTIR and 1H NMR. The isolated pure compounds were assayed for potency as inhibitors of: acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome P450 and α, β-esterase, and for repellency with Anopheles stephensi at four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100ppm). The enzyme assay against the pure compound reveals that the level of esterase and SOD was decreased significantly in contrast the level of GST and cytochrome P450 was increased significantly. Our results suggests that novel Plumbagin has significantly alters the level of enzyme comparable to the control. Evaluations resulted in Plumbagin producing maximum repellency scores against An. stephensi mosquitoes in dose dependent manner with highest repellence was observed in the 100ppm. Histological examination showed that the midgut, hindgut and muscles are the most affected tissues. These tissues affected with major changes including separation and collapse of epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization. The results support the utility of plant compound Plumbagin for vector control as an alternative to synthetic insecticides, however, more vigorous field trials are needed to determine viability under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
| | - Subbiah Sathish-Narayanan
- Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Conservation Foundation (KMTCF), Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Sakthi-Bagavathy
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Govindarajan M, Benelli G. Eco-friendly larvicides from Indian plants: Effectiveness of lavandulyl acetate and bicyclogermacrene on malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:395-402. [PMID: 27504617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people and animals worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating pathogens and parasites, including malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, filiariasis and Zika virus. Mosquito young instars are usually targeted using organophosphates, insect growth regulators and microbial agents. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets are also employed. However, these chemicals have negative effects on human health and the environment and induce resistance in a number of vectors. In this scenario, newer and safer tools have been recently implemented to enhance mosquito control. The concrete potential of screening plant species as sources of metabolites for entomological and parasitological purposes is worthy of attention, as recently elucidated by the Y. Tu's example. Here we investigated the toxicity of Heracleum sprengelianum (Apiaceae) leaf essential oil and its major compounds toward third instar larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus, the arbovirus vector Aedes albopictus and the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus. GC-MS analysis showed that EO major components were lavandulyl acetate (17.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.9%). The EO was toxic to A. subpictus, A. albopictus, and C. tritaeniorhynchus, with LC50 of 33.4, 37.5 and 40.9µg/ml, respectively. Lavandulyl acetate was more toxic to mosquito larvae if compared to bicyclogermacrene. Their LC50 were 4.17 and 10.3µg/ml for A. subpictus, 4.60 and 11.1µg/ml for A. albopictus, 5.11 and 12.5µg/ml for C. tritaeniorhynchus. Notably, the EO and its major compounds were safer to three non-target mosquito predators, Anisops bouvieri, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC50 ranging from 206 to 4219µg/ml. Overall, this study highlights that H. sprengelianum EO is a promising source of eco-friendly larvicides against three important mosquito vectors with moderate toxicity against non-target aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Insect Behavior Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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30
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Edwin ES, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Pradeepa V, Selin-Rani S, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Abdel-Megeed A, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Anti-dengue efficacy of bioactive andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Lamiales: Acanthaceae) against the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 2016; 163:167-78. [PMID: 27443607 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the toxic effect of the leaf extract compound andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) against the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. GC-MS analysis revealed that andrographolide was recognized as the major chemical constituent with the prominent peak area compared with other compounds. All isolated toxic compounds were purified and confirmed through RP-HPLC against chemical standards. The larvicidal assays established at 25ppm of bioactive compound against the treated instars of Ae. Aegypti showed prominent mortality compared to other treated concentrations. The percent mortality of larvae was directly proportional to concentration. The lethal concentration (LC50) was observed at 12ppm treatment concentration. The bioactive andrographolide considerably reduced the detoxifying enzyme regulations of α- and β- carboxylesterases. In contrast, the levels of GST and CYP450 significantly increase in a dose dependent manner. The andrographolide also showed strong oviposition deterrence effects at the sub-lethal dose of 12ppm. Similarly, the mean number of eggs were also significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner. At the concentration of 12ppm the effective percentage of repellency was greater than 90% with a protection time of 15-210min, compared with control. The histopathology study displayed that larvae treated with bioactive andrographolide had cytopathic effects in the midgut epithelium compared with the control. The present study established that bioactive andrographolide served as a potential useful for dengue vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 802, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, P.O. Box. 21531, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box.2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box.2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ji M, Liang Y, Gu Z, Li X. Inhibitory Effects of Amorphigenin on the Mitochondrial Complex I of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19713-27. [PMID: 26307964 PMCID: PMC4581321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory found that the extract from seeds of Amorpha fruticosa in the Leguminosae family had lethal effects against mosquito larvae, and an insecticidal compound amorphigenin was isolated. In this study, the inhibitory effects of amorphigenin against the mitochondrial complex I of Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) were investigated and compared with that of rotenone. The results showed that amorphigenin and rotenone can decrease the mitochondrial complex I activity both in vivo and in vitro as the in vivo IC50 values (the inhibitor concentrations leading to 50% of the enzyme activity lost) were determined to be 2.4329 and 2.5232 μmol/L, respectively, while the in vitro IC50 values were 2.8592 and 3.1375 μmol/L, respectively. Both amorphigenin and rotenone were shown to be reversible and mixed-I type inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I of Cx. pipiens pallens, indicating that amorphigenin and rotenone inhibited the enzyme activity not only by binding with the free enzyme but also with the enzyme-substrate complex, and the values of KI and KIS for amorphigenin were determined to be 20.58 and 87.55 μM, respectively, while the values for rotenone were 14.04 and 69.23 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Ji
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yaping Liang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zumin Gu
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiuwei Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Lija-Escaline J, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Pradeepa V, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Ponsankar A, Edwin ES, Selin-Rani S, Abdel-Megeed A. Physiological and biochemical effects of botanical extract from Piper nigrum Linn (Piperaceae) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4239-49. [PMID: 26277727 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The leaves of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) were evaluated for chemical constituents and mosquito larvicidal activity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. GC and GC-MS analyses revealed that the crude extracts contain 16 compounds. Thymol (20.77%) and ç-elemene (10.42%) were identified as the major constituents followed by cyclohexene, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1-(1 methylethyl)-, (3R-trans) (7.58%), 4,6-octadienoic acid, 2-acetyl-2-methyl-, ethyl ester (6.98), 2(3H)-furanone, 3,4-bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl) dihydro-, (3R-trans) (6.95%), 1-naphthalenol, 1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, [1R-(1à,4á,4aá,8aá)]-(Cedreanol) (5.30%), trans-2-undecen-1-ol (4.48%), phytol (4.22%), 1,6-cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-,[s-(E,E)] (3.78%) and 2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol, Z,Z (2.39%). Larval mortality was observed after 3 h of exposure period. The crude extract showed remarkable larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 34.97). The larvae of Ae. aegypti exposed to the P. nigrum, significantly reduced the activities of α- and β-carboxylesterases and superdioxide. Further, P. nigrum extract was severely affecting the mosquito gut cellular organelles. Based on the results, the chemical constituents of crude extracts of P. nigrum can be considered as a new source of larvicide for the control of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalasteen Lija-Escaline
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edward Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi-627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sugumar S, Clarke SK, Nirmala MJ, Tyagi BK, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil and its larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:393-402. [PMID: 24401169 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Filariasis is a mosquito-borne disease that causes lymphedema and the main vector is Culex quinquefasciatus. A simple measure was taken to eradicate the vector using nanoemulsion. Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion was formulated in various ratios comprising of eucalyptus oil, tween 80 and water by ultrasonication. The stability of nanoemulsion was observed over a period of time and 1:2 ratios of eucalyptus oil (6%) and surfactant (12%) was found to be stable. The formulated eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The nanoemulsion droplets were found to have a Z-average diameter of 9.4 nm and were spherical in shape. The larvicidal activity of eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion and bulk emulsion was tested and compared. Our nanoemulsion showed higher activity when compared to bulk emulsion. The histopathology of larvae-treated and untreated nanoemulsion was analyzed. Furthermore, biochemical assays were carried out to examine the effect of nanoemulsion on biochemical characteristics of larvae. The treated larval homogenate showed decrease in total protein content and a significant reduction in the levels of acetylcholinesterase. The levels of acid and alkaline phosphatase also showed reduction as compared to control larval homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - S K Clarke
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - M J Nirmala
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - B K Tyagi
- Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Madurai, India
| | - A Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Revathi K, Chandrasekaran R, Thanigaivel A, Kirubakaran SA, Sathish-Narayanan S, Senthil-Nathan S. Effects of Bacillus subtilis metabolites on larval Aedes aegypti L. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 107:369-376. [PMID: 24267699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The culture supernatant of a strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated from soil samples killed larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The metabolites produced by B. subtilis were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mortality rate was dose-dependent for all larval instars of A. aegypti. Log probit analysis (95% confidence level) revealed an LC50 of 1.73 and an LC90 3.71μg/ml. Molecular weights/masses of B. subtilis metabolites were confirmed using SDS-PAGE analysis. B. subtilis metabolites were confirmed using HPLC analysis. We demonstrate that secondary metabolites from B. subtilis have larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and may be suitable for the control of this and other mosquito vectors of human disease. The larvae to the metabolites, significant reduction in the activities of acetylcholinesterse, α-carboxylesterase, and acid phosphatases were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Revathi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Koodalingam A, Mullainadhan P, Arumugam M. Immuno-suppressive effects of aqueous extract of soapnut Sapindus emarginatus on the larvae and pupae of vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Acta Trop 2013; 126:249-55. [PMID: 23499862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported the presence of potent anti-mosquito activity in aqueous kernel extract of the soapnut, Sapindus emarginatus, and demonstrated its impact on marker enzymes in larvae and pupae of the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. As a sequel to these findings, the present study elucidates immunotoxicity of this extract with respect to hemocyte-mediated cellular immune responses in fourth instar larvae and pupae as well as cuticular melanization reaction in the larvae of A. aegypti. The exposure of these two developmental stages of the mosquito to the soapnut extract at a lethal threshold concentration neither affected hemocyte viability tested up to 3h in vitro nor did it influence the hemocyte count. By contrast, exposure of the mosquito larvae and pupae to this extract significantly reduced the ability of their hemocytes to bind yeast cells, an important early event in the process of non-self recognition by immune cells. Consequently, the phagocytic activity of these hemocytes against yeast cells was also found to be adversely affected upon exposure of larvae and pupae to the extract. Besides, a perceptible initial delay in melanization reaction at the injured site of the cuticle in the extract-exposed larvae was observed. All these findings demonstrate, for the first time, the immuno-suppressive potential of a botanical biocide in the vector mosquito.
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Pontual EV, Napoleão TH, Dias de Assis CR, de Souza Bezerra R, Xavier HS, Navarro DMDAF, Coelho LCBB, Paiva PMG. Effect of Moringa oleifera flower extract on larval trypsin and acetylcholinesterase activities in Aedes aegypti. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:135-152. [PMID: 22392801 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti control is crucial to reducing dengue fever. Aedes aegypti larvae have developed resistance to organophosporous insecticides and the use of natural larvicides may help manage larval resistance by increasing elements in insecticide rotation programs. Here, we report on larvicidal activity of Moringa oleifera flower extract against A. aegypti L(1), L(2), L(3), and L(4) as well as the effect of flower extract on gut trypsin and whole-larval acetylcholinesterase from L(4.) In addition, the heated flower extract was investigated for larvicidal activity against L(4) and effect on larval gut trypsin. Moringa oleifera flower extract contains a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor (M. oleifera flower trypsin inhibitor, MoFTI), triterpene (β-amyrin), sterol (β-sitosterol) as well as flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin). Larvicidal activity was detected against L(2), L(3), and L(4) (LC(50) of 1.72%, 1.67%, and 0.92%, respectively). Flower extract inhibited L(4) gut trypsin (MoFTI K(i) = 0.6 nM) and did not affect acetylcholinesterase activity. In vivo assay showed that gut trypsin activity from L(4) treated with M. oleifera flower extract decreased over time (0-1,440 min) and was strongly inhibited (98.6%) after 310 min incubation; acetylcholinesterase activity was not affected. Thermal treatment resulted in a loss of trypsin inhibitor and larvicidal activities, supporting the hypothesis that flower extract contains a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor that may be responsible for the deleterious effects on larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
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