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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Dey D, Dasgupta A, Ghosh D, Bhattacharjee O, Ghosh A, Honda A, Chattopadhyay D. Host proteins Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and LRP1 associate with Chandipura virus. Biochimie 2024; 218:105-117. [PMID: 37517577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura Virus is an emerging tropical pathogen with a high mortality rate among children. No mode of treatment or antivirals exists against CHPV infection, due to little information regarding its host interaction. Studying viral pathogen interaction with its host can not only provide valuable information regarding its propagation strategy, but also on which host proteins interact with the virus. Identifying these proteins and understanding their role in the infection process can provide more stable anti-viral targets. In this study, we focused on identifying host factors that interact with CHPV and may play a critical role in CHPV infection. We are the first to report the successful identification of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), a secretory protein of the host that interacts with CHPV. We also established that LRP1 (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and GRP78 (Glucose regulated protein 78), receptors of A2M, also interact with CHPV. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate that knocking out A2M has a severe effect on viral infection. We conclusively show the interaction of these host proteins with CHPV. Our findings also indicate that these host proteins could play a role in viral entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, India
| | | | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayae Honda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Punasanvala P, Sahay RR, Chandegara H, Patil DY, Shete AM, Balachandran C, Patel V, Bondre V, Rustam R, Patel K, Majumdar T, Shah K, Patil S, Sakhare K, Solanki J, Gawande P, Kumari V, Yadav PD. A rare case of Chandipura virus infection with haemorrhagic complications from Gujarat, India. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29307. [PMID: 38087448 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Punasanvala
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hiren Chandegara
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandhu Balachandran
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vipul Patel
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay Bondre
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rizwana Rustam
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Karma Patel
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavya Shah
- Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society General Hospital, Sabarkantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kunal Sakhare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayesh Solanki
- Directorate of Health Services, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishnavi Kumari
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Campos RK, Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviruses: Spillover, spillback, and realistic mitigation strategies. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadj2166. [PMID: 37851824 PMCID: PMC10807030 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses pose increasing health threats because of growing mosquito population, geographic expansions, and control challenges. We emphasize the need for global preparedness to effectively mitigate the health, societal, and economic impacts of spillover by these viruses through proactive measures of prediction, surveillance, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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5
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Pandey N, Singh SK. MicroRNA-155 triggers a cellular antiviral immune response against Chandipura virus in human microglial cells. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105173. [PMID: 37327858 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and has a single-stranded RNA genome that causes encephalitis among children in India's tropical states. Activation of the antiviral immune response upon viral infection is important for the host's defense. In response to CHPV infection, the brain resident macrophages (microglial cells) control the pathogenic insults. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are 22 nts non-coding RNAs that serve as delicate regulators of their target genes at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we explored miR-155 mediated antiviral response in CHPV infected human microglial cells. The gene and protein expression patterns were studied through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunoblotting, respectively. Additionally, miRNA target validation was done by overexpression and knockdown of miR-155. We observed an increased expression of miR-155 in CHPV infected human microglial cells. The upregulated miR-155 suppresses the Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 1 (SOCS1). Reduced SOCS1, in turn, led to enhanced phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) and induction of Interferon-β (IFN-β), which promoted the expression of IFN-stimulated gene 54 (ISG54) and IFN-stimulated gene 56 (ISG56). In this study, miR-155 positively modulated the cellular antiviral response by enhancing type I IFN signalling through inhibition of SOCS1 in CHPV infected microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India; Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), New Delhi 110007, India.
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6
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Kitaura S, Tobiume M, Kawahara M, Satoh M, Kato H, Nakayama N, Nakajima N, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Suzuki T, Moriya K, Saijo M, Ebihara H, Ito-Takayama M. Evaluation of a novel severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model for antiviral drug evaluation against Chandipura virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 213:105582. [PMID: 36948302 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus known to cause fatal encephalitis outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent. The virus displays tropism towards the pediatric population and holds significant public health concerns. Currently, there is no specific, effective therapy for CHPV encephalitis. In this study, we evaluated a novel C.B-17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model which can be used for pre-clinical antiviral evaluation. Inoculation of CHPV developed a lethal infection in our model. Plaque assay and immunohistochemistry detected increased viral loads and antigens in various organs, including the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and whole blood. We further conducted a proof-of-concept evaluation of favipiravir in the SCID mouse model. Favipiravir treatment improved survival with pre-symptomatic (days 5-14) and post-symptomatic (days 9-18) treatment. Reduced viral loads were observed in whole blood, kidney/adrenal gland, and brain tissue with favipiravir treatment. The findings in this study demonstrate the utility of SCID mouse for in vivo drug efficacy evaluation and the potential efficacy of favipiravir against CHPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kawahara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Satoh
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kato
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mutsuyo Ito-Takayama
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Sehrawat S, Osterrieder N, Schmid DS, Rouse BT. Can the triumph of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 be extended to other viral infections of humans and domesticated animals? Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105078. [PMID: 36435367 PMCID: PMC9682868 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of mRNA vaccines in managing the COVID-19 pandemic raises the prospect of applying the mRNA platform to other viral diseases of humans and domesticated animals, which may lead to more efficacious vaccines for some agents. We briefly discuss reasons why mRNA vaccines achieved such success against COVID-19 and indicate what other virus infections and disease conditions might also be ripe for control using mRNA vaccines. We also evaluate situations where mRNA could prove valuable to rebalance the status of immune responsiveness and achieve success as a therapeutic vaccine approach against infections that induce immunoinflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India,Corresponding author
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 5F, Block 1B, To Yuen Building, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - D. Scott Schmid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA,Corresponding author
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8
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Ratra Y, Kumar N, Saha MK, Bharadwaj C, Chongtham C, Bais SS, Medigeshi G, Arimbasseri GA, Basak S. A Vitamin D-RelB/NF-κB Pathway Limits Chandipura Virus Multiplication by Rewiring the Homeostatic State of Autoregulatory Type 1 IFN-IRF7 Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:559-568. [PMID: 35851541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Besides its functions in the skeletomuscular system, vitamin D is known to alleviate viral-inflicted pathologies. However, the mechanism underlying protective vitamin D function remains unclear. We examined the role of vitamin D in controlling cellular infections by Chandipura virus, an RNA virus implicated in human epidemics. How immune signaling pathways, including those regulating NF-κB and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs), are activated in virus-infected cells has been well studied. Our investigation involving human- and mouse-derived cells revealed that vitamin D instructs the homeostatic state of these antiviral pathways, leading to cellular resilience to subsequent viral infections. In particular, vitamin D provoked autoregulatory type 1 IFN-IRF7 signaling even in the absence of virus infection by downmodulating the expression of the IFN-inhibitory NF-κB subunit RelB. Indeed, RelB deficiency rendered vitamin D treatment redundant, whereas IRF7 depletion abrogated antiviral vitamin D action. In sum, immune signaling homeostasis appears to connect micronutrients to antiviral immunity at the cellular level. The proposed link may have a bearing on shaping public health policy during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Ratra
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Manti K Saha
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrima Bharadwaj
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chen Chongtham
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India; and
| | - Sachendra S Bais
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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9
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Deb D, Basak S, Kar T, Narsaria U, Castiglione F, Paul A, Pandey A, Srivastava AP. Immunoinformatics based designing a multi-epitope vaccine against pathogenic Chandipura vesiculovirus. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:322-346. [PMID: 34729821 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen responsible for causing acute encephalitis. Due to its widespread occurrence in Asian and African countries, this has become a global threat, and there is an urgent need to design an effective and nonallergenic vaccine against this pathogen. The present study aimed to develop a multi-epitope vaccine using an immunoinformatics approach. The conventional method of vaccine design involves large proteins or whole organism which leads to unnecessary antigenic load with increased chances of allergenic reactions. In addition, the process is also very time-consuming and labor-intensive. These limitations can be overcome by peptide-based vaccines comprising short immunogenic peptide fragments that can elicit highly targeted immune responses, avoiding the chances of allergenic reactions, in a relatively shorter time span. The multi-epitope vaccine constructed using CTL, HTL, and IFN-γ epitopes was able to elicit specific immune responses when exposed to the pathogen, in silico. Not only that, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies confirmed a stable interaction of the vaccine with the immune receptors. Several physicochemical analyses of the designed vaccine candidate confirmed it to be highly immunogenic and nonallergic. The computer-aided analysis performed in this study suggests that the designed multi-epitope vaccine can elicit specific immune responses and can be a potential candidate against CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashrito Deb
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srijita Basak
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tamalika Kar
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Utkarsh Narsaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini, Rome, Italy
| | - Abhirup Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Metabolic Engineering, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag P Srivastava
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Pandey N, Rastogi M, Singh SK. Chandipura virus dysregulates the expression of hsa-miR-21-5p to activate NF-κB in human microglial cells. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:52. [PMID: 34233673 PMCID: PMC8265105 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the Rhabdoviridae family. CHPV infection has been reported in Central and Western India. CHPV causes acute encephalitis with a case fatality rate of 70 % and mostly affects children below 15 years of age. CHPV infection in brain leads to neuronal apoptosis and activation of the microglial cells. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNA that regulate the gene expression. Viral infections perturb the expression pattern of cellular miRNAs, which may in turn affect the expression pattern of downstream genes. This study aims to investigate hsa-miR-21-5p mediated regulation of PTEN, AKT, NF-ĸBp65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, in human microglial cells during CHPV infection. Methods To understand the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in CHPV infection, the human microglial cells were infected with CHPV (MOI-0.1). Real-time PCR, western blotting, Luciferase assay, over-expression and knockdown techniques were used to understand the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in the regulation of PTEN, AKT and, NF-ĸBp65, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in this study. Results The hsa-miR-21-5p was found to be upregulated during CHPV infection in human microglial cells. This led to the downregulation of PTEN which promoted the phosphorylation of AKT and NF-ĸBp65. Over-expression of hsa-miR-21-5p led to the decreased expression of PTEN and promoted further phosphorylation of AKT and NF-ĸBp65 in human microglial cells. However, the inhibition of hsa-miR-21-5p using hsa-miR-21-5p inhibitor restored the expression. Conclusions This study supports the role of hsa-miR-21-5p in the regulation of pro-inflammatory genes in CHPV infected human microglial cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00748-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India.
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11
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Sharma NR, Gadhave K, Kumar P, Saif M, Khan MM, Sarkar DP, Uversky VN, Giri R. Analysis of the dark proteome of Chandipura virus reveals maximum propensity for intrinsic disorder in phosphoprotein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13253. [PMID: 34168211 PMCID: PMC8225862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family) is an emerging pathogen that causes rapidly progressing influenza-like illness and acute encephalitis often leading to coma and death of the human host. Given several CHPV outbreaks in Indian sub-continent, recurring sporadic cases, neurological manifestation, and high mortality rate of this infection, CHPV is gaining global attention. The 'dark proteome' includes the whole proteome with special emphasis on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) and IDP regions (IDPR), which are proteins or protein regions that lack unique (or ordered) three-dimensional structures within the cellular milieu. These proteins/regions, however, play a number of vital roles in various biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, control of signaling pathways, etc. and, therefore, are implicated in many human diseases. IDPs and IPPRs are also abundantly found in many viral proteins enabling their multifunctional roles in the viral life cycles and their capability to highjack various host systems. The unknown abundance of IDP and IDPR in CHPV, therefore, prompted us to analyze the dark proteome of this virus. Our analysis revealed a varying degree of disorder in all five CHPV proteins, with the maximum level of intrinsic disorder propensity being found in Phosphoprotein (P). We have also shown the flexibility of P protein using extensive molecular dynamics simulations up to 500 ns (ns). Furthermore, our analysis also showed the abundant presence of the disorder-based binding regions (also known as molecular recognition features, MoRFs) in CHPV proteins. The identification of IDPs/IDPRs in CHPV proteins suggests that their disordered regions may function as potential interacting domains and may also serve as novel targets for disorder-based drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi R Sharma
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Mohammad Saif
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Md M Khan
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard-Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM), Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Debi P Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, 142290, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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12
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Phumee A, Wacharapluesadee S, Petcharat S, Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Siriyasatien P. Detection of Changuinola virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) in field-caught sand flies in southern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1039-1044. [PMID: 33515044 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for several pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses that have significant impacts on public health. Sand fly-associated viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals have recently received more attention. This study aimed to detect pathogenic viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae in several field-caught sand fly species in southern Thailand. METHODS Sand flies were collected in southern Thailand using CDC light traps. Each sample was processed individually for virus screening using RT-PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Seven out of 60 sand fly samples (two samples of Idiophlebotomus spp., three of Phlebotomus papatasi and two of Sergentomyia khawi) were positive for the Orbivirus genus, which is closely related to Changuinola virus (CGLV). Phlebovirus genus, Flavivirus genus and family Rhabdoviridae were negative in all samples. CONCLUSIONS CGLV causes Changuinola virus disease or Changuinola fever, a febrile illness in Central and South America. The virus has never been reported in Thailand. This study is the first report of the detection of CGLV in sand flies from Thailand. An extensive study of sand flies from other regions of the country and the associations between sand flies, viruses and vertebrate hosts in Thailand should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- National Institute of Health of Thailand, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Usavadee Thavara
- National Institute of Health of Thailand, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Chakraborty P, Chattopadhyay D, Roy S. N-protein-RNA interaction is a drug target in a negative strand RNA virus. Virus Res 2021; 295:198298. [PMID: 33508356 PMCID: PMC7839429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The negative strand RNA virus family contains many human pathogens. Finding new antiviral drug targets against this class of human pathogens is one of the significant healthcare needs. Nucleocapsid proteins of negative strand RNA viruses wrap the viral genomic RNA and play essential roles in gene transcription and genome replication. Chandipura virus, a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, has a negative strand RNA genome. In addition to wrapping the genomic RNA, its nucleocapsid protein interacts with the positive strand leader RNA and plays a vital role in the virus life-cycle. We have designed a peptide, based on prior knowledge and demonstrated that the peptide is capable of binding specifically to the positive strand leader RNA. When the peptide was transported inside the cell, it inhibited viral growth with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Given the widespread occurrence of leader RNAs in negative strand RNA viruses and its interaction with the nucleocapsid protein, it is likely that this interaction could be a valid drug target for other negative strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Chakraborty
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay
- Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Novel and Diverse Non-Rabies Rhabdoviruses Identified in Bats with Human Exposure, South Dakota, USA. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121408. [PMID: 33302422 PMCID: PMC7762532 DOI: 10.3390/v12121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are a host and reservoir for a large number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic. In North America, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is widely distributed and common. Big brown bats are a known reservoir for rabies virus, which, combined with their propensity to roost in human structures, necessitates testing for rabies virus following human exposure. The current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, likely of bat origin, illustrates the need for continued surveillance of wildlife and bats for potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Viral metagenomic sequencing was performed on 39 big brown bats and one hoary bat submitted for rabies testing due to human exposure in South Dakota. A new genotype of American bat vesiculovirus was identified in seven of 17 (41%) heart and lung homogenates at high levels in addition to two of 23 viscera pools. A second rhabdovirus, Sodak rhabdovirus 1 (SDRV1), was identified in four of 23 (17%) viscera pools. Phylogenetic analysis placed SDRV1 in the genus Alphanemrhavirus, which includes two recognized species that were identified in nematodes. Finally, a highly divergent rhabdovirus, Sodak rhabdovirus 2 (SDRV2), was identified in two of 23 (8.7%) big brown bats. Phylogenetic analysis placed SDRV2 as ancestral to the dimarhabdovirus supergroup and Lyssavirus. Intracranial inoculation of mouse pups with rhabdovirus-positive tissue homogenates failed to elicit clinical disease. Further research is needed to determine the zoonotic potential of these non-rabies rhabdoviruses.
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15
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Human Tibroviruses: Commensals or Lethal Pathogens? Viruses 2020; 12:v12030252. [PMID: 32106547 PMCID: PMC7150972 DOI: 10.3390/v12030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses are a large and ecologically diverse family of negative-sense RNA viruses (Mononegavirales: Rhabdoviridae). These viruses are capable of infecting an unexpectedly wide variety of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates distributed over all human-inhabited continents. However, only a few rhabdoviruses are known to infect humans: a ledantevirus (Le Dantec virus), several lyssaviruses (in particular, rabies virus), and several vesiculoviruses (e.g., Chandipura virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus). Recently, several novel rhabdoviruses have been discovered in the blood of both healthy and severely ill individuals living in Central and Western Africa. These viruses—Bas-Congo virus, Ekpoma virus 1, and Ekpoma virus 2—are members of the little-understood rhabdoviral genus Tibrovirus. Other than the basic genomic architecture, tibroviruses bear little resemblance to well-studied rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus. These three human tibroviruses are quite divergent from each other, and each of them clusters closely with tibroviruses currently known only from biting midges or healthy cattle. Seroprevalence studies suggest that human tibrovirus infections may be common but are almost entirely unrecognized. The pathogenic potential of this diverse group of viruses remains unknown. Although certain tibroviruses may be benign and well-adapted to humans, others could be newly emerging and produce serious disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of tibroviruses and argue that assessing their impact on human health should be an urgent priority.
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Temmam S, Chrétien D, Bigot T, Dufour E, Petres S, Desquesnes M, Devillers E, Dumarest M, Yousfi L, Jittapalapong S, Karnchanabanthoeng A, Chaisiri K, Gagnieur L, Cosson JF, Vayssier-Taussat M, Morand S, Moutailler S, Eloit M. Monitoring Silent Spillovers Before Emergence: A Pilot Study at the Tick/Human Interface in Thailand. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2315. [PMID: 31681195 PMCID: PMC6812269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging zoonoses caused by previously unknown agents are one of the most important challenges for human health because of their inherent inability to be predictable, conversely to emergences caused by previously known agents that could be targeted by routine surveillance programs. Emerging zoonotic infections either originate from increasing contacts between wildlife and human populations, or from the geographical expansion of hematophagous arthropods that act as vectors, this latter being more capable to impact large-scale human populations. While characterizing the viral communities from candidate vectors in high-risk geographical areas is a necessary initial step, the need to identify which viruses are able to spill over and those restricted to their hosts has recently emerged. We hypothesized that currently unknown tick-borne arboviruses could silently circulate in specific biotopes where mammals are highly exposed to tick bites, and implemented a strategy that combined high-throughput sequencing with broad-range serological techniques to both identify novel arboviruses and tick-specific viruses in a ticks/mammals interface in Thailand. The virome of Thai ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Haemaphysalis genera identified numerous viruses, among which several viruses could be candidates for future emergence as regards to their phylogenetic relatedness with known tick-borne arboviruses. Luciferase immunoprecipitation system targeting external viral proteins of viruses identified among the Orthomyxoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Chuviridae families was used to screen human and cattle Thai populations highly exposed to tick bites. Although no positive serum was detected for any of the six viruses selected, suggesting that these viruses are not infecting these vertebrates, or at very low prevalence (upper estimate 0.017% and 0.047% in humans and cattle, respectively), the virome of Thai ticks presents an extremely rich viral diversity, among which novel tick-borne arboviruses are probably hidden and could pose a public health concern if they emerge. The strategy developed in this pilot study, starting from the inventory of viral communities of hematophagous arthropods to end by the identification of viruses able (or likely unable) to infect vertebrates, is the first step in the prediction of putative new emergences and could easily be transposed to other reservoirs/vectors/susceptible hosts interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bigot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur – Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub – Computational Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform – C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Petres
- Institut Pasteur, Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform – C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR InterTryp, Bangkok, Thailand
- InterTryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Léna Yousfi
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Léa Gagnieur
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS, CC065, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD ASTRE, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France
- National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Chandipura Virus Utilizes the Prosurvival Function of RelA NF-κB for Its Propagation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00081-19. [PMID: 31043529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00081-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV), a cytoplasmic RNA virus, has been implicated in several outbreaks of acute encephalitis in India. Despite the relevance of CHPV to human health, how the virus interacts with the host signaling machinery remains obscure. In response to viral infections, mammalian cells activate RelA/NF-κB heterodimers, which induce genes encoding interferon beta (IFN-β) and other immune mediators. Therefore, RelA is generally considered to be an antiviral transcription factor. However, RelA activates a wide spectrum of genes in physiological settings, and there is a paucity of direct genetic evidence substantiating antiviral RelA functions. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we genetically dissected the role of RelA in CHPV pathogenesis. We found that CHPV indeed activated RelA and that RelA deficiency abrogated the expression of IFN-β in response to virus infections. Unexpectedly, infection of Rela -/- fibroblasts led to a decreased CHPV yield. Our investigation clarified that RelA-dependent synthesis of prosurvival factors restrained infection-inflicted cell death and that exacerbated cell death processes prevented multiplication of CHPV in RelA-deficient cells. Chikungunya virus, a cytopathic RNA virus associated also with epidemics, required RelA, and Japanese encephalitis virus, which produced relatively minor cytopathic effects in fibroblasts, circumvented the need of RelA for their propagation. In sum, we documented a proviral function of the pleiotropic factor RelA linked to its prosurvival properties. RelA promoted the growth of cytopathic RNA viruses by extending the life span of infected cells, which serve as the replicative niche of intracellular pathogens. We argue that our finding bears significance for understanding host-virus interactions and may have implications for antiviral therapeutic regimes.IMPORTANCE RelA/NF-κB participates in a wide spectrum of physiological processes, including shaping immune responses against invading pathogens. In virus-infected cells, RelA typically induces the expression of IFN-β, which restrains viral propagation in neighboring cells involving paracrine mechanisms. Our study suggested that RelA might also play a proviral role. A cell-autonomous RelA activity amplified the yield of Chandipura virus, a cytopathic RNA virus associated with human epidemics, by extending the life span of infected cells. Our finding necessitates a substantial revision of our understanding of host-virus interactions and indicates a dual role of NF-κB signaling during the course of RNA virus infections. Our study also bears significance for therapeutic regimes which alter NF-κB activities while alleviating the viral load.
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Sudeep AB, Gunjikar RS, Ghodke YS, Khutwad K, Sapkal GN. Temperature sensitivity and environmental stability of Chandipura virus. Virusdisease 2019; 30:214-218. [PMID: 31179359 PMCID: PMC6531576 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-00511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus of family Rhabdoviridae is endemic in Central India since 1965. The virus gained public health importance when it was held responsible for massive outbreak in 2003-2004 in Maharashtra, Telengana and Gujarat with case fatality rates ranging from 55 to 75% among children. We studied the stability of the virus as well as RNA persistence in samples stored at different temperatures for different periods. CHPV remained infective in sand flies and cell culture supernatants at 4 °C for 8 weeks. At 37 °C CHPV remained viable for 18 days when stored in infected cell supernatant (Minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum). However, in infected sand flies stored at 37 °C, the virus lost virulence within a week. CHPV RNA, though lost virulence, could be detected in virus exposed sand flies stored at 37 °C for 13 weeks by real time RT-PCR. Retaining virulence at 37 °C for 18 days in serum containing medium is a matter of concern for laboratories and hospital settings where clinical samples are handled. RNA persistence for prolonged periods in dead sand flies might help in surveillance studies of CHPV in sand flies and will help in resource constraint nations where cold chain management is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Sudeep
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - R. S. Gunjikar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - Y. S. Ghodke
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - K. Khutwad
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - G. N. Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
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Sapkal GN, Sawant PM, Mourya DT. Chandipura Viral Encephalitis: A Brief Review. Open Virol J 2018; 12:44-51. [PMID: 30288194 PMCID: PMC6142667 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India. Expalanation: In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India. Conclusion: However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (Atelerix spiculus) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Pradeep M Sawant
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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20
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Verma AK, Waghmare TS, Jachak GR, Philkhana SC, Reddy DS, Basu A. Nitrosporeusine analogue ameliorates Chandipura virus induced inflammatory response in CNS via NFκb inactivation in microglia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006648. [PMID: 30001342 PMCID: PMC6063446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring neuronal apoptosis by activating several factors leading to neurodegeneration. Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues gets activated and starts secreting chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the effect of CHPV on microglia and the activation of cellular signalling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon CHPV infection. Protein and mRNA expression profiles of chemokine genes revealed that CHPV infection strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. CHPV infection triggered the activation of signalling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p38, JNK 1 and 2, and nuclear factor κB (NF-kappaB). CHPV-induced expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was achieved by the activation of p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Considering the important role of inflammation in neurodegeneration, we have targeted NF-kappaB using a newly synthesised natural product nitrosporeusine analogue and showed incapability of microglial supernatant of inducing apoptosis in neurons after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trushnal S. Waghmare
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Verma AK, Ghosh S, Basu A. Chandipura Virus Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via Calcium Signaling Mediated Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1489. [PMID: 30034380 PMCID: PMC6043780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chandipura Virus (CHPV) a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring about neuronal apoptosis by stimulating oxidative stress. Our in silico data suggested the involvement of Angiotensin II in intracellular Ca2+ secretion within CHPV infected cells that further lead to enhancement of ROS level and mitochondrial dysfunction. ROS is also known to phosphorylate p38 that leads to neuronal apoptosis through FasL-FADD pathway during CHPV infection. Minocycline a broad-spectrum antibiotic well-known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory role was used in the present study to investigate its efficacy against CHPV. The results obtained from the present study showed minocycline to be effective in mitigating the levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+, ROS, phosphorylation of p38 molecules and hence cellular apoptosis. Thus minocycline apart from being an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent, our study showed that minocycline has an additional Ca2+ chelation activity.
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Abou-Hamdan A, Belot L, Albertini A, Gaudin Y. Monomeric Intermediates Formed by Vesiculovirus Glycoprotein during Its Low-pH-induced Structural Transition. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1685-1695. [PMID: 29678555 PMCID: PMC7126088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vesiculovirus G is the prototype of class III viral fusion glycoproteins. The structures of both G pre- and post-fusion conformation have been determined. The structure of monomeric intermediates reveals the pathway of the transition. A fusion-loop-exposing antiparallel dimer may initiate the fusion process. Those data challenge the current model proposed for viral membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abou-Hamdan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Laura Belot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Albertini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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Tiwary P, Singh SK, Kushwaha AK, Rowton E, Sacks D, Singh OP, Sundar S, Lawyer P. Establishing, Expanding, and Certifying a Closed Colony of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) for Xenodiagnostic Studies at the Kala Azar Medical Research Center, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1129-1139. [PMID: 28525618 PMCID: PMC5850120 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This pilot project was preliminary and essential to a larger effort to define the ability of certain human-subject groups across the infection spectrum to serve as reservoirs of Leishmania donovani infection to sand flies in areas of anthroponotic transmission such as in Bihar state, India. This is possible only via xenodiagnosis of well-defined subject groups using live vector sand flies. The objective was to establish at the Kala Azar Medical Research Center (KAMRC), Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India, a self-sustaining colony of Phlebotomus argentipes (Annandale & Brunneti), closed to infusion with wild-caught material and certified safe for human xenodiagnosis. Prior to this endeavor, no laboratory colony of this vector existed in India meeting the stringent biosafety requirements of this human-use study. From March through mid-December, 2015, over 68,000 sand flies were collected in human dwellings and cattle sheds using CDC-type light traps over 254 nights. Blood-fed and gravid P. argentipes females were selected and placed individually in isoline-rearing vials for oviposition, and >2,500 egg clutches were harvested. Progeny were reared according to standard methods, providing a continuous critical mass of F1 males and females to stimulate social feeding behavior. With construction of a large feeding cage and use of a custom-made rabbit restrainer, the desired level of blood-feeding on restrained rabbits was achieved to make the colony self-sustaining and expand it to working level. Once self-sustaining, the colony was closed to infusion with wild-caught material and certified free of specific human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Tiwary
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (; ; ; )
| | | | - Anurag Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (; ; ; )
| | - Edgar Rowton
- Entomologist, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD ()
| | - David Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (; )
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (; ; ; )
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (; ; ; )
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (; )
- Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Plourde BT, Burgess TL, Eskew EA, Roth TM, Stephenson N, Foley JE. Are disease reservoirs special? Taxonomic and life history characteristics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180716. [PMID: 28704402 PMCID: PMC5509157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that spill over between species cause a significant human and animal health burden. Here, we describe characteristics of animal reservoirs that are required for pathogen spillover. We assembled and analyzed a database of 330 disease systems in which a pathogen spills over from a reservoir of one or more species. Three-quarters of reservoirs included wildlife, and 84% included mammals. Further, 65% of pathogens depended on a community of reservoir hosts, rather than a single species, for persistence. Among mammals, the most frequently identified reservoir hosts were rodents, artiodactyls, and carnivores. The distribution among orders of mammalian species identified as reservoirs did not differ from that expected by chance. Among disease systems with high priority pathogens and epidemic potential, we found birds, primates, and bats to be overrepresented. We also analyzed the life history traits of mammalian reservoir hosts and compared them to mammals as a whole. Reservoir species had faster life history characteristics than mammals overall, exhibiting traits associated with greater reproductive output rather than long-term survival. Thus, we find that in many respects, reservoirs of spillover pathogens are indeed special. The described patterns provide a useful resource for studying and managing emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Plourde
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tristan L. Burgess
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Evan A. Eskew
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Roth
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Stephenson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Janet E. Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) (Vesiculovirus: Rhabdoviridae) garnered global attention as an emerging neurotropic pathogen inflicting high mortality in children within 24 h of commencement of symptoms. The 2003-2004 outbreaks in Central India witnessed case fatality rates ranging from 56-75 per cent in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat with typical encephalitic symptoms. Due to the acute sickness and rapid deterioration, the precise mechanism of action of the virus is still unknown. Recent studies have shown increased expression of CHPV phosphoprotein upto 6 h post infection (PI) demonstrating CHPV replication in neuronal cells and the rapid destruction of the cells by apoptosis shed light on the probable mechanism of rapid death in children. Phlebotomine sandflies are implicated as vectors due to their predominance in endemic areas, repeated virus isolations and their ability to transmit the virus by transovarial and venereal routes. Significant contributions have been made in the development of diagnostics and prophylactics, vaccines and antivirals. Two candidate vaccines, viz. a recombinant vaccine and a killed vaccine and siRNAs targeting P and M proteins have been developed and are awaiting clinical trials. Rhabdomyosarcoma and Phlebotomus papatasi cell lines as well as embryonated chicken eggs have been found useful in virus isolation and propagation. Despite these advancements, CHPV has been a major concern in Central India and warrants immediate attention from virologists, neurologists, paediatricians and the government for containing the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Sudeep
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
| | - Y K Gurav
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
| | - V P Bondre
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Microbial Containment Complex, Pune, India
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Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta Trop 2017; 166:155-163. [PMID: 27876643 PMCID: PMC5203945 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) present a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Arboviruses can cause a variety of clinical presentations that range from mild to life threatening symptoms. Many arboviruses are present in nature through two distinct cycles, the urban and sylvatic cycle that are maintained in complex biological cycles. In this review we briefly discuss the factors driving the emergence of arboviruses, such as the anthropogenic aspects of unrestrained human population growth, economic expansion and globalization. Also the important aspects of viruses and vectors in the occurrence of arboviruses epidemics. The focus of this review will be on dengue, zika and chikungunya viruses, particularly because these viruses are currently causing a negative impact on public health and economic damage around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA.
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Tolardo AL, Souza WMD, Romeiro MF, Vieira LC, Luna LKDS, Henriques DA, Araujo JD, Siqueira CEH, Colombo TE, Aquino VH, Fonseca BALD, Bronzoni RVDM, Nogueira ML, Durigon EL, Figueiredo LTM. A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantification of Vesiculovirus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:385-90. [PMID: 27276185 PMCID: PMC4909037 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesiculoviruses (VSV) are zoonotic viruses that cause vesicular stomatitis disease in cattle, horses and pigs, as well as sporadic human cases of acute febrile illness. Therefore, diagnosis of VSV infections by reliable laboratory techniques is important to allow a proper case management and implementation of strategies for the containment of virus spread. We show here a sensitive and reproducible real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection and quantification of VSV. The assay was evaluated with arthropods and serum samples obtained from horses, cattle and patients with acute febrile disease. The real-time RT-PCR amplified the Piry, Carajas, Alagoas and Indiana Vesiculovirus at a melting temperature 81.02 ± 0.8ºC, and the sensitivity of assay was estimated in 10 RNA copies/mL to the Piry Vesiculovirus. The viral genome has been detected in samples of horses and cattle, but not detected in human sera or arthropods. Thus, this assay allows a preliminary differential diagnosis of VSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lavado Tolardo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Marilia Farignoli Romeiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Carlos Vieira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciano Kleber de Souza Luna
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Dyana Alves Henriques
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jansen de Araujo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Hassegawa Siqueira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Sinop, Sinop MT , Brasil, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Elias Colombo
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, São José do Rio Preto SP , Brasil, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Laboratório de Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Benedito Antonio Lopes da Fonseca
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Roberta Vieira de Morais Bronzoni
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Sinop, Sinop MT , Brasil, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, São José do Rio Preto SP , Brasil, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto SP , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Basu A. Chandipura virus perturbs cholesterol homeostasis leading to neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 2015; 135:368-80. [PMID: 26118540 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV; genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) induces neuronal death through the Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway. What propels this apoptosis remains unclear, although oxysterols have been reported to be key players in neurodegeneration. In our study of CHPV-infected brain samples, we observed over-expression of genes such as apolipoprotein E, Cyp46a1, Srebf-1 and Nsdhl. This backs up the hypothesis that CHPV replication demands cholesterol that is supplied by apolipoprotein E through low density lipid receptors, lipid metabolism being pivotal for viral replication. We were able to illustrate this with over-expression of low density lipid receptors in CHPV-infected neurons. An upsurge of cholesterol concentration has been observed in neurons, triggering the expression of Cyp46a1 enzyme and culminating into the conversion of cholesterol to 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol. Increased 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol concentration is toxic to neurons, propelling neuronal apoptosis through the Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway. For the first time, perturbation of cholesterol homeostasis in brain is shown to be utilized by the viruses for both maturation and the release of its matured virions outside the cells for continuous neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourish Ghosh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
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Characterization of the Interaction between the Matrix Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and the Immunoproteasome Subunit LMP2. J Virol 2015; 89:11019-29. [PMID: 26311888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01753-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The matrix protein (M) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is involved in virus assembly, budding, gene regulation, and cellular pathogenesis. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, the M globular domain was shown to interact with LMP2, a catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome (which replaces the standard proteasome catalytic subunit PSMB6). The interaction was validated by coimmunoprecipitation of M and LMP2 in VSV-infected cells. The sites of interaction were characterized. A single mutation of M (I96A) which significantly impairs the interaction between M and LMP2 was identified. We also show that M preferentially binds to the inactive precursor of LMP2 (bearing an N-terminal propeptide which is cleaved upon LMP2 maturation). Furthermore, taking advantage of a sequence alignment between LMP2 and its proteasome homolog, PSMB6 (which does not bind to M), we identified a mutation (L45R) in the S1 pocket where the protein substrate binds prior to cleavage and a second one (D17A) of a conserved residue essential for the catalytic activity, resulting in a reduction of the level of binding to M. The combination of both mutations abolishes the interaction. Taken together, our data indicate that M binds to LMP2 before its incorporation into the immunoproteasome. As the immunoproteasome promotes the generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-compatible peptides, a feature which favors the recognition and the elimination of infected cells by CD8 T cells, we suggest that M, by interfering with the immunoproteasome assembly, has evolved a mechanism that allows infected cells to escape detection and elimination by the immune system. IMPORTANCE The immunoproteasome promotes the generation of MHC class I-compatible peptides, a feature which favors the recognition and the elimination of infected cells by CD8 T cells. Here, we report on the association of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein (M) with LMP2, one of the immunoproteasome-specific catalytic subunits. M preferentially binds to the LMP2 inactive precursor. The M-binding site on LMP2 is facing inwards in the immunoproteasome and is therefore not accessible to M after its assembly. Hence, M binds to LMP2 before its incorporation into the immunoproteasome. We suggest that VSV M, by interfering with the immunoproteasome assembly, has evolved a mechanism that allows infected cells to escape detection and elimination by the immune system. Modulating this M-induced immunoproteasome impairment might be relevant in order to optimize VSV for oncolytic virotherapy.
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Structure of the low pH conformation of Chandipura virus G reveals important features in the evolution of the vesiculovirus glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004756. [PMID: 25803715 PMCID: PMC4372607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHAV), a member of the vesiculovirus genus, is an emerging human pathogen. As for other rhabdoviruses, CHAV entry into susceptible cells is mediated by its single envelope glycoprotein G which is both involved in receptor recognition and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Here, we have characterized the fusion properties of CHAV-G. As for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, the prototype of the genus) G, fusion is triggered at low pH below 6.5. We have also analyzed the biochemical properties of a soluble form of CHAV-G ectodomain (CHAV-Gth, generated by thermolysin limited-proteolysis of recombinant VSV particles in which the G gene was replaced by that of CHAV). The overall behavior of CHAV-Gth is similar to that previously reported for VSV-Gth. Particularly, CHAV-Gth pre-fusion trimer is not stable in solution and low-pH-induced membrane association of CHAV-Gth is reversible. Furthermore, CHAV-Gth was crystallized in its low pH post-fusion conformation and its structure was determined at 3.6Å resolution. An overall comparison of this structure with the previously reported VSV-Gth post-fusion conformation, shows a high structural similarity as expected from the comparison of primary structure. Among the three domains of G, the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) appears to be the most divergent and the largest differences are confined to the secondary structure of the major antigenic site of rhabdoviruses. Finally, local differences indicate that CHAV has evolved alternate structural solutions in hinge regions between PH and fusion domains but also distinct pH sensitive switches. Globally the comparison between the post fusion conformation of CHAV and VSV-G highlights several features essential for the protein's function. It also reveals the remarkable plasticity of G in terms of local structures.
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Discovery of novel rhabdoviruses in the blood of healthy individuals from West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003631. [PMID: 25781465 PMCID: PMC4363514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to transform the discovery of viruses causing unexplained acute febrile illness (UAFI) because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen’s nucleic acid sequence. More generally, it has the potential to elucidate the complete human virome, including viruses that cause no overt symptoms of disease, but may have unrecognized immunological or developmental consequences. We have used NGS to identify RNA viruses in the blood of 195 patients with UAFI and compared them with those found in 328 apparently healthy (i.e., no overt signs of illness) control individuals, all from communities in southeastern Nigeria. Among UAFI patients, we identified the presence of nucleic acids from several well-characterized pathogenic viruses, such as HIV-1, hepatitis, and Lassa virus. In our cohort of healthy individuals, however, we detected the nucleic acids of two novel rhabdoviruses. These viruses, which we call Ekpoma virus-1 (EKV-1) and Ekpoma virus-2 (EKV-2), are highly divergent, with little identity to each other or other known viruses. The most closely related rhabdoviruses are members of the genus Tibrovirus and Bas-Congo virus (BASV), which was recently identified in an individual with symptoms resembling hemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, by conducting a serosurvey of our study cohort, we find evidence for remarkably high exposure rates to the identified rhabdoviruses. The recent discoveries of novel rhabdoviruses by multiple research groups suggest that human infection with rhabdoviruses might be common. While the prevalence and clinical significance of these viruses are currently unknown, these viruses could have previously unrecognized impacts on human health; further research to understand the immunological and developmental impact of these viruses should be explored. More generally, the identification of similar novel viruses in individuals with and without overt symptoms of disease highlights the need for a broader understanding of the human virome as efforts for viral detection and discovery advance. Next-generation sequencing, a high-throughput method for sequencing DNA and RNA, has the potential to transform virus discovery because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen’s nucleic acid sequence. We used next-generation sequencing to identify RNA viruses present in the blood of patients with unexplained fever, as well as apparently healthy individuals in a peri-urban community in Nigeria. We found several well-characterized viruses in the blood of the febrile patients, including HIV-1, hepatitis B and C, as well as Lassa virus. We also discovered two novel rhabdoviruses in the blood of two apparently healthy (afebrile) females, which we named Ekpoma virus-1 and Ekpoma virus-2. Rhabdoviruses are distributed globally and include several human pathogens from the genera lyssavirus and vesiculovirus (e.g., rabies, Chandipura and vesicular stomatitis virus). The novel rhabdoviruses identified in this study are most similar to Bas-Congo virus, which was recently identified in an individual with an acute febrile illness. Furthermore, we demonstrate evidence of high levels of previous exposure to the two rhabdoviruses among our larger study population. Our results suggest that such rhabdovirus infections could be common, and may not necessarily cause overt disease. The identification of viral nucleic acid sequences in apparently healthy individuals highlights the need for a broader understanding of all viruses infecting humans as we increase efforts to identify viruses causing human disease.
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Rückert C, Bell-Sakyi L, Fazakerley JK, Fragkoudis R. Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances. Virusdisease 2014; 25:249-60. [PMID: 25674592 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. Arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. For future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve our understanding of virus-vector interactions. In the last decade knowledge of arthropod antiviral immunity has increased rapidly. RNAi has been proposed as the most important antiviral response in mosquitoes and it is likely to be the most important antiviral response in all arthropods. However, other newly-discovered antiviral strategies such as melanisation and the link between RNAi and the JAK/STAT pathway via the cytokine Vago have been characterised in the last few years. This review aims to summarise the most important and most recent advances made in arthropod antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rückert
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UK ; The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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Roy A, Chakraborty P, Polley S, Chattopadhyay D, Roy S. A peptide targeted against phosphoprotein and leader RNA interaction inhibits growth of Chandipura virus -- an emerging rhabdovirus. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:346-55. [PMID: 24036128 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatal illness caused by Chandipura virus (CHPV), an emerging pathogen, presently lacks any therapeutic option. Previous research suggested that interaction between the virally encoded phosphoprotein (P) and the positive sense leader RNA (le-RNA) may play an important role in the viral lifecycle. In this report, we have identified a β-sheet/loop motif in the C-terminal domain of the CHPV P protein as essential for this interaction. A synthetic peptide encompassing this motif and spanning a continuous stretch of 36 amino acids (Pep208-243) was found to bind the le-RNA in vitro and inhibit CHPV growth in infected cells. Furthermore, a stretch of three amino acid residues at position 217-219 was identified as essential for this interaction, both in vitro and in infected cells. siRNA knockdown-rescue experiments demonstrated that these three amino acid residues are crucial for the leader RNA binding function of P protein in the CHPV life cycle. Mutations of these three amino acid residues render the peptide completely ineffective against CHPV. Effect of inhibition of phosphoprotein-leader RNA interaction on viral replication was assayed. Peptide Pep208-243 tagged with a cell penetrating peptide was found to inhibit CHPV replication as ascertained by real time RT-PCR. The specific inhibition of viral growth observed using this peptide suggests a new possibility for designing of anti-viral agents against Mononegavirale group of human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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Chandipura virus induces neuronal death through Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway. J Virol 2013; 87:12398-406. [PMID: 24027318 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV; genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) is an emerging tropical pathogen with a case fatality rate of 55 to 75% that predominantly affects children in the age group of 2 to 16 years. Although it has been established as a neurotropic virus causing encephalitis, the molecular pathology leading to neuronal death is unknown. The present study elucidates for the first time the mechanism of cell death in neurons after CHPV infection that answers the basic cause of CHPV-mediated neurodegeneration. Through various cell death assays in vitro and in vivo, a relationship between viral replication within neuron and neuronal apoptosis has been established. We report that expression of CHPV phosphoprotein increases up to 6 h postinfection and diminishes thereafter in neuronal cell lines, signifying the replicative phase of CHPV. Various analyses conducted during the investigation established that CHPV-infected neurons are undergoing apoptosis through an extrinsic pathway mediated through the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) following activation of caspase-8 and -3 and prominent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Knocking down the expression of caspase-3, the final executioner of apoptosis, in a neuronal cell line by endoribonuclease-prepared small interfering RNA (siRNA) validated its pivotal role in CHPV-mediated neurodegeneration by showing reduction in apoptosis after CHPV infection.
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