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Hapakova L, Necpal J, Kosutzka Z. The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. Cortex 2024; 178:116-140. [PMID: 38991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of the antisaccadic task in understanding inhibitory mechanisms in basal ganglia disorders. It conducts a comparative analysis of saccadic profiles in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's disease, and dystonia, revealing distinct patterns and proposing mechanisms for impaired performance. The primary focus is on two inhibitory mechanisms: global, pre-emptive inhibition responsible for suppressing prepotent responses, and slower, selective response inhibition. The antisaccadic task demonstrates practicality in clinical applications, aiding in differential diagnoses, treatment monitoring and reflecting gait control. To further enhance its differential diagnostic value, future directions should address issues such as the standardization of eye-tracking protocol and the integration of eye-tracking data with other disease indicators in a comprehensive dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hapakova
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Necpal
- Neurology Department, Hospital Zvolen, a. s., Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kosutzka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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2
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Ekin M, Akdal G, Bora E. Antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis, ultra-high risk for psychosis and unaffected relatives of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:41-49. [PMID: 38367611 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisaccade, which is described as looking at the opposite location of the target, is an eye movements paradigm used for assessing cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Initiation and sustainment of saccades in antisaccade are managed by frontal and parietal cortical areas. Antisaccade abnormalities are well-established findings in schizophrenia. However, studies in the early phases of psychotic disorders and clinical/familial risk for psychosis reported inconsistent findings. The current systematic review aimed to review the results of studies investigating antisaccade error rates in first-episode psychosis (FEP), individuals with ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHRP), and familial-high-risk for psychosis (FHRP) compared to healthy controls. METHOD A meta-analysis of 17 studies was conducted to quantitatively review antisaccade errors in FEP, UHR-P and FHRP. The error rate (Hedges'g) was compared between the total of 860 FEP, UHRP, FHRP, and 817 healthy controls. Hedges' g for effect size, I2 for estimating the percentage of variability, and publication bias were evaluated through the R software. RESULTS The outcomes of this meta-analysis suggested that FEP is associated with a robust deficit in the antisaccade error rate (g = 1.16, CI = 0.95-1.38). Additionally, both the clinical and familial high-risk groups showed small but significant increases in AS errors (g = 0.26, CI = 0.02-0.52 and g = 0.34, CI = 0.13-0.55, respectively). CONCLUSION The large effect size estimated for FEP was compatible with previously reported results in chronic schizophrenia patients. Additionally, relatives had abnormalities with small to medium effect sizes and significant differences. The current findings suggest that antisaccade errors might be a potential endophenotype for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Institude of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Ekin M, Koçoğlu K, Eraslan Boz H, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Cesim E, Yalınçetin B, Özbek SU, Bora E, Akdal G. Antisaccade and memory-guided saccade in individuals at ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:965-972. [PMID: 37499914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder (UHR-BD) is an important paradigm to investigate the potential early-stage biomarkers of bipolar disorder, including eye-tracking abnormalities and cognitive functions. Antisaccade (AS) described as looking in the opposite direction of the target, and memory-guided saccade (MGS), identified as maintaining fixation, and remembering the location of the target, were used in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in saccadic eye movements between UHR-BD and healthy controls (HCs) via AS-MGS. METHODS The study included 28 UHR-BD and 29 HCs. Participants were selected using a structured clinical interview for prodromal symptoms of BD. AS-MGS were measured with parameters like uncorrected errors, anticipatory saccades, and latency. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000-Plus eye-tracker. RESULTS In the AS, the number of correct saccades was significantly decreased in UHR-BD (p = 0.020). Anticipatory (p = 0.009) and express saccades (p = 0.040) were increased in UHR-BD. In the MGS paradigm, the correct saccades were reduced in UHR-BD (p = 0.031). In addition, anticipatory (p = 0.004) and express saccades (p = 0.012) were significantly increased in cue-screen in UHR-BD. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate cognitive functions with eye movements in individuals at UHR-BD. The current findings showed that eye movement functions, particularly in saccadic parameters related to inhibition and spatial perception, may be affected in the UHR-BD group. Therefore, assessment of oculomotor functions may provide observation of clinical and cognitive functions in the early-stage of bipolar disorder. However, further research is needed because the potential effects of medication may affect saccadic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ezgi Cesim
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Simge Uzman Özbek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Ayar EC, Heusser MR, Bourrelly C, Gandhi NJ. Distinct context- and content-dependent population codes in superior colliculus during sensation and action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303523120. [PMID: 37748075 PMCID: PMC10556644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303523120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor transformation is the process of first sensing an object in the environment and then producing a movement in response to that stimulus. For visually guided saccades, neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) emit a burst of spikes to register the appearance of stimulus, and many of the same neurons discharge another burst to initiate the eye movement. We investigated whether the neural signatures of sensation and action in SC depend on context. Spiking activity along the dorsoventral axis was recorded with a laminar probe as Rhesus monkeys generated saccades to the same stimulus location in tasks that require either executive control to delay saccade onset until permission is granted or the production of an immediate response to a target whose onset is predictable. Using dimensionality reduction and discriminability methods, we show that the subspaces occupied during the visual and motor epochs were both distinct within each task and differentiable across tasks. Single-unit analyses, in contrast, show that the movement-related activity of SC neurons was not different between tasks. These results demonstrate that statistical features in neural activity of simultaneously recorded ensembles provide more insight than single neurons. They also indicate that cognitive processes associated with task requirements are multiplexed in SC population activity during both sensation and action and that downstream structures could use this activity to extract context. Additionally, the entire manifolds associated with sensory and motor responses, respectively, may be larger than the subspaces explored within a certain set of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve C. Ayar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Program in Neural Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Michelle R. Heusser
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Clara Bourrelly
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Neeraj J. Gandhi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Program in Neural Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
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5
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Mani R, Asper L, Arunachalam V, Khuu SK. The impact of traumatic brain injury on inhibitory control processes assessed using a delayed antisaccade task. Neurosci Lett 2023; 797:137081. [PMID: 36690058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect cognitive function such as attention, working memory and executive functions. In the present study, we further investigated TBI-related changes in cognitive functions by investigating the ability to reorient visuospatial attention using a modified antisaccade task. Performing an antisaccade requires disengaging attention, inhibiting a reflexive saccade, and then engaging attention to execute a voluntary saccade in a direction opposite to a peripheral target. Particularly we quantified the time (latency), and accuracy (directional and disinhibition errors) of 26 TBI and 33 normal participants in making an antisaccade after a variable period of delay (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 or 1.0 s). Changing the delay period allowed to systematically quantify the temporal and spatial characteristics of preparing and initiating an antisaccade and whether this process is affected by TBI. TBI participants took longer (approximately 33-66 ms for variable delays) to generate correct delayed antisaccades and showed increased directional errors (2-11 % for variable delays) and increased disinhibition prosaccade errors (2-6 % for variable delays) compared to controls. However, both groups made similar disinhibition antisaccade errors. These findings indicate that TBI participants required a longer time to process information, and a possible poorer response inhibition and poor spatial information processing due to head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Mani
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lisa Asper
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Valarmathi Arunachalam
- Department of Optometry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Eye Movement Alterations in Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041481. [PMID: 35214383 PMCID: PMC8875414 DOI: 10.3390/s22041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence pointing out eye movement alterations in several neurological diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video-oculography study describing potential alterations of eye movements in the post-COVID-19 condition. Visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and antisaccades in horizontal axis were measured. In all visual tests, the stimulus was deployed with a gap condition. The duration of the test was between 5 and 7 min per participant. A group of n=9 patients with the post-COVID-19 condition was included in this study. Values were compared with a group (n=9) of healthy volunteers whom the SARS-CoV-2 virus had not infected. Features such as centripetal and centrifugal latencies, success rates in memory saccades, antisaccades, and blinks were computed. We found that patients with the post-COVID-19 condition had eye movement alterations mainly in centripetal latency in visually guided saccades, the success rate in memory-guided saccade test, latency in antisaccades, and its standard deviation, which suggests the involvement of frontoparietal networks. Further work is required to understand these eye movements' alterations and their functional consequences.
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Navalón P, Sahuquillo-Leal R, Moreno-Giménez A, Salmerón L, Benavent P, Sierra P, Cañada Y, Cañada-Martínez A, Berk M, García-Blanco A. Attentional engagement and inhibitory control according to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An emotional antisaccade task. Schizophr Res 2022; 239:142-150. [PMID: 34891078 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by a high psychopathological heterogeneity, the underlying psychological mechanisms that result in different clinical profiles are unclear. This study examined the cognitive processing of emotional faces (angry, happy, neutral, and sad) by means of assessing inhibitory control (antisaccade task) and attentional engagement (prosaccade task) with the eye-tracking paradigm. Firstly, two clinical SZ subgroups classified according to the predominance of positive (PSZ; n = 20) or negative symptoms (NSZ; n = 34) and a control group of 32 individuals were compared. Secondly, the association between prosaccade and antisaccade measurements and the severity of positive and negative symptoms were analyzed. The PSZ group showed slower antisaccades when angry faces were displayed, and higher positive symptoms were associated with slower prosaccade latencies to ones. Conversely, the NSZ group made overall slower prosaccades with an emotional advantage for angry faces, and higher negative symptoms were associated with faster antisaccade latencies to ones. Hence, whereas positive SZ profile is related to a lack of attentional engagement and an impaired inhibitory control to threatening information; negative SZ profile is linked to a lack of attentional engagement to faces, mainly with non-threat ones, and with an advantage to ignore distracting threatening stimuli. These findings support affective information-processing theories suggesting a hypersensitivity to threat for positive SZ profiles, and a desensitization to socio-emotional information for negative ones. Consequently, characterizing psychological mechanisms of SZ may allow improving current treatments to threat management when positive symptoms are predominant, or emotion sensitization when negative symptoms prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Navalón
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Sahuquillo-Leal
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Benavent
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Mental Health Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sierra
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Mental Health Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cañada
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Mental Health Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cañada-Martínez
- Data Science, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana García-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Neonatal Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Si Y, Wang L, Zhao M. Anti-saccade as a Tool to Evaluate Neurocognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823848. [PMID: 35573351 PMCID: PMC9094713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely shown that chronic alcohol use leads to cognitive dysfunctions, especially inhibitory control. In an extension of the traditional approach, this research field has benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which is an anti-saccade, allowing direct and sensitive measure of the eye movements indexing attention bias to alcohol-related cues and the capability of inhibiting the reflexive saccades to the cues. During the past decade, there are numerous reports showing that drinkers make more unwanted reflexive saccades and longer latency in the anti-saccade task. These increased errors are usually explained by the deficits in inhibitory control. It has been demonstrated that inhibitory control on eye movement may be one of the earliest biomarkers of the onset of alcohol-related cognitive impairments. This review summarizes how an anti-saccade task can be used as a tool to investigate and assess the cognitive dysfunctions and the early detection of relapsing risk of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Si
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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Carment L, Dupin L, Guedj L, Térémetz M, Krebs MO, Cuenca M, Maier MA, Amado I, Lindberg PG. Impaired attentional modulation of sensorimotor control and cortical excitability in schizophrenia. Brain 2020; 142:2149-2164. [PMID: 31099820 PMCID: PMC6598624 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in attentional, working memory and sensorimotor processing have been consistently reported in schizophrenia. However, the interaction between cognitive and sensorimotor impairments and the underlying neural mechanisms remains largely uncharted. We hypothesized that altered attentional processing in patients with schizophrenia, probed through saccadic inhibition, would partly explain impaired sensorimotor control and would be reflected as altered task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition. Twenty-five stabilized patients with schizophrenia, 17 unaffected siblings and 25 healthy control subjects were recruited. Subjects performed visuomotor grip force-tracking alone (single-task condition) and with increased cognitive load (dual-task condition). In the dual-task condition, two types of trials were randomly presented: trials with visual distractors (requiring inhibition of saccades) or trials with addition of numbers (requiring saccades and addition). Both dual-task trial types required divided visual attention to the force-tracking target and to the distractor or number. Gaze was measured during force-tracking tasks, and task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. In the single-task, patients with schizophrenia showed increased force-tracking error. In dual-task distraction trials, force-tracking error increased further in patients, but not in the other two groups. Patients inhibited fewer saccades to distractors, and the capacity to inhibit saccades explained group differences in force-tracking performance. Cortical excitability at rest was not different between groups and increased for all groups during single-task force-tracking, although, to a greater extent in patients (80%) compared to controls (40%). Compared to single-task force-tracking, the dual-task increased cortical excitability in control subjects, whereas patients showed decreased excitability. Again, the group differences in cortical excitability were no longer significant when failure to inhibit saccades was included as a covariate. Cortical inhibition was reduced in patients in all conditions, and only healthy controls increased inhibition in the dual-task. Siblings had similar force-tracking and gaze performance as controls but showed altered task-related modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition in dual-task conditions. In patients, neuropsychological scores of attention correlated with visuomotor performance and with task-dependant modulation of cortical excitability. Disorganization symptoms were greatest in patients with weakest task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability. This study provides insights into neurobiological mechanisms of impaired sensorimotor control in schizophrenia showing that deficient divided visual attention contributes to impaired visuomotor performance and is reflected in impaired modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition. In siblings, altered modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition is consistent with a genetic risk for cortical abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Carment
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Dupin
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Laura Guedj
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Térémetz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002, CNRS / Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002, CNRS / Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Life Sciences, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
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Sreeraj VS, Bose A, Chhabra H, Shivakumar V, Agarwal SM, Narayanaswamy JC, Rao NP, Kesavan M, Varambally S, Venkatasubramanian G. Working memory performance with online-tDCS in schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, partial cross-over proof-of-concept study. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 50:101946. [PMID: 32087502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combining cognitive retraining with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been hypothesized to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The effect of combining a neuropsychological/psychophysiological task with tDCS, called "online-tDCS" for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia is not rigorously assessed. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed at evaluating the effect of a single session online-tDCS on working memory(WM) and its transferability to other cognitive functions. Numerical n-back(NNB), digit symbol substitution test(DSST), emotional matching and labelling test(E-MALT), and anti-saccade eye movement beeforefore and after 20 min tDCS (anode: left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cathode: left temporoparietal junction) applied during Sternberg's task(WM-task) were assessed. Twenty-three schizophrenia patients with cognitive deficits were randomized to receive either online-tDCS or offline-tDCS (without simultaneous Sternberg's task) sessions. All patients received one session each of active and sham tDCS in a randomized counterbalanced double-blind cross-over design. RMANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between tDCS type (Online/Offline) x activeness (active/sham) of tDCS; the reaction time during 2-back performance in the NNB test improved in online-sham (F = 5.23, p < 0.038) but not online-active tDCS session. No significant changes were noted in DSST, E-MALT, and anti-saccade performance. Improved performance after online-sham tDCS suggests that performing the Sternberg's task enhanced 2-back performance. The counterintuitive observation was noted with respect to the non-enhancement of WM performance on combining the task to tDCS. Aberrant plasticity in schizophrenia might attain a transitional ceiling that would have resulted in restriction of enhancement on combining the two plasticity modulators. The transferability of improvement to other cognitive domains could not be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anushree Bose
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muralidharan Kesavan
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- WISER Neuromodulation Program, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Center, InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia & Metabolic Clinic, Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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11
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Mehta ND, Won MJ, Babin SL, Patel SS, Wassef AA, Chuang AZ, Sereno AB. Differential benefits of olanzapine on executive function in schizophrenia patients: Preliminary findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2718. [PMID: 31837056 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia patients show executive function (EF) impairments in voluntary orienting as measured by eye-movements. We tested 14 inpatients to investigate the effects of the antipsychotic olanzapine on EF, as measured by antisaccade eye-movement performance. METHODS Patients were tested at baseline (before olanzapine), 3-5 days post-medication, and 12-14 days post-medication. Patients were also assessed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to measure the severity of schizophrenia-related symptoms, and administered the Stroop task, a test of EF. Nine matched controls were also tested on the antisaccade and Stroop. RESULTS Both groups showed improvement on Stroop and antisaccade; however, the schizophrenia group improved significantly more on antisaccade, indicating an additional benefit of olanzapine on EF performance. Patients with poorer baseline antisaccade performance (High-Deficit) showed significantly greater improvement on the antisaccade task than patients with better baseline performance (Low-Deficit), suggesting that baseline EF impairment predicts the magnitude of cognitive improvement with olanzapine. These subgroups showed significant and equivalent improvement on PANSS scores, indicating that improvement on the antisaccade task with olanzapine was not a result of differences in magnitude of clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study provides evidence that olanzapine may be most advantageous for patients with greater baseline EF deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti D Mehta
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle J Won
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Shelly L Babin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Saumil S Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel A Wassef
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne B Sereno
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, Indiana.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana
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12
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Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Performance on a Range of Saccadic Tasks. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:231-242. [PMID: 30040708 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadic paradigms display changes across a number of degenerative conditions reflecting changes in the oculomotor pathway which in some conditions have been linked to disease presentation. OBJECTIVE To examine a novel range of saccadic paradigms in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). METHODS Prosaccade, predictive, self-paced, memory-guided, and anti-saccade tasks were examined in bvFTD patients and controls. RESULTS A significant increase in latency for the bvFTD group was seen in all tasks. Self-paced saccades are reduced in number, memory-guided saccades display an increase in errors. Predictive saccades show an increased latency that does not remain when prosaccade latency changes are accounted for. While changes were seen across a range of paradigms, no individual task completely separated bvFTD from control participants. CONCLUSION bvFTD patients as a group display a number of changes on saccadic testing which may reflect the frontal lobe changes seen in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Douglass
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Larry Abel
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Objectives: Antisaccade error rate has been proposed to be one of the most promising endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Increased error rate in patients has been associated with working memory, attention and other executive function impairments. The relationship between antisaccade error rate and other neuropsychological processes in patients compared to healthy controls has not been explored in depth. This study aimed to replicate the finding of heightened antisaccade error rate in patients and determine which cognitive processes were most strongly associated with antisaccade error rate in both patients and controls. In addition, the study investigated whether different antisaccade task paradigms engage different cognitive processes. Methods: One hundred and ninety-one participants (54 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 137 controls) completed the antisaccade task, which included both gap and step task parameters. Neuropsychological measures were obtained using the MCCB and the Stroop task. Results: The current study replicated a pronounced antisaccade error rate deficit in patients. In patients, working memory variance was most significantly associated with antisaccade errors made during the step condition, while attentional processes were most associated with errors made during the gap condition. In controls, overall global cognitive performance was most associated with antisaccade rates for both gap and step conditions. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that in schizophrenia patients, but not controls, elevated antisaccade error rate is associated with attention and working memory, but not with global cognitive impairment or psychopathological processes. Our novel findings demonstrate that the gap and step conditions of the antisaccade task engage different cognitive processes. (JINS, 2019, 25, 174-183).
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14
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Abstract
The antisaccade (AS) task is considered a prominent measure of inhibitory control, but it is still unclear which cognitive processes are used for successful performance of the task. Previous results have provided evidence for the involvement of several processes, including working memory (WM), inhibition and attention. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore, using a range of neuropsychological tests, which cognitive factors predict individual differences in AS performance. To do so, 143 healthy participants underwent a battery including tests measuring inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, sustained attention, IQ and fluency. Hierarchical stepwise regression analyses were conducted to assess the association with AS performance. Performance on the Trail-Making-Test, version B (TMT-B), a test measuring flexibility, divided attention and WM, was found to significantly predict AS latency. Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP), used to assess sustained attention and WM, significantly predicted AS error rate. Other cognitive measures, however, did not significantly predict AS performance. Bayesian Model Averaging supported these conclusions and showed that non-significant predictors are unlikely to be associated with AS outcomes. Several explanations are provided for the associations of TMT-B and RVIP with AS performance; as the tests measure a range of different cognitive processes, interpretation of these results remains less clear. For a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying AS performance, future research should make use of a wider range of attention and WM tests.
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15
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Preciado D, Theeuwes J. To look or not to look? Reward, selection history, and oculomotor guidance. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1740-1752. [PMID: 30020840 PMCID: PMC6230805 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00275.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current eye-tracking study examined the influence of reward on oculomotor performance, and the extent to which learned stimulus-reward associations interacted with voluntary oculomotor control with a modified paradigm based on the classical antisaccade task. Participants were shown two equally salient stimuli simultaneously: a gray and a colored circle, and they were instructed to make a fast saccade to one of them. During the first phase of the experiment, participants made a fast saccade toward the colored stimulus, and their performance determined a (cash) bonus. During the second, participants made a saccade toward the gray stimulus, with no rewards available. On each trial, one of three colors was presented, each associated with high, low or no reward during the first phase. Results from the first phase showed improved accuracy and shorter saccade latencies on high-reward trials, while those from the second replicated well-known effects typical of the antisaccade task, namely, decreased accuracy and increased latency during phase II, even despite the absence of abrupt asymmetric onsets. Crucially, performance differences between phases revealed longer latencies and less accurate saccades during the second phase for high-reward trials, compared with the low- and no-reward trials. Further analyses indicated that oculomotor capture by reward signals is mainly found for saccades with short latencies, while this automatic capture can be overridden through voluntary control with longer ones. These results highlight the natural flexibility and adaptability of the attentional system, and the role of reward in modulating this plasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Typically, in the antisaccade task, participants need to suppress an automatic orienting reflex toward a suddenly appearing peripheral stimulus. Here, we introduce an alternative antisaccade task without such abrupt onsets. We replicate well-known antisaccade effects (more errors and longer latencies), demonstrating the role of reward in developing selective oculomotor biases. Results highlight how reward and selection history facilitate developing automatic biases from goal-driven behavior, and they suggest that this process responds to individual differences in impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Preciado
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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16
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Aponte EA, Tschan DG, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. Inhibition failures and late errors in the antisaccade task: influence of cue delay. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:3001-3016. [PMID: 30110237 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00240.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antisaccade task participants are required to saccade in the opposite direction of a peripheral visual cue (PVC). This paradigm is often used to investigate inhibition of reflexive responses as well as voluntary response generation. However, it is not clear to what extent different versions of this task probe the same underlying processes. Here, we explored with the Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action (SERIA) model how the delay between task cue and PVC affects reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) when pro- and antisaccade trials are randomly interleaved. Specifically, we contrasted a condition in which the task cue was presented before the PVC with a condition in which the PVC served also as task cue. Summary statistics indicate that ERs and RTs are reduced and contextual effects largely removed when the task is signaled before the PVC appears. The SERIA model accounts for RT and ER in both conditions and better so than other candidate models. Modeling demonstrates that voluntary pro- and antisaccades are frequent in both conditions. Moreover, early task cue presentation results in better control of reflexive saccades, leading to fewer fast antisaccade errors and more rapid correct prosaccades. Finally, high-latency errors are shown to be prevalent in both conditions. In summary, SERIA provides an explanation for the differences in the delayed and nondelayed antisaccade task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we use a computational model to study the mixed antisaccade task. We contrast two conditions in which the task cue is presented either before or concurrently with the saccadic target. Modeling provides a highly accurate account of participants' behavior and demonstrates that a significant number of prosaccades are voluntary actions. Moreover, we provide a detailed quantitative analysis of the types of error that occur in pro- and antisaccade trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dominic G Tschan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London . London , United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
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17
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Rodrigue AL, Schaeffer DJ, Pierce JE, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Evaluating the Specificity of Cognitive Control Deficits in Schizophrenia Using Antisaccades, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Healthy Individuals With Poor Cognitive Control. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:107. [PMID: 29695982 PMCID: PMC5904188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia (SZ) can be evaluated using antisaccade tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Studies, however, often compare people with SZ to high performing healthy people, making it unclear if antisaccade-related disruptions are specific to the disease or due to generalized deficits in cognitive control. We included two healthy comparison groups in addition to people with SZ: healthy people with high cognitive control (HCC), who represent a more typical comparison group, and healthy people with low cognitive control (LCC), who perform similarly on antisaccade measures as people with SZ. Using two healthy comparison groups may help determine which antisaccade-related deficits are specific to SZ (distinguish SZ from LCC and HCC groups) and which are due to poor cognitive control (distinguish the LCC and SZ groups from the HCC group). People with SZ and healthy people with HCC or LCC performed an antisaccade task during fMRI acquisition. LCC and SZ groups showed under-activation of saccade circuitry. SZ-specific disruptions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and insula during error trials (suppression of activation in the SZ group compared to the LCC and HCC group). Differences related to antisaccade errors may distinguish people with SZ from healthy people with LCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rodrigue
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jordan E Pierce
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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18
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Disruption of Fixation Reveals Latent Sensorimotor Processes in the Superior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6129-40. [PMID: 27251631 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3685-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Executive control of voluntary movements is a hallmark of the mammalian brain. In the gaze-control network, this function is thought to be mediated by a critical balance between neurons responsible for generating movements and those responsible for fixating or suppressing movements, but the nature of this balance between the relevant elements-saccade-generating and fixation-related neurons-remains unclear. Specifically, it has been debated whether the two functions are necessarily coupled (i.e., push-and-pull) or independently controlled. Here we show that behavioral perturbation of ongoing fixation with the trigeminal blink reflex in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) alters the effective balance between fixation and saccade-generating neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and can lead to premature gaze shifts reminiscent of compromised inhibitory control. The shift in balance is primarily driven by an increase in the activity of visuomovement neurons in the caudal SC, and the extent to which fixation-related neurons in the rostral SC play a role seems to be linked to the animal's propensity to make microsaccades. The perturbation also reveals a hitherto unknown feature of sensorimotor integration: the presence of a hidden visual response in canonical movement neurons. These findings offer new insights into the latent functional interactions, or lack thereof, between components of the gaze-control network, suggesting that the perturbation technique used here may prove to be a useful tool for probing the neural mechanisms of movement generation in executive function and dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Eye movements are an integral part of how we explore the environment. Although we know a great deal about where sensorimotor transformations leading to saccadic eye movements are implemented in the brain, less is known about the functional interactions between neurons that maintain gaze fixation and neurons that program saccades. In this study, we used a novel approach to study these interactions. By transient disruption of fixation, we found that activity of saccade-generating neurons can increase independently of modulation in fixation-related neurons, which may occasionally lead to premature movements mimicking lack of impulse control. Our findings support the notion of a common pathway for sensory and movement processing and suggest that impulsive movements arise when sensory processes become "motorized."
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19
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Meyhöfer I, Kumari V, Hill A, Petrovsky N, Ettinger U. Sleep deprivation as an experimental model system for psychosis: Effects on smooth pursuit, prosaccades, and antisaccades. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:418-433. [PMID: 28347256 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116675511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic medications fail to satisfactorily reduce negative and cognitive symptoms and produce many unwanted side effects, necessitating the development of new compounds. Cross-species, experimental behavioural model systems can be valuable to inform the development of such drugs. The aim of the current study was to further test the hypothesis that controlled sleep deprivation is a safe and effective model system for psychosis when combined with oculomotor biomarkers of schizophrenia. Using a randomized counterbalanced within-subjects design, we investigated the effects of 1 night of total sleep deprivation in 32 healthy participants on smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM), prosaccades (PS), antisaccades (AS), and self-ratings of psychosis-like states. Compared with a normal sleep control night, sleep deprivation was associated with reduced SPEM velocity gain, higher saccadic frequency at 0.2 Hz, elevated PS spatial error, and an increase in AS direction errors. Sleep deprivation also increased intra-individual variability of SPEM, PS, and AS measures. In addition, sleep deprivation induced psychosis-like experiences mimicking hallucinations, cognitive disorganization, and negative symptoms, which in turn had moderate associations with AS direction errors. Taken together, sleep deprivation resulted in psychosis-like impairments in SPEM and AS performance. However, diverging somewhat from the schizophrenia literature, sleep deprivation additionally disrupted PS control. Sleep deprivation thus represents a promising but possibly unspecific experimental model that may be helpful to further improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the pathophysiology of psychosis and aid the development of antipsychotic and pro-cognitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Meyhöfer
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veena Kumari
- 2 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,3 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antje Hill
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4 Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Ettinger
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Abstract
In the Simon effect performance is faster and more accurate when the task-irrelevant spatial dimension of the stimulus corresponds to the location of the response, compared to when they do not correspond. In the prosaccade-antisaccade effect the latencies of saccades away from the stimulus location (i.e., antisaccades) are slower than the latencies of saccades toward the stimulus location (i.e., prosaccades). Because these two effects share a similar basis, the study of the Simon effect with saccadic eye movements needs to be decoupled from the prosaccade-antisaccade effect. A standard Simon task (Experiment 1) and a Simon task in which a distractor stimulus was also presented (Experiment 2) were implemented. In Experiment 1, results showed an effect likely attributable to the sum of the Simon effect and the prosaccade-antisaccade effect. In Experiment 2, in which the difference between the prosaccade and antisaccade was eliminated, only a Simon effect, cognitive in nature, manifested itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lugli
- 1 Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Baroni
- 1 Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Nicoletti
- 1 Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Umiltà
- 2 Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
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21
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Jordan K, Fromberger P, von Herder J, Steinkrauss H, Nemetschek R, Witzel J, Müller JL. Impaired Attentional Control in Pedophiles in a Sexual Distractor Task. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27994559 PMCID: PMC5133255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedophilic disorder, a subtype of paraphilia, is defined as a recurrent sexual interest in prepubescent children, which is characterized by persistent thoughts, fantasies, urges, sexual arousal, or behavior. Besides a deviant sexual preference, sexual preoccupation was found to be a dynamic risk factor for reoffending. Thus, it is conceivable that sex offenders and especially sex offenders against children have difficulties to control their responses to sexual stimuli. In the current study pedophiles, forensic and non-forensic control subjects had to solve a cognitive task, while sexual distractors were presented simultaneously. This kind of task also requires control functions. Therefore, data were analyzed with respect to attentional control while comparing eye movements toward sexual distractors and toward the cognitive task. We were mainly interested in how early (fixation latency) and late (relative fixation time) attentional processes were allocated to both, the cognitive target stimuli and the sexual distractors. Pedophiles demonstrated significantly lower attentional control in the sexual distractor task than both control groups (non-pedophiles). They showed a shorter fixation latency and longer fixation time for sexual distractors than non-pedophiles. Furthermore, pedophiles demonstrated a longer fixation latency and shorter fixation time for cognitive target stimuli. For classification analyses, an attentional control index (ACI) was built, i.e., the difference between eye movements on cognitive target stimuli and sexual distractors. For the ACI of early attentional processes, i.e., fixation latency, a good classification between pedophiles and non-pedophiles was found. We assumed that the measured attentional control represents inhibitory executive functions, specifically interference control. Further studies should examine if low attentional control in pedophiles is due to low motivation to solve the task or rather to a lack of ability to control attention with respect to sexual and/or neutral distractors. Prospectively, this design could be useful to generate hypotheses about clinical important aspects of controllability, the capacity of self-control, and the severity of a paraphilic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jordan
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Fromberger
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakob von Herder
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike Steinkrauss
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Nemetschek
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Witzel
- Central State Forensic Psychiatric Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Uchtspringe, Germany
| | - Jürgen L. Müller
- Department for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Heinzle J, Aponte EA, Stephan KE. Computational models of eye movements and their application to schizophrenia. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Facing competition: Neural mechanisms underlying parallel programming of antisaccades and prosaccades. Brain Cogn 2016; 107:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Reuter B, Elsner B, Möllers D, Kathmann N. Decomposing mechanisms of abnormal saccade generation in schizophrenia patients: Contributions of volitional initiation, motor preparation, and fixation release. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1712-1720. [PMID: 27450659 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and theoretical models suggest deficient volitional initiation of action in schizophrenia patients. Recent research provided an experimental model of testing this assumption using saccade tasks. However, inconsistent findings necessitate a specification of conditions on which the deficit may occur. The present study sought to detect mechanisms that may contribute to poor performance. Sixteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control participants performed visually guided and two types of volitional saccade tasks. All tasks varied as to whether the initial fixation stimulus disappeared (fixation stimulus offset) or continued during saccade initiation, and whether a direction cue allowed motor preparation of the specific saccade. Saccade latencies of the two groups were differentially affected by task type, fixation stimulus offset, and cueing, suggesting abnormal volitional saccade generation, fixation release, and motor preparation in schizophrenia. However, substantial performance deficits may only occur if all affected processes are required in a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Reuter
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Björn Elsner
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Möllers
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Wolohan FDA, Knox PC. Oculomotor inhibitory control in express saccade makers. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3949-63. [PMID: 25183159 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Express saccade makers (ESMs) produce high proportions (>30 %) of low-latency (80-130 ms) express saccades in tasks in which such responses are usually suppressed. In addition, high directional error rates on the antisaccade (AS) task suggest a failure of oculomotor inhibitory mechanisms in ESMs. However, the AS task is complex and does not provide a measure of inhibitory processes in isolation. We therefore examined inhibitory control in 25 ESM and 28 non-ESM ('Norm') participants, using a minimally delayed oculomotor response (MDOR) task. After a randomised fixation period, a pro-saccade target appeared for 200 or 1,000 ms. Participants were instructed to maintain fixation and saccade to the target position upon target offset. In a control task, they saccaded on target onset. Overall, saccade latency was considerably increased in the MDOR task compared to the control task (354 vs. 170 ms; p < 0.001), and we also observed a latency modulation with display time (200: 399, 1,000: 302 ms; p < 0.001). However, there was no evidence of a difference between groups (p = 0.29). Errors consisted primarily of responses to target onsets and error rates were comparable between the groups (p = 0.33). The overproduction of fast, reflexive responses was still observed in ESMs who generated a higher proportion of their errors within the express latency range (p < 0.001). We confirmed that in the AS task, the ESMs exhibited a higher directional error rate (p = 0.03). These results suggest that the performance 'deficit' observed on the AS task in ESMs cannot be attributed to generally weaker inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity D A Wolohan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Thompson Yates Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK,
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26
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Cutsuridis V, Kumari V, Ettinger U. Antisaccade performance in schizophrenia: a neural model of decision making in the superior colliculus. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 24574953 PMCID: PMC3920187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisaccade performance deficits in schizophrenia are generally interpreted as an impaired top–down inhibitory signal failing to suppress the erroneous response. We recorded the antisaccade performance (error rates and latencies) of healthy and schizophrenia subjects performing the mirror antisaccade task. A neural rise-to-threshold model of antisaccade performance was developed to uncover the biophysical mechanisms giving rise to the observed deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients displayed greater variability in the antisaccade and corrected antisaccade latency distributions, increased error rates and decreased corrected errors, relative to healthy participants. Our model showed that (1) increased variability is due to a more noisy accumulation of information by schizophrenia patients, but their confidence level required before making a decision is unaffected, and (2) competition between the correct and erroneous decision processes, and not a third top-down inhibitory signal suppressing the erroneous response, accounts for the antisaccade performance of healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Local competition further ensured that a correct antisaccade is never followed by an error prosaccade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for the Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) Heraklion, Greece
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK ; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health London, UK
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27
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Jamadar SD, Fielding J, Egan GF. Quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI and PET studies reveals consistent activation in fronto-striatal-parietal regions and cerebellum during antisaccades and prosaccades. Front Psychol 2013; 4:749. [PMID: 24137150 PMCID: PMC3797465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antisaccade task is a classic task of oculomotor control that requires participants to inhibit a saccade to a target and instead make a voluntary saccade to the mirror opposite location. By comparison, the prosaccade task requires participants to make a visually-guided saccade to the target. These tasks have been studied extensively using behavioral oculomotor, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging in both non-human primates and humans. In humans, the antisaccade task is under active investigation as a potential endophenotype or biomarker for multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders. A large and growing body of literature has used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) to study the neural correlates of the antisaccade and prosaccade tasks. We present a quantitative meta-analysis of all published voxel-wise fMRI and PET studies (18) of the antisaccade task and show that consistent activation for antisaccades and prosaccades is obtained in a fronto-subcortical-parietal network encompassing frontal and supplementary eye fields (SEFs), thalamus, striatum, and intraparietal cortex. This network is strongly linked to oculomotor control and was activated to a greater extent for antisaccade than prosaccade trials. Antisaccade but not prosaccade trials additionally activated dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. We also found that a number of additional regions not classically linked to oculomotor control were activated to a greater extent for antisaccade vs. prosaccade trials; these regions are often reported in antisaccade studies but rarely commented upon. While the number of studies eligible to be included in this meta-analysis was small, the results of this systematic review reveal that antisaccade and prosaccade trials consistently activate a distributed network of regions both within and outside the classic definition of the oculomotor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna D Jamadar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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28
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Ugawa Y, Hikosaka O. New perspectives on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease as assessed by saccade performance: A clinical review. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1491-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Aichert DS, Derntl B, Wöstmann NM, Groß JK, Dehning S, Cerovecki A, Möller HJ, Habel U, Riedel M, Ettinger U. Intact emotion–cognition interaction in schizophrenia patients and first-degree relatives: Evidence from an emotional antisaccade task. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:329-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nicotine enhances antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1473-81. [PMID: 23399382 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has been proposed to be a cognitive enhancer, particularly in schizophrenia patients. So far, the published studies of nicotine effects on antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients only tested participants who were deprived smokers. Thus, we aimed to test both smoking and non-smoking patients as well as healthy controls in order to extend previous findings. Moreover, we employed a paradigm using standard and delayed trials. We hypothesized that, if nicotine is a genuine cognitive enhancer, its administration would improve antisaccade performance both in smoking and non-smoking participants. A total of 22 patients with schizophrenia (12 smokers and 10 non-smokers) and 26 controls (14 smokers and 12 non-smokers) completed the study. The effects of a nicotine patch (14 mg for smokers, 7 mg for non-smokers) on antisaccade performance were tested in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Schizophrenia patients made significantly more antisaccade errors than controls (p = 0.03). Both patients and controls made fewer antisaccade errors in the delayed trials than in the standard trials (p < 0.0001). Nicotine significantly reduced antisaccade error rate in the standard trials, but not in the delayed trials (p = 0.02). Smoking status did not influence the nicotine effect on antisaccade error rate (p = 0.10) indicating an equal procognitive effect of nicotine in smokers and non-smokers. Overall the present findings indicate that beneficial effects of nicotine on antisaccade performance are not confined to smoking schizophrenia patients. Instead, the findings likely represent genuine nicotine-induced enhancement of cognitive performance.
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31
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Differential roles of the frontal and parietal cortices in the control of saccades. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:1-9. [PMID: 23867736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although externally as well as internally-guided eye movements allow us to flexibly explore the visual environment, their differential neural mechanisms remain elusive. A better understanding of these neural mechanisms will help us to understand the control of action and to elucidate the nature of cognitive deficits in certain psychiatric populations (e.g., schizophrenia) that show increased latencies in volitional but not visually-guided saccades. Both the superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are implicated in the control of eye movements. However, it remains unknown what differential contributions the two areas make to the programming of visually-guided and internally-guided saccades. In this study we tested the hypotheses that sPCS and IPS distinctly encode internally-guided saccades and visually-guided saccades. We scanned subjects with fMRI while they generated visually-guided and internally-guided delayed saccades. We used multi-voxel pattern analysis to test whether patterns of cue related, preparatory and saccade related activation could be used to predict the direction of the planned eye movement. Results indicate that patterns in the human sPCS predicted internally-guided saccades but not visually-guided saccades in all trial periods and patterns in the IPS predicted internally-guided saccades and visually-guided saccades equally well. The results support the hypothesis that the human sPCS and IPS make distinct contributions to the control of volitional eye movements.
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Bender J, Reuter B, Möllers D, Kaufmann C, Gallinat J, Kathmann N. Neural correlates of impaired volitional action control in schizophrenia patients. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:872-84. [PMID: 23790023 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Slowed initiation of volitional but not visually guided saccades indicates impaired volitional action control in schizophrenia patients (SZ). The present study aimed at identifying neural correlates of this specific deficit. Fourteen SZ and 13 healthy control participants (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing volitional and visually guided saccades. SZ showed increased latencies in volitional but not in visually guided saccades. Brain activation during volitional saccades compared to visually guided saccades was increased in SZ compared to HC in several areas: the supplementary eye fields, suggesting inefficient production of volitional saccades; the prefrontal cortex, pointing to altered top down control on complex eye movements; and the left middle temporal area, suggesting changes in early sensory and attention processing during the volitional control of saccades in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bender
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Lee J, Jeong J. Correlation of risk-taking propensity with cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling in the resting EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:2172-80. [PMID: 23770089 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence has suggested that the weak inhibitory influence of the prefrontal cortex on the subcortical structures may be responsible for risk-taking behaviour. The aim was to determine the possibility that this weakness in top-down control is reflected in changes in the cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling (CFPAC) in the electroencephalography (EEG). METHODS Nineteen-channel EEGs were recorded from 50 healthy volunteers with their eyes closed before risk-taking propensity was assessed by behavioural measures, the domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale and the Barrett impulsiveness scale (BIS). Correlation analyses between the CFPACs and the behavioural measures were performed. RESULTS The CFPACs were negatively correlated with the risk-taking DOSPERT and BIS scores in frontal (Fp2) and centro-parietal (C3, C4 and P4) regions. By contrast, the CFPACs were positively correlated with the risk-taking DOSPERT and BIS scores in the right hemisphere (T8 and P8). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that frequent risk-taking behaviour is closely associated with the reduced interference of the cortical control network on the reward-oriented system. The CFPAC, which reflects the degree of interactions among functional systems, provides information about an individual's risk-taking propensity. SIGNIFICANCE The CFPAC may be a useful neurophysiological indicator of an individual's tendency towards risk-taking behaviours, which thus potentially contributes to evaluating the severity of the psychiatric diseases exhibiting abnormal risk-taking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea; Neuropsychiatry Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Gongju National Hospital, Chungcheongnam-do 314-200, South Korea; Addiction Brain Center, Eulji Addiction Institute, Gangnam Eulji Hospital, Seoul 135-010, South Korea
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34
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Noorani I, Carpenter RHS. Antisaccades as decisions: LATER model predicts latency distributions and error responses. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Noorani
- Department of Physiology; Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG; Cambridge; UK
| | - R. H. S. Carpenter
- Department of Physiology; Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG; Cambridge; UK
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35
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Wolohan FDA, Crawford TJ. The anti-orienting phenomenon revisited: effects of gaze cues on antisaccade performance. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:385-92. [PMID: 22797785 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When the eye gaze of a face is congruent with the direction of an upcoming target, saccadic eye movements of the observer towards that target are generated more quickly, in comparison with eye gaze incongruent with the direction of the target. This work examined the conflict in an antisaccade task, when eye gaze points towards the target, but the saccadic eye movement should be triggered in the opposite direction. In a gaze cueing paradigm, a central face provided an attentional gaze cue towards the target or away from the target. Participants (N = 38) generated pro- and antisaccades to peripheral targets that were congruent or incongruent with the previous gaze cue. Paradoxically, facilitatory effects of a gaze cue towards the target were observed for both the pro- and antisaccade tasks. The results are consistent with the idea that eye gaze cues are processed in the task set that is compatible with the saccade programme. Thus, in an antisaccade paradigm, participants may anti-orient with respect to the gaze cue, resulting in faster saccades on trials when the gaze cue is towards the target. The results resemble a previous observation by Fischer and Weber (Exp Brain Res 109:507-512, 1996) using low-level peripheral cues. The current study extends this finding to include central socially communicative cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity D A Wolohan
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Human Learning and Development, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK.
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36
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Revisiting the suitability of antisaccade performance as an endophenotype in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
We created a novel eye movement version of the n-back task to measure spatial working memory (WM). Rather than one continuous trial, discrete trials were presented in order to develop a simpler WM task. In Experiment 1, we varied the visibility of the final stimulus to maximize the difference in performance between 0-back and 1-back tasks (WM effect). In Experiment 2, we administered the optimized task to children. In Experiment 3, we further simplified the task. Both adults and children easily completed our task, displaying significant WM effects. Further, similar WM effects were obtained in our original and simplified n-back spatial WM tasks, demonstrating flexibility. Because WM deficits are often an early feature of disease and a marker of disease progression, our saccadic measure of spatial WM may be particularly useful in hard-to-test populations, such as patients and children, and may have application in brain-imaging studies that require discrete trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B. Jeter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.160A, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Saumil S. Patel
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.160A, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
| | - Anne B. Sereno
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.160A, Houston, 77030 TX, USA
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38
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Huddy VC, Hodgson TL, Ron MA, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM. Abnormal negative feedback processing in first episode schizophrenia: evidence from an oculomotor rule switching task. Psychol Med 2011; 41:1805-14. [PMID: 21211097 PMCID: PMC3154653 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia are impaired on executive tasks, where positive and negative feedbacks are used to update task rules or switch attention. However, research to date using saccadic tasks has not revealed clear deficits in task switching in these patients. The present study used an oculomotor 'rule switching' task to investigate the use of negative feedback when switching between task rules in people with schizophrenia. METHOD A total of 50 patients with first episode schizophrenia and 25 healthy controls performed a task in which the association between a centrally presented visual cue and the direction of a saccade could change from trial to trial. Rule changes were heralded by an unexpected negative feedback, indicating that the cue-response mapping had reversed. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients were found to make increased errors following a rule switch, but these were almost entirely the result of executing saccades away from the location at which the negative feedback had been presented on the preceding trial. This impairment in negative feedback processing was independent of IQ. CONCLUSIONS The results not only confirm the existence of a basic deficit in stimulus-response rule switching in schizophrenia, but also suggest that this arises from aberrant processing of response outcomes, resulting in a failure to appropriately update rules. The findings are discussed in the context of neurological and pharmacological abnormalities in the conditions that may disrupt prediction error signalling in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Huddy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK.
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39
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Reuter B, Möllers D, Bender J, Schwehn A, Ziemek J, Gallinat J, Kathmann N. Volitional saccades and attentional mechanisms in schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1333-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Thakkar KN, Schall JD, Boucher L, Logan GD, Park S. Response inhibition and response monitoring in a saccadic countermanding task in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:55-62. [PMID: 20970778 PMCID: PMC3006077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive control deficits are pervasive in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and are reliable predictors of functional outcome, but the specificity of these deficits and their underlying neural mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to determine the nature of response inhibition and response monitoring deficits in SZ and their relationship to symptoms and social and occupational functioning with a behavioral paradigm that provides a translational approach to investigating cognitive control. METHODS Seventeen patients with SZ and 16 demographically matched healthy control subjects participated in a saccadic countermanding task. Performance on this task is approximated as a race between movement generation and inhibition processes; this race model provides an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring can be assessed by reaction time adjustments on the basis of trial history. RESULTS Saccadic reaction time was normal, but patients required more time to inhibit a planned saccade. The latency of the inhibitory process was associated with the severity of negative symptoms and poorer occupational functioning. Both groups slowed down significantly after correctly cancelled and erroneously noncancelled stop signal trials, but patients slowed down more than control subjects after correctly inhibited saccades. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SZ is associated with a difficulty in inhibiting planned movements and an inflated response adjustment effect after inhibiting a saccade. Furthermore, behavioral results are consistent with potential abnormalities in frontal and supplementary eye fields in patients with SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey D. Schall
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Center for Integrative Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Leanne Boucher
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Center for Integrative Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Gordon D. Logan
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Center for Integrative Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Center for Integrative Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Is the relationship of prosaccade reaction times and antisaccade errors mediated by working memory? Exp Brain Res 2010; 208:385-97. [PMID: 21107543 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Karatekin C, Bingham C, White T. Oculomotor and pupillometric indices of pro- and antisaccade performance in youth-onset psychosis and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:1167-86. [PMID: 19429843 PMCID: PMC2963044 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The goals of the study were to examine inhibitory deficits on the antisaccade task in 8- to 20-year olds with youth-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls and to examine if age-related changes in performance differed across groups. In addition to the conventional measures of performance, pupillary dilations were used to obtain estimates of phasic and tonic level of arousal. Results showed that the psychosis, but not the ADHD, group had elevated antisaccade error rates; however, variability of error rates was high in all groups. These inhibitory failures were accompanied by a lower level of momentary cognitive effort (as indexed by pupillary dilations). The largest differences between the control and clinical groups were found not in the expected indices of inhibition but in the probability of correcting inhibitory errors and in variability of antisaccade response times, which were correlated with each other. These findings did not appear to be attributable to a deficit in maintaining task instructions in mind in either disorder or lack of motivation in ADHD. Instead, results point to impairments in both clinical groups in sustaining attention on a trial-by-trial basis, resulting in deficits in self-monitoring. Thus, results show inhibitory deficits in the context of more general attentional impairments in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Karatekin
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Kloft L, Kischkel E, Kathmann N, Reuter B. Evidence for a deficit in volitional action generation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:755-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Reuter B, Kaufmann C, Bender J, Pinkpank T, Kathmann N. Distinct neural correlates for volitional generation and inhibition of saccades. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:728-38. [PMID: 19366286 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The antisaccade task has proven highly useful in basic and clinical neuroscience, and the neural structures involved are well documented. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that mediate task performance are not yet understood. An event-related fMRI study was designed to dissociate the neural correlates of two putative key functions, volitional saccade generation and inhibition of reflexive saccades, and to investigate their interaction. Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a task that required (a) to initiate saccades volitionally, either with or without a simultaneous demand to inhibit a reflexive saccade; and (b) to inhibit a reflexive saccade, either with or without a simultaneous demand to initiate a saccade volitionally. Analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes confirmed a major role of the frontal eye fields and the supplementary eye fields in volitional saccade generation. Inhibition-related activation of a specific fronto-parietal network was highly consistent with previous evidence involved in inhibitory processes. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of specific brain activation during combined generation and inhibition demands, suggesting that the neural processing of generation and inhibition in antisaccades is independent to a large extent.
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Klein C, Rauh R, Biscaldi M. Cognitive correlates of anti-saccade task performance. Exp Brain Res 2010; 203:759-64. [PMID: 20454957 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anti-saccade task (AST) is widely used in experimental, clinical, and neuroscience research as a pronounced test of executive functions. AST research includes to some extent also the investigation into its cognitive correlates. In the present study, we have examined cognitive correlates of the AST in the short-term/working memory, executive functions, and intelligence domains in healthy adults. We have obtained the following results. In line with previous research, the global percentage of direction errors PDE comprised of two only negligibly correlated components, direction errors with express or regular latencies. Substantial correlations with the other cognitive measures were obtained only for regular direction errors and, less so, for the global PDE. Results add to the evidence that distinguishes express and regular direction errors and underline that the complex requirements of the AST are reflected in a comparatively rich set of non-redundant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Klein
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, LL57 2AS, UK.
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Probing the attentional control theory in social anxiety: an emotional saccade task. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 9:314-22. [PMID: 19679766 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.9.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Volitional attentional control has been found to rely on prefrontal neuronal circuits. According to the attentional control theory of anxiety, impairment in the volitional control of attention is a prominent feature in anxiety disorders. The present study investigated this assumption in socially anxious individuals using an emotional saccade task with facial expressions (happy, angry, fearful, sad, neutral). The gaze behavior of participants was recorded during the emotional saccade task, in which participants performed either pro- or antisaccades in response to peripherally presented facial expressions. The results show that socially anxious persons have difficulties in inhibiting themselves to reflexively attend to facial expressions: They made more erratic prosaccades to all facial expressions when an antisaccade was required. Thus, these findings indicate impaired attentional control in social anxiety. Overall, the present study shows a deficit of socially anxious individuals in attentional control-for example, in inhibiting the reflexive orienting to neutral as well as to emotional facial expressions. This result may be due to a dysfunction in the prefrontal areas being involved in attentional control.
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Abstract
Antisaccade errors are attributed to failure to inhibit the habitual prosaccade. We investigated whether the amount of information about the required response the patient has before the trial begins also contributes to error rate. Participants performed antisaccades in five conditions. The traditional design had two goals on the left and right horizontal meridians. In the second condition, stimulus-goal confusability between trials was eliminated by displacing one goal upward. In the third, hemifield uncertainty was eliminated by placing both goals in the same hemifield. In the fourth, goal uncertainty was eliminated by having only one goal, but interspersed with no-go trials. The fifth condition eliminated all uncertainty by having the same goal on every trial. Antisaccade error rate increased by 2% with each additional source of uncertainty, with the main effect being hemifield information, and a trend for stimulus-goal confusability. A control experiment for the effects of increasing angular separation between targets without changing these types of prior response information showed no effects on latency or error rate. We conclude that other factors besides prosaccade inhibition contribute to antisaccade error rates in traditional designs, possibly by modulating the strength of goal activation.
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Franke C, Reuter B, Breddin A, Kathmann N. Response switching in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects: effects of the inter-response interval. Exp Brain Res 2009; 196:429-38. [PMID: 19504260 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show impaired saccadic response switching, pointing to action control deficits at the level of response selection. Previous studies on healthy subjects suggested that response switch effects might decrease if the prior response is longer ago, reflecting a slow dissipation of the response program persisting from the previous trial. The present study aimed at directly investigating whether response switch effects in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects depend on the inter-response interval (IRI). Effects of response switching on pro- and antisaccade performance were analyzed in 19 schizophrenia patients and 19 healthy controls at 3 different IRIs (2,500, 3,000, 4,000 ms). Response switch effects of healthy subjects did not vary with the IRI, suggesting that the previous response program persists as long as no contrary response program is activated. In schizophrenia, response switch deficits were replicated at an IRI of 3,000 ms, whereas at IRIs of 2,500 and 4,000 ms, effects of response switching did not significantly differ from healthy subjects. This might suggest that there is a specific IRI range particularly sensitive to response switch deficits in schizophrenia. However, effects of response switching at different IRIs remain to be consolidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Franke
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Effects of acute nicotine on brain function in healthy smokers and non-smokers: Estimation of inter-individual response heterogeneity. Neuroimage 2009; 45:549-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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