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Johnson HK, Wahl SE, Sesay F, Litovchick L, Dickinson AJ. Dyrk1a is required for craniofacial development in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2024; 511:63-75. [PMID: 38621649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Loss of function variations in the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 A (DYRK1A) gene are associated with craniofacial malformations in humans. Here we characterized the effects of deficient DYRK1A in craniofacial development using a developmental model, Xenopus laevis. Dyrk1a mRNA and protein were expressed throughout the developing head and both were enriched in the branchial arches which contribute to the face and jaw. Consistently, reduced Dyrk1a function, using dyrk1a morpholinos and pharmacological inhibitors, resulted in orofacial malformations including hypotelorism, altered mouth shape, slanted eyes, and narrower face accompanied by smaller jaw cartilage and muscle. Inhibition of Dyrk1a function resulted in misexpression of key craniofacial regulators including transcription factors and members of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Two such regulators, sox9 and pax3 are required for neural crest development and their decreased expression corresponds with smaller neural crest domains within the branchial arches. Finally, we determined that the smaller size of the faces, jaw elements and neural crest domains in embryos deficient in Dyrk1a could be explained by increased cell death and decreased proliferation. This study is the first to provide insight into why craniofacial birth defects might arise in humans with variants of DYRK1A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey E Wahl
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fatmata Sesay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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2
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Johnson HK, Wahl SE, Sesay F, Litovchick L, Dickinson AJ. Dyrk1a is required for craniofacial development in Xenopus laevis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.13.575394. [PMID: 38260562 PMCID: PMC10802584 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.13.575394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene are associated with craniofacial malformations in humans. Here we characterized the effects of deficient DYRK1A in craniofacial development using a developmental model, Xenopus laevis . Dyrk1a mRNA and protein was expressed throughout the developing head and was enriched in the branchial arches which contribute to the face and jaw. Consistently, reduced Dyrk1a function, using dyrk1a morpholinos and pharmacological inhibitors, resulted in orofacial malformations including hypotelorism, altered mouth shape, slanted eyes, and narrower face accompanied by smaller jaw cartilage and muscle. Inhibition of Dyrk1a function resulted in misexpression of key craniofacial regulators including transcription factors and members of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Two such regulators, sox9 and pax3 are required for neural crest development and their decreased expression corresponds with smaller neural crest domains within the branchial arches. Finally, we determined that the smaller size of the faces, jaw elements and neural crest domains in embryos deficient in Dyrk1a could be explained by increased cell death and decreased proliferation. This study is the first to provide insight into why craniofacial birth defects might arise in humans with DYRK1A mutations.
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3
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Wolf CJ, Fitzpatrick H, Becker C, Smith J, Wood C. An improved multicellular human organoid model for the study of chemical effects on palatal fusion. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1513-1533. [PMID: 37530699 PMCID: PMC11253831 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue fusion is a mechanism involved in the development of the heart, iris, genital tubercle, neural tube, and palate during embryogenesis. Failed fusion of the palatal shelves could result in cleft palate (CP), a common birth defect. Organotypic models constructed of human cells offer an opportunity to investigate developmental processes in the human. Previously, our laboratory developed an organoid model of the human palate that contains human mesenchyme and epithelial progenitor cells to study the effects of chemicals on fusion. METHODS Here, we developed an organoid model more representative of the embryonic palate that includes three cell types: mesenchyme, endothelial, and epithelial cells. We measured fusion by a decrease in epithelial cells at the contact point between the organoids and compared the effects of CP teratogens on fusion and toxicity in the previous and current organoid models. We further tested additional suspect teratogens in our new model. RESULTS We found that the three-cell-type model is more sensitive to fusion inhibition by valproic acid and inhibitors of FGF, BMP, and TGFβRI/II. In this new model, we tested other suspect CP teratogens and found that nocodazole, topiramate, and Y27632 inhibit fusion at concentrations that do not induce toxicity. CONCLUSION This sensitive human three-cell-type organotypic model accurately evaluates chemicals for cleft palate teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Wolf
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hunter Fitzpatrick
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie Becker
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carmen Wood
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Olsson PO, Jeong YW, Jeong Y, Kang M, Park GB, Choi E, Kim S, Hossein MS, Son YB, Hwang WS. Insights from one thousand cloned dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11209. [PMID: 35778582 PMCID: PMC9249891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cloning has been popularized for more than two decades, since the birth of Dolly the Sheep 25 years ago in 1996. There has been an apparent waning of interest in cloning, evident by a reduced number of reports. Over 1500 dogs, representing approximately 20% of the American Kennel Club’s recognized breeds, have now been cloned, making the dog (Canis familiaris) one of the most successfully cloned mammals. Dogs have a unique relationship with humans, dating to prehistory, and a high degree of genome homology to humans. A number of phenotypic variations, rarely recorded in natural reproduction have been observed in in these more than 1000 clones. These observations differ between donors and their clones, and between clones from the same donor, indicating a non-genetic effect. These differences cannot be fully explained by current understandings but point to epigenetic and cellular reprograming effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer. Notably, some phenotypic variations have been reversed through further cloning. Here we summarize these observations and elaborate on the cloning procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Olof Olsson
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Yeon Woo Jeong
- Department of Companion Animal and Animal Resources Science, Joongbu University, Geumsan-gun, 32713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonik Jeong
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Mina Kang
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Gang Bae Park
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Eunji Choi
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sun Kim
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Young-Bum Son
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Woo Suk Hwang
- UAE Biotech Research Center, Lane 2128 Al Wathba, Al Wathba South, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,North Eastern Federal University, Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, Russia.
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5
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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6
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Seo GT, Beute JE, Shaari AL, Mundi N, Urken ML. A novel method of hard palate reconstruction utilizing a combination of the buccal fat pad and palatal island flap. Head Neck 2022; 44:1267-1271. [PMID: 35188301 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The palatal island flap is reliable for single-staged reconstruction of select oral defects. However, fistula formation is a disruptive potential complication. The authors employed this technique in five patients and present a representative case of a 65-year-old female with a left-sided palatal salivary neoplasm. The patient underwent resection and was reconstructed utilizing a combination of the buccal fat pad and palatal island flap. Four of the five patients healed uneventfully. One patient experienced partial loss of the marginal zone of the palatal island flap which successfully granulated and did not lead to an oroantral fistula. The representative patient recovered uneventfully. At 2 weeks, she felt well, with no evidence of fistula. The anterior palate demonstrated early mucosalization. We present the novel, combined use of the palatal island flap and buccal fat pad flap to create a two-layer closure and describe its advantages for posterior palate reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella T Seo
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - John E Beute
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariana L Shaari
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Mundi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark L Urken
- Thyroid, Head and Neck Cancer (THANC) Foundation, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Nasreddine G, El Hajj J, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M. Orofacial clefts embryology, classification, epidemiology, and genetics. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108373. [PMID: 34083042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) rank as the second most common congenital birth defect in the United States after Down syndrome and are the most common head and neck congenital malformations. They are classified as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO). OFCs have significant psychological and socio-economic impact on patients and their families and require a multidisciplinary approach for management and counseling. A complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors contributes to the incidence and clinical presentation of OFCs. In this comprehensive review, the embryology, classification, epidemiology and etiology of clefts are thoroughly discussed and a "state-of-the-art" snapshot of the recent advances in the genetics of OFCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghenwa Nasreddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joelle El Hajj
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Michella Ghassibe-Sabbagh
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
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8
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Chen Y, Liu L, Ni W, Jin L, Li Z, Ren A, Wang L. Association between selected alkaline earth elements concentrations in umbilical cord and risk for cleft lip with or without cleft palate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141735. [PMID: 32877786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between alkaline earth elements in utero exposure and the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations between the concentration of alkaline earth elements in umbilical cord and risk for CL ± P. A case-control study was carried out in this study, including 78 cases and 142 controls. Association between each metals and the risk of CL ± P were evaluated with conventional logistic regression, bayesian kernel machine regression and weighted quantile sum regression models. Logistic regression model indicated that in utero exposure to higher levels of Barium was associated with increasing risk for CL ± P (odds ratio = 2.79, 95% confidence interval, 1.22-6.38) and for cleft lip with cleft palate (odds ratio = 3.94, 95% confidence interval, 1.45-10.72). Bayesian kernel machine regression model showed the statistical association between the metals mixture and risk difference of CL ± P, and barium was associated with CL ± P risk when all other metals were held fixed at the 25th percentiles (risk difference = 1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.14). In weighted quantile sum model, barium accounted for most of the weight index in the combined effect of the metals mixture. The weighted quantile sum index showed that a quartile increase in the index resulted in an increase odds of 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.46) for CL ± P and of 2.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-3.35) for CLP. No associations were found in the three statistical models between Calcium, Magnesium and Strontium and the risks of CL ± P. In conclusion, in utero exposure to mixtures of alkaline earth elements was associated with an increased risk for CL ± P, of which barium was likely to be important factors in the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Ni
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China.
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9
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Patel A, Anderson G, Galea GL, Balys M, Sowden JC. A molecular and cellular analysis of human embryonic optic fissure closure related to the eye malformation coloboma. Development 2020; 147:dev193649. [PMID: 33158926 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a congenital eye malformation, resulting from a failure in optic fissure closure (OFC) and causing visual impairment. There has been little study of the epithelial fusion process underlying closure in the human embryo and coloboma aetiology remains poorly understood. We performed RNAseq of cell populations isolated using laser capture microdissection to identify novel human OFC signature genes and probe the expression profile of known coloboma genes, along with a comparative murine analysis. Gene set enrichment patterns showed conservation between species. Expression of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was transiently enriched in the human fissure margins during OFC at days 41-44. Electron microscopy and histological analyses showed that cells transiently delaminate at the point of closure, and produce cytoplasmic protrusions, before rearranging to form two continuous epithelial layers. Apoptosis was not observed in the human fissure margins. These analyses support a model of human OFC in which epithelial cells at the fissure margins undergo a transient epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition, facilitating cell rearrangement to form a complete optic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aara Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Monika Balys
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jane C Sowden
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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10
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Verheijen N, Suttorp CM, van Rheden REM, Regan RF, Helmich MPAC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Wagener FADTG. CXCL12-CXCR4 Interplay Facilitates Palatal Osteogenesis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:771. [PMID: 32974338 PMCID: PMC7471603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), identified by expression of transcription factor Sox9, migrate to the first branchial arch and undergo proliferation and differentiation to form the cartilage and bone structures of the orofacial region, including the palatal bone. Sox9 promotes osteogenic differentiation and stimulates CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine-receptor signaling, which elevates alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-activity in osteoblasts to initiate bone mineralization. Disintegration of the midline epithelial seam (MES) is crucial for palatal fusion. Since we earlier demonstrated chemokine-receptor mediated signaling by the MES, we hypothesized that chemokine CXCL12 is expressed by the disintegrating MES to promote the formation of an osteogenic center by CXCR4-positive osteoblasts. Disturbed migration of CNCCs by excess oxidative and inflammatory stress is associated with increased risk of cleft lip and palate (CLP). The cytoprotective heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes are powerful guardians harnessing injurious oxidative and inflammatory stressors and enhances osteogenic ALP-activity. By contrast, abrogation of HO-1 or HO-2 expression promotes pregnancy pathologies. We postulate that Sox9, CXCR4, and HO-1 are expressed in the ALP-activity positive osteogenic regions within the CNCCs-derived palatal mesenchyme. To investigate these hypotheses, we studied expression of Sox9, CXCL12, CXCR4, and HO-1 in relation to palatal osteogenesis between E15 and E16 using (immuno)histochemical staining of coronal palatal sections in wild-type (wt) mice. In addition, the effects of abrogated HO-2 expression in HO-2 KO mice and inhibited HO-1 and HO-2 activity by administrating HO-enzyme activity inhibitor SnMP at E11 in wt mice were investigated at E15 or E16 following palatal fusion. Overexpression of Sox9, CXCL12, CXCR4, and HO-1 was detected in the ALP-activity positive osteogenic regions within the palatal mesenchyme. Overexpression of Sox9 and CXCL12 by the disintegrating MES was detected. Neither palatal fusion nor MES disintegration seemed affected by either HO-2 abrogation or inhibition of HO-activity. Sox9 progenitors seem important to maintain the CXCR4-positive osteoblast pool to drive osteogenesis. Sox9 expression may facilitate MES disintegration and palatal fusion by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). CXCL12 expression by the MES and the palatal mesenchyme may promote osteogenic differentiation to create osteogenic centers. This study provides novel evidence that CXCL12-CXCR4 interplay facilitates palatal osteogenesis and palatal fusion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanne Verheijen
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan M Suttorp
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - René E M van Rheden
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria P A C Helmich
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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11
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Suttorp CM, van Rheden REM, van Dijk NWM, Helmich MPAC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Wagener FADTG. Heme Oxygenase Protects against Placental Vascular Inflammation and Abortion by the Alarmin Heme in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155385. [PMID: 32751152 PMCID: PMC7432719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both infectious as non-infectious inflammation can cause placental dysfunction and pregnancy complications. During the first trimester of human gestation, when palatogenesis takes place, intrauterine hematoma and hemorrhage are common phenomena, causing the release of large amounts of heme, a well-known alarmin. We postulated that exposure of pregnant mice to heme during palatogenesis would initiate oxidative and inflammatory stress, leading to pathological pregnancy, increasing the incidence of palatal clefting and abortion. Both heme oxygenase isoforms (HO-1 and HO-2) break down heme, thereby generating anti-oxidative and -inflammatory products. HO may thus counteract these heme-induced injurious stresses. To test this hypothesis, we administered heme to pregnant CD1 outbred mice at Day E12 by intraperitoneal injection in increasing doses: 30, 75 or 150 μmol/kg body weight (30H, 75H or 150H) in the presence or absence of HO-activity inhibitor SnMP from Day E11. Exposure to heme resulted in a dose-dependent increase in abortion. At 75H half of the fetuses where resorbed, while at 150H all fetuses were aborted. HO-activity protected against heme-induced abortion since inhibition of HO-activity aggravated heme-induced detrimental effects. The fetuses surviving heme administration demonstrated normal palatal fusion. Immunostainings at Day E16 demonstrated higher numbers of ICAM-1 positive blood vessels, macrophages and HO-1 positive cells in placenta after administration of 75H or SnMP + 30H. Summarizing, heme acts as an endogenous “alarmin” during pregnancy in a dose-dependent fashion, while HO-activity protects against heme-induced placental vascular inflammation and abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan M. Suttorp
- Department of Dentistry—Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (R.E.M.v.R.); (N.W.M.v.D.); (M.P.A.C.H.)
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René E. M. van Rheden
- Department of Dentistry—Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (R.E.M.v.R.); (N.W.M.v.D.); (M.P.A.C.H.)
| | - Natasja W. M. van Dijk
- Department of Dentistry—Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (R.E.M.v.R.); (N.W.M.v.D.); (M.P.A.C.H.)
| | - Maria P. A. C. Helmich
- Department of Dentistry—Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (R.E.M.v.R.); (N.W.M.v.D.); (M.P.A.C.H.)
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta ID-10430, Indonesia
| | - Frank A. D. T. G. Wagener
- Department of Dentistry—Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (R.E.M.v.R.); (N.W.M.v.D.); (M.P.A.C.H.)
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-24-36-18824
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13
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Xiao WL, Yu G, Zhao N. Development and gene expression of C57BL/6 mouse embryo palate shelves in rotary organ culture. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1235-1242. [PMID: 32010294 PMCID: PMC6966210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve methods for the suspension culture of mouse palatal shelves by comparing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α in palatal shelves in vivo, to that in vitro. The palatal shelves of C57BL/6 mouse embryos were obtained on gestation days (GDs) 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5 for in vivo experiments. The palatal shelves were removed and observed under a stereomicroscope to investigate palatal development. For in vitro experiments, the palatal shelves were dissected under a stereomicroscope on GD 13.5 and then subjected to rotary culture for 0, 24, 36 or 48 h. The expression of PDGFR-α at different time points was detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Both methods of analysis displayed PDGFR-α expression in mesenchymal and epithelial cells at GD 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5, in vivo and in vitro. The level of PDGFR-α expression peaked on GD 14.5. The expression of PDGFR-α in palatal shelves in in vitro rotary culture was consistent with that in vivo. Therefore, the novel technique of palatal rotary organ culture presented in the current study could provide a good model for studying the mechanism of pathological palatal fusion in vitro. Additionally, the present study further confirmed that PDGFR-α gene expression was associated with the development of palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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14
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Shu X, Dong Z, Zhang M, Shu S. Integrated analysis identifying long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) for competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network-regulated palatal shelf fusion in the development of mouse cleft palate. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:762. [PMID: 32042778 PMCID: PMC6990043 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate results from the defective palatal fusion of the medial-edge epithelium after cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process that involves regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). However, in palatal shelf fusion, miRNA regulation by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) when acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) or miRNA sponges, remains unclear. METHODS We systematically analyzed the correlation between lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs from RNA sequencing profiling in embryonic gestation day 14.5 (E14.5) mouse embryos from control (n=3) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-treated (n=3) mice. We then constructed a lncRNA-associated ceRNA network. The expression profiles of mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA were verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS In total, 18 aberrantly expressed miRNAs, 861 mRNAs, and 583 lncRNAs were identified from palate samples of control and ATRA-treated samples. Bioinformatics data and integrative analysis identified 69 lncRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 78 mRNAs that were aberrantly expressed, and a ceRNA network was then constructed. Finally, we identified a NONMMUT004850.2/NONMMUT024276.2-miR-741-3p/miR-465b-5p-Prkar1α ceRNA network associated with palatal shelf fusion at E14.5. The qPCR results showed that NONMMUT004850.2 (P=5E-05), NONMMUT024276.2 (P=0.0012), and Prkar1α (P=3E-05) were up-regulated, whereas miR-741-3p (P=0.006) and miR-465b-5p (P=1E-04) were down-regulated in ATRA-treated mice compared to the control samples. The qPCR results were in concordance with the RNA sequencing profiling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that NONMMUT004850.2/NONMMUT024276.2-miR-741-3p/miR-465b-5p-Prkar1α could potentially serve as an important regulatory mechanism of palatal fusion in the development of the cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zejun Dong
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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15
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AlMegbel AM, Shuler CF. SMAD2 overexpression rescues the TGF-β3 null mutant mice cleft palate by increased apoptosis. Differentiation 2019; 111:60-69. [PMID: 31677482 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During palatal development, medial edge epithelium (MEE) disappearance is one of the crucial steps in the process of fusion. The fate of these cells is still debated, and controversies remain. During secondary palate fusion, TGF-β3 signaling mediated in the cell through the SMAD2 protein plays an important role and leads to the disappearance of the midline epithelial seam (MES) and the confluence of the palatal mesenchyme. In mice, TGF-β3 knock-out is lethal and mice are born with a cleft in the secondary palate. This phenotype has been rescued by targeted overexpression of SMAD2 in the medial edge epithelium (MEE). The goal of this research was to understand the mechanism of palatal fusion in the rescue mice. METHODS The heads of embryos with four different genotypes (wild-type, K14-SMAD2/TGF-β3(-/-), K14-SMAD2/TGF-β3(±), and TGF-β3 null) were collected at embryonic day E14.5, genotyped, fixed and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were studied for detection of apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition using immunofluorescence. RESULTS TGF-β3 null mice developed a cleft in the secondary palate while both mice with K14-SMAD2 overexpression had fusion of the secondary palate. The MEE of both the rescue mice and K14-SMAD2 overexpression had a much higher ratio of apoptotic cells than wild-type mice. The increase in apoptosis was correlated with increased phospho-SMAD2 in the MEE. CONCLUSION SMAD2 overexpression rescued the cleft in the secondary palate by increasing apoptosis in the medial edge epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M AlMegbel
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Charles F Shuler
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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16
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Aoyama G, Kurosaka H, Oka A, Nakatsugawa K, Yamamoto S, Sarper SE, Usami Y, Toyosawa S, Inubushi T, Isogai Y, Yamashiro T. Observation of Dynamic Cellular Migration of the Medial Edge Epithelium of the Palatal Shelf in vitro. Front Physiol 2019; 10:698. [PMID: 31244674 PMCID: PMC6562562 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Palatal fusion is a critical step during palatogenesis. In this fusing interface, the epithelial sheets need to be removed in order to achieve mesenchymal continuity. Epithelial cellular migration is one of the possible mechanisms, and live imaging of the labeled epithelium could provide direct evidence for it. However, the removal of medial edge epithelium (MEE) between the bilateral processes takes place in the middle of the dorso-ventral axis of the palatal shelf, and thus it is challenging to capture the cellular behavior directly. Here, we evaluate cellular behavior of MEE cells using a live imaging technique with a mouse model which expresses GFP under the promoter of Keratin14 (K14-GFP) and unpaired palatal shelf culture. Using this approach, we successfully obtained live images of epithelial behavior and detected epithelial cell migration on the surface of the secondary palatal shelf without touching of the opposing shelf. Additionally, the pattern of epithelial elimination resulted in oval-shaped exposed mesenchyme, which recapitulated the situation during secondary palate fusion in vivo. Detailed image processing revealed that most of the MEE migrated in an outward direction at the boundary regions as the oval shape of the exposed mesenchyme expanded. The migration was preceded by the bulging of MEE, and disappearance of GFP signals was not evident in bulging or migrating MEE at the boundary regions. Furthermore, the MEE migration and the subsequent mesenchymal exposure were disturbed by application of ROCK inhibitor. Together, these findings indicated that epithelial cell migration contributed importantly to the MEE removal and the subsequent exposure of the underlying mesenchyme. Furthermore, they indicated that the migration of epithelial cells was regulated in a time- and space-specific manner, since unpaired palatal shelf culture exhibited these cellular behaviors even in the absence of the opposing shelf. Altogether, present data indicated that this new experimental system combining live imaging with GFP-labeled epithelium mice and unpaired palatal shelf culture enabled direct visualization of cellular migration of MEE in vitro and could be a powerful tool to investigate its cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozo Aoyama
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Oka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakatsugawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Safiye Esra Sarper
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukako Isogai
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Shu X, Cheng L, Dong Z, Shu S. Identification of circular RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in the development of cleft palate. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16062-16074. [PMID: 31074068 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and indirectly regulate gene expression through shared microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the regulatory mechanisms of circRNA as ceRNA associated with the fusion of palatal shelves in palatogenesis are yet unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism underlying the role of circRNA as ceRNA in cleft palate (CP). First, we systematically analyzed RNA-seq and miRNA-seq data after high-throughput sequencing for embryonic palatal shelf tissues from a mouse CP model induced by maternal exposure to all-trans retinoic acid on embryonic gestation day 14.5 (E14.5). Thirty-nine circRNAs, 18 miRNAs, and 936 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were significantly dysregulated (log2 [fold change {FC}] > 1; P < 0.05). Thereafter, we constructed a circRNA-associated ceRNA network. Finally, we determined the circRNA_0954-miRNA-881-3p-PRKAR1α ceRNA network as a hub involved in palatogenesis. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that ceRNA-related genes were associated with facial morphogenesis and developmental gene silencing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that ceRNA-related genes are involved in apoptosis (P < 0.05, fold enrichment >1). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify the results of ceRNA analysis. We found that the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network is involved in palatogenesis. The present results imply that circRNA_0954-miRNA-881-3p-PRKAR1α ceRNA network may cause dysfunctional palatal fusion and might facilitate the development of novel epigenetic biomarkers to treat CP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liuhanghang Cheng
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zejun Dong
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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18
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Abstract
Deviations from the precisely coordinated programme of human head development can lead to craniofacial and orofacial malformations often including a variety of dental abnormalities too. Although the aetiology is still unknown in many cases, during the last decades different intracellular signalling pathways have been genetically linked to specific disorders. Among these pathways, the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade is the focus of this review since it encompasses a large group of genes that when mutated cause some of the most common and severe developmental anomalies in humans. We present the components of the RAS/ERK pathway implicated in craniofacial and orodental disorders through a series of human and animal studies. We attempt to unravel the specific molecular targets downstream of ERK that act on particular cell types and regulate key steps in the associated developmental processes. Finally we point to ambiguities in our current knowledge that need to be clarified before RAS/ERK-targeting therapeutic approaches can be implemented.
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19
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Yu K, Yonemitsu MA. In Vitro Analysis of Palatal Shelf Elevation During Secondary Palate Formation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1594-1604. [PMID: 30730607 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Palatal shelf elevation is an essential morphogenetic process during secondary palate formation. It has been proposed that shelf elevation results from an intrinsic elevating force and is regulated by extrinsic factors that are associated with development of other orofacial structures. Although dynamic palate culture is a common in vitro approach for studying shelf elevation, it requires the tongue or the tongue and mandible to be removed before culture, which prevents any determination of the role of the extrinsic factors in regulating shelf elevation. We showed that ex vivo removal of the tongue and mandible from unfixed embryonic heads led to spontaneous shelf movements that were more pronounced at late E13.5 and early E14.5 than those of E12.5 and early E13.5, suggesting that the strength of the elevating force increases over time during palate development. We further used a suspension culture technique to analyze palatal shelf movement in an intact oral cavity by culturing the orofacial portion of embryonic heads that include the maxilla, palatal shelves, mandible, and tongue (MPMT). MPMT explants were cultured in the serum-free medium with slow rotation for 24-48 hr. The palatal shelves successfully elevated during culture and displayed intermediate morphologies that closely resemble those of in vivo shelf elevation. We demonstrate that the tongue and mandible facilitate shelf medial movement/growth during shelf elevation and further suggest that the interaction of the palatal shelves and tongue could be one of the extrinsic factors that regulate the elevation process. Anat Rec, 302:1594-1604, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marisa A Yonemitsu
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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20
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Pi X, Jin L, Li Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ren A. Association between concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues and risk for orofacial clefts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:406-412. [PMID: 30366340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural exposure to and increasing use of barium and aluminum in various products, such as plastics, rubber, and food additives, raise concerns for their potential health impacts on pregnant women and vulnerable fetuses. We investigated whether there are associations between barium and aluminum concentrations in placental tissues and the risk for orofacial clefts (OFCs) in offspring. In this case-control study, we recruited 103 women with OFC-affected pregnancies and 206 women who delivered healthy newborns. Concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Information on maternal sociodemographic characteristics and diet was collected via face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Aluminum concentrations in placental tissues were not associated with OFC risk. However, a higher concentration of barium in placental tissues was associated with an increased risk for OFCs, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.42 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.34-4.40) for total cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P), and 1.90 (95% CI 1.03-3.50) for isolated CL ± P. There was a positive dose-response relationship between placental barium concentrations and OFC risk. Maternal exposure to barium may increase the risk for OFCs in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pi
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
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21
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Papageorgiou SN, Fan CM, Cobourne MT. Genetic interactions between the hedgehog co-receptors Gas1 and Boc regulate cell proliferation during murine palatogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79233-79246. [PMID: 27811357 PMCID: PMC5346710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been described in a variety of human cancers and developmental anomalies, which highlights the essential role of this signaling molecule in cell cycle regulation and embryonic development. Gas1 and Boc are membrane co-receptors for Shh, which demonstrate overlapping domains of expression in the early face. This study aims to investigate potential interactions between these co-receptors during formation of the secondary palate. Mice with targeted mutation in Gas1 and Boc were used to generate Gas1; Boc compound mutants. The expression of key Hedgehog signaling family members was examined in detail during palatogenesis via radioactive in situ hybridization. Morphometric analysis involved computational quantification of BrdU-labeling and cell packing; whilst TUNEL staining was used to assay cell death. Ablation of Boc in a Gas1 mutant background leads to reduced Shh activity in the palatal shelves and an increase in the penetrance and severity of cleft palate, associated with failed elevation, increased proliferation and reduced cell death. Our findings suggest a dual requirement for Boc and Gas1 during early development of the palate, mediating cell cycle regulation during growth and subsequent fusion of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Oral Technology, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
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22
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Suttorp CM, Cremers NA, van Rheden R, Regan RF, Helmich P, van Kempen S, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Wagener FADTG. Chemokine Signaling during Midline Epithelial Seam Disintegration Facilitates Palatal Fusion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:94. [PMID: 29164113 PMCID: PMC5670099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disintegration of the midline epithelial seam (MES) is crucial for palatal fusion, and failure results in cleft palate. Palatal fusion and wound repair share many common signaling pathways related to epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk. We postulate that chemokine CXCL11, its receptor CXCR3, and the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase (HO), which are crucial during wound repair, also play a decisive role in MES disintegration. Fetal growth restriction and craniofacial abnormalities were present in HO-2 knockout (KO) mice without effects on palatal fusion. CXCL11 and CXCR3 were highly expressed in the disintegrating MES in both wild-type and HO-2 KO animals. Multiple apoptotic DNA fragments were present within the disintegrating MES and phagocytized by recruited CXCR3-positive wt and HO-2 KO macrophages. Macrophages located near the MES were HO-1-positive, and more HO-1-positive cells were present in HO-2 KO mice compared to wild-type. This study of embryonic and palatal development provided evidence that supports the hypothesis that the MES itself plays a prominent role in palatal fusion by orchestrating epithelial apoptosis and macrophage recruitment via CXCL11-CXCR3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan M Suttorp
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Niels A Cremers
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - René van Rheden
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pia Helmich
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sven van Kempen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne M Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank A D T G Wagener
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungil Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models Diseases, Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco;
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24
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Alghamdi MA, Ziermann JM, Gregg L, Diogo R. A detailed musculoskeletal study of a fetus with anencephaly and spina bifida (craniorachischisis), and comparison with other cases of human congenital malformations. J Anat 2017; 230:842-858. [PMID: 28266009 PMCID: PMC5442139 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Few descriptions of the musculoskeletal system of humans with anencephaly or spina bifida exist in the literature. Even less is published about individuals in which both phenomena occur together, i.e. about craniorachischisis. Here we provide a detailed report on the musculoskeletal structures of a fetus with craniorachischisis, as well as comparisons with the few descriptions for anencephaly and with musculoskeletal anomalies found in other congenital malformations. We focused in particular on the comparison with trisomies 13, 18, and 21 because neural tube defects have been associated with such chromosomal defects. Our results showed that many of the defects found in the fetus with craniorachischisis are similar not only to anomalies previously described in the available works on musculoskeletal phenotypes seen in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida, but also to a wide range of other different conditions/syndromes including trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and cyclopia. The fact that similar anomalies are seen commonly not only in a wide range of different syndromes, but also as variants of the normal human population and as the 'normal' phenotype of other animals, supports Pere Alberch's unfortunately named idea of a 'logic of monsters'. That is, it supports the idea that development is so constrained that both in 'normal' and abnormal development one sees certain outcomes being produced again and again because ontogenetic constraints only allow a few possible outcomes, thus also leading to cases where the anatomical defects of some organisms are similar to the 'normal' phenotype of other organisms. In fact, this applies not only to specific anomalies but also to general patterns, such as the fact that in pathological conditions affecting different regions of the body, one consistently sees more defects on the upper limbs than on the lower limbs. Such general patterns are, again, seen in the fetus examined for this study, which had 29 muscle anomalies on the right upper limb and 22 muscle anomalies on the left upper limb, vs. seven muscle anomalies on the right lower limb and two on the left lower limb. It is therefore hoped that this work, which is part of our effort to describe and compile information on human musculoskeletal defects found in a wide range of conditions, will contribute not only to a better understanding of craniorachischisis in particular and of human congenital malformations in general, but also to broader discussions on the fields of comparative anatomy, and developmental and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A. Alghamdi
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Lydia Gregg
- Division of Interventional NeuroradiologyDepartment of Art as Applied to MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
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25
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Yu K, Deng M, Naluai-Cecchini T, Glass IA, Cox TC. Differences in Oral Structure and Tissue Interactions during Mouse vs. Human Palatogenesis: Implications for the Translation of Findings from Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:154. [PMID: 28360863 PMCID: PMC5350148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clefting of the secondary palate is one of the most common human birth defects and results from failure of the palatal shelves to fuse during embryonic development. Palatogenesis is traditionally considered to be a highly conserved developmental process among mammalian species. However, cleft palate phenotypes in humans are considerably more variable than those seen in mice, the most common animal model for studying palatal development and pathogenesis of cleft palate. In this investigation, we utilized macroscopic observations, histology and 3D imaging techniques to directly compare palate morphology and the oral-nasal cavity during palate closure in mouse embryos and human conceptuses. We showed that mouse and human palates display distinct morphologies attributable to the structural differences of the oral-nasal cavity. We further showed that the palatal shelves interact differently with the primary palate and nasal septum in the hard palate region and with pharyngeal walls in the soft palate region during palate closure in mice and humans. Knowledge of these morphological differences is important for improved translation of findings in mouse models of human cleft lip/palate and, as such, should ultimately enhance our understanding of human palatal morphogenesis and the pathogenesis of cleft lip/palate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Mei Deng
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa Naluai-Cecchini
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research InstituteSeattle, WA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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26
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Smane-Filipova L, Pilmane M, Akota I. MMPs and TIMPs expression in facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:538-542. [PMID: 27876897 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphogenesis of the upper lip and palate is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in cleft lip palate (CLP) aetiology. This study investigated whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4, which are essential for the upper lip and palate fusion, is dysregulated in children with CLP. METHODS Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from patients with complete unilateral (CU) CLP (n = 25) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP (n = 19) during corrective plastic surgery and in unaffected control subjects (n = 10). MMPs and TIMPs expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal - Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS In CLP patients, MMP-2, TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the oral mucosa was seen to have a few to abundant structures, but the overall number of MMP-2, TIMP-2-positive structures was greater than that in controls (P < 0.01). The total number of TIMP-4, MMP-9-positive cells showed a significant decrease in the CBCLP compared with that of CUCLP (P < 0.001). MMP-8 expression trends in the CLP group were similar to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TIMP-4 and MMP-9 are the main ECM remodeling regulatory proteins expressed in CUCLP affected tissues of the oral mucosa. The increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in CLP tissues implicates these factors in the regulation of cell migration during ECM turnover independently of different types of clefts. Investigation of MMP and TIMP expression in tissue samples from patients with CLP appears to be a promising approach to the etiopathogenesis of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane-Filipova
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Pacáková D, Zábavníková M, Miklošová M, Kúkeľová D, Dankovčík R. Epidemiological Study of Orofacial Clefts among Population of Eastern Slovakia during the Period 1996-2013. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 24:128-32. [PMID: 27434244 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 18 years, according to data from the Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, L. Pasteur University Hospital, there have been 493 cases of orofacial clefts (OC) reported in the area of Eastern Slovakia. The aim of this study was to map the occurrence of orofacial clefts reported in the area of Eastern Slovakia during the years 1996-2013. Also, we compared the occurrence of different types of clefts between the groups in relation to gender and ethnicity. METHODS AND RESULTS The statistical analysis shows relationship between variables of location and gender and gender differences in the occurrence of various types of clefts. Moreover, in comparison with another study which analyzed the years 1985-2000 (1.29/10(3) live births), there was an increase in the incidence (1.42/10(3) live births) of OC in Eastern Slovakia. CONCLUSION Our findings seem contradictive to similar studies which discuss ethnic differences in relation to OC. We recognize the relatively high occurrence of OC in Eastern Slovakia, and we link this phenomenon to several extrinsic factors, in particular socioeconomic status and embryotoxic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pacáková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marianna Zábavníková
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Miklošová
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Kúkeľová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Róbert Dankovčík
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, P. J. Šafárik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Košice, Slovak Republic
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28
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Gao Z, Bu Y, Liu X, Wang X, Zhang G, Wang E, Ding S, Liu Y, Shi R, Li Q, Fu J, Yu Z. TCDD promoted EMT of hFPECs via AhR, which involved the activation of EGFR/ERK signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 298:48-55. [PMID: 26971374 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One critical step of second palatal fusion is the newly formed medial epithelia seam (MES) disintegration, which involves apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell migration. Although the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces cleft palate at high rates, little is known about the effects of TCDD exposure on the fate of palatal epithelial cells. By using primary epithelial cells isolated from human fetal palatal shelves (hFPECs), we show that TCDD increased cell proliferation and EMT, as demonstrated by increased the epithelial markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin14) and enhanced the mesenchymal markers (vimentin and fibronectin), but had no effect on cell migration and apoptosis. TCDD exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in Slug protein expression. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that TCDD promoted AhR to form a protein complex with Slug. ChIP assay confirmed that TCDD exposure recruited AhR to the xenobiotic responsive element of Slug promoter. Knockdown of AhR by siRNA remarkably weakened TCDD-induced binding of AhR to the XRE promoter of slug, thereby suppressed TCDD-induced vimentin. Further experiment showed that TCDD stimulated EGFR phosphorylation did not influence the TGFβ3/Smad signaling; whereas TCDD increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 with no effect on activation of JNK. By using varieties of inhibitors, we confirmed that TCDD promoted proliferation and EMT of hFPECs via activation of EGFR/ERK pathway. These data make a novel contribution to the molecular mechanism of cleft palate by TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China; The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Yongjun Bu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, 471023, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Erhui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Shibin Ding
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Ruling Shi
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Jianhong Fu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 450001, China.
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29
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Xavier GM, Miletich I, Cobourne MT. Ephrin Ligands and Eph Receptors Show Regionally Restricted Expression in the Developing Palate and Tongue. Front Physiol 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 26941654 PMCID: PMC4763095 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph family receptor-interacting (ephrin) ligands and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors constitute the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Ephrin ligands and their receptors form an important cell communication system with widespread roles in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis. In order to investigate potential roles of the ephrin-Eph system during palatogenesis and tongue development, we have characterized the cellular mRNA expression of family members EphrinA1-A3, EphA1–A8, and EphrinB2, EphB1, EphB4 during murine embryogenesis between embryonic day 13.5–16.5 using radioactive in situ hybridization. With the exception of EphA6 and ephrinA3, all genes were regionally expressed during the process of palatogenesis, with restricted and often overlapping domains. Transcripts were identified in the palate epithelium, localized at the tip of the palatal shelves, in the mesenchyme and also confined to the medial epithelium seam. Numerous Eph transcripts were also identified during tongue development. In particular, EphA1 and EphA2 demonstrated a highly restricted and specific expression in the tongue epithelium at all stages examined, whereas EphA3 was strongly expressed in the lateral tongue mesenchyme. These results suggest regulatory roles for ephrin-EphA signaling in development of the murine palate and tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK
| | - Isabelle Miletich
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital London, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK
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30
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Dickinson AJG. Using frogs faces to dissect the mechanisms underlying human orofacial defects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:54-63. [PMID: 26778163 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review I discuss how Xenopus laevis is an effective model to dissect the mechanisms underlying orofacial defects. This species has been particularly useful in studying the understudied structures of the developing face including the embryonic mouth and primary palate. The embryonic mouth is the first opening between the foregut and the environment and is critical for adult mouth development. The final step in embryonic mouth formation is the perforation of a thin layer of tissue covering the digestive tube called the buccopharyngeal membrane. When this tissue does not perforate in humans it can pose serious health risks for the fetus and child. The primary palate forms just dorsal to the embryonic mouth and in non-amniotes it functions as the roof of the adult mouth. Defects in the primary palate result in a median oral cleft that appears similar across the vertebrates. In humans, these median clefts are often severe and surgically difficult to repair. Xenopus has several qualities that make it advantageous for craniofacial research. The free living embryo has an easily accessible face and we have also developed several new tools to analyze the development of the region. Further, Xenopus is readily amenable to chemical screens allowing us to uncover novel gene-environment interactions during orofacial development, as well as to define underlying mechanisms governing such interactions. In conclusion, we are utilizing Xenopus in new and innovative ways to contribute to craniofacial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J G Dickinson
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Main St., Richmond, VA 23284, United States.
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31
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Abstract
Palatogenesis involves the initiation, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of the primary and secondary palatal shelves from initially separate facial prominences during embryogenesis to form the intact palate separating the oral cavity from the nostrils. The palatal shelves consist mainly of cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells covered by a simple embryonic epithelium. The growth and patterning of the palatal shelves are controlled by reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulated by multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. During palatal shelf outgrowth, the embryonic epithelium develops a "teflon" coat consisting of a single, continuous layer of periderm cells that prevents the facial prominences and palatal shelves from forming aberrant interepithelial adhesions. Palatal fusion involves not only spatiotemporally regulated disruption of the periderm but also dynamic cellular and molecular processes that result in adhesion and intercalation of the palatal medial edge epithelia to form an intershelf epithelial seam, and subsequent dissolution of the epithelial seam to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. The complexity of regulation of these morphogenetic processes is reflected by the common occurrence of cleft palate in humans. This review will summarize major recent advances and discuss major remaining gaps in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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32
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Wu W, Gu S, Sun C, He W, Xie X, Li X, Ye W, Qin C, Chen Y, Xiao J, Liu C. Altered FGF Signaling Pathways Impair Cell Proliferation and Elevation of Palate Shelves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136951. [PMID: 26332583 PMCID: PMC4558018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In palatogenesis, palatal shelves are patterned along the mediolateral axis as well as the anteroposterior axis before the onset of palatal fusion. Fgf10 specifically expressed in lateral mesenchyme of palate maintains Shh transcription in lateral epithelium, while Fgf7 activated in medial mesenchyme by Dlx5, suppressed the expansion of Shh expression to medial epithelium. How FGF signaling pathways regulate the cell behaviors of developing palate remains elusive. In our study, we found that when Fgf8 is ectopically expressed in the embryonic palatal mesenchyme, the elevation of palatal shelves is impaired and the posterior palatal shelves are enlarged, especially in the medial side. The palatal deformity results from the drastic increase of cell proliferation in posterior mesenchyme and decrease of cell proliferation in epithelium. The expression of mesenchymal Fgf10 and epithelial Shh in the lateral palate, as well as the Dlx5 and Fgf7 transcription in the medial mesenchyme are all interrupted, indicating that the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during palatogenesis are disrupted by the ectopic activation of mesenchymal Fgf8. Besides the altered Fgf7, Fgf10, Dlx5 and Shh expression pattern, the reduced Osr2 expression domain in the lateral mesenchyme also suggests an impaired mediolateral patterning of posterior palate. Moreover, the ectopic Fgf8 expression up-regulates pJak1 throughout the palatal mesenchyme and pErk in the medial mesenchyme, but down-regulates pJak2 in the epithelium, suggesting that during normal palatogenesis, the medial mesenchymal cell proliferation is stimulated by FGF/Erk pathway, while the epithelial cell proliferation is maintained through FGF/Jak2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shuping Gu
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wei He
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, the 2 Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xihai Li
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenduo Ye
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (CL)
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Sciences and Engineering School, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (CL)
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33
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Inoue K, Bando Y, Sakiyama K, Takizawa S, Sakashita H, Kondo H, Amano O. Development and regression of the thyroglossal duct in mice. Ann Anat 2015; 200:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim S, Lewis AE, Singh V, Ma X, Adelstein R, Bush JO. Convergence and extrusion are required for normal fusion of the mammalian secondary palate. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002122. [PMID: 25848986 PMCID: PMC4388528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of two distinct prominences into one continuous structure is common during development and typically requires integration of two epithelia and subsequent removal of that intervening epithelium. Using confocal live imaging, we directly observed the cellular processes underlying tissue fusion, using the secondary palatal shelves as a model. We find that convergence of a multi-layered epithelium into a single-layer epithelium is an essential early step, driven by cell intercalation, and is concurrent to orthogonal cell displacement and epithelial cell extrusion. Functional studies in mice indicate that this process requires an actomyosin contractility pathway involving Rho kinase (ROCK) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), culminating in the activation of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA). Together, these data indicate that actomyosin contractility drives cell intercalation and cell extrusion during palate fusion and suggest a general mechanism for tissue fusion in development. A study of the mouse palate shows that the fusion of tissues during development involves convergence and displacement of epithelial cells, coupled with cell extrusion driven by the contractile activity of actomyosin. Tissue fusion, the process by which two independent prominences become united to form one continuous structure, is common during development, and its failure leads to multiple structural birth defects. In this study, we directly examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which tissue fusion occurs using the mouse secondary palate as a model. Using live imaging, we find that fusion of the secondary palatal shelves proceeds by a progression of previously undescribed cell behaviors. Cellular protrusions and establishment of contacts between palatal shelves leads to the formation of a transient multicellular epithelial structure that then converges toward the midline, driven by cell intercalation. This convergence occurs together with displacement of the epithelium and epithelial cell extrusions that squeeze epithelial cells out from between the palatal shelves and mediate continuity of the structure. We show that in mice this morphogenesis requires an actomyosin contractility pathway culminating in non-muscle myosin IIA activation. Altogether, these data support a new model for tissue fusion during mouse embryogenesis in which convergence, displacement, and cell extrusion drive the union of independent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungil Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ace E. Lewis
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefei Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Choe CP, Crump JG. Dynamic epithelia of the developing vertebrate face. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:66-72. [PMID: 25748249 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A segmental series of endoderm-derived pouch and ectoderm-derived cleft epithelia act as signaling centers in the developing face. Their precise morphogenesis is therefore essential for proper patterning of the vertebrate head. Intercellular adhesion and polarity are highly dynamic within developing facial epithelial cells, with signaling from the adjacent mesenchyme controlling both epithelial character and directional migration. Endodermal and ectodermal epithelia fuse to form the primary mouth and gill slits, which involves basement membrane dissolution, cell intercalations, and apoptosis, as well as undergo further morphogenesis to generate the middle ear cavity and glands of the neck. Recent studies of facial epithelia are revealing both core programs of epithelial morphogenesis and insights into the coordinated assembly of the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Lane J, Yumoto K, Azhar M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Inagaki M, Hu Y, Deng CX, Kim J, Mishina Y, Kaartinen V. Tak1, Smad4 and Trim33 redundantly mediate TGF-β3 signaling during palate development. Dev Biol 2014; 398:231-41. [PMID: 25523394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) plays a critical role in palatal epithelial cells by inducing palatal epithelial fusion, failure of which results in cleft palate, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Recent studies have shown that Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways work redundantly to transduce TGF-β3 signaling in palatal epithelial cells. However, detailed mechanisms by which this signaling is mediated still remain to be elucidated. Here we show that TGF-β activated kinase-1 (Tak1) and Smad4 interact genetically in palatal epithelial fusion. While simultaneous abrogation of both Tak1 and Smad4 in palatal epithelial cells resulted in characteristic defects in the anterior and posterior secondary palate, these phenotypes were less severe than those seen in the corresponding Tgfb3 mutants. Moreover, our results demonstrate that Trim33, a novel chromatin reader and regulator of TGF-β signaling, cooperates with Smad4 during palatogenesis. Unlike the epithelium-specific Smad4 mutants, epithelium-specific Tak1:Smad4- and Trim33:Smad4-double mutants display reduced expression of Mmp13 in palatal medial edge epithelial cells, suggesting that both of these redundant mechanisms are required for appropriate TGF-β signal transduction. Moreover, we show that inactivation of Tak1 in Trim33:Smad4 double conditional knockouts leads to the palatal phenotypes which are identical to those seen in epithelium-specific Tgfb3 mutants. To conclude, our data reveal added complexity in TGF-β signaling during palatogenesis and demonstrate that functionally redundant pathways involving Smad4, Tak1 and Trim33 regulate palatal epithelial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lane
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yingling Hu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jieun Kim
- The Saban Research Institute of Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
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Shkoukani MA, Lawrence LA, Liebertz DJ, Svider PF. Cleft palate: A clinical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:333-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi A. Shkoukani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Division of Craniofacial Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Lauren A. Lawrence
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Daniel J. Liebertz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
| | - Peter F. Svider
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Michigan
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Luijsterburg AJ, Rozendaal AM, Vermeij-Keers C. Classifying Common Oral Clefts: A New Approach after Descriptive Registration. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014. [DOI: 10.1597/12-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Using the Dutch Oral Cleft Registration, which records the morphology and topography of common oral clefts, a new classification based on the (patho)embryology of the primary and secondary palates was tested. Design Prospective observational study. Setting The fifteen cleft palate teams in the Netherlands register patients to the national registry. Patients All unoperated patients with common oral clefts reported between 1997 and 2006 inclusive were included. Main Outcome Measures The classification is based on the pathoembryological events that ultimately result in various subphenotypes of common oral clefts. Patients within the three categories cleft lip/alveolus (CL/A), cleft lip/alveolus and palate (CL/AP), and cleft palate (CP) were divided into three subgroups: fusion defects, differentiation defects, and fusion and differentiation defects. A timetable was constructed to relate the type of clefting to the time of derailment during embryonic development. Results 3512 patients were included. Patients with CL/A showed 22% fusion defects, 75% differentiation defects, and 3% fusion and differentiation defects. CL/AP patients and CP patients mostly showed fusion defects (70% and 89%, respectively). We were able to relate almost all (over 90%) cleft subphenotypes to specific weeks in embryonic development. Conclusions This classification provides new cleft subgroups that may be used for clinical and fundamental research. The subphenotypes of these subgroups originate from different time frames during embryonic development and different cell biological mechanisms, thereby enabling more accurate data for, e.g., gene identification and/or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius J.M. Luijsterburg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Rozendaal
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christi Vermeij-Keers
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Lane J, Kaartinen V. Signaling networks in palate development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:271-8. [PMID: 24644145 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Palatogenesis, the formation of the palate, is a dynamic process regulated by a complex series of context-dependent morphogenetic signaling events. Many genes involved in palatogenesis have been discovered through the use of genetically manipulated mouse models as well as from human genetic studies, but the roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks regulating palatogenesis are still poorly known. In this review, we give a brief overview on palatogenesis and introduce key signaling cascades leading to formation of the intact palate. Moreover, we review conceptual differences between pathway biology and network biology and discuss how some of the recent technological advances in conjunction with mouse genetic models have contributed to our understanding of signaling networks regulating palate growth and fusion. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lane
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Christian L, Bahudhanapati H, Wei S. Extracellular metalloproteinases in neural crest development and craniofacial morphogenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:544-60. [PMID: 24066766 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a population of migratory stem/progenitor cells that is found in early vertebrate embryos. NC cells are induced during gastrulation, and later migrate to multiple destinations and contribute to many types of cells and tissues, such as craniofacial structures, cardiac tissues, pigment cells and the peripheral nervous system. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that many extracellular metalloproteinases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs), and ADAMs with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), play important roles in various stages of NC development. Interference with metalloproteinase functions often causes defects in craniofacial structures, as well as in other cells and tissues that are contributed by NC cells, in humans and other vertebrates. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field concerning the roles of these three families of metalloproteinases in NC development and related tissue morphogenesis, with a special emphasis on craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Christian
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV , USA
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41
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Ma L, Shi B, Zheng Q. Targeted mutations of genes reveal important roles in palatal development in mice. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 74:263-8. [PMID: 23851369 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e318295dcb8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The process of palatal development is regulated by growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, and cell adhesion molecules, of which disturbance may result in cleft palate. Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the role of genes during palatal development. Therefore, in this review, we will describe genes knockout in mice to reveal the biological mechanisms of these genes in the formation of the cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- From the *Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Stomatological Hospital, Sichuan University; †State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hirata A, Katayama K, Tsuji T, Natsume N, Sugahara T, Koga Y, Takano K, Otsuki Y, Nakamura H. Heparanase localization during palatogenesis in mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:760236. [PMID: 23509775 PMCID: PMC3583076 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palatogenesis is directed by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and results partly from remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the palatal shelves. Here, we assessed heparanase distribution in developing mouse palates. No heparanase was observed in the vertically oriented palatal shelves in early stages of palate formation. As palate formation progressed, the palatal shelves were reorganized and arranged horizontally above the tongue, and heparanase localized to the epithelial cells of these shelves. When the palatal bilateral shelves first made contact, the heparanase localized to epithelial cells at the tips of shelves. Later in fusing palatal shelves, the cells of the medial epithelial seam (MES) were labeled with intense heparanase signal. In contrast, the basement membrane heparan sulfate (HS) was scarcely observed in the palatal shelves in contact. Moreover, perlecan labeling was sparse in the basement membrane of the MES, on which laminin and type IV collagen were observed. Moreover, we assessed the distribution of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9, MMP-2, and MMP-3 in developing mouse palates and these MMPs were observed in the MES. Our findings indicated that heparanase was important for palate formation because it mediated degradation of the ECM of palatal shelves. Heparanase may, in concert with other proteases, participate in the regression of the MES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Hirata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan.
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McDade SS, Henry AE, Pivato GP, Kozarewa I, Mitsopoulos C, Fenwick K, Assiotis I, Hakas J, Zvelebil M, Orr N, Lord CJ, Patel D, Ashworth A, McCance DJ. Genome-wide analysis of p63 binding sites identifies AP-2 factors as co-regulators of epidermal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7190-206. [PMID: 22573176 PMCID: PMC3424553 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor (TP63) is critical in development, growth and differentiation of stratifying epithelia. This is highlighted by the severity of congenital abnormalities caused by TP63 mutations in humans, the dramatic phenotypes in knockout mice and de-regulation of TP63 expression in neoplasia altering the tumour suppressive roles of the TP53 family. In order to define the normal role played by TP63 and provide the basis for better understanding how this network is perturbed in disease, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify >7500 high-confidence TP63-binding regions across the entire genome, in primary human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs). Using integrative strategies, we demonstrate that only a subset of these sites are bound by TP53 in response to DNA damage. We identify a role for TP63 in transcriptional regulation of multiple genes genetically linked to cleft palate and identify AP-2alpha (TFAP2A) as a co-regulator of a subset of these genes. We further demonstrate that AP-2gamma (TFAP2C) can bind a subset of these regions and that acute depletion of either TFAP2A or TFAP2C alone is sufficient to reduce terminal differentiation of organotypic epidermal skin equivalents, indicating overlapping physiological functions with TP63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alexandra E. Henry
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Geraldine P. Pivato
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Iwanka Kozarewa
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Constantinos Mitsopoulos
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kerry Fenwick
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ioannis Assiotis
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jarle Hakas
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Marketa Zvelebil
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Orr
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Daksha Patel
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Dennis J. McCance
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL and The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Katori Y, Shibata S, Kawase T, Cho BH, Murakami G. Transient Appearance of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunoreactive Cells in the Midline Epithelial Seam of the Human Fetal Secondary Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:414-24. [DOI: 10.1597/10-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Transient immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, which mediates the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine, in the midline epithelial seam between the bilateral palatal shelves was investigated in human fetuses. Materials and Methods Horizontal or frontal paraffin sections of two human fetuses at 9 and 15 weeks of gestation were used to examine the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive cells in regions of the entire head other than the brain. Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein, calretinin, cytokeratin 14, and vimentin was examined using adjacent or near sections. Results Tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive cells were large and densely distributed in the midline epithelial seam at the site of palatal fusion in fetuses at 9 weeks but not in fetuses at 15 weeks, in which the midline epithelial seam had already disappeared. No expression of S100 protein, calretinin, or vimentin was detected, but the midline epithelial seam was positive for cytokeratin 14. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was not detected in epithelia during the process of palatal fusion in mice from E 14.0 to 15.0. Conclusions These findings indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive cells in the midline epithelial seams are nonneural epithelial cells and suggest that the tyrosine hydroxylase is a novel factor involved in normal palatal formation, especially the fate of the midline epithelial seam in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Laboratory of Rehabilitative Auditory Science, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Koujin-kai Hospital, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yoshida M, Shimono Y, Togashi H, Matsuzaki K, Miyoshi J, Mizoguchi A, Komori T, Takai Y. Periderm cells covering palatal shelves have tight junctions and their desquamation reduces the polarity of palatal shelf epithelial cells in palatogenesis. Genes Cells 2012; 17:455-72. [PMID: 22571182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In palatogenesis, bilateral palatal shelves grow and fuse with each other to establish mesenchyme continuity across the horizontal palate. The palatal shelves are covered with the medial edge epithelium (MEE) in which most apical cells are periderm cells. We investigated localization and roles of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) components and an apical membrane marker in the MEE in palatogenesis. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy analyses revealed that TJs were located at the boundary between neighboring periderm cells, whereas AJ components were localized at the boundary between all epithelial cells in the MEE. Specifically, typical AJs were observed at the boundaries between neighboring periderm cells and between periderm cells and underlying epithelial cells where the signal for nectin-1 was observed. The TGF-β-induced desquamation of periderm cells reduced the polarity of remaining epithelial cells as estimated by changes of epithelial cell morphology and the staining of the polarity marker and the AJ components. These less polarized epithelial cells then intermingled and finally disappeared at least partly by apoptosis. These results indicate that periderm cells covering growing palatal shelves have bona fide TJs and their desquamation reduces the polarity of palatal shelf epithelial cells in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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46
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Bush JO, Jiang R. Palatogenesis: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms of secondary palate development. Development 2012; 139:231-43. [PMID: 22186724 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian palatogenesis is a highly regulated morphogenetic process during which the embryonic primary and secondary palatal shelves develop as outgrowths from the medial nasal and maxillary prominences, respectively, remodel and fuse to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. The complexity of control of palatogenesis is reflected by the common occurrence of cleft palate in humans. Although the embryology of the palate has long been studied, the past decade has brought substantial new knowledge of the genetic control of secondary palate development. Here, we review major advances in the understanding of the morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms controlling palatal shelf growth, elevation, adhesion and fusion, and palatal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Fakhouri WD, Rhea L, Du T, Sweezer E, Morrison H, Fitzpatrick D, Yang B, Dunnwald M, Schutte BC. MCS9.7 enhancer activity is highly, but not completely, associated with expression of Irf6 and p63. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:340-9. [PMID: 22113860 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA variation in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) contributes risk for orofacial clefting, including a common DNA variant rs642961. This DNA variant is located in a multi-species conserved sequence that is 9.7 kb upstream from the IRF6 transcriptional start site (MCS9.7). The MCS9.7 element was shown to possess enhancer activity that mimicked the expression of endogenous Irf6 at embryonic day 11.5 in transient transgenic embryos, and also contains a p63 binding site that transactivates IRF6 expression. To analyze whether the MCS9.7 enhancer is sufficient to drive IRF6 expression, we generated stable transgenic murine lines that carry a MCS9.7-lacZ transgene. We hypothesized that MCS9.7 was sufficient to recapitulate the endogenous expression of Irf6 at other time-points during embryonic development. RESULTS We observed that MCS9.7 activity recapitulated endogenous Irf6 expression in most tissues, but not in the medial edge epithelium (MEE) at E14.5, when Irf6 expression was high during secondary palatal fusion. Also, while MCS9.7 activity and Irf6 expression were associated with p63 expression, we observed MCS9.7 activity and Irf6 expression in periderm, although p63 was absent. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MCS9.7 enhancer activity is not sufficient to recapitulate IRF6 expression, and that p63 expression is not always necessary nor sufficient for transactivation of IRF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid D Fakhouri
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA
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48
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Ackermans MMG, Zhou H, Carels CEL, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Vitamin A and clefting: putative biological mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:613-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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49
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Novakovic J, Mardesic-Brakus S, Vukojevic K, Saraga-Babic M. Developmental patterns of Ki-67, bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins expression in the human upper jaw. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:519-26. [PMID: 20598358 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the Ki-67, bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins was immunohistochemically analyzed in the developing human upper jaw (5th-10th gestational weeks). During this period, proliferative activity gradually decreased from higher levels at the earliest stages (50-52%) to lower levels, both in the jaw ectomesenchyme and in the epithelium. The highest expression of bcl-2 protein was found in the epithelium and ectomesenchyme of areas displaying lower rates of cell proliferation. High levels of caspase-3 protein were detected during the earliest stages of jaw development, indicating an important role for apoptosis in morphogenesis of early derivatives of the maxillary prominences. The number of Ki-67, bcl-2 and caspase-3 positive cells changed in a temporally and spatially restricted manner, coincidently with upper jaw differentiation. While apoptosis might control cell number, bcl-2 could act in suppression of apoptosis and enhancement of cell differentiation. A fine balance between cell proliferation (Ki-67), death (caspase-3) and cell survival (bcl-2) characterized early human upper jaw development. A rise in the number of apoptotic cells always temporally coincided with the decrease in number of surviving bcl-2 positive cells within the palatal region. Therefore, the upper jaw development seems to be controlled by the precisely defined expression of genes for proliferation, apoptosis and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Novakovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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50
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Iseki S. Disintegration of the medial epithelial seam: is cell death important in palatogenesis? Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:259-68. [PMID: 21338351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During palatogenesis, the palatal medial edge epithelium (MEE) forms the medial epithelial seam (MES) on adhesion of the opposing palatal shelves. The MES eventually disappears, leading to mesenchymal confluence of the palate and completion of palatogenesis. Failure of these processes results in cleft palate, one of the most common congenital anomalies in human affecting around one case in 500-2500 live births. The cell fate of MEE has been controversial for more than 20 years. Recent studies suggest that the disappearance of MES is a complex process involving cell death, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epithelial migration. Interestingly, transforming growth factor-β3 (Tgf β3) expression in MEE and the tip epithelium of the nasal septum begins just before palatal shelf reorientation and lasts until MES disruption, and several works including targeted disruption of the gene have indicated that the process appears to be regulated mainly by the TGFβ3-TGFβR signaling. However, how MEE cells choose their fate and how the cell fate is altered in response to cellular environment remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Iseki
- Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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