1
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Stewart M, Cameron S, Thunert M, Zampiron A, Wainwright D, Nikora V. High-resolution measurements of swordfish skin surface roughness. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 19:016007. [PMID: 37995345 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad0f32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional morphology of swordfish skin roughness remains poorly understood. Subsequently, its importance to the overall physiology and hydrodynamic performance of the swordfish is yet to be determined. This is at least partly attributable to the inherent difficulty in making the required measurements of these complex biological surfaces. To address this, here two sets of novel high-resolution measurements of swordfish skin, obtained using a modular optical coherence tomography system and a gel-based stereo-profilometer, are reported and compared. Both techniques are shown to provide three-dimensional morphological data at micron-scale resolution. The results indicate that the skin surface is populated with spiny roughness elements, typically elongated in the streamwise direction, in groups of up to six, and in good agreement with previously reported information based on coarser measurements. In addition, our data also provide new information on the spatial distribution and variability of these roughness features. Two approaches, one continuous and another discrete, are used to derive various topographical metrics that characterize the surface texture of the skin. The information provided here can be used to develop statistically representative synthetic models of swordfish skin roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stewart
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - S Cameron
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Zampiron
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - D Wainwright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - V Nikora
- School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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2
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Shiang CSA, Bonney C, Lazarus B, Meyers M, Jasiuk I. Hierarchical modeling of elastic moduli of equine hoof wall. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105529. [PMID: 36327663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study predicts analytically effective elastic moduli of substructures within an equine hoof wall. The hoof wall is represented as a composite material with a hierarchical structure comprised of a sequence of length scales. A bottom-up approach is employed. Thus, the outputs from a lower spatial scale serve as the inputs for the following scale. The models include the Halpin-Tsai model, composite cylinders model, a sutured interface model, and classical laminate theory. The length scales span macroscale, mesoscale, sub-mesoscale, microscale, sub-microscale, and nanoscale. The macroscale represents the hoof wall, consisting of tubules within a matrix at the mesoscale. At the sub-mesoscale, a single hollow tubule is reinforced by a tubule wall made of lamellae; the surrounding intertubular material also has a lamellar structure. The lamellae contain sutured and layered cells at the microscale. A single cell is made of crystalline macrofibrils arranged in an amorphous matrix at the sub-microscale. A macrofibril contains aligned crystalline rod-like intermediate filaments at the nanoscale. Experimentally obtained parameters are used in the modeling as inputs for geometry and nanoscale properties. The predicted properties of the hoof wall material agree with experimental measurements at the mesoscale and macroscale. We observe that the hierarchical structure of the hoof wall leads to a decrease in the elastic modulus with increasing scale, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Such behavior is an intrinsic characteristic of hierarchical biological materials. This study can serve as a framework for designing impact-resistant hoof-inspired materials and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Bonney
- Dept. of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Benjamin Lazarus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marc Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, USA; Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA; Dept. of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Dept. of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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3
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Chen G, Lin T, Guo C, Richter L, Dai N. Bending Study of Six Biological Models for Design of High Strength and Tough Structures. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040176. [PMID: 36412704 PMCID: PMC9680280 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High strength and tough structures are beneficial to increasing engineering components service span. Nonetheless, improving structure strength and, simultaneously, toughness is difficult, since these two properties are generally mutually exclusive. Biological organisms exhibit both excellent strength and toughness. Using bionic structures from these biological organisms can be solutions for improving these properties of engineering components. To effectively apply biological models to design biomimetic structures, this paper analyses strengthening and toughening mechanisms of six fundamentally biological models obtained from biological organisms. Numerical models of three-point bending test are established to predict crack propagation behaviors of the six biological models. Furthermore, the strength and toughness of six biomimetic composites are experimentally evaluated. It is identified that the helical model possesses the highest toughness and satisfying strength. This work provides more detailed evidence for engineers to designate bionic models to the design of biomimetic composites with high strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lutz Richter
- Large Space Structures GmbH, Hauptstr. 1e, D-85386 Eching, Germany
| | - Ning Dai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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4
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Hossain MS, Ebrahimi H, Ghosh R. Fish scale inspired structures-a review of materials, manufacturing and models. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:061001. [PMID: 35803252 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac7fd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish scale inspired materials and structures can provide advanced mechanical properties and functionalities. These materials, inspired by fish scales, take the form of either composite materials or multi-material discrete exoskeleton type structures. Over the last decade they have been under intense scrutiny for generating tailorable and tunable stiffness, penetration and fracture resistance, buckling prevention, nonlinear damping, hydrodynamic and camouflaging functions. Such programmable behavior emerges from leveraging their unique morphology and structure-property relationships. Several advanced tools for characterization, manufacturing, modeling and computation have been employed to understand and discover their behavior. With the rapid proliferation of additive manufacturing techniques and advances in modeling and computational methods, this field is seeing renewed efforts to realize even more ambitious designs. In this paper we present a review and recapitulation of the state-of-the art of fish scale inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan Hossain
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Ranajay Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
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5
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Eigen L, Baum D, Dean MN, Werner D, Wölfer J, Nyakatura JA. Ontogeny of a tessellated surface: Carapace growth of the longhorn cowfish Lactoria cornuta. J Anat 2022; 241:565-580. [PMID: 35638264 PMCID: PMC9358767 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological armors derive their mechanical integrity in part from their geometric architectures, often involving tessellations: individual structural elements tiled together to form surface shells. The carapace of boxfish, for example, is composed of mineralized polygonal plates, called scutes, arranged in a complex geometric pattern and nearly completely encasing the body. In contrast to artificial armors, the boxfish exoskeleton grows with the fish; the relationship between the tessellation and the gross structure of the armor is therefore critical to sustained protection throughout growth. To clarify whether or how the boxfish tessellation is maintained or altered with age, we quantify architectural aspects of the tessellated carapace of the longhorn cowfish Lactoria cornuta through ontogeny (across nearly an order of magnitude in standard length) and in a high‐throughput fashion, using high‐resolution microCT data and segmentation algorithms to characterize the hundreds of scutes that cover each individual. We show that carapace growth is canalized with little variability across individuals: rather than continually adding scutes to enlarge the carapace surface, the number of scutes is surprisingly constant, with scutes increasing in volume, thickness, and especially width with age. As cowfish and their scutes grow, scutes become comparatively thinner, with the scutes at the edges (weak points in a boxy architecture) being some of the thickest and most reinforced in younger animals and thinning most slowly across ontogeny. In contrast, smaller scutes with more variable curvature were found in the limited areas of more complex topology (e.g., around fin insertions, mouth, and anus). Measurements of Gaussian and mean curvature illustrate that cowfish are essentially tessellated boxes throughout life: predominantly zero curvature surfaces comprised of mostly flat scutes, and with scutes with sharp bends used sparingly to form box edges. Since growth of a curved, tiled surface with a fixed number of tiles would require tile restructuring to accommodate the surface's changing radius of curvature, our results therefore illustrate a previously unappreciated advantage of the odd boxfish morphology: by having predominantly flat surfaces, it is the box‐like body form that in fact permits a relatively straightforward growth system of this tessellated architecture (i.e., where material is added to scute edges). Our characterization of the ontogeny and maintenance of the carapace tessellation provides insights into the potentially conflicting mechanical, geometric, and developmental constraints of this species but also perspectives into natural strategies for constructing mutable tiled architectures. The carapace of boxfish is composed of mineralized polygonal plates, called scutes, arranged in a complex geometric pattern and nearly completely encasing the body. To clarify whether or how this armor is maintained or altered with age, we quantify architectural aspects of the carapace of the longhorn cowfish Lactoria cornuta through ontogeny, using high‐resolution microCT data and segmentation algorithms to characterize the hundreds of scutes that cover each individual.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Eigen
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Baum
- Visual and Data-Centric Computing Department, Zuse Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mason N Dean
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Werner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Wölfer
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John A Nyakatura
- Comparative Zoology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Van Gorp MJW, Goyens J, Alfaro ME, Van Wassenbergh S. Keels of boxfish carapaces strongly improve stabilization against roll. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210942. [PMID: 35472270 PMCID: PMC9042571 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boxfish (Ostraciidae) have peculiar body shapes, with conspicuous keels formed by their bony carapaces. Previous studies have proposed various hydrodynamic roles for these keels, including reducing drag during swimming, contributing to passive stabilization of the swimming course, or providing resistance against roll rotations. Here, we tested these hypotheses using computational fluid dynamics simulations of five species of Ostraciidae with a range of carapace shapes. The hydrodynamic performance of the original carapace surface models, obtained from laser scanning of museum specimens, was compared with models where the keels had been digitally reduced. The original carapaces showed no reduced drag or increased passive stability against pitch and yaw compared to the reduced-keel carapaces. However, consistently for all studied species, a strong increase in roll drag and roll-added mass was observed for the original carapaces compared to the reduced-keel carapaces, despite the relatively small differences in keel height. In particular, the damping of roll movement by resistive drag torques increased considerably by the presence of keels. Our results suggest that the shape of the boxfish carapace is important in enabling the observed roll-free forward swimming of boxfish and may facilitate the control of manoeuvres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel J W Van Gorp
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jana Goyens
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 2154 Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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7
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Zhou C, Liang S, Li Y, Li J, Chen H. Microfluidic Assembly of Microblocks into Interlocked Structures for Enhanced Strength and Toughness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7261-7269. [PMID: 35076202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared with monolithic materials, topologically interlocked materials (TIMs) exhibit higher toughness based on their enhanced crack deflection and deformation tolerance. Importantly, by reducing the block size of TIMs, their structural strength can also be improved due to the reduced flexural span. However, the assembly of microscale blocks remains a huge challenge due to the inadequacy of nanoscale self-assembly or macroscale pick-and-place operations. In this work, octahedral microblocks are fabricated and constructed into interlocked structures with different patterns through microfluidic channels with variable cross sections. The pattern of the interlocked panel is demonstrated to affect its strength and toughness. The failure strength and energy absorption of assembled panels significantly exceed that of their monolithic counterpart by ∼33% and ∼19.1 folds, respectively. Generally, the presented microfluidic method provides a unique technique for the assembly of interlocked architecture, which facilitates the design and fabrication of TIMs with highly improved strength and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Woodruff EC, Huie JM, Summers AP, Cohen KE. Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker armor - development, damage, and defense in the intertidal. J Morphol 2021; 283:164-173. [PMID: 34897789 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Predation, combat, and the slings and arrows of an abrasive and high impact environment, represent just some of the biotic and abiotic stressors that fishes are armored against. The Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis) found in the subtidal of the Northern Pacific Ocean is a rotund fish covered with epidermal, cone-shaped, enamel odontodes. The Lumpsucker is a poor swimmer in the wave swept rocky intertidal, and this armor may be a lightweight solution to the problem of collisions with abiotic obstacles. We use micro-CT and SEM to reveal the morphology and ontogeny of the armor, and to quantify the amount of mineralization relative to the endoskeleton. The non-overlapping odontodes are organized into eight rows - six rows on the body, one row surrounding the eye, and one row underneath the chin. Odontodes start as a single, hooked cone; and they grow by the addition of cusps that accrete into a spiral. The mineral investment in armor compared to skeleton increases over ontogeny. Damage to the armor occurs both through passive abrasion and breakage from impact; and there is no evidence of replacement, or repair of damaged odontodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M Huie
- Biology Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Adam P Summers
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA.,Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Karly E Cohen
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA.,Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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9
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Velasco-Hogan A, Huang W, Serrano C, Kisailus D, Meyers MA. Tooth structure, mechanical properties, and diet specialization of Piranha and Pacu (Serrasalmidae): A comparative study. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:531-545. [PMID: 34428562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between diet, bite performance, and tooth structure is a topic of common interest for ecologists, biologists, materials scientists, and engineers. The highly specialized group of biters found in Serrasalmidae offers a unique opportunity to explore their functional diversity. Surprisingly, the piranha, whose teeth have a predominantly cutting function and whose main diet is soft flesh, is capable of exerting a greater bite force than a similarly sized pacu, who feeds on a hard durophagous diet. Herein, we expand our understanding of diet specialization in the Serrasalmidae family by investigating the influence of elemental composition and hierarchical structure on the local mechanical properties, stress distribution, and deformation mechanics of teeth from piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) and pacu (Colossoma macropomum). Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses combined with nanoindentation and finite element simulations are used to probe the hierarchical features to uncover the structure-property relationships in piranha and pacu teeth. We show that the pacu teeth support a durophagous diet through its broad cusped-shaped teeth, thicker-irregular enameloid, interlocking interface of the dentin-enameloid junction, and increased hardness of the cuticle layer due to the larger concentrations of iron present. Comparatively, the piranha teeth are well suited for piercing due to their conical-shape which we report as having the greatest stiffness at the tip and evenly distributed enameloid. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The hierarchical structure and local mechanical properties of the piranha and pacu teeth are characterized and related to their feeding habits. Finite element models of the anterior teeth are generated to map local stress distribution under compressive loading. Bioinspired designs from the DEJ interface are developed and 3D printed. The pacu teeth are hierarchically structured and have local mechanical properties more suitable to a durophagous diet than the piranha. The findings here can provide insight into the design and fabrication of layered materials with suture interfaces for applications that require compressive loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Velasco-Hogan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Carlos Serrano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, United States.
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10
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Peplinski J, Malone MA, Fowler KJ, Potratz EJ, Pergams AG, Charmoy KL, Rasheed K, Avdieiev SS, Whelan CJ, Brown JS. Ecology of Fear: Spines, Armor and Noxious Chemicals Deter Predators in Cancer and in Nature. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.682504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, many multicellular and unicellular organisms use constitutive defenses such as armor, spines, and noxious chemicals to keep predators at bay. These defenses render the prey difficult and/or dangerous to subdue and handle, which confers a strong deterrent for predators. The distinct benefit of this mode of defense is that prey can defend in place and continue activities such as foraging even under imminent threat of predation. The same qualitative types of armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses have evolved independently and repeatedly in nature, and we present evidence that cancer is no exception. Cancer cells exist in environments inundated with predator-like immune cells, so the ability of cancer cells to defend in place while foraging and proliferating would clearly be advantageous. We argue that these defenses repeatedly evolve in cancers and may be among the most advanced and important adaptations of cancers. By drawing parallels between several taxa exhibiting armor-like, spine-like, and noxious defenses, we present an overview of different ways these defenses can appear and emphasize how phenotypes that appear vastly different can nevertheless have the same essential functions. This cross-taxa comparison reveals how cancer phenotypes can be interpreted as anti-predator defenses, which can facilitate therapy approaches which aim to give the predators (the immune system) the upper hand. This cross-taxa comparison is also informative for evolutionary ecology. Cancer provides an opportunity to observe how prey evolve in the context of a unique predatory threat (the immune system) and varied environments.
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11
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Ingrole A, Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Donahue SW. Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104518. [PMID: 33882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (e.g., calcium carbonate), which have unremarkable intrinsic mechanical properties individually, are used to produce biopolymer-bioceramic composites with unique hierarchical architectures, thus producing biomaterial-architectures with extraordinary mechanical properties. Several biomaterials have inspired the design and manufacture of novel material architectures to address various engineering problems requiring high energy absorption capabilities. For example, the microarchitecture of seashell nacre has inspired multi-material 3D printed architectures that outperform the energy absorption capabilities of monolithic materials. Using the hierarchical architectural features of biological materials, iterative design approaches using simulation and experimentation are advancing the field of bioinspired material design. However, bioinspired architectures are still challenging to manufacture because of the size scale and architectural hierarchical complexity. Notwithstanding, additive manufacturing technologies are advancing rapidly, continually providing researchers improved abilities to fabricate sophisticated bioinspired, hierarchical designs using multiple materials. This review describes the use of additive manufacturing for producing innovative synthetic materials specifically for energy absorption applications inspired by nacre, conch shell, shrimp shell, horns, hooves, and beetle wings. Potential applications include athletic prosthetics, protective head gear, and automobile crush zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Ingrole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Trevor G Aguirre
- Manufacturing Science Division, Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luca Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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12
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Scale performance and composition in a small Amazonian armored catfish, Corydoras trilineatus. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:359-370. [PMID: 33271358 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cory catfishes (Callichthyidae) are small, South American armored catfishes with a series of dermal scutes that run the length of the fish from posterior to the parieto-supraoccipital down to the caudal peduncle. In this study, we explore the anatomy and functional performance of the armored scutes in the three-striped cory catfish, Corydoras trilineatus. The lateral surface has a dorsal and a ventral row of scutes that interact at the horizontal septum. The scutes have little overlap with sequential posterior scutes (~33% overlap) and a deep ridge in the internal surface that connects to the underlying soft tissue. The internal surface of C. trilineatus scutes is stiffer than the external surface, contrary to the findings in a related species of cory catfish, C. aeneus, which documented a hypermineralized, enamel-like, non-collagenous, hyaloine layer along the external surface of the scute. Clearing and staining of C. trilineatus scutes revealed that the scutes have highly mineralized (~50% mineralization) regions embedded in between areas of low mineralization along the posterior margin. Puncture tests showed that posterior scutes were weaker than both anterior and middle scutes, and scutes attached to the body required 50% more energy to puncture than isolated scutes. Corydoras trilineatus has the strongest armor in areas critical for protecting vital organs and the external armored scute receives synergistic benefits from interactions to the soft underlying tissue, which combine to provide a tough protective armor that still allows for flexible mobility.
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13
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Rawat P, Zhu D, Rahman MZ, Barthelat F. Structural and mechanical properties of fish scales for the bio-inspired design of flexible body armors: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:41-67. [PMID: 33285327 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural protection offered to living beings is the result of millions of years of biological revolution. The protections provided in fishes, armadillos, and turtles by unique hierarchal designs help them to survive in surrounding environments. Natural armors offer protections with outstanding mechanical properties, such as high penetration resistance and toughness to weight ratio. The mechanical properties are not the only key features that make scales unique; they are also highly flexible and breathable. In this study, we aim to review the structural and mechanical characteristics of the scales from ray-finned or teleost fishes, which can be used for new bio-inspired armor designs. It is also essential to consider the hierarchical structure of extinct and existing natural armors. The basic characteristics, as mentioned above, are the foundation for developing high-performance, well-structured flexible natural armors. Furthermore, the present review justifies the importance of interaction between toughness, hardness, and deformability in well-engineered bio-inspired body armor. At last, some suggestions are proposed for the design and fabrication of new bio-inspired flexible body armors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rawat
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Deju Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Md Zillur Rahman
- Department of Industrial Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Francois Barthelat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 427 UCB, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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14
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Kolmann MA, Peixoto T, Pfeiffenberger JA, Summers AP, Donatelli CM. Swimming and defence: competing needs across ontogeny in armoured fishes (Agonidae). J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200301. [PMID: 32781934 PMCID: PMC7482565 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological armours are potent model systems for understanding the complex series of competing demands on protective exoskeletons; after all, armoured organisms are the product of millions of years of refined engineering under the harshest conditions. Fishes are no strangers to armour, with various types of armour plating common to the 400-500 Myr of evolution in both jawed and jawless fishes. Here, we focus on the poachers (Agonidae), a family of armoured fishes native to temperate waters of the Pacific rim. We examined armour morphology, body stiffness and swimming performance in the northern spearnose poacher (Agonopsis vulsa) over ontogeny. As juveniles, these fishes make frequent nocturnal forays into the water column in search of food, while heavily armoured adults are bound to the benthos. Most armour dimensions and density increase with body length, as does body stiffness. Juvenile poachers have enlarged spines on their armour whereas adults invest more mineral in armour plate bases. Adults are stiffer and accelerate faster than juveniles with an anguilliform swimming mode. Subadults more closely approximate adults more than smaller juveniles, with regards to both swimming and armour mechanics. Poacher armour serves multiple functions over ontogeny, from facilitating locomotion, slowing sinking and providing defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Kolmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T. Peixoto
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. A. Pfeiffenberger
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A. P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington College of the Environment, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - C. M. Donatelli
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Galloway KA, Frazier DJ, Porter ME. Dermal modifications of the red lionfish, Pterois volitans. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:637-643. [PMID: 32729212 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates have evolved flexible and hard dermal armor, but there is often a tradeoff between mobility and protection. Skeletal modifications include fish scales, the shells of tortoises and turtles, and the cranial projections that are found in marine iguanas and lionfish. Sexual dimorphisms of cranial structures are prominent in fishes; we hypothesized that cranial projections of Pterois volitans will change over ontogeny and are sexually dimorphic. The goal of this study is to quantify differences in the cranial armor of P. volitans over a range of sizes (juveniles to adults) to understand allometric growth and possible sexual dimorphisms using specimens from invaded ranges. We found no difference in the total number of cranial spines between sexes, suggesting that the number of cranial spines is not a sexually dimorphic trait in P. volitans. We found positive allometry for total cranial spine number, and length and width of the three largest cranial spines, with respect to the fish total length. Here, we also document another skeletal modification in P. volitans, which is the addition of spines on the caudal fin. Overall, these data show that P. volitans' develop robust dermal modifications as they grow larger, and we suggest that phenotypic plasticity of this species should be explored in their native and invaded ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Galloway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana
| | - Delaney J Frazier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Marianne E Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
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16
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Boute PG, Van Wassenbergh S, Stamhuis EJ. Modulating yaw with an unstable rigid body and a course-stabilizing or steering caudal fin in the yellow boxfish ( Ostracion cubicus). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200129. [PMID: 32431903 PMCID: PMC7211845 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite that boxfishes have a rigid carapace that restricts body undulation, they are highly manoeuvrable and manage to swim with remarkably dynamic stability. Recent research has indicated that the rigid body shape of boxfishes shows an inherently unstable response in its rotations caused by course-disturbing flows. Hence, any net stabilizing effect should come from the fishes' fins. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the surface area and orientation of the caudal fin on the yaw torque exerted on the yellow boxfish, Ostracion cubicus, a square cross-sectional shaped species of boxfish. Yaw torques quantified in a flow tank using a physical model with an attachable closed or open caudal fin at different body and tail angles and at different water flow speeds showed that the caudal fin is crucial for controlling yaw. These flow tank results were confirmed by computational fluid dynamics simulations. The caudal fin acts as both a course-stabilizer and rudder for the naturally unstable rigid body with regard to yaw. Boxfishes seem to use the interaction of the unstable body and active changes in the shape and orientation of the caudal fin to modulate manoeuvrability and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim G. Boute
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Eize J. Stamhuis
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Ritchie RO. Interfacial toughening effect of suture structures. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:75-82. [PMID: 31756553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Suture interfaces are one of the most common architectural designs in natural material-systems and are critical for ensuring multiple functionalities by providing flexibility while maintaining connectivity. Despite intensive studies on the mechanical role of suture structures, there is still a lack of understanding on the fracture mechanics of suture interfaces in terms of their interactions with impinging cracks. Here we reveal an interfacial toughening effect of suture structures by means of "excluding" cracks away from interfaces based on a dimensionless micro-mechanical model for single-leveled and hierarchical suture interfaces with triangular-shaped suture teeth. The effective stress-intensity driving forces for crack deflection along, versus penetration through, an interface at first impingement and on subsequent kinking are formulated and compared with the corresponding resistances. Quantitative criteria are established for discerning the cracking modes and fracture resistance of suture interfaces with their dependences on sutural tooth sharpness and interfacial toughness clarified. Additionally, the effects of structural hierarchy are elucidated through a consideration of hierarchical suture interfaces with fractal-like geometries. This study may offer guidance for designing bioinspired suture structures, especially for toughening materials where interfaces are a key weakness. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Suture interfaces are one of the most common architectural material designs in biological systems, and are found in a wide range of species including armadillo osteoderms, boxfish armor, pangolin scales and insect cuticles. They are designed to provide flexibility while maintaining connectivity. Despite many studies on the mechanical role of suture structures, there is still little understanding of their role in terms of interactions with impinging cracks. Here we reveal an interfacial toughening effect of suture structures by means of "excluding" cracks away from interfaces based on a dimensionless micro-mechanical model for single-leveled and hierarchical suture interfaces with triangular-shaped suture teeth. Quantitative criteria are established for discerning the cracking mode and fracture resistance of the interfaces with their dependences on sutural tooth sharpness and interfacial toughness clarified.
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18
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Xu X, Chen X, Li J. Natural protein bioinspired materials for regeneration of hard tissues. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2199-2215. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the protein bioinspired materials for the repair of hard tissues such as enamel, dentin and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- College of Medicine
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610003
- China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
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19
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Huang W, Restrepo D, Jung JY, Su FY, Liu Z, Ritchie RO, McKittrick J, Zavattieri P, Kisailus D. Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901561. [PMID: 31268207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light-weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage tolerance of such biological materials are conferred through hierarchical assembly of their multiscale (i.e., atomic- to macroscale) architectures and components. Herein, the toughening mechanisms of different organisms at multilength scales are identified and summarized: macromolecular deformation, chemical bond breakage, and biomineral crystal imperfections at the atomic scale; biopolymer fibril reconfiguration/deformation and biomineral nanoparticle/nanoplatelet/nanorod translation, and crack reorientation at the nanoscale; crack deflection and twisting by characteristic features such as tubules and lamellae at the microscale; and structure and morphology optimization at the macroscale. In addition, the actual loading conditions of the natural organisms are different, leading to energy dissipation occurring at different time scales. These toughening mechanisms are further illustrated by comparing the experimental results with computational modeling. Modeling methods at different length and time scales are reviewed. Examples of biomimetic designs that realize the multiscale toughening mechanisms in engineering materials are introduced. Indeed, there is still plenty of room mimicking the strong and tough biological designs at the multilength and time scale in Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - David Restrepo
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Y Su
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Zengqian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Fatigue and Fracture Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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20
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Analysis of bioinspired non-interlocking geometrically patterned interfaces under predominant mode I loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:244-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Zheng Y, Guo C, Li L, Ma Y. Morphology and mechanical properties of the dorsal bony plates in the Chinese sturgeon (
Acipenser sinensis
). Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1083-1091. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Ce Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Longhai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Yaopeng Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
- Institute of Bio‐inspired Structure and Surface EngineeringNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016 China
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22
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Optimization of bio-inspired bi-directionally corrugated panel impact-resistance structures: Numerical simulation and selective laser melting process. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 91:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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du Plessis A, Broeckhoven C. Looking deep into nature: A review of micro-computed tomography in biomimicry. Acta Biomater 2019; 85:27-40. [PMID: 30543937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Albert Einstein once said "look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better". Looking deep into nature has in the last few years become much more achievable through the use of high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT). The non-destructive nature of microCT, combined with three-dimensional visualization and analysis, allows for the most complete internal and external "view" of natural materials and structures at both macro- and micro-scale. This capability brings with it the possibility to learn from nature at an unprecedented level of detail in full three dimensions, allowing us to improve our current understanding of structures, learn from them and apply them to solve engineering problems. The use of microCT in the fields of biomimicry, biomimetic engineering and bioinspiration is growing rapidly and holds great promise. MicroCT images and three-dimensional data can be used as generic bio-inspiration, or may be interpreted as detailed blueprints for specific engineering applications, i.e., reverse-engineering nature. In this review, we show how microCT has been used in bioinspiration and biomimetic studies to date, including investigations of multifunctional structures, hierarchical structures and the growing use of additive manufacturing and mechanical testing of 3D printed models in combination with microCT. The latest microCT capabilities and developments which might support biomimetic studies are described and the unique synergy between microCT and biomimicry is demonstrated. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review highlights the growing use of X-ray micro computed tomography in biomimetic research. We feel the timing of this paper is excellent as there is a significant growth and interest in biomimetic research, also coupled with additive manufacturing, but still no review of the use of microCT in this field. The use of microCT for structural biomimetic and biomaterials research has huge potential but is still under-utilized, partly due to lack of knowledge of the capabilities and how it can be used in this field. We hope this review fills this gap and fuels further advances in this field using microCT.
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24
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Velasco-Hogan A, Xu J, Meyers MA. Additive Manufacturing as a Method to Design and Optimize Bioinspired Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800940. [PMID: 30133816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a current technology undergoing rapid development that is utilized in a wide variety of applications. In the field of biological and bioinspired materials, additive manufacturing is being used to generate intricate prototypes to expand our understanding of the fundamental structure-property relationships that govern nature's spectacular mechanical performance. Herein, recent advances in the use of AM for improving the understanding of the structure-property relationship in biological materials and for the production of bioinspired materials are reviewed. There are four essential components to this work: a) extracting defining characteristics of biological designs, b) designing 3D-printed prototypes, c) performing mechanical testing on 3D-printed prototypes to understand fundamental mechanisms at hand, and d) optimizing design for tailorable performance. It is intended to highlight how the various types of additive manufacturing methods are utilized, to unravel novel discoveries in the field of biological materials. Since AM processing techniques have surpassed antiquated limitations, especially with respect to spatial scales, there has been a surge in their demand as an integral tool for research. In conclusion, current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of bioinspired materials using AM are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Advanced Vehicle Research Center (AVRC), Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Marc A Meyers
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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25
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Kolmann MA, Urban P, Summers AP. Structure and Function of the Armored Keel in Piranhas, Pacus, and their Allies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:30-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kolmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington 98250
| | - Paulina Urban
- Department of Biology Christian‐Albrechts University Kiel, 24118 Germany
| | - Adam P. Summers
- Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington 98250
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26
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Gao C, Hasseldine BPJ, Li L, Weaver JC, Li Y. Amplifying Strength, Toughness, and Auxeticity via Wavy Sutural Tessellation in Plant Seedcoats. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800579. [PMID: 30019504 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Protective armors are widespread in nature and often consist of periodic arrays of tile-like building blocks that articulate with each other through undulating interfaces. To investigate the mechanical consequences of these wavy tessellations, especially in instances where the amplitude of the undulations is near the scale of the constituent tiles as is found in the seedcoats of many plant species, an approach that integrates parametric modeling and finite element simulations with direct mechanical testing on their 3D-printed multi-material structural analogues is presented. Results from these studies demonstrate that these tiled arrays of largely isotropic star-like unit cells exhibit an unusual combination of mechanical properties including auxeticity and mutually amplified strength and toughness which can be systematically tuned by varying the waviness of the sutural tessellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | | | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yaning Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
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27
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du Plessis A, Broeckhoven C, Yadroitsev I, Yadroitsava I, le Roux SG. Analyzing nature's protective design: The glyptodont body armor. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Jayasankar A, Seidel R, Naumann J, Guiducci L, Hosny A, Fratzl P, Weaver J, Dunlop J, Dean M. Mechanical behavior of idealized, stingray-skeleton-inspired tiled composites as a function of geometry and material properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:86-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Porter MM, Ravikumar N, Barthelat F, Martini R. 3D-printing and mechanics of bio-inspired articulated and multi-material structures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:114-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Hasseldine BP, Gao C, Collins JM, Jung HD, Jang TS, Song J, Li Y. Mechanical response of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds under quasi-static compression: Experiments and modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Liquid crystals play an important role in biology because the combination of order and mobility is a basic requirement for self-organisation and structure formation in living systems. Cholesteric liquid crystals are omnipresent in living matter under both in vivo and in vitro conditions and address the major types of molecules essential to life. In the animal and plant kingdoms, the cholesteric structure is a recurring design, suggesting a convergent evolution to an optimised left-handed helix. Herein, we review the recent advances in the cholesteric organisation of DNA, chromatin, chitin, cellulose, collagen, viruses, silk and cholesterol ester deposition in atherosclerosis. Cholesteric structures can be found in bacteriophages, archaea, eukaryotes, bacterial nucleoids, chromosomes of unicellular algae, sperm nuclei of many vertebrates, cuticles of crustaceans and insects, bone, tendon, cornea, fish scales and scutes, cuttlebone and squid pens, plant cell walls, virus suspensions, silk produced by spiders and silkworms, and arterial wall lesions. This article specifically aims at describing the consequences of the cholesteric geometry in living matter, which are far from being fully defined and understood, and discusses various perspectives. The roles and functions of biological cholesteric liquid crystals include maximisation of packing efficiency, morphogenesis, mechanical stability, optical information, radiation protection and evolution pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mitov
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales (CEMES), CNRS, BP 94347, 29 rue Jeanne-Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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32
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Non-ideal effects in bending response of soft substrates covered with biomimetic scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 72:1-5. [PMID: 28432998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic scales are known to substantially alter the mechanics response of the underlying substrate engendering complex nonlinearities that can manifest even in small deformations due to scales interaction. This interaction is typically modeled using a-priori homogenization with an enforced periodicity of engagement. Such a framework is fairly useful especially when dealing with the structural length scale which is at least one order of magnitude greater than the scales themselves since individual tracking of a large number of scales become insurmountable. On the other hand, this scheme makes several assumptions whose validity has not yet been investigated including infinite length of the substrate and rigidity of the scales. The validity of these assumptions and the accuracy and limitations of associated analytical models are investigated. Finite element based numerical studies were carried out to identify the critical role of edge effects and other non-ideal behavior such as violation of periodicity and nonlinear constitutive response on scale rotation. Our investigation shows that several important quantities show a strong saturation characteristic which justify many of the simplifying assumptions whereas others need much greater care.
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33
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Torres FG, Lama D. Failure retardation in body armor. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.16.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The protective structures that occur in biological systems are complex composite materials that display impressive mechanical properties, considering the weak properties of the individual constituents from which they are assembled. Body armors are hard materials designed to protect an animal from the fangs and claws of their predator. The usual engineering approach to biological materials has focused on treating them like synthetic composite materials designed to achieve higher strength and stiffness. Here, the authors propose that the basic evolutionary design of body armors and biological materials is related to the retardation of catastrophic failure through a variety of mechanisms, most of which directly relate to the absorption of energy during deformation. The authors subsequently reviewed and classified in a systemic way failure retardation mechanisms related to various types of body armor, including fish scales, fish dermal plates, osteoderms, mollusk shells and porcupine quills. These materials are compared with soft materials such as bacterial cellulose, jumbo squid mantles and actin microtubules that exhibit similar failure retardation characteristics. Through comparison of these failure analysis studies, the authors aim to develop a more nuanced understanding of the evolutionary design of the hierarchical structures observed in a variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G. Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Lama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
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Wang L, Chen D, Jiang K, Shen G. New insights and perspectives into biological materials for flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6764-6815. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Materials based on biological materials are becoming increasingly competitive and are likely to be critical components in flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute & Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery
- Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA
- Chinese PLA Medical School
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing 100853
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures
- Institute of Semiconductors
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100083
- China
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Naleway SE, Taylor JR, Porter MM, Meyers MA, McKittrick J. Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:1143-1167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Naleway SE, Porter MM, McKittrick J, Meyers MA. Structural Design Elements in Biological Materials: Application to Bioinspiration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5455-76. [PMID: 26305858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological materials science as they can serve as a toolbox for rationalizing the complex mechanical behavior of structural biological materials and for systematizing the development of bioinspired designs for structural applications. They are employed to improve the mechanical properties, namely strength, wear resistance, stiffness, flexibility, fracture toughness, and energy absorption of different biological materials for a variety of functions (e.g., body support, joint movement, impact protection, weight reduction). The structural elements identified are: fibrous, helical, gradient, layered, tubular, cellular, suture, and overlapping. For each of the structural design elements, critical design parameters are presented along with constitutive equations with a focus on mechanical properties. Additionally, example organisms from varying biological classes are presented for each case to display the wide variety of environments where each of these elements is present. Examples of current bioinspired materials are also introduced for each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Naleway
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
| | - Michael M Porter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
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