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Bridgemohan R, Deitch MJ, Harmon E, Whiles MR, Wilson PC, Bean E, Bridgemohan P, Bisesi JH, Nicholas J, Redhead A, Bachoon DS. Spatiotemporal assessment of pathogenic Leptospira in subtropical coastal watersheds. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:923-938. [PMID: 38822470 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classifies leptospirosis as a significant public health concern, predominantly affecting impoverished and unsanitary regions. By using the Pensacola Bay System as a case study, this study examines the underappreciated susceptibility of developed subtropical coastal ecosystems such as the Pensacola Bay System to neglected zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira. We analyzed 132 water samples collected over 12 months from 44 distinct locations with high levels of Escherichia coli (>410 most probable number/100 mL). Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations were assessed using IDEXX Colilert-18 and Enterolert-18, and an analysis of water physiochemical characteristics and rainfall intensity was conducted. The LipL32 gene was used as a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicator to identify the distribution of Leptospira interrogans. The results revealed 12 instances of the presence of L. interrogans at sites with high FIB over various land cover and aquatic ecosystem types. Independent of specific rainfall events, a seasonal relationship between precipitation and elevated rates of fecal bacteria and leptospirosis was found. These findings highlight qPCR's utility in identifying pathogens in aquatic environments and the widespread conditions where it can be found in natural and developed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronell Bridgemohan
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Milton, FL, USA E-mail:
| | - Matthew J Deitch
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Milton, FL, USA
| | - Emily Harmon
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center, Milton, FL, USA
| | - Matt R Whiles
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences Department 2181 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - P Christopher Wilson
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences Department 2181 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110290, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Eban Bean
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida Main Office, Room 120 Frazier Rogers Hall1741 Museum Road, Building. 474, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Puran Bridgemohan
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS Research, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jodel Nicholas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA
| | - Aaden Redhead
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA
| | - Dave S Bachoon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA
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Selim A, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Abdelhady A, Salem M, Hereba AM. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Egypt. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4645. [PMID: 38409338 PMCID: PMC10897380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira and is one of causative agents of reproductive problems leading to negative economic impact on bovine worldwide. The goal of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle in some governorates of Egypt's Nile Delta and assess the risk factors for infection. A total of 410 serum samples were collected from cattle and examined using microscopic agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was 10.2% and the most prevalent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona and Canicola. In addition, the potential risk factors were associated Leptospira spp. infection were age, herd size, history of abortion, presence of dogs and rodent control. Thus, leptospirosis is common in dairy cattle in the Nile Delta and the presence of rodents in feed and dog-accessible pastures increases the risk of Leptospira spp. infection among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamed Abdelhady
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12613, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman M Hereba
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Chapman T, Bachoon DS, Martinez GA, Burt CD, DeMontigny WC. Tracking the sources of Leptospira and nutrient flows in two urban watersheds of Puerto Rico. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1318. [PMID: 37833564 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between nutrient levels, source of fecal contamination, and pathogenic Leptospira in Puerto Rico's northern coast and San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE) aquatic ecosystems. Microbial source tracking (MST) was also used to investigate the connections between sources of feces contamination and the presence of Leptospira. Eighty-seven water samples were collected during the June (n=44) and August (n=43) in 2020. To quantify phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, standard USEPA protocols were utilized, specifically Methods 365.4 for total and dissolved phosphorus, 351.2 for total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ammonium, and 353.2 for nitrate. Lipl32 gene-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the presence of Leptospira. Human (HF183), canine (BacCan-UCD), and equine (HoF597) MST assays were utilized to trace the origins of fecal contamination. Forty one percent of the locations exceeded Puerto Rico's authorized total phosphorus limit of 160 g L-1, while 34% exceeded the total nitrogen limit of 1700 g L-1. Nearly half of the streams examined are affected by eutrophication. The MST analysis identified human and canine feces as the most prevalent contaminants, affecting approximately 50% of the sites. In addition, Leptospira was detected in 32% of the June samples. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.79) between the incidence of pathogenic Leptospira and the human bacterial marker (HF183). This study illuminates the central role of anthropogenic inputs in nutrient enrichment and pathogen proliferation in Puerto Rico's aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Chapman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
| | - D S Bachoon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA.
| | - G A Martinez
- University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C D Burt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
| | - Wesley C DeMontigny
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
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Esteves SB, Santos CM, Silva BCS, Salgado FF, Guilloux AGA, Cortez A, Lucco RC, Miotto BA. Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105869. [PMID: 36773375 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are thought to be highly exposed to environmental pathogenic leptospires, possibly acting as potential sources of infection for zoonotic transmission. Vaccination stands as the cornerstone strategy to prevent disease and urinary shedding in dogs, yet the success of vaccination is highly dependent on the correspondence of leptospires circulating locally with those used in vaccine compositions. To provide evidence for vaccine compatibility, and to assess whether there are regional differences on serogroup distribution, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis on serological data, characterization of leptospiral isolates and risk factors for seropositivity in dogs from Brazil. Studies reporting canine leptospirosis within the Brazilian territory were eligible for inclusion, and methodology was validated by PROSPERO under registration CRD42020204187. Six electronic databases were searched, and data regarding population, methods, and outcomes were extracted. Sixty-one studies were included to access serogroup distribution and risk factors, with a pooled positivity rate of 19.7% in dog population. Serological evidence indicates that Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Autumnalis are the most frequently found serogroups. Twenty-eight records were included to access leptospiral strains isolated in Brazil, with n = 56 strains characterized as serogroups Canicola, n = 37 as Icterohaemorrhagiae, n = 2 as Pomona, and n = 1 strain as Australis and Sejroe each. Risk factor analysis revealed that stray dogs, puppies or elderly dogs, male dogs and dogs kept by tutors with poor social and economic conditions are at high risk for infection. The present study revealed overall good compatibility of leptospiral strains circulating locally with those used in vaccines against canine leptospirosis in Brazil. The circulation of serovars Pomona and Grippotyphosa has not been consistently demonstrated, and the inclusion of these serovars in local vaccines cannot be supported by our results. The results also provided serological evidence for the circulation of Serogroup Autumnalis among the studied populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bergmann Esteves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cassia Moreira Santos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Caroline Souza Silva
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira Salgado
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane Cristina Lucco
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alonso Miotto
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Única, Universidade Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Global Seropositivity of Swine Leptospirosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030158. [PMID: 36977159 PMCID: PMC10059827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major threat to public health worldwide; however, there is no study focused on global seropositivity in pigs. In this study, we grouped publications and performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to gather data related to swine leptospirosis seropositivity published globally. The search method initially used returned a total of 1183 results, of which 20 met all predefined criteria and were therefore included in this review. Meta-analysis with general data was performed and a combined seropositivity of 21.95% was found. Seropositivity was 36.40% in South America, 34.05% in North America, 22.18% in Africa, 17.40% in Oceania, 13.30% in Europe and 13.36% in Asia. The results suggest that there is high seropositivity for leptospirosis in pigs worldwide. Information compiled from this research is relevant to understanding the spread of leptospirosis globally. It is expected that these indicators will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on its control and, consequently, on the reduction of cases in the human and animal population.
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Tazerji SS, Nardini R, Safdar M, Shehata AA, Duarte PM. An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1376. [PMID: 36422627 PMCID: PMC9692567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet's climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
| | - Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Prophy-Institute for Applied Prophylaxis, 59159 Bönen, Germany
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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Harran E, Hilan C, Djelouadji Z, Ayral F. Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: The First Literature Review of the Neglected Disease in the Middle East. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:260. [PMID: 36288001 PMCID: PMC9610218 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease that has emerged worldwide, and numerous studies performed in affected countries have provided epidemiological knowledge of the disease. However, currently, there is inadequate knowledge of leptospirosis in the Middle East. Therefore, we grouped publications from various Middle Eastern countries to acquire a general knowledge of the epidemiological situation of leptospirosis and provide an initial description of the leptospiral relative risk and circulating serogroups. We conducted a detailed literature search of existing studies describing Leptospira prevalence and seroprevalence in Middle Eastern countries. The search was performed using online PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. One hundred and one articles were included in this review. Some countries, including Iran, Turkey, and Egypt, reported more publications compared to others, such as Lebanon, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. Frequently, the seroprevalence of leptospirosis varied considerably between and within countries. The prevalence of leptospirosis was comparable in most Middle Eastern countries; however, it varied between some countries. The methods of detection also varied among studies, with the microscopic agglutination test used most commonly. Some hosts were more recurrent compared with others. This review summarizes the epidemiological situation of Leptospira infection in the Middle East, reporting predominant serogroups-Sejroe, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, and Pomona-that were identified in the most commonly tested hosts. Our findings emphasize the need to develop a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of Leptospira spp. and prioritize the disease as a public health problem in this region. To achieve this goal, increased awareness is critical, and more publications related to the topic and following a standardized approach are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Harran
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d’Analyses Vétérinaires, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, USC 1233, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Christo Hilan
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Zouheira Djelouadji
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d’Analyses Vétérinaires, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, USC 1233, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Florence Ayral
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d’Analyses Vétérinaires, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, USC 1233, 69280 Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Gabriel-Vejar BL, Vázquez-Luna D, Martínez-Herrera DI, Villagómez-Cortés JA, Leyva-Ovalle OR, Torres-Barranca JI, Zarza-Villanueva H. Spatial distribution models of seroreactive sheep to Leptospira spp. in Veracruz, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1913-e1922. [PMID: 35366060 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious zoonotic disease of special importance in tropical regions of the world and is closely related to climatic conditions. In Mexico, at least eight Leptospira serogroups are known to affect sheep, but little is known about their distribution. The aim was to analyze the spatial distribution of seroreactive sheep to eight serogroups of Leptospira spp. through ecological niche modeling from the state of Veracruz. We carried out a cross-sectional, multi-stage, and stratified epidemiological study, sampling 405 sheep in different regions of the state (north, center, and south). The sera were analyzed using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to identify seropositivity to eight Leptospira serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Pomona, Hardjo, Wolffi, and Tarassovi). Management variables in the sampled herds were evaluated through a survey among the producers, which was analyzed using the Chi-square test for cross-tabulation. Geospatial modeling was conducted using MAXENT and 19 climatic variables and the validation was carried out using the area under the curve (AUC). No positive animals were found for Pomona in any area of Veracruz and there was only one case of seroreactivity to Grippotyphosa. The total seroprevalence found was 53.83% (95% CI: 48.84-58.75). The main serogroup found was Sejroe (55.31%, 95% CI 50.32 - 60.20%), followed by Canicola (8.64%, 95% CI 6.17 - 11.92%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (4.69%, 95% CI 2.93 - 7.36%), Tarassovi (3.95%, 95% CI 2.35 - 6.47%), Pyrogenes (2.47%, 95% CI 1.26 - 4.64%), Australis (0.99%, 95% CI 0.32 - 2.69%) and Grippotyphosa (0.25%, 95% CI 0.01 - 1.59%). The predictive model for Australis was not significant. Acceptable predictive models (AUC>0.7-0.8) were found for Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, and Tarassovi; while for Sejroe it was excellent (AUC> 0.85); consequently, the climatic variables that most contributed to the model were those related to precipitation. The potential distribution of Pyrogenes, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Canicola was located to a greater extent in the three regions; Pyrogenes and Tarassovi were distributed mostly in the north and central regions and Sejroe is mostly located in the center and south of the state. Ecological niche modeling could support epidemiological control and surveillance programs for affected sheep herds in the state of Veracruz. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gabriel-Vejar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - D Vázquez-Luna
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Agrobiodiversidad (CEIAbio). Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas de Producción Agropecuaria (FISPA), Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Costera del Golfo km. 220, Col. Agrícola y Ganadera Michapan. C.P. 96000. Acayucan, Veracruz, México
| | - D I Martínez-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - J A Villagómez-Cortés
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - O R Leyva-Ovalle
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias-Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Peñuelas Amatlán km 177, C.P. 94500, Córdoba, Veracruz, México
| | - J I Torres-Barranca
- Laboratorio de Leptospira y leptospirosis de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 de México, Ciudad, México
| | - H Zarza-Villanueva
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales de la División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Avenida de las Garzas 10. Col. El Panteón C.P. 52005 de Villada. Estado de, Lerma, México
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Obaidat MM, Malania L, Bani Salman AE, Dreyfus A, Arner RJ, Roess AA. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Leptospira sp. among different groups in the Jordanian population: first study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1260-1264. [PMID: 34555845 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is re-emerging as a major public health problem worldwide. However, there are limited data on the disease from the Middle East, including from Jordan, despite recent outbreaks occurring in Jordan's neighbouring countries. METHODS Sera samples from 809 participants in 11 governorates were tested for Leptospira sp. seropositivity to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Leptospira sp. in Jordan. RESULTS Overall, 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2 to 4.8) of individuals tested were seropositive for Leptospira antibodies. Individuals who drink surface water (spring or rain water) had 5.69 (95% CI 2.57 to 12.60) higher odds of seropositivity compared with individuals who used municipal or filtered water, after controlling for age and practicing horticulture. CONCLUSIONS This is the first seroprevalence study of Leptospira sp. in Jordan and included important data on environmental and animal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Obaidat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - L Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A E Bani Salman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan
| | - A Dreyfus
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute Pasteur de Madagascar, B.P. 1274, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - R J Arner
- Ryan Arner Science Consulting, Freeport, PA, USA
| | - A A Roess
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Blvd., Fairfax, VA, USA
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10
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Silva JCR, Marvulo MFV, Ferreira F, Dias RA, Ferreira Neto JS, Heinemann MB, Andrade Filho GV, Souza GO, Lima Filho CDF, Magalhães FJR, Lilenbaum W, Dellagostin OA, de Oliveira NR, Jorge S, Kremer FS, Santos CM, Esteves SB, Miotto BA. Seroepidemiological investigation of animal leptospirosis and molecular characterization of the first Leptospira strain isolated from Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2477-2488. [PMID: 33159384 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis has been widely reported in insular environments worldwide, characterizing a major public health threat. Although low-genetic biodiversity is expected in these regions, the introduction of domestic and synanthropic mammals may contribute to the wider diversity of leptospiral strains in insular settings. This study proposes a large-scale seroepidemiological investigation of Leptospira infection in animals from Fernando de Noronha archipelago and describes the characterization of the first leptospiral strain ever isolated from an insular setting in Brazil. A total of 1,265 blood samples from domestic (n = 682), synanthropic (n = 133) and wild (n = 450) animals were collected between 2007 and 2014, totalling 12 species. The presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was investigated by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and kidney samples from 20 synanthropic rodents were collected for the isolation of Leptospira spp. The leptospires recovered were further characterized by serogrouping with polyclonal antibodies, whole-genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The MAT results revealed the presence of agglutinins in 90 samples (7.1%) and the most frequently found serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 57) in practically all species included. Viable leptospires were recovered from one brown rat, and characterization revealed that the isolate belongs to L. interrogans serogroup Pyrogenes. The results suggest that synanthropic rodents might play an important role in leptospiral infection among wildlife and domestic species in the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlos Ramos Silva
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação - Tríade, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo
- Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação - Tríade, Recife, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Max Planck, Indaiatuba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Soares Ferreira Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Vieira Andrade Filho
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Odir Antonio Dellagostin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Jorge
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Frederico Schmitt Kremer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Exposure and Carriage of Pathogenic Leptospira in Livestock in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020085. [PMID: 34073665 PMCID: PMC8163180 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2019–2020, the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH) investigated potential animal reservoirs of Leptospira spp., the pathogenic bacteria that cause leptospirosis. We examined Leptospira exposure and carriage in livestock on the island of St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). We utilized the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to evaluate the sera, and the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), and bacterial culture to evaluate urine specimens from livestock (n = 126): 28 cattle, 19 goats, 46 pigs, and 33 sheep. Seropositivity was 37.6% (47/125) with agglutinating antibodies to the following serogroups identified: Australis, Djasiman, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Ballum, Sejroe, Cynopteri, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, and Pyrogenes. Urine from 4 animals (4.0%, 4/101) was positive by rt-PCR for lipL32: 2 sheep, 1 goat, and 1 bull. Sequencing of secY amplicons identified L. interrogans in 1 sheep and 1 bull. Livestock in USVI harbor pathogenic Leptospira bacteria and could play a role in the zoonotic cycle of leptospirosis.
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Ospina-Pinto MC, Hernández-Rodríguez P. Identification of Leptospira spp. in the animal-environment interface (swine-water) in pig production cycle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:155. [PMID: 33555432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira spp., is a zoonosis with multiple hosts and reservoirs. Thus, the "One Health" approach must be addressed in order to guide prevention and control measures regarding this microorganism. There are few studies involving all stages of the pig production cycle and potential sources of infection such as water sources, which could represent a risk for local rural communities. OBJECTIVE To identify Leptospira spp. in the animal-environment interface (swine-water) in the pig production cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in a swine farm in Puerto López in the department of Meta, Colombia. Swine blood samples (n = 65) were collected for microscopic agglutination test (MAT), while urine and water samples (n = 80) were tested for Leptospira using bacterial isolation, serotyping of the isolates, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS A total of 58 (89.2%) porcine sera were positive for at least one Leptospira serogroup, with Grippotyphosa as the most frequent serogroup. Leptospira spp. were isolated in 25% (20/80) of the urine and water samples. Leptospira-positive cultures were 100% (20/20) identified within the genus Leptospira (rrl gene) and 50% (10/20) corresponded to pathogenic species (lipL32 gene) by PCR, and 45% (9/20) were positive to at least one antiserum. None of the direct urine and water samples was positive by PCR. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the bacteria might be transmitted in the animal-environment interface in the pig production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Ospina-Pinto
- School of Agricultural Sciences. Molecular Biology and Immunogenetics Research Group (BIOMIGEN), Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Basics Sciences. Molecular Biology and Immunogenetics Research Group (BIOMIGEN), Universidad de La Salle, Carrera 2 No. 10 - 70, Bogotá, Colombia.
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13
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Chery G, Francis L, Hunte SA, Leon P. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Saint Lucia, 2010–2017. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2020. [PMCID: PMC7734240 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe the epidemiology of human leptospirosis cases in Saint Lucia from 2010 to 2017 and determine whether there was a relationship between cases and rainfall and temperature.
Methods. A retrospective analytical study was undertaken to describe the seasonal patterns of human leptospirosis cases reported to the Ministry of Health of Saint Lucia between 2010 and 2017. Confirmed cases of leptospirosis were analyzed according to age, sex, seasonality, and geographical distribution. Disease incidence was calculated and the association of cases with geographical distribution, rainfall, and temperature was investigated.
Results. A total of 353 leptospirosis cases were reported between 2010 and 2017 and of these, 145 (40.6%) were laboratory confirmed. Cases were aged 7 to 73 years (mean 34 years; median 30 years) with a male to female ratio of 4.2:1. Six deaths were reported during the period, with an overall case fatality rate of 4.1%. There was no relationship between location (district) and incidence of leptospirosis in Saint Lucia. There was a weak correlation between rainfall and leptospirosis cases during the 8-year period (rs = 0.25, p = 0.015) but the correlation between cases and seasons was not statistically significant (dry season rs = 0.13, p = 0.42; wet season rs = 0.23, p = 0.08). There was no correlation between leptospirosis cases and temperature (rs = 0.07, p = 0.49).
Conclusions. Leptospirosis has a seasonal distribution in Saint Lucia, with outbreaks during periods following increased rainfall and flooding, such as in the aftermath of tropical storms and hurricanes. Saint Lucia and other Caribbean countries should enhance surveillance for leptospirosis given the likelihood of increased flooding following frequent and intense rainfall due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Chery
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Castries, Saint Lucia
| | | | - Shelly-Ann Hunte
- University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Phil Leon
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Castries, Saint Lucia
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14
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SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN CAPTIVE ANIMALS FROM VERACRUZ, MEXICO. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:222-227. [PMID: 32212567 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease worldwide and is considered endemic in countries with tropical climates. It is caused by 10 species of the Leptospira genus and by more than 275 serovars which can affect a wide range of vertebrates. In the Americas, 122 species of four classes of vertebrates have been reported to be infected or exposed to many Leptospira species. Many of these reports are from zoos and rehabilitation centers. Mexico has one single study that reported antibody titers against Leptospira in zoo animals. The purpose of this research was to identify the degree of exposure of some captive mammals and reptiles in Veracruz, a Mexican state with endemic leptospirosis, through microagglutination using 14 live strains of five Leptospira species. Sera samples were collected from 55 animals of 11 species from two classes (Mammalia and Reptilia), four orders (Primates, Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Crocodilia), and nine genera. The more prevalent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Tarassovi and the highest titers were reactive to the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae with a value of 1: 51,200.
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15
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Bevans AI, Fitzpatrick DM, Stone DM, Butler BP, Smith MP, Cheetham S. Phylogenetic relationships and diversity of bat-associated Leptospira and the histopathological evaluation of these infections in bats from Grenada, West Indies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007940. [PMID: 31961893 PMCID: PMC6994174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats can harbor zoonotic pathogens, but their status as reservoir hosts for Leptospira bacteria is unclear. During 2015-2017, kidneys from 47 of 173 bats captured in Grenada, West Indies, tested PCR-positive for Leptospira. Sequence analysis of the Leptospira rpoB gene from 31 of the positive samples showed 87-91% similarity to known Leptospira species. Pairwise and phylogenetic analysis of sequences indicate that bats from Grenada harbor as many as eight undescribed Leptospira genotypes that are most similar to known pathogenic Leptospira, including known zoonotic serovars. Warthin-Starry staining revealed leptospiral organisms colonizing the renal tubules in 70% of the PCR-positive bats examined. Mild inflammatory lesions in liver and kidney observed in some bats were not significantly correlated with renal Leptospira PCR-positivity. Our findings suggest that Grenada bats are asymptomatically infected with novel and diverse Leptospira genotypes phylogenetically related to known pathogenic strains, supporting the hypothesis that bats may be reservoirs for zoonotic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I. Bevans
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Daniel M. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Diana M. Stone
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Brian P. Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Maia P. Smith
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sonia Cheetham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
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16
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Marinova-Petkova A, Guendel I, Strysko JP, Ekpo LL, Galloway R, Yoder J, Kahler A, Artus A, Hoffmaster AR, Bower WA, Walke H, Ellis BR, Hunte-Ceasar T, Ellis EM, Schafer IJ. First Reported Human Cases of Leptospirosis in the United States Virgin Islands in the Aftermath of Hurricanes Irma and Maria, September-November 2017. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz261. [PMID: 31289729 PMCID: PMC6602892 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Following Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the first case of human leptospirosis ever identified in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) was reported to the Virgin Islands Department of Health. Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal bacterial disease caused by Leptospira species found in animal urine and urine-contaminated water and soil. Outbreaks can occur following extreme weather events. Method Additional cases of leptospirosis were identified in the 2.5 months post-hurricanes by reviewing emergency department (ED) records from territorial hospitals for patients demonstrating leptospirosis-consistent symptoms, testing symptomatic patients previously enrolled in the USVI arbovirus surveillance system (VIASS), and adding leptospirosis testing prospectively to VIASS. Available patient sera underwent local rapid diagnostic testing for anti-Leptospira IgM followed by confirmatory microscopic agglutination testing at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Water was collected from cisterns with epidemiologic links to confirmed cases and tested by real-time PCR (qPCR) for pathogenic Leptospira spp. Results Sixteen retrospectively identified symptomatic patients were enrolled in VIASS; 15 with available samples tested negative. Based on review of 5226 ED charts, 6 patients were further investigated; of these, 5 were tested of which 1 was positive. Prospective leptospirosis surveillance tested 57 additional patients; of these, 1 was positive. Water from 1 of 5 tested cisterns was found positive by qPCR. Conclusions This investigation documents the first 3 cases of leptospirosis reported in the USVI and demonstrates how VIASS successfully was adapted to establish leptospirosis surveillance. Contaminated cistern water was identified as a potential source for Leptospira spp. transmission, highlighting the need for additional post-hurricane remediation and disinfection guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska Marinova-Petkova
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Laboratory Leadership Service, Division of Scietific Education and Professional Development
| | - Irene Guendel
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands
| | - Jonathan P Strysko
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scietific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lisa LaPlace Ekpo
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands
| | - Renee Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Yoder
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy Kahler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aileen Artus
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alex R Hoffmaster
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William A Bower
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry Walke
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brett R Ellis
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands
| | - Tai Hunte-Ceasar
- Virgin Islands Department of Health, Office of the Commissioner, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands
| | - Esther M Ellis
- United States Virgin Islands Department of Health, Epidemiology Division, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands
| | - Ilana J Schafer
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sharma RN, Thille K, Piechowski B, Tiwari K. Detection of serum antibodies against Leptospira spp. in brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2019; 12:696-699. [PMID: 31327906 PMCID: PMC6584861 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.696-699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is an emerging disease of animals and humans. Among rodents brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are an important reservoir of bacteria Leptospira. There is a paucity of information on reservoirs of Leptospira in Grenada. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in brown rats in a densely human populated area of Grenada. Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 169 brown rats were collected and sera screened for antibodies against Leptospira spp. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Among a total of 169 brown rats trapped in two parishes in Grenada, 77/169 (45.5%) were positive for Leptospira spp. antibodies. A significant difference in seropositive population of brown rats between two collection sites was observed. No differences were found between sex and age of seropositive rats. Conclusion: Due to the close contact of brown rats with humans in Grenada, rats should be considered a high-risk factor in transmission of Leptospira to humans. Appropriate preventive measures should be instituted to prevent the transmission of Leptospira infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Nath Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Katelyn Thille
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Brianna Piechowski
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Keshaw Tiwari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
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18
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Mendoza MV, Rivera WL. Identification of Leptospira spp. from environmental sources in areas with high human leptospirosis incidence in the Philippines. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:109-116. [PMID: 31008691 PMCID: PMC6586096 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1607460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, which is considered an emerging major threat to public health due to its increasing frequency reported worldwide. In the Philippines, the prevalence of the disease continuously rises, particularly in urban areas. Because leptospirosis is commonly transmitted through contact with contaminated environment, water and soil samples were collected in regions in the Philippines where high incidence of human leptospirosis cases was reported recently. Of the 54 samples screened for the presence of Leptospira, 35% were found positive through 23S rRNA gene PCR-based detection. None were found positive when primers targeting lipL32, lipL41, and ompL1 genes were used. Most of these isolates were collected from rural areas. However, 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified all isolates to be L. yanagawae and L. meyeri, which are nonpathogenic. Despite the lack of evidence of the presence of pathogenic species in the environmental sources, the results still suggest that leptospires persist in these areas. These data are crucial for environmental monitoring and identification of contaminated areas where humans may be at risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo V. Mendoza
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
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Shiokawa K, Welcome S, Kenig M, Lim B, Rajeev S. Epidemiology of Leptospira infection in livestock species in Saint Kitts. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1645-1650. [PMID: 30877524 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study describes the prevalence of Leptospira infection and exposure in livestock species, cattle, pig, sheep, and goats in Saint Kitts in the Caribbean region. Serum and kidney samples were collected from cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats at a local abattoir between September 2016 and March 2017. Cattle had the highest seroprevalence (79.8%) followed by pigs (64.8%), sheep (39.4%), and goats (24.8%). Highest seroprevalence was observed to serovars, Mankarso in cattle, Bratislava in pigs, Hardjo in sheep, and goats. Leptospira DNA was amplified from kidney samples of 18/99 cattle (18.2%), 11/106 pigs (10.4%), 4/106 sheep (3.8%), and 2/105 goats (1.9%). Our findings warrant further studies to assess leptospirosis associated economic burden to subsistence farmers and public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Shiokawa
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Shamara Welcome
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Michalina Kenig
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Brenda Lim
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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