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Lacroce E, Pizzetti F, Urrego NMB, Nunziata G, Masi M, Rossi F. Magnetically Active Bicontinuous Polymer Structures for Multiple Controlled Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400084. [PMID: 38733249 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs using wireless navigable magnetic robots allows the delivery of drug molecules to be controlled non only in time but also in space, improving medical outcomes. The main disadvantages behind their use lies in the low amount of drug that can be transported and the single nature of drug that can be loaded (hydrophilic or hydrophobic). These considerations limit their use in co-delivery systems, now recognized to be very promising for many different pathologies. A magnetic bijel-like structure is developed to load and release different types of molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). In this work, the use of ε-caprolactone is explored, which can polymerize, forming hydrophobic domains (oil phase). After mixing with iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), the water dispersion creates a magnetic biphasic porous structure without phase separation. The resulting device shows good performance both in magnetic actuation and as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nicolás M Barbosa Urrego
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunziata
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Masi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
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2
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Shen X, Cao M. Bicontinuous Interfacially Jammed Emulsion Gels (Bijels): Preparation, Control Strategies, and Derived Porous Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:574. [PMID: 38607109 PMCID: PMC11013138 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels, also known as Bijels, are a new type of soft condensed matter. Over the last decade, Bijels have attracted considerable attention because of their unique morphology, property, and broad application prospects. In the present review, we summarize the preparation methods and main control strategies of Bijels, focusing on the research progress and application of Bijels as templates for porous materials preparation in recent years. The potential future directions and applications of Bijels are also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meiwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China;
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3
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Xie Y, Hang L. Mechanical gated ion channel Piezo1: Function, and role in macrophage inflammatory response. Innate Immun 2024; 30:32-39. [PMID: 38710209 PMCID: PMC11165660 DOI: 10.1177/17534259241249287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in many mechanically active tissues and are often subjected to varying degrees of mechanical stimulation. Macrophages play a crucial role in resisting pathogen invasion and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Piezo-type mechanosensitive channel component 1 (Piezo1) is the main cation channel involved in the rapid response to mechanical stimuli in mammals. This channel plays a crucial role in controlling blood pressure and motor performance and regulates urinary osmotic pressure and epithelial cell proliferation and division. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that in macrophages, Piezo1 not only plays a role in regulating the aforementioned physiological processes but also participates in multiple pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. In this review, we summarize the research progress on Piezo1-mediated regulation of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses through downstream signalling pathways and the aerobic glycolysis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, PR China
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4
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Pizzetti F, Massobrio G, Riva S, Vangosa FB, Rossi F. Biphasic Porous Bijel-Like Structures with Hydrogel Domains as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems. Gels 2024; 10:72. [PMID: 38247794 PMCID: PMC10815427 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bijels are a peculiar type of Pickering emulsion that have a bicontinuous morphology and are stabilised by a jammed layer of nanoparticles (NPs). Due to their double nature, their usage has increased in recent years in various fields, such as biological and food applications. In fact, they can release both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds simultaneously. An improvement to this structure is the use of a hydrophobic monomer like polycaprolactone as the organic phase, which is able to polymerise during the formation of the structure. Unfortunately, the structures formed in this way always have some drawbacks, such as their thermal stability or degradation when submerged in an aqueous medium. A number of studies have been carried out in which some parameters, such as the NPs or the monomer, were changed and their effect on the final product evaluated. In this work, the effect of modifying the aqueous phase was studied. In particular, the effect of adding alginate, a biopolymer capable of forming a stable hydrogel in the presence of divalent cations, was analysed, as was the difference between soaking or not in CaCl2, the final system. Specific attention was paid to their swelling behaviour (150% vs. 25% of the blank sample), rheological properties (G' 100 kPa vs. 20 kPa of the blank sample) and their release performances. In this framework, complete release of hydrophilic drug vs. 20% in the blank sample was observed together with improved release of the hydrophobic one with 35% in 8 h vs. 5% in the case of the blank sample. This strategy has been proven to influence bijels' properties, opening the doors to many different uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (S.R.); (F.B.V.)
| | | | | | | | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (S.R.); (F.B.V.)
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5
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Bak M, Mihály J, Gyulai G, Szalai I, Varga I, Mészáros R. Structuring liquids through solvent-assisted interfacial association of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and amphiphiles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:1097-1104. [PMID: 37467638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Sculpting liquids into different shapes is usually based on the interfacial interactions of functionalized nanoparticles or polymers with specific ligands, leading to exciting material properties due to the combination of the mobility of liquid components with the solid-like characteristic of the arrested liquid/liquid interface. There is an intense interest in novel structured liquids produced from simple compounds with versatile application potentials. Complexes of oppositely charged commercial polyelectrolytes and traditional aliphatic surfactants are good candidates for this goal since they reveal rich structural features and could adsorb at various interfaces. However, they have not been applied yet for structuring liquids. EXPERIMENTS The interfacial interactions and film formation between aqueous sodium poly(styrene) sulfonate solutions (NaPSS) and hexadecylamine (HDA) solutions in various alkanols were investigated by surface tension measurements and ATR-IR spectroscopy. 3D printing experiments also assessed the robustness of the formed films. FINDINGS Arrested fatty alcohol/water interfaces were formed due to the interfacial association of NaPSS, HDA, and alkanol molecules, which also act as cosurfactants in the surface region. These solid films enable the synthesis of temperature-sensitive all-in-liquid constructs and offer alternatives to bulk polyion/mixed surfactant assemblies prepared earlier through numerous synthesis steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bak
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary
| | - Gergő Gyulai
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - István Szalai
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Imre Varga
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary
| | - Róbert Mészáros
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosized Systems, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Hungary; Department of Chemistry, J. Selye University, 945 01 Komárno, Slovakia.
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6
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Ganabady K, Contessi Negrini N, Scherba JC, Nitschke BM, Alexander MR, Vining KH, Grunlan MA, Mooney DJ, Celiz AD. High-Throughput Screening of Thiol-ene Click Chemistries for Bone Adhesive Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50908-50915. [PMID: 37905511 PMCID: PMC10636719 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal surgical pins and screws are employed in millions of orthopedic surgical procedures every year worldwide, but their usability is limited in the case of complex, comminuted fractures or in surgeries on smaller bones. Therefore, replacing such implants with a bone adhesive material has long been considered an attractive option. However, synthesizing a biocompatible bone adhesive with a high bond strength that is simple to apply presents many challenges. To rapidly identify candidate polymers for a biocompatible bone adhesive, we employed a high-throughput screening strategy to assess human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) adhesion toward a library of polymers synthesized via thiol-ene click chemistry. We chose thiol-ene click chemistry because multifunctional monomers can be rapidly cured via ultraviolet (UV) light while minimizing residual monomer, and it provides a scalable manufacturing process for candidate polymers identified from a high-throughput screen. This screening methodology identified a copolymer (1-S2-FT01) composed of the monomers 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TATATO) and pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), which supported highest hMSC adhesion across a library of 90 polymers. The identified copolymer (1-S2-FT01) exhibited favorable compressive and tensile properties compared to existing commercial bone adhesives and adhered to bone with adhesion strengths similar to commercially available bone glues such as Histoacryl. Furthermore, this cytocompatible polymer supported osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and could adhere 3D porous polymer scaffolds to the bone tissue, making this polymer an ideal candidate as an alternative bone adhesive with broad utility in orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Ganabady
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | | | - Jacob C. Scherba
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Harvard John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Brandon M. Nitschke
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843-3120, United States
| | | | - Kyle H. Vining
- School
of Dental Medicine and Department of Materials Science, School of
Engineering and Applied Science, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6030, United States
| | - Melissa A. Grunlan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843-3120, United States
| | - David J. Mooney
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Harvard John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Adam D. Celiz
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Francis
Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
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7
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Gonthier A, Botvinick EL, Grosberg A, Mohraz A. Effect of Porous Substrate Topographies on Cell Dynamics: A Computational Study. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5666-5678. [PMID: 37713253 PMCID: PMC10565724 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling cell-substrate interactions via the microstructural characteristics of biomaterials offers an advantageous path for modulating cell dynamics, mechanosensing, and migration, as well as for designing immune-modulating implants, all without the drawbacks of chemical-based triggers. Specifically, recent in vivo studies have suggested that a porous implant's microscale curvature landscape can significantly impact cell behavior and ultimately the immune response. To investigate such cell-substrate interactions, we utilized a 3D computational model incorporating the minimum necessary physics of cell migration and cell-substrate interactions needed to replicate known in vitro behaviors. This model specifically incorporates the effect of membrane tension, which was found to be necessary to replicate in vitro cell behavior on curved surfaces. Our simulated substrates represent two classes of porous materials recently used in implant studies, which have markedly different microscale curvature distributions and pore geometries. We found distinct differences between the overall migration behaviors, shapes, and actin polymerization dynamics of cells interacting with the two substrates. These differences were correlated to the shape energy of the cells as they interacted with the porous substrates, in effect interpreting substrate topography as an energetic landscape interrogated by cells. Our results demonstrate that microscale curvature directly influences cell shape and migration and, therefore, is likely to influence cell behavior. This supports further investigation of the relationship between the surface topography of implanted materials and the characteristic immune response, a complete understanding of which would broadly advance principles of biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse
R. Gonthier
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Elliot L. Botvinick
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center
for Complex Biological Systems, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Beckman
Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Surgery,University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Edwards
Lifesciences
Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation & Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Center
for Complex Biological Systems, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Edwards
Lifesciences
Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation & Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- The
NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Sue
and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ali Mohraz
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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8
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Patkar SS, Garcia Garcia C, Palmese LL, Kiick KL. Sequence-Encoded Differences in Phase Separation Enable Formation of Resilin-like Polypeptide-Based Microstructured Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3729-3741. [PMID: 37525441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured hydrogels are promising platforms to mimic structural and compositional heterogeneities of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). The current state-of-the-art soft matter patterning techniques for generating ECM mimics can be limited owing to their reliance on specialized equipment and multiple time- and energy-intensive steps. Here, a photocross-linking methodology that traps various morphologies of phase-separated multicomponent formulations of compositionally distinct resilin-like polypeptides (RLPs) is reported. Turbidimetry and quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the sequence-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation of multicomponent solutions of RLPs. Differences between the intermolecular interactions of two different photocross-linkable RLPs and a phase-separating templating RLP were exploited for producing microstructured hydrogels with tunable control over pore diameters (ranging from 1.5 to 150 μm) and shear storage moduli (ranging from 0.2 to 5 kPa). The culture of human mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated high viability and attachment on microstructured hydrogels, suggesting their potential for developing customizable platforms for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai S Patkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cristobal Garcia Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Luisa L Palmese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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9
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Sprockel AJ, Khan MA, de Ruiter M, Alting MT, Macmillan KA, Haase MF. Fabrication of bijels with sub-micron domains via a single-channel flow device. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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10
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Self-assembled emulsion gel based on modified chitosan and gelatin: Anti-inflammatory and improving cellular uptake of lipid-soluble actives. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123300. [PMID: 36657546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a green carrier for intestinal targeted delivery, an emulsion gel was designed by the self-assembly between gelatin and Pickering emulsion based on gallic acid modified-chitosan nanoparticles (GCS NPs). The emulsion gels loaded with garlic essential oil (Geo) and curcumin (Cur) were abbreviated as GOEG and GCEG, respectively. Meanwhile, the sodium alginate bead loaded with Geo (GOEGS3) and the bead loaded with Cur (GCEGS) were prepared as controls. Results demonstrated that the emulsion gels significantly improved the bioaccessibility of Geo and Cur, showing great intestinal targeting delivery properties comparable to that of sodium alginate beads. Moreover, Caco-2 cell experiments indicated that GOEG and GCEG displayed good biocompatibility and enhanced cellular uptake of Geo and Cur. The emulsion gels also exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory properties in the lipopolysaccharide-induced cell model, exhibiting great potential for clinical application. This work provides some references for the preparation of multifunctional emulsion gels with excellent delivery performance by a green method.
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11
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Li J, Wang M. Fabrication and Evaluation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Containing Bijels and Bijels-Derived Porous Nanocomposites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1434-1443. [PMID: 36634198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Structures having continuous porous networks are of great interest for applications in areas such as separation, energy storage, and tissue engineering. Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels ("bijels") have been actively investigated as templates for fabricating useful structures for such applications. However, the fabrication of bijels-templated porous nanocomposites incorporated with reinforcing or functional nanoparticles (or nanofibers) to provide specific, targeted functions is still a challenge, stemming from the difficulties of fabricating functional nanoparticle-containing bijels. In this study, bijels-derived porous nanocomposites incorporated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which possessed interconnected channels inside the structures, were made via a facile phase inversion technique for bijels fabrication. For the composite manufacture, in the first step of bijels fabrication, MWCNT adsorption into the oil phase of bijels was observed. It was revealed that MWCNTs were physically absorbed into the oil-rich phase without disrupting the bicontinuous structure of bijels. The successful fabrication of non-crosslinked and crosslinked porous structures containing MWCNTs was evidenced through imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. For potential controlled release applications, an anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), was incorporated into bijels-derived structures and nanocomposites. The in vitro DOX release profiles from drug delivery systems based on bijels-derived MWCNT-containing nanocomposites suggested that the photothermal effect of MWCNTs initiated by near-infrared irradiation could modulate the drug release behavior. Overall, this study has developed a facile approach to fabricate bijels-templated bicontinuous porous structures incorporated with functional nanoparticles (or nanofibers) and opened an avenue for making MWCNT-containing porous nanocomposites for controlled drug release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Spongy all-in-liquid materials by in-situ formation of emulsions at oil-water interfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4162. [PMID: 35851272 PMCID: PMC9293904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Printing a structured network of functionalized droplets in a liquid medium enables engineering collectives of living cells for functional purposes and promises enormous applications in processes ranging from energy storage to tissue engineering. Current approaches are limited to drop-by-drop printing or face limitations in reproducing the sophisticated internal features of a structured material and its interactions with the surrounding media. Here, we report a simple approach for creating stable liquid filaments of silica nanoparticle dispersions and use them as inks to print all-in-liquid materials that consist of a network of droplets. Silica nanoparticles stabilize liquid filaments at Weber numbers two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported in liquid-liquid systems by rapidly producing a concentrated emulsion zone at the oil-water interface. We experimentally demonstrate the printed aqueous phase is emulsified in-situ; consequently, a 3D structure is achieved with flexible walls consisting of layered emulsions. The tube-like printed features have a spongy texture resembling miniaturized versions of “tube sponges” found in the oceans. A scaling analysis based on the interplay between hydrodynamics and emulsification kinetics reveals that filaments are formed when emulsions are generated and remain at the interface during the printing period. Stabilized filaments are utilized for printing liquid-based fluidic channels. All-in-liquid printing promises applications from energy storage to drug delivery and tissue engineering. Here, authors present the in-situ generation of layered emulsion in a fraction of a second at the oil-water interface forming 3D tube-like structures in a liquid medium.
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13
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Ching H, Mohraz A. Bijel rheology reveals a 2D colloidal glass wrapped in 3D. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4227-4238. [PMID: 35607949 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present rheological evidence demonstrating the glass-like nature of bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels). Under small amplitude oscillatory shear, bijels exhibited rheological signatures akin to α and β relaxation that are also invariable to interfacial tension changes, behaviors which are reminiscent of caged particle dynamics found in colloidal glasses, and well described by a previously reported adaptation of mode-coupling theory for colloidal glass rheology. Guided by their rheological signatures and supported by particle detachment and attraction energy approximations, we rationalize that bijels can be represented as 2-dimensional (2D) colloidal glasses that percolate in 3-dimensional (3D) space, and attractive interactions are not required for their stability. To provide further support for this conjecture, we qualitatively compare the rheology of bijels and a capillary suspension that is stabilized by strong, rigid capillary bridges between the particles, beyond their limit of linear viscoelasticity. Our results demonstrate that the strong adsorption of particles to the continuous interface and the lack of strong attractive interparticle forces enable recovery by interfacial tension into new jammed configurations after shear deformation. These behaviors are qualitatively different from those in the capillary suspension, where the breaking of attractive interparticle bonds results in dramatic changes to the microstructure and rheology over a narrow range of shear amplitudes. Our findings unveil bijels as 2D colloidal glasses weaving in 3D space and establish that interparticle attractions are not required for stability in bijels, and interfacial jamming alone is sufficient to impart viscoelasticity and gel-like rheology to these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Ching
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580, USA.
| | - Ali Mohraz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580, USA.
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14
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Tang Z, Wei X, Li T, Wu H, Xiao X, Hao Y, Li S, Hou W, Shi L, Li X, Guo Z. Three-Dimensionally Printed Ti2448 With Low Stiffness Enhanced Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis by Regulating Macrophage Polarization via Piezo1/YAP Signaling Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:750948. [PMID: 34869337 PMCID: PMC8634253 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.750948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that the novel low-elastic-modulus Ti2448 alloy can significantly reduce stress shielding and contribute to better bone repair than the conventional Ti6Al4V alloy. In this study, the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis by three-dimensionally printed Ti2448 were also observed in vivo. However, these were not significant in a series of in vitro tests. The stiffness of materials has been reported to greatly affect the response of macrophages, and the immunological regulation mediated by macrophages directly determines the fate of bone implants. Therefore, we designed more experiments to explore the role of three-dimensionally printed Ti2448 in macrophage activation and related osteogenesis and angiogenesis. As expected, we found a significant increase in the number of M2 macrophages around Ti2448 implants, as well as better osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo. In vitro studies also showed that macrophages pre-treated with Ti2448 alloy significantly promoted angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation through increased PDGF-BB and BMP-2 secretion, and the polarization of M2 macrophages was enhanced. We deduced that Ti2448 promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis through Piezo1/YAP signaling axis-mediated macrophage polarization and related cytokine secretion. This research might provide insight into the biological properties of Ti2448 and provide a powerful theoretical supplement for the future application of three-dimensionally printed Ti2448 implants in orthopaedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinghui Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulin Hao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Wentao Hou
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Atashgahi M, Ghaemi B, Valizadeh A, Moshiri A, Nekoofar MH, Amani A. Epinephrine-entrapped chitosan nanoparticles covered by gelatin nanofibers: A bi-layer nano-biomaterial for rapid hemostasis. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121074. [PMID: 34481888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled hemorrhage accounts for significant death risk both in trauma and surgery. Various bleeding control techniques have been emerged to augment hemostasis, which still has several limitations and drawbacks. In this study, epinephrine-entrapped chitosan nanoparticles were electrosprayed on a base pad and covered by a gelatin nanofiber layer (E-CS-Gl. Physico-chemical characteristics, hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and blood coagulation tests were studied in-vitro, and blood coagulation and hemostasis potential tests were performed in-vivo. The in-vitro results showed that the prepared nano-biomaterial is cytocompatible against HuGu cells. Also, hemocompatibility studies showed that PT and aPTT times did not change in comparison with the controls. Further blood coagulation study indicated that E-CS-Gl provides an ultimate interface to induce red blood cell absorption and aggregation, resulting in augmented blood coagulation. E-CS-Gl also caused rapid clotting in rat models of ruptured femoral artery and liver compared to controls. Findings exhibited that E-CS-Gl is a safe and effective hemostatic agent and provides a new approach for fast and safe hemorrhage control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Atashgahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417755469 Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417755469 Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417755469 Tehran, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17411 Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Department of Endodontic, Bahçeşehir University School of Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Medical Biomaterial Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Whitaker R, Hernaez-Estrada B, Hernandez RM, Santos-Vizcaino E, Spiller KL. Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Tissue Repair. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11305-11335. [PMID: 34415742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All implanted biomaterials are targets of the host's immune system. While the host inflammatory response was once considered a detrimental force to be blunted or avoided, in recent years, it has become a powerful force to be leveraged to augment biomaterial-tissue integration and tissue repair. In this review, we will discuss the major immune cells that mediate the inflammatory response to biomaterials, with a focus on how biomaterials can be designed to modulate immune cell behavior to promote biomaterial-tissue integration. In particular, the intentional activation of monocytes and macrophages with controlled timing, and modulation of their interactions with other cell types involved in wound healing, have emerged as key strategies to improve biomaterial efficacy. To this end, careful design of biomaterial structure and controlled release of immunomodulators can be employed to manipulate macrophage phenotype for the maximization of the wound healing response with enhanced tissue integration and repair, as opposed to a typical foreign body response characterized by fibrous encapsulation and implant isolation. We discuss current challenges in the clinical translation of immunomodulatory biomaterials, such as limitations in the use of in vitro studies and animal models to model the human immune response. Finally, we describe future directions and opportunities for understanding and controlling the biomaterial-immune system interface, including the application of new imaging tools, new animal models, the discovery of new cellular targets, and novel techniques for in situ immune cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Whitaker
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Beatriz Hernaez-Estrada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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17
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Zou L, Zhong Y, Xiong Y, He D, Li X, Lu C, Zhu H. A Novel Design of Temporomandibular Joint Prosthesis for Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Attachment: A Preliminary Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:630983. [PMID: 33585426 PMCID: PMC7873886 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.630983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement operation, due to the condylectomy, the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) lost attachment and had impact on the mandible kinematic function. This study aimed to design a novel TMJ replacement prosthesis for LPM attachment and to verify its feasibility by preliminary in vitro and in vivo experiments. Materials and Methods: An artificial TMJ prosthesis designed with a porous structure on the condylar neck region for LPM attachment was fabricated by a 3D printed titanium (Ti) alloy. A rat myoblast cell line (L6) was tested for adhesion and biocompatibility with porous titanium scaffolds in vitro by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), scanning electron microscope (SEM), flow cytometry (FCM), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunocytofluorescense, western blotting, etc. The porous titanium scaffolds were further embedded in the rat intervertebral muscle to analyze muscle growth and biomechanical strength in vivo. The novel artificial TMJ prosthesis was implanted to reconstruct the goat's condyle and LPM reattachment was analyzed by hard tissue section and avulsion force test. Results: L6 muscle cells showed good proliferation potential on the porous Ti scaffold under SEM scanning and FCM test. In RT-qPCR, immunocytofluorescense and western blotting tests, the L6 cell lines had good myogenic capacity when cultured on the scaffold with high expression of factors such as Myod1 and myoglobin, etc. In the in vivo experiment, muscles penetrated into the porous scaffold in both rats and goats. In rat's intervertebral muscle implantation, the avulsion force was 0.716 N/mm2 in 4 weeks after operation and was significantly increased to 0.801 N/mm2 at 8 weeks (p < 0.05). In goat condylar reconstruction with the porous scaffold prosthesis, muscles attached to the prosthesis with the avulsion force of 0.436 N/mm2 at 8 weeks, but was smaller than the biological muscle-bone attachment force. Conclusion: The novel designed TMJ prosthesis can help LPM attach to its porous titanium scaffold structure area for future function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxiang Zou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Stomatolog, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqian Zhong
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Stomatolog, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinze Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei He
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Stomatolog, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Lu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Stomatolog, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Stomatolog, Shanghai, China
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18
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Li J, Sun H, Wang M. Phase Inversion-Based Technique for Fabricating Bijels and Bijels-Derived Structures with Tunable Microstructures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14644-14655. [PMID: 33233890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels ("bijels") are a new class of soft matter containing two interpenetrating continuous phases. They have great potential for applications in many areas. However, difficulties in fabricating bijels and controlling structural features of interest have posed severe barriers to their wide applications. In this study, a phase inversion-based technique was developed for fabricating bijels and bijels-derived structures. The effects of varying the composition of casting solutions for the fabrication of bijels on the porosity, oil-to-water percentage, and domain size of bijels were investigated. Composite bijels prepared from two organic monomers were also made, demonstrating the flexibility of the phase inversion-based technique for the fabrication of bijels. Interestingly, the incorporation of a second monomer into the casting solution also affected the porosity and domain size of bijels formed, which may provide a new strategy for the controlled fabrication of bijels. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, as a model drug)-loaded bijels-derived hybrid hydrogels comprising two continuous phases were successfully made, with one phase being cross-linked alginate that carried the drug. Controlled release of DOX from the bijels-derived structures could be achieved. In vitro degradation study indicated that cross-linking of alginate in bijels-derived hybrid hydrogels controlled alginate degradation, thereby affecting the DOX release behavior. Our current work has provided a facile and reproducible protocol for the controlled fabrication of bijels and bijels-derived structures, which facilitates expanding their applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Di Vitantonio G, Lee D, Stebe KJ. Fabrication of solvent transfer-induced phase separation bijels with mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5848-5853. [PMID: 32181471 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels), in which the oil and water phases are co-continuous throughout the structure, have potential for applications in separation, catalysis, tissue engineering and energy devices. Among the possible fabrication paths, the solvent transfer-induced phase separation (STRIPS) method has proven to be a powerful approach to produce bijels in a continuous fashion with a broad selection of liquids and nanoparticles. The successful formation of bicontinuous domains requires the use of neutrally wetting particles which was achieved by in situ modification of silica nanoparticles with an oppositely charged surfactant. This approach, however, is not ideal for applications that are adversely affected by the presence of surfactant. In this work, we use a pair of nanoparticles, one hydrophilic, and the other hydrophobic, to stabilize STRIPS bijels without any surfactants and show that the ratio of the hydrophilic to hydrophobic nanoparticles required to form stable bijels changes with the polarity of the oil phase. Highly non-polar oils require a smaller ratio than moderately polar oils. Furthermore, if a sufficiently polar oil is selected, STRIPS bijels can be stabilized using only the hydrophilic nanoparticle. Our results demonstrate the potential to imbue the interface of biphasic liquid mixtures such as bijels with multifunctionality by using two functional nanoparticles of opposite polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Vitantonio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 S. 33rd Street, Towne Bldg., USA.
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20
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Boakye-Ansah S, Khan MA, Haase MF. Controlling Surfactant Adsorption on Highly Charged Nanoparticles to Stabilize Bijels. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:12417-12423. [PMID: 32550963 PMCID: PMC7295363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bicontinuous particle-stabilized emulsions (bijels) are networks of interpenetrating oil/water channels with applications in catalysis, tissue engineering, and energy storage. Bijels can be generated by arresting solvent transfer induced phase separation (STrIPS) via interfacial jamming of nanoparticles. However, until now, STrIPS bijels have only been formed with silica nanoparticles of low surface charge densities, limiting their potential applications in catalysis and fluid transport. Here, we show how strongly charged silica nanoparticles can stabilize bijels. To this end, we carry out a systematic study employing dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, acid/base titrations, turbidimetry, surface tension, and confocal microscopy. We find that moderating the adsorption of oppositely charged surfactants on the particles is crucial to facilitate particle dispersibility in the bijel casting mixture and bijel stabilization. Our results potentially introduce a general understanding for bijel fabrication with different inorganic nanoparticle materials of variable charge density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boakye-Ansah
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Mohd Azeem Khan
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Martin F. Haase
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Van’t
Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Debye Institute
for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Mailing Address: Van’t Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloidal
Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University,
Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands; Phone: +31(0)3-02532547;
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