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Bakhshani A, Parande Shirvan S, Sadr S, Maleki M, Haghparast A, Borji H. Evaluating the Toxocara cati extract as a therapeutic agent for allergic airway inflammation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1307. [PMID: 38860753 PMCID: PMC11165684 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to helminth infections can reduce hypersensitivity in the immune system. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate the effects of Toxocara cati (T. cati) somatic products on allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Between 2018 and 2020, T. cati adult worms were collected from stray cats in Mashhad, Iran (31 out of 186 cats), and their somatic extract was collected. Thirty BALB/c mice were equally divided into three groups, including the OVA group (sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin), the somatic administered group (received somatic extract along with ovalbumin sensitization), and the PBS group (sensitized and challenged with phosphate buffer saline). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected to assess the number of cells, and lung homogenates were prepared for cytokine analysis. Histopathological analysis of the lungs was performed, and inflammatory cells and mucus were detected. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined using a capture ELISA. RESULTS The somatic group significantly decreased regarding the lung pathological changes, including peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and eosinophil influx, compared to the group treated with ovalbumin alone. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 and an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, indicating a shift toward a more balanced immune response. The number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid was also significantly reduced in the somatic group, indicating a decrease in inflammation. CONCLUSION These preclinical findings suggest that in experimental models, T. cati somatic extract exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating allergic airway inflammation. Its observed effects on immune response modulation and reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration warrant further investigation in clinical studies to assess its efficacy and safety in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bakhshani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Sima Parande Shirvan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Mohsen Maleki
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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Ngathaweesuk Y, Hendrikse J, Groot-Mijnes JDFD, de Boer JH, Hettinga YM. Causes of infectious pediatric uveitis: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:483-494. [PMID: 38182040 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Infectious pediatric uveitis is a rare disease that can cause severe ocular damage if not detected rapidly and treated properly. Additionally, early identification of an infection can protect the child from life-threatening systemic infection. Infectious uveitis can be congenital or acquired and may manifest as a primary ocular infection or as a reactivation. Nevertheless, publications on infectious paediatric uveitis are usually limited to a small number of patients or a case report. So far, most studies on uveitis in children have focused primarily on noninfectious uveitis, and a systematic study on infectious uveitis is lacking. In this review, we summarize the literature on infectious uveitis in pediatric populations and report on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, and treatment. We will describe the different possible pathogens causing uveitis in childhood by microbiological group (i.e. parasites, viruses, bacteria, and fungi). We aim to contribute to early diagnosis and management of infectious pediatric uveitis, which in turn might improve not only visual outcome, but also the general health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaninsiri Ngathaweesuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jytte Hendrikse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda Dorothea Francisca de Groot-Mijnes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Helena de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Henke K, Ntovas S, Xourgia E, Exadaktylos AK, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Ziaka M. Who Let the Dogs Out? Unmasking the Neglected: A Semi-Systematic Review on the Enduring Impact of Toxocariasis, a Prevalent Zoonotic Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6972. [PMID: 37947530 PMCID: PMC10649795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis remains an important neglected parasitic infection representing one of the most common zoonotic infections caused by the parasite Toxocara canis or, less frequently, by Toxocara cati. The epidemiology of the disease is complex due to its transmission route by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs or larvae from tissues from domestic or wild paratenic hosts. Even though the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control classified toxocariasis amongst the top six parasitic infections of priority to public health, global epidemiological data regarding the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Although the vast majority of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience a mild disease, the infection is associated with important health and socioeconomic consequences, particularly in underprivileged, tropical, and subtropical areas. Toxocariasis is a disease with multiple clinical presentations, which are classified into five distinct forms: the classical visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, common toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, and cerebral toxocariasis or neurotoxocariasis. Anthelmintic agents, for example, albendazole or mebendazole, are the recommended treatment, whereas a combination with topical or systemic corticosteroids for specific forms is suggested. Prevention strategies include educational programs, behavioral and hygienic changes, enhancement of the role of veterinarians, and anthelmintic regimens to control active infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Henke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600 Thun, Switzerland;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Sotirios Ntovas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, lnselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Xourgia
- Department of Heart Surgery, lnselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
| | - Mairi Ziaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thun Hospital, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 3600 Thun, Switzerland;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (S.N.); (A.K.E.); (J.K.-R.)
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4
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Lee Y, Song YS, Phi JH, Kim IO, Kim K. A case report of spinal toxocariasis with extensive tumor-like involvement. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:811-814. [PMID: 36319863 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is a common parasitic infection worldwide. Although it can present as several clinical syndromes, neurological manifestation is rare. Only a few reports are available on spinal cord involvement of toxocariasis. We report a case that presented with gait disturbance due to progressive lower limb spasticity. The patient had had visceral toxocariasis infection 8 years before. A spine magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed syringomyelia along the entire thoracic cord with small nodular enhancing lesions in the mid-portion of the syrinx, which led to the suspicion of ependymoma. Surgical mass removal was performed. However, histopathological examination of the mass did not show any malignant cells; instead, there were numerous axonal retraction balls with an eosinophilic granular body-like appearance. The serum antibody titer against toxocariasis was borderline high. Taken together, these observations led to a diagnosis of Toxocara infection, and the patient was treated with albendazole. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of tumor-like spinal toxocariasis involving extensive lesions. A solid enhancing mass with accompanied syrinx and hemorrhage might be a Toxocara infection. It can easily be diagnosed with serologic tests and simply be treated with oral albendazole if suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seop Song
- Seoul Gangnam Rehabilitation Clinic, 227 Seolleung-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06275, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In-One Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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de Moura MQ, da Cunha CNDO, de Sousa NFGC, Cruz LAX, Rheingantz MG, Walcher DL, Mattos GT, Martins LHR, de Ávila LFDC, Berne MEA, Scaini CJ. Immunomodulation in the intestinal mucosa of mice supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 7469) and infected with Toxocara canis. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152359. [PMID: 36857908 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the helminth Toxocara canis that shows different clinical manifestations as visceral, ocular, or neurological toxocariasis forms. Probiotics have been studied as alternatives to prevent and treat this parasitosis. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a prospect that presents immunomodulatory activity that acts to strengthen the intestinal barrier. In this context, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the protective capacity and immunomodulatory action of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus at the level of the intestinal mucosa in different stages of T. canis infection (acute and chronic). Mice were supplemented by oral gavage with 1 × 107 UFC/mL L. rhamnosus for 15 days before inoculation with 100 embryonated eggs of T. canis. Euthanasia of mice was conducted at three different time points: 2, 15 and 30 days post-inoculation (PI). The brain, lungs and liver were collected to evaluate the intensity of infection. The small intestines were removed, and mucosal cells of the duodenum were collected to perform gene analysis of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Jejunum and ileum segments were analysed by histological techniques. A reduction of 51% in infection intensity was observed in the tissue of supplemented animals evaluated 2 days PI; however, analysis of groups 15 and 30 days PI did not show a protective effect. The intestinal mucosa of supplemented animals presented an inflammatory process that initiated at 2 days PI, persisted at 15 days PI and had regressed at 30 days PI. IL-13 transcription was increased in the probiotic group 2 days after supplementation ended; however, the same increase was not observed in the group that was supplemented and infected. Toxocara canis modulated the local immune system, with suppression of IFN-γ at 2 days PI and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 at 15 days PI. These results indicate that, under the studied conditions, the protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus against infection caused by T. canis is not related to IL-4, IL-10 or IFN-γ but could be influenced by IL-13 action at 2 days PI. The probiotic stimulated immune cell recruitment to the intestinal mucosa, which can be involved in the diminished capacity of larval penetration in the mucosa, resulting in the reduced infection intensity observed during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaele Quintana de Moura
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Netto de Oliveira da Cunha
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Augusto Xavier Cruz
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Rheingantz
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Liliane Walcher
- Post-Graduate Program in Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Mattos
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Helena Rodrigues Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Farias da Costa de Ávila
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
- Post-Graduate Program in Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Parasitology Laboratory, Federal Univesity of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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6
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Walcher DL, de Sousa NFGC, Rocha LS, Mattos GT, Klafke GB, Scaini JLR, Berne MEA, Avila LFC, Scaini CJ. LARVICIDE ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLUS SPP. AND SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII SUPERNATANTS ON TOXOCARA CANIS. J Parasitol 2023; 109:15-19. [PMID: 36805241 DOI: 10.1645/20-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated the potential of probiotics to control visceral toxocariasis, which is a tissue parasitosis that is difficult to treat. This study evaluated the in vitro activity of probiotics and their supernatants on Toxocara canis larvae. The probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 7469), Lactobacillus paracasei (ATCC 335), Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi were tested in the following preparations: probiotic (P) 1 × 102 to 1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFUs), inactivated probiotic (IP) 1 × 102 to 1 × 109 CFUs, supernatant probiotic (SUpP), and inactivated probiotic supernatant (SupIP). The probiotics and their respective supernatants were separately incubated with 100 T. canis larvae per well using microculture plates with RPMI-1640 medium for 48 hr at 37 C and 5% CO2. The evaluation of the in vitro tests was based on the viability of T. canis larvae, through morphologic integrity, positive motility, and the absence of trypan blue stain. Only culture supernatants (SUpP and SUpIP) of Lactobacillus spp. resulted in 100% dead larvae, whereas S. boulardii showed larvicidal activity in T. canis >70%. The rest of the tests did not show larvicide activity. Therefore, it is important to investigate the supernatant effects of Lactobacillus spp. and S. boulardii in vivo on T. canis visceral infections, their mechanisms of action, and major metabolites involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Walcher
- Post-Graduate Program in Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - N F G C de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Medicine-School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - L S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Medicine-School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - G T Mattos
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Academic Area of the University Hospital-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - G B Klafke
- Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Academic Area of the University Hospital-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - J L R Scaini
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Academic Area of the University Hospital-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - M E A Berne
- Post-Graduate Program in Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - L F C Avila
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Academic Area of the University Hospital-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
| | - C J Scaini
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences-Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Academic Area of the University Hospital-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96203900
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Mesa-Arango JA, Olave-Velandia AM, García-Montoya GM, Isaza-Agudelo JP, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Alzate JF. Evaluation of new Toxocara canis chimeric antigens as an alternative to conventional TES-Ag for anti- Toxocara antibodies detection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11144. [PMID: 36299519 PMCID: PMC9589186 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is one of the neglected helminthiases and it is caused by the zoonotic roundworm species Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Diagnosis of human toxocariasis is based on the combination of clinical, parasitological, and epidemiological criteria, as well as serology tests that detect anti-Toxocara antibodies. Notwithstanding, due to the absence of pathognomonic symptoms and signs of the disease, serology is the key evidence to support a conclusive diagnosis. TES-ELISA is the most widely used serological test for diagnosis. However, cross-reaction of TES antigens with antibodies produced to other helminth antigens is a major drawback for its application in countries with high parasitic prevalence. T. canis recombinant antigens have been described as an alternative to native TES for diagnosis. Nevertheless, the selection of antigenic proteins is a complex process that requires validation. In this paper, we developed an eGFP carrier-based system to express and purify blocks of recombinant polypeptides of T. canis antigenic proteins. Intense cross-reaction polypeptides were detected by Immunoblot and avoided to finally produce a chimeric prototype protein. Additionally, a control chimeric protein that harbors the complete tested proteins was produced. Purified chimeric antigens were tested in ELISA and Immunoblot assays with 310 sera samples of negative and positive control individuals. Our results showed that chimeric rCHITC0 and rCHITC1 antigens (with sensitivities of 62% 58%, 38% and 16% in IB-rCHITC0, ELISA-rCHITC0, ELISA-rCHITC1 and IB-rCHITC1 respectively for OLMS) can perform better in terms of specificity (being 91%, 89%, 87% and 76% for ELISA-rCHITC1, IB-rCHITC1, ELISA-rCHITC0 and IB-rCHITC0 respectively for OLMS) than T. canis TES-ELISA (with 61% specificity), giving a higher signal with serum samples of infected individuals as well the possibility to discriminate false positive cases with other parasitic infections. Our data suggest that T. canis chimeric proteins, represent candidate antigens for phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A. Mesa-Arango
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana M. Olave-Velandia
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gisela M. García-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan P. Isaza-Agudelo
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia,Corresponding author.
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8
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Phuc LDV, Hai TX, Loi CB, Quang HH, Vinh LD, Le TA. The kinetic profile of clinical and laboratory findings and treatment outcome of patients with toxocariasis. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1419-1426. [PMID: 34370367 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis for which a chemotherapy decision and therapy effectiveness are difficult to determine. We aimed to investigate the kinetic profile of clinical and laboratory findings and treatment outcome of patients with toxocariasis in Vietnam. METHODS The prospective study was conducted between October 2017 and June 2019. The diagnosis of toxocariasis was established based on clinical, laboratory (eosinophilia, raised IgE concentration) and serological (positive Toxocara IgG ELISA) evaluation as well as the exclusion of another helminthic co-infection. The patients were followed up after seven days, then one, three and six months after chemotherapy by thiabendazole. RESULTS The study involved 80 patients with a mean age of 41.6 ± 15.2 years of whom 58.8% were female. At three and six months after chemotherapy, most patients demonstrated resolution of clinical signs and symptoms, eosinophil count and IgE concentration but not in the proportion of IgG seropositivity. Skin lesions and eosinophilia resolved earlier than the other symptoms (one month after treatment). About four-fifths of the patients were "cured" after three and six months of follow-up; 33.8% showed side effects to thiabendazole therapy but no severe events were reported. The most common adverse reaction was neurologic symptoms followed by gastrointestinal or skin manifestations which lasted as long as 4 days. CONCLUSIONS In toxocariasis patients, cutaneous manifestations and eosinophilia resolve more rapidly than other clinical and laboratory findings while IgG titre has a very slow kinetic after therapy. Thiabendazole seems to be a potential alternative for the treatment of human toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tang Xuan Hai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nghe An Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Vinh, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | - Cao Ba Loi
- Scientific and Training Management Department, National Institute of Malaria, Parasitology and Entomology of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Binh Dinh, Vietnam
| | - Le Duc Vinh
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran-Anh Le
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Abstract
Probiotics have been shown to reduce the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in mice. However, larval transmission of this nematode also occurs via transplacental and transmammary routes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic on the vertical transmission of T. canis in Swiss mice. The mice received 107S. boulardii colony-forming units per gram of food. The supplementation began 15 days before mating and was maintained throughout pregnancy and lactation. The animals were inoculated with 300 T. canis embryonated eggs on the 14th day of pregnancy. The presence of larvae was examined in the organs of the females and their offspring. The examined organs included the following: brain, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, spleen, eye, skeletal muscle (carcass) and mammary glands of lactating females. There was a 42% (P = 0.041) reduction in the number of larvae transmitted to offspring in the group that received probiotic-supplemented food (GI). Additionally, there was a 50% reduction (P = 0.023) in the number of larvae found in the brains of lactating offspring in the GI group. These results reveal the potential of S. boulardii probiotic use as an auxiliary method of controlling visceral toxocariasis.
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Cadore PS, Walcher DL, Sousa NFGCD, Martins LHR, Hora VPD, Groll AV, Moura MQD, Berne MEA, Avila LFDCD, Scaini CJ. Protective effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in BALB/c mice infected with Toxocara canis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e9. [PMID: 33533812 PMCID: PMC7845935 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxocariasis consists of chronic tissue parasitosis that is difficult to treat and control. This study aimed to evaluate the action of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on larvae of Toxocara canis and the effect of IFN-γ cytokine on parasite-host in vivo (1.109 CFU) and in vitro (1.106, 1.107, 1.108, 1.109 CFU) interactions. Four groups of six BALB/c mice were formed: G1 - L. acidophilus supplementation and T. canis infection; G2 - T. canis infection; G3 - L. acidophilus supplementation; and G4 - PBS administration. Mice were intragastrically suplemented with probiotics for 15 days before inoculation and 48 h after inoculation with 100 T. canis eggs. The inoculation of T. canis was also perfomed intragastrically. The recovery of larvae took place through digestion of liver and lung tissues; the evaluation of IFN-γ gene transcription in leukocytes was performed by qPCR. The in vitro test consisted of incubating the probiotic with T. canis larvae. The supplementation of probiotics produced a reduction of 57.7% (p = 0.025) in the intensity of infection of T. canis larvae in mice, whereas in the in vitro test, there was no larvicidal effect. In addition, a decrease in the IFN-γ gene transcription was observed in both, T. canis-infected and uninfected mice, regardless of whether or not they received supplementation. The probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 reduced T. canis infection intensity in mice, however, the probiotic did not have a direct effect on larvae, demonstrating the need of interaction with the host for the beneficial effect of the probiotic to occur. Yet, the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ did not apparently contributed to the observed beneficial effect of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva Cadore
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Liliane Walcher
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Lourdes Helena Rodrigues Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada da Hora
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrea Von Groll
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Micaele Quintana de Moura
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Farias da Costa de Avila
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Área Acadêmica do Hospital Universitário, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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11
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Wang H, Tao Y. Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in Northern Chinese Patients with Peripheral Granuloma Type of Ocular Toxocariasis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:1259-1264. [PMID: 33185484 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1804592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the clinical features and probable factors associated with recurrence within 6 months in northern Chinese ocular toxocariasis (OT) patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study (38 OT eyes) was conducted. Clinical features, aqueous inflammatory cytokines, complications, and parameters associated with recurrence after treatment were analyzed. RESULTS The initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was related to the anterior inflammation grade at the onset (P = .028). The mean BCVA and anterior inflammation improved significantly (P < .05) after treatment. The OT eyes had higher aqueous humor cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) compared with the normal eyes (P < .001). More severe anterior inflammation grade or longer duration of uveitis were more likely to increase the probability of recurrence (P = .008 and P = .025), TA injection during/after vitreous surgery can reduce the probability of recurrence (P = .031). CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of vitreoretinal surgery, steroids, and albendazole therapy may reduce inflammation and recurrence of OT effectively.Abbreviations: BCVA: best-corrected visual acuity; BFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; CFT: central foveal thickness; CI: confidence interval; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ERM: epiretinal membrane; IOP: intraocular pressure; IQR: interquartile range; IL: interleukin; LFM: laser flare meter; MH: macular hole; OCT: optical coherence tomography; OR: odds ratio; OT: ocular toxocariasis; RD: retinal detachment; TA: triamcinolone acetonide; TCLA: Toxocara canis larva crude antigen; TGF: transforming growth factor; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Mesenchymal stem cells combined with albendazole as a novel therapeutic approach for experimental neurotoxocariasis. Parasitology 2020; 147:799-809. [PMID: 32178741 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxocariasis (NT) is a serious condition that has been linked to reduced cognitive function, behavioural alterations and neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, the available drugs to treat toxocariasis are limited with unsatisfactory results, because of the initiation of treatment at late chronic stages after the occurrence of tissue damage and scars. Therefore, searching for a new therapy for this important disease is an urgent necessity. In this context, cytotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases and tissue damages through the introduction of new cells into the damaged sites. They exert therapeutic effects by their capability of renewal, differentiation into specialized cells, and being powerful immunomodulators. The most popular cell type utilized in cytotherapy is the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) type. In the current study, the efficacy of MSCs alone or combined with albendazole was evaluated against chronic brain insults induced by Toxocara canis infection in an experimental mouse model. Interestingly, MSCs combined with albendazole demonstrated a healing effect on brain inflammation, gliosis, apoptosis and significantly reduced brain damage biomarkers (S100B and GFAP) and T. canis DNA. Thus, MSCs would be protective against the development of subsequent neurodegenerative diseases with chronic NT.
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13
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Baalbaki M, El Najjar M, Atweh S, El Ayoubi NK. Toxocara infection in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in the Middle East. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217319855757. [PMID: 35145728 PMCID: PMC8822452 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319855757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is to rule out a heterogeneous variety of multiple sclerosis mimickers, which is crucial in the era of powerful immune-modulator treatments. In this review, we discuss the background of toxocariasis in general, present central nervous system Toxocara infection as one of the multiple sclerosis mimickers in the Middle East, and share our experience about the diagnosis and management of this condition. This entity seems very relevant in a region such as the Middle East, where displacement of populations and conflict can result in non-hygienic food and water management bundles. The diagnosis should be entertained, especially when assessing patients with myelopathy. The presence of a single lesion in the spinal cord with inflammatory features should prompt serological testing for Toxocara IgG and IgM in serum and the cerebrospinal fluid. This infection is treatable, with the regimen of high-dose albendazole being one of the most accepted treatments. Although most cases exhibit a good prognosis, some have residual deficits localized to the affected spinal cord level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayssam El Najjar
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Samir Atweh
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Nabil K El Ayoubi
- American University of Beirut, Cairo street, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
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14
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Llanes KKR, Besana CM, Paller VGV. Larval distribution, migratory pattern and histological effects of Toxocara canis in Rattus norvegicus. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:679-685. [PMID: 31749540 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The common dog roundworm Toxocara canis can infect other animals and humans which may act as their paratenic and accidental hosts, respectively. Larvae do not further develop to adult worms in these hosts. Instead, they undergo migration to various body organs, causing the neglected parasitic disease known as toxocariasis. Although rats are considered as potential paratenic hosts of the parasite, there are only few studies which utilized Rattus norvegicus (Sprague-Dawley strain) for experimental infections involving toxocariasis. This study aimed to determine whether T. canis could establish in Sprague-Dawley rats artificially infected with 500 T. canis embryonated eggs and if the animals can be used as animal models for toxocariasis. Following squash method and tissue digestion, larvae were recovered from the lungs, liver and brain of the infected rats. Furthermore, gross examination of organs revealed macroscopic lesions and hemorrhages in the lungs and brain. Microscopically, accumulation of inflammatory cells, thickening of alveoli lining and destruction of bronchial walls and hepatic necrosis were observed. This study showed that T. canis has established in Sprague-Dawley rats and could serve as a model for Toxocara infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennesa Klariz R Llanes
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
| | - Cyrelle M Besana
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
- 2Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato 9407 Philippines
| | - Vachel Gay V Paller
- 1Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
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15
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Ruiz-Manzano RA, Hernández-Cervantes R, Del Río-Araiza VH, Palacios-Arreola MI, Nava-Castro KE, Morales-Montor J. Immune response to chronic Toxocara canis infection in a mice model. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12672. [PMID: 31557337 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The zoonotic nematode Toxocara canis causes larva migrans syndrome that induces an immune response characterized by the production of antibodies and eosinophilia. A Th2 polarization has been associated with the infection, but there are still details of the cellular and humoral immune response that need to be described. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the systemic host immune response to T canis chronic infection in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were inoculated once with 500 T canis embryonated eggs, per os. After 49 days, the amounts of larval found in brain and muscle tissues were statistically two and four times higher, respectively, than the amounts found in lung, liver, kidney or heart tissues. Splenic proportions of F4/80+ cells, as well as B, cytotoxic T and CD4+ Foxp3+ lymphocytes, were statistically higher (P ≤ .05, P ≤ .01, P ≤ .001 and P ≤ .001, respectively) as compared with control mice. In lymph nodes, some of these proportions changed, with the exception of F4/80+ cells. IgG1 levels in infected mice sera were increased. IL-4, IL-10 and VEGF levels were statistically higher in spleen (P ≤ .05, all) and sera (P ≤ .01, P ≤ .05 and P ≤ .05, respectively) in the infected mice. Also, in infected animals, IL-5 serum levels were increased (P ≤ .01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that T canis chronic infection in BALB/c mice results in a type 2 response with an incipient regulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor Hugo Del Río-Araiza
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Departamento de Genotoxicología, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Departamento de Genotoxicología, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Rostami A, Ma G, Wang T, Koehler AV, Hofmann A, Chang BCH, Macpherson CN, Gasser RB. Human toxocariasis - A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological 'prism'. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:104002. [PMID: 31412276 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxocariasis, a disease caused by infection with larvae of Toxocara canis, T. cati and/or congeners, represents clinical syndromes in humans including visceral and ocular larva migrans, neurotoxocariasis and covert/common toxocariasis. It is reported to be one of the most widespread public health and economically important zoonotic parasitic infections that humans share with dogs, wild canids, including foxes, and possibly other mammals. Humans become infected by accidental ingestion of embryonated Toxocara eggs, or larvae from tissues from domestic or wild paratenic hosts. Most infections are asymptomatic, and human disease may go unnoticed, as clinical investigation is often not pursued and/or diagnostic testing not conducted. Sometimes toxocariasis can be associated with complications, such as allergic and/or neurological disorders, possibly including cognitive or developmental delays in children. There is no anti-toxocariasis vaccine, and chemotherapy in humans varies, depending on symptoms and location of larvae, and may include the administration of albendazole or mebendazole, together with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Some recent studies indicate that toxocariasis is having an increased, adverse impact on human health in some, particularly underprivileged, tropical and subtropical communities around the world. Although tens of millions of people, especially children, are expected to be exposed to, or infected with Toxocara species, there is limited precise epidemiological data or information on the relationship between seropositivity and disease (toxocariasis) on a global scale. To gain an improved insight into this area, the present article reviews salient clinical aspects of human toxocariasis and the epidemiology of this disease, with particular reference to seroprevalence, and discusses future research and approaches/measures to understand and prevent/control this socioeconomically important, yet neglected zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Calum N Macpherson
- School of Graduate Studies, St. George's University, Grenada; School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada; Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, Grenada
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Ma G, Jiang A, Luo Y, Luo Y, Huang H, Zhou R. Aquaporin 1 is located on the intestinal basolateral membrane in Toxocara canis and might play a role in drug uptake. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:243. [PMID: 31101125 PMCID: PMC6525457 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water and other small solutes across cell membranes. AQPs appear to play crucial roles in parasite survival and represent possible drug targets for novel intervention strategy. In this work, we investigated the tissue distribution and biological roles of an aquaporin TcAQP1 in the neglected parasitic nematode Toxocara canis. Methods Recombinant C-terminal hydrophilic domain of AQP1 of T. canis (rTcAQP1c) and polyclonal antibody against rTcAQP1c were produced to analyse the tissue expression of native TcAQP1 in adult (female and male) worms using an immunohistochemical approach. RNA interference (RNAi), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and nematocidal assays were performed to investigate the functional roles of TcAQP1 in the adult stage of T. canis. Results Immunofluorescence analysis showed that TcAQP1 was localised predominantly in the epithelial linings of the reproductive tract and basolateral membrane of the intestine in the adult stage (female and male) of T. canis, indicating important roles in reproduction, nutrient absorption and/or osmoregulation. Treatment with silencing RNA for 24 h resulted in a significant reduction of Tc-aqp-1 mRNA level in adult T. canis, though no phenotypical change was observed. The efficient gene knockdown compromised the nematocidal activity of albendazole in vitro, suggesting the role of TcAQP1 in drug uptake. Conclusions The findings of this study provide important information about tissue expression and functional roles of TcAQP1 protein in adult T. canis. Understanding the biological functions of this protein in other developmental stages of T. canis and related parasitic nematodes would contribute to the discovery of novel diagnostic or anthelmintic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Aiyun Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfang Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Luo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hancheng Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China
| | - Rongqiong Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, The People's Republic of China.
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Yoon SY, Baek S, Park SY, Shin B, Kwon HS, Cho YS, Moon HB, Kim TB. Clinical course and treatment outcomes of toxocariasis-related eosinophilic disorder. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12361. [PMID: 30212995 PMCID: PMC6156049 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood eosinophilia is a common clinical finding. Helminthic infections, including toxocariasis, are a common cause of eosinophilia; however, the clinical course of toxocariasis associated with eosinophilia is not fully understood. Thus, controversies exist regarding treatment indications.To evaluate the clinical features and natural course of various types of eosinophilia, with a particular focus on toxocariasis, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1000 patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia who were referred to the allergy clinic at Asan Medical Center between 2007 and 2012. Clinical parameters and imaging study findings were evaluated. The treatment response to albendazole and resulting changes in eosinophilia and imaging studies were analyzed in patients diagnosed with toxocariasis.Among the 1000 subjects, toxocariasis was the most common cause of eosinophilia (n = 534; 53.4%), followed by allergic disease and adverse drug reactions. The majority of patients with toxocariasis were men, and they were mostly asymptomatic. More than one-third of patients (n = 215; 40.3%) with toxocariasis exhibited organ involvement, particularly hepatic involvement. In most cases of eosinophilia and organ involvement due to toxocariasis, the symptoms normalized regardless of treatment.Most cases of eosinophilia related to toxocariasis displayed a self-remitting course regardless of treatment. With the exception of several clinical situations, including ocular involvement, the clinical need for anti-helminthic therapy in toxocariasis is not that significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
- Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju
| | - Seunghee Baek
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Y. Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Bomi Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hyouk-Soo Kwon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - You S. Cho
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hee-Bom Moon
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Tae-Bum Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
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Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:59. [PMID: 29895324 PMCID: PMC5998503 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide, especially in impoverished communities. This disease is caused by infection with the larvae of Toxocara canis and T. cati, the most ubiquitous intestinal nematode parasite in dogs and cats, respectively. In this article, recent advances in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and pharmacotherapies that have been used in the treatment of toxocariasis are reviewed. Main text Over the past two decades, we have come far in our understanding of the biology and epidemiology of toxocariasis. However, lack of laboratory infrastructure in some countries, lack of uniform case definitions and limited surveillance infrastructure are some of the challenges that hindered the estimation of global disease burden. Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. Incorrect or misdiagnosis of any of these disabling conditions can result in severe health consequences and considerable medical care spending. Fortunately, multiple diagnostic modalities are available, which if effectively used together with the administration of appropriate pharmacologic therapies, can minimize any unnecessary patient morbidity. Conclusions Although progress has been made in the management of toxocariasis patients, there remains much work to be done. Implementation of new technologies and better understanding of the pathogenesis of toxocariasis can identify new diagnostic biomarkers, which may help in increasing diagnostic accuracy. Also, further clinical research breakthroughs are needed to develop better ways to effectively control and prevent this serious disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Luo YL, Ma GX, Luo YF, Kuang CY, Jiang AY, Li GQ, Zhou RQ. Tissue expression pattern of ABCG transporter indicates functional roles in reproduction of Toxocara canis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:775-782. [PMID: 29423531 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are integral membrane proteins which involve in a range of biological processes in various organisms. In present study, the full-length coding sequence of abcg-5 gene of T. canis (Tc-abcg-5) was cloned and characterized. A 633 aa polypeptide containing two conserved Walker A and Walker B motifs was predicted from a continuous 1902 nt open reading frame. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to determine the transcriptional levels of Tc-abcg-5 gene in adult male and female worms, which indicated high mRNA level of Tc-abcg-5 in the reproductive tract of adult female T. canis. Tc-abcg-5 was expressed to produce rabbit polyclonal antiserum against recombinant TcABCG5. Indirect-fluorescence immunohistochemical assays were carried out to detect the tissue distribution of TcABCG5, which showed predominant distribution of TcABCG5 in the uterus (especially in the germ cells) of adult female T. canis. Tissue transcription and expression pattern of Tc-abcg-5 indicated that Tc-abcg-5 might play essential roles in the reproduction of this parasitic nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Luo
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Xu Ma
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yong-Fang Luo
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce-Yan Kuang
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Yun Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rong-Qiong Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China.
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Ma G, Holland CV, Wang T, Hofmann A, Fan CK, Maizels RM, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB. Human toxocariasis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e14-e24. [PMID: 28781085 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Toxocara are socioeconomically important zoonotic pathogens. These parasites are usually directly transmitted to the human host via the faecal-oral route and can cause toxocariasis and associated complications, including allergic and neurological disorders. Although tens of millions of people are estimated to be exposed to or infected with Toxocara spp, global epidemiological information on the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Recent findings suggest that the effect of toxocariasis on human health is increasing in some countries. Here we review the salient background on Toxocara and biology, summarise key aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of toxocariasis, describe what is known about its geographic distribution and prevalence, and make some recommendations for future research towards the prevention and control of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Celia V Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine & Research Center of International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Evaluation of the transcription of interleukin-12 in the intestinal mucosa of mice subjected to experimental toxocariasis and supplemented with Saccharomyces boulardii. Vet Parasitol 2017; 242:59-62. [PMID: 28606326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of Toxocara canis. J Helminthol 2017; 92:154-160. [PMID: 28434412 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara canis is an important but neglected zoonotic parasite, and is the causative agent of human toxocariasis. Chondroitin proteoglycans are biological macromolecules, widely distributed in extracellular matrices, with a great diversity of functions in mammals. However, there is limited information regarding chondroitin proteoglycans in nematode parasites. In the present study, a female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 gene of T. canis (Tc-cpg-2) was cloned and characterized. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to measure the transcription levels of Tc-cpg-2 among tissues of male and female adult worms. A 485-amino-acid (aa) polypeptide was predicted from a continuous 1458-nuleotide open reading frame and designated as TcCPG2, which contains a 21-aa signal peptide. Conserved domain searching indicated three chitin-binding peritrophin-A (CBM_14) domains in the amino acid sequence of TcCPG2. Multiple alignment with the inferred amino acid sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum showed that CBM_14 domains were well conserved among these species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TcCPG2 was closely related to the sequence of chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of A. suum. Interestingly, a high level of Tc-cpg-2 was detected in female germline tissues, particularly in the oviduct, suggesting potential roles of this gene in reproduction (e.g. oogenesis and embryogenesis) of adult T. canis. The functional roles of Tc-cpg-2 in reproduction and development in this parasite and related parasitic nematodes warrant further functional studies.
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Jang EY, Choi MS, Gwak GY, Koh KC, Paik SW, Lee JH, Paik YH, Yoo BC. Enhanced resolution of eosinophilic liver abscess associated with toxocariasis by albendazole treatment. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 65:222-8. [PMID: 25896156 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2015.65.4.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Visceral larva migrans, caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, has emerged as a significant cause of eosinophilic liver abscess (ELA). Differentiation of ELA associated with toxocariasis (ELA-T) from metastasis or primary liver malignancy is sometimes difficult. However, the role of albendazole treatment remains uncertain in this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether albendazole can enhance the radiologic resolution of ELA-T. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients diagnosed with ELA-T at our institution between January 2008 and December 2011. ELA-T was diagnosed based on the imaging findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and the presence of positive serum IgG antibody for Toxocara canis. Among a total of 163 patients, 32 patients received albendazole (albendazole group) and 131 did not (control group). Baseline characteristics and fate of liver nodules were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Baseline characteristics (age, sex, number and maximal size of lesions, eosinophil count) were similar between the two groups. Median duration for achieving radiologic resolution in the albendazole group was significantly shorter than in the control group (207 days [range 186-228] vs. 302 days [range 224-380], p=0.023). In Cox regression analysis of the cumulative rates of radiologic resolution, the hazard ratio for albendazole treatment was 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.23). CONCLUSIONS Radiologic resolution of ELA-T can be accelerated with albendazole treatment. Hence, inconvenience associated with long-term follow-up and unnecessary worries among patients can be eliminated with albendazole treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Seok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum Youn Gwak
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Cheol Koh
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woon Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hyeok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Han Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lescano SAZ, Santos SVD, Assis JML, Chieffi PP. EFFICACY OF NITAZOXANIDE AGAINST Toxocara canis: LARVAL RECOVERY AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MICE. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:337-41. [PMID: 26422159 PMCID: PMC4616920 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of nitazoxanide (NTZ) against toxocariasis was investigated in an experimental murine model and results were compared to those obtained using mebendazole. Sixty male BALB/c mice, aged six to eight weeks-old, were divided into groups of 10 each; fifty were orally infected with 300 larvaed eggs of T. canisand grouped as follows, G I: infected untreated mice; G II: infected mice treated with MBZ (15 mg/kg/day) 10 days postinfection (dpi); G III: infected mice treated with NTZ (20 mg/kg/day) 10 dpi; G IV: infected mice treated with MBZ 60 dpi; G V: infected mice treated with NTZ 60 dpi; GVI: control group comprising uninfected mice. Mice were bled via retro-orbital plexus on four occasions between 30 and 120 dpi. Sera were processed using the ELISA technique to detect IgG anti- Toxocaraantibodies. At 120 dpi, mice were sacrificed for larval recovery in the CNS, liver, lungs, kidneys, eyes and carcass. Results showed similar levels of anti- ToxocaraIgG antibodies among mice infected but not submitted to treatment and groups treated with MBZ or NTZ, 10 and 60 dpi. Larval recovery showed similar values in groups treated with NTZ and MBZ 10 dpi. MBZ showed better efficacy 60 dpi, with a 72.6% reduction in the parasite load compared with NTZ, which showed only 46.5% reduction. We conclude that administration of these anthelmintics did not modify the humoral response in experimental infection by T. canis. No parasitological cure was observed with either drug; however, a greater reduction in parasite load was achieved following treatment with MBZ.
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Abstract
Human toxocarosis is a chronic tissue parasitosis most often caused by Toxocara canis. The seroprevalence can reach up to 50%, especially among children and adolescents. The anthelmintics used in the treatment have moderate efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of quinones and their derivatives against T. canis larvae and the cytotoxicity of the larvicidal compounds. The compounds were evaluated at 1 mg mL(-1) concentration in microculture plates containing third stage larvae in an Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 environment, incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 tension for 48 h. Five naphthoxiranes were selected for the cytotoxicity analysis. The cell viability evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays using murine peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice revealed that the naphthoxiranes (1 and 3) were less cytotoxic at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL(-1). The efficacy of naphthoxiranes (1 and 3) was examined in murine toxocarosis also. The anthelmintic activity was examined by evaluating the number of larvae in the brain, carcass, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and eyes. Compound (3) demonstrated anthelmintic activity similar to that of albendazole by decreasing the number of larvae in the organs of mice and thus could form the basis of the development of a new anthelmintic drug.
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Mata-Santos T, D'Oca CDRM, Mata-Santos HA, Fenalti J, Pinto N, Coelho T, Berne ME, da Silva PEA, D'Oca MGM, Scaini CJ. Toxocara canis: Larvicidal activity of fatty acid amides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:739-741. [PMID: 26783180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering the therapeutic potential of fatty acid amides, the present study aimed to evaluate their in vitro activity against Toxocara canis larvae and their cytotoxicity for the first time. Linoleylpyrrolidilamide was the most potent, with a minimal larvicidal concentration (MLC) of 0.05 mg/mL and 27% cytotoxicity against murine peritoneal macrophages C57BL/6 mice, as assessed by the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Mata-Santos
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil.
| | - Caroline da Ros Montes D'Oca
- Laboratory Kolbe of Organic Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Hílton Antônio Mata-Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Pharmacy College, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fenalti
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Nitza Pinto
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Coelho
- Center for Research and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Berne
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- Center for Research and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gonçalves Montes D'Oca
- Laboratory Kolbe of Organic Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Mata-Santos T, Pinto NF, Mata-Santos HA, De Moura KG, Carneiro PF, Carvalho TDS, Del Rio KP, Pinto MDCFR, Martins LR, Fenalti JM, Da Silva PEA, Scaini CJ. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF LAPACHOL, β-LAPACHONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES AGAINST Toxocara canis LARVAE. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200958 PMCID: PMC4544242 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintics used for intestinal helminthiasis treatment are generally effective; however, their effectiveness in tissue parasitosis (i.e. visceral toxocariasis) is moderate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of lapachol, β-lapachone and phenazines in relation to the viability of Toxocara canis larvae. A concentration of 2 mg/mL (in duplicate) of the compounds was tested using microculture plates containing Toxocara canis larvae in an RPMI-1640 environment, incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 tension for 48 hours. In the 2 mg/mL concentration, four phenazines, lapachol and three of its derivatives presented a larvicide/larvistatic activity of 100%. Then, the minimum larvicide/larvistatic concentration (MLC) test was conducted. The compounds that presented the best results were nor-lapachol (MLC, 1 mg/mL), lapachol (MLC 0.5 mg/mL), β-lapachone, and β-C-allyl-lawsone (MLC, 0.25 mg/mL). The larvae exposed to the compounds, at best MLC with 100% in vitro activity larvicide, were inoculated into healthy BALB/c mice and were not capable of causing infection, confirming the larvicide potential in vitro of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Mata-Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Nitza França Pinto
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Hilton Antônio Mata-Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kelly Gallan De Moura
- Núcleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Dos Santos Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina Pena Del Rio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Lourdes Rodrigues Martins
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Montelli Fenalti
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos James Scaini
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Zhu XQ, Young ND. Harnessing the Toxocara Genome to Underpin Toxocariasis Research and New Interventions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:87-110. [PMID: 27015948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic worms, such as flatworms (platyhelminths) and roundworms (nematodes), cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals and people globally. The ascaridoid nematode Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite of socioeconomic significance worldwide. In humans, this worm causes toxocariasis (disease) mainly in underprivileged communities in both the developed and developing worlds. While reasonably well studied from clinical and epidemiological perspectives, little is understood about the molecular biology of T. canis, its relationship with its hosts and the disease that it causes. However, a recent report of the draft genome and transcriptomes of T. canis should underpin many fundamental and applied research areas in the future. The present article gives a background on Toxocara and toxocariasis, a brief account of diagnostic approaches for specific identification and genetic analysis, and gives a perspective on the impact that the genome of T. canis and advanced molecular technologies could have on our understanding of the parasite and the diseases that it causes as well as the design of new and improved approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and control of toxocariasis.
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Baneth G, Thamsborg SM, Otranto D, Guillot J, Blaga R, Deplazes P, Solano-Gallego L. Major Parasitic Zoonoses Associated with Dogs and Cats in Europe. J Comp Pathol 2015; 155:S54-74. [PMID: 26687277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most important zoonotic infectious diseases are associated with parasites transmitted from companion animals to man. This review describes the main parasitic zoonoses in Europe related to dogs and cats, with particular emphasis on their current epidemiology. Toxoplasmosis, leishmaniosis, giardiosis, echinococcosis, dirofilariosis and toxocariosis are described from the animal, as well as from the human host perspectives, with an emphasis on parasite life cycle, transmission, pathogenicity, prevention and identification of knowledge gaps. In addition, priorities for research and intervention in order to decrease the risks and burden of these diseases are presented. Preventing zoonotic parasitic infections requires an integrated multidisciplinary 'One Health' approach involving collaboration between veterinary and medical scientists, policy makers and public health officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - S M Thamsborg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Veterinary Parasitology Research Group, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - D Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - J Guillot
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Department of Parasitology, BioPole d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - R Blaga
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Department of Parasitology, BioPole d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Resende NM, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Barbosa FS, Oliveira LM, Nogueira DS, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Gonçalves MTP, Amorim CCO, Oliveira FMS, Caliari MV, Rachid MA, Volpato GT, Bueno LL, Geiger SM, Fujiwara RT. New insights into the immunopathology of early Toxocara canis infection in mice. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:354. [PMID: 26135397 PMCID: PMC4494798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nematodes of the genus Toxocara are cosmopolitan roundworms frequently found in dogs and cats. Toxocara spp. can accidentally infect humans and cause a zoonosis called human toxocariasis, which is characterized by visceral, ocular or cerebral migration of larval stages of the parasite, without completing its life cycle. In general, chronic nematode infections induce a polarized TH2 immune response. However, during the initial phase of infection, a strong pro-inflammatory response is part of the immunological profile and might determine the outcome and/or pathology of the infection. Methods Parasitological aspects and histopathology during larval migration were evaluated after early T. canis experimental infection of BALB/c mice, which were inoculated via the intra-gastric route with a single dose of 1000 fully embryonated eggs. Innate immune responses and systemic cytokine patterns (TH1, TH2, TH17 and regulatory cytokines) were determined at different times after experimental challenge by sandwich ELISA. Results We found that experimental infection with T. canis induced a mix of innate inflammatory/TH17/TH2 responses during early infection, with a predominance of the latter. The TH2 response was evidenced by significant increases in cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-33, in addition to increasing levels of IL-6 and IL-17. No significant increases were observed for IL-10, TNF-α or IFN-γ levels. In parallel, parasitological analysis clearly revealed the pattern of larval migration through the mouse organs, starting from the liver in the first 24 h of infection, reaching the peak in the lungs on the 3rd day of infection and finally being found numerously in the brain after 5 days of infection. Peripheral leukocytosis, characterized by early neutrophilia and subsequent eosinophilia, was remarkable during early infection. The tissue damage induced by larvae was evidenced by histopathological analysis of the organs at different time points of infection. In all of the affected organs, larval migration induced intense inflammatory infiltrate and hemorrhage. Conclusion In conclusion, these new insights into early T. canis infection in mice presented here enabled a better understanding of the immunopathological events that might also occur during human toxocariasis, thus contributing to future strategies of diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália M Resende
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando S Barbosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Luciana M Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Ana Clara Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Marco Túlio P Gonçalves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Chiara C O Amorim
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício M S Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Stefan M Geiger
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Poulsen CS, Skov S, Yoshida A, Skallerup P, Maruyama H, Thamsborg SM, Nejsum P. Differential serodiagnostics ofToxocara canisandToxocara cati- is it possible? Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:204-7. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Yoshida
- Division of Parasitology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - P. Skallerup
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Maruyama
- Division of Parasitology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - S. M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Toxocariasis diagnosed in international travelers at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, from 2000 to 2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003559. [PMID: 25746418 PMCID: PMC4351981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infection with Toxocara canis or T. catis (commonly referred as toxocariasis) appears to be highly prevalent in (sub)tropical countries, information on its frequency and presentation in returning travelers and migrants is scarce. In this study, we reviewed all cases of asymptomatic and symptomatic toxocariasis diagnosed during post-travel consultations at the reference travel clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. Toxocariasis was considered as highly probable if serum Toxocara-antibodies were detected in combination with symptoms of visceral larva migrans if present, elevated eosinophil count in blood or other relevant fluid and reasonable exclusion of alternative diagnosis, or definitive in case of documented seroconversion. From 2000 to 2013, 190 travelers showed Toxocara-antibodies, of a total of 3436 for whom the test was requested (5.5%). Toxocariasis was diagnosed in 28 cases (23 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic) including 21 highly probable and 7 definitive. All but one patients were adults. Africa and Asia were the place of acquisition for 10 and 9 cases, respectively. Twelve patients (43%) were short-term travelers (< 1 month). Symptoms, when present, developed during travel or within 8 weeks maximum after return, and included abdominal complaints (11/23 symptomatic patients, 48%), respiratory symptoms and skin abnormalities (10 each, 43%) and fever (9, 39%), often in combination. Two patients were diagnosed with transverse myelitis. At presentation, the median blood eosinophil count was 1720/μL [range: 510-14160] in the 21 symptomatic cases without neurological complication and 2080/μL [range: 1100-2970] in the 5 asymptomatic individuals. All patients recovered either spontaneously or with an anti-helminthic treatment (mostly a 5-day course of albendazole), except both neurological cases who kept sequelae despite repeated treatments and prolonged corticotherapy. Toxocariasis has to be considered in travelers returning from a (sub)tropical stay with varying clinical manifestations or eosinophilia. Prognosis appears favorable with adequate treatment except in case of neurological involvement.
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Zhu XQ, Korhonen PK, Cai H, Young ND, Nejsum P, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Boag PR, Tan P, Li Q, Min J, Yang Y, Wang X, Fang X, Hall RS, Hofmann A, Sternberg PW, Jex AR, Gasser RB. Genetic blueprint of the zoonotic pathogen Toxocara canis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6145. [PMID: 25649139 PMCID: PMC4327413 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. In humans, this nematode causes disease (toxocariasis) mainly in the under-privileged communities in developed and developing countries. Although relatively well studied from clinical and epidemiological perspectives, to date, there has been no global investigation of the molecular biology of this parasite. Here we use next-generation sequencing to produce a draft genome and transcriptome of T. canis to support future biological and biotechnological investigations. This genome is 317 Mb in size, has a repeat content of 13.5% and encodes at least 18,596 protein-coding genes. We study transcription in a larval, as well as adult female and male stages, characterize the parasite’s gene-silencing machinery, explore molecules involved in development or host–parasite interactions and predict intervention targets. The draft genome of T. canis should provide a useful resource for future molecular studies of this and other, related parasites. Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite of major worldwide socioeconomic importance. Here, the authors sequence the genome and transcriptome of T. canis, and highlight potential mechanisms involved in development and host–parasite interactions that could support the pursuit of new drug interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Quan Zhu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu Province, China [2] Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | - Peter R Boag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick Tan
- 1] Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore [2] Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ross S Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- HHMI, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, California, USA
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Seong S, Moon D, Lee DK, Kim HE, Oh HS, Kim SH, Kwon OW, You YS. A case of ocular toxocariasis successfully treated with albendazole and triamcinolon. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:537-40. [PMID: 25352704 PMCID: PMC4210738 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of ocular toxocariasis treated successfully with oral albendazole in combination with steroids. A 26-year-old male visited the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of flying flies in his right eye. The fundus photograph showed a whitish epiretinal scar, and the fluorescein angiography revealed a hypofluorescein lesion of the scar and late leakage at the margin. An elevated retinal surface and posterior acoustic shadowing of the scar were observed in the optical coherence tomography, and Toxocara IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with toxocariasis, and the condition was treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day) for a month and oral triamcinolone (16 mg for 2 weeks, once a day, and then 8 mg for 1 week, once a day) from day 13 of the albendazole treatment. The lesions decreased after the treatment. Based on this study, oral albendazole combined with steroids can be a simple and effective regimen for treating ocular toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Seong
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Daruchi Moon
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Lee
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Kim
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Hyun Sup Oh
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Soon Hyun Kim
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Oh Woong Kwon
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Yong Sung You
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kang EJ, Choi YJ, Kim JS, Lee BH, Kang KW, Kim HJ, Yu ES, Kim YH. Bladder and liver involvement of visceral larva migrans may mimic malignancy. Cancer Res Treat 2014; 46:419-24. [PMID: 25036576 PMCID: PMC4206075 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral larva migrans (VLM) syndrome is a clinical manifestation of systemic organ involvement by Toxocara species. VLM with involvement of the bladder and liver is a rare finding. A 62-year-old woman presented with diffuse bladder wall thickening and multiple liver masses with peripheral eosinophilia and urinary symptoms. We considered malignancy or eosinophilic cystitis through clinical manifestations and imaging findings. However, no suspicious malignant lesions were observed on cystoscopy and liver mass biopsy revealed the presence of eosinophilic necrotizing granuloma without malignant cells. Anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected by western blotting and the patient was diagnosed with VLM syndrome. After taking prednisolone, urinary symptoms disappeared. On abdominal CT scan taken after three months, the size of multiple liver masses and bladder wall thickening had decreased. VLM syndrome should be suspected in patients with an atypical imaging pattern and peripheral eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Kang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hyun Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Jun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Woodhall DM, Fiore AE. Toxocariasis: A Review for Pediatricians. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:154-9. [PMID: 26625368 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of cats and dogs. The disease is endemic throughout the United States and causes significant morbidity in children, including damage to the lungs, liver, or central nervous system, especially the eyes. Two well established clinical syndromes of disease include visceral and ocular toxocariasis. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include abdominal pain, cough, or wheezing. Vision loss or strabismus are common symptoms of ocular toxocariasis. Serologic testing for presence of Toxocara antibody is available, although a positive test result does not necessarily correlate with active clinical infection. Albendazole or mebendazole is the recommended treatment for visceral toxocariasis. Treatment options for ocular toxocariasis include corticosteroids or ophthalmic surgery; anthelminthic medications also may be used. Risk for toxocariasis can be reduced by handwashing after soil contact, routine pets deworming, discouraging geophagia, and appropriate disposal of pet feces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony E Fiore
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Toxocara canis has extraordinary abilities to survive for many years in the tissues of diverse vertebrate species, as well as to develop to maturity in the intestinal tract of its definitive canid host. Human disease is caused by larval stages invading musculature, brain and the eye, and immune mechanisms appear to be ineffective at eliminating the infection. Survival of T. canis larvae can be attributed to two molecular strategies evolved by the parasite. Firstly, it releases quantities of 'excretory-secretory' products which include lectins, mucins and enzymes that interact with and modulate host immunity. For example, one lectin (CTL-1) is very similar to mammalian lectins, required for tissue inflammation, suggesting that T. canis may interfere with leucocyte extravasation into infected sites. The second strategy is the elaboration of a specialised mucin-rich surface coat; this is loosely attached to the parasite epicuticle in a fashion that permits rapid escape when host antibodies and cells adhere, resulting in an inflammatory reaction around a newly vacated focus. The mucins have been characterised as bearing multiple glycan side-chains, consisting of a blood-group-like trisaccharide with one or two O-methylation modifications. Both the lectins and these trisaccharides are targeted by host antibodies, with anti-lectin antibodies showing particular diagnostic promise. Antibodies to the mono-methylated trisaccharide appear to be T. canis-specific, as this epitope is not found in the closely related Toxocara cati, but all other antigenic determinants are very similar between the two species. This distinction may be important in designing new and more accurate diagnostic tests. Further tools to control toxocariasis could also arise from understanding the molecular cues and steps involved in larval development. In vitro-cultivated larvae express high levels of four mRNAs that are translationally silenced, as the proteins they encode are not detectable in cultured larvae. However, these appear to be produced once the parasite has entered the mammalian host, as they are recognised by specific antibodies in infected patients. Elucidating the function of these genes, or analysing if micro-RNA translational silencing suppresses production of the proteins, may point towards new drug targets for tissue-phase parasites in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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