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Smith H, Wilson M, Donovan B, Jones J, Butler T, Nathan S, Simpson P. Factors associated with unintended pregnancy and contraceptive practices in justice-involved adolescent girls in Australia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304825. [PMID: 38889164 PMCID: PMC11185493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a decline in unintended teenage pregnancy in Australia, rates remain higher amongst justice-involved adolescent girls, who are more likely to be from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, have histories of abuse, substance use and/or mental health issues. Furthermore, exposure to the criminal justice system may alter access to education and employment and opportunities, potentially resulting in distinct risk-factor profiles. We examine factors associated with unintended pregnancy, non-contraceptive use and Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) in a sample of sexually active, justice-involved adolescent girls from Western Australia and Queensland. METHODS Data from the Mental Health, Sexual Health and Reproductive Health of Young People in Contact with the Criminal Justice System (MeH-JOSH) Study was analysed on 118 sexually active adolescent girls. Participants were aged between 14 and 17 years, purposefully sampled based on justice-system involvement and completed an anonymous telephone survey. We constructed two multivariate models taking reproductive outcomes as the dependent variables. RESULTS Over one quarter (26%, 30/118) reported a past unintended pregnancy, 54 did not use any contraception at their last sexual encounter, and 17 reported LARC use. Following adjustments in the multivariate analysis, lifetime ecstasy use was associated with both unintended pregnancy (aOR 3.795, p = 0.022) and non-contraception use (aOR 4.562, p = 0.004). A history of physical abuse was also associated with both any contraception (aOR 3.024, p = 0.041) and LARC use (aOR 4.892, p = 0.050). Identifying as Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander, education/employment status and geographic location appeared to have no association. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that justice-involved adolescent girls have distinct risk factors associated with unplanned pregnancy and contraception use compared to the general population, but more research is required to understand the mechanisms and contexts underlying these risk factors. How exposure to physical violence may encourage contraception and LARC use, in particular, warrants further attention as does the association with ecstasy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Smith
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mandy Wilson
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Basil Donovan
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Jones
- National Drug & Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Simpson
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Livne O, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Hasin DS. Adolescent and adult time trends in US hallucinogen use, 2002-19: any use, and use of ecstasy, LSD and PCP. Addiction 2022; 117:3099-3109. [PMID: 35978453 PMCID: PMC9994631 DOI: 10.1111/add.15987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hallucinogen use is potentially harmful. Information on whether such use has increased in recent decades is lacking. This study assessed overall and age-specific time trends in the prevalence of 12-month hallucinogen use in the US general population. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Data from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002-19. PARTICIPANTS Respondents aged ≥ 12 years (n = 1 006 051). MEASUREMENTS Predictors were continuous years. Outcome variables included any hallucinogen use and use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), ecstasy and phencyclidine (PCP) in the past year. Socio-demographic variables (gender, age, race/ethnicity, educational level and family income) were covariates. FINDINGS Overall, hallucinogen use increased between 2015 and 2019 [prevalence difference (PD) = +0.44, P < 0.05]. Since 2002, hallucinogen use has increased in adults aged ≥ 26 years (PD, 2002-14 = +0.24, P < 0.05; PD, 2015-19 = +0.45, P < 0.001) and decreased in adolescents aged 12-17 years (PD, 2002-14 = -1.60, P < 0.0001; PD, 2015-19 = -0.73, P < 0.001). Ecstasy use has decreased in adolescents (PD, 2002-14 = -0.56, P < 0.001), adults aged 18-25 years (PD, 2015-19 = -0.96, P < 0.01) and ≥ 26 years (PD, 2015-19 = -0.13, P < 0.05). LSD use between 2002 and 2019 increased overall (PD = +0.71, P < 0.0001) and in all age groups (12-17: PD = +0.67, P < 0.001; 18-25: PD = +3.12, P < 0.0001; ≥ 26: PD = +0.36, P < 0.0001). Conversely, PCP use between 2002 and 2019 decreased overall (PD = -0.06, P < 0.001), in adolescents (PD = -0.24, P < 0.001) and young adults (PD = -0.32, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Since 2002, hallucinogen use in the United States has decreased among adolescents but increased in adults and is now estimated to affect more than 3 million adults aged 26+ years and more than 5.5 million adults aged 18+ years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Livne
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Fitzgerald ND, Striley CW, Palamar JJ, Copeland J, Kurtz S, Cottler LB. Test-retest reliability and cross-cultural applicability of DSM-5 adopted diagnostic criteria for ketamine use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109056. [PMID: 34592704 PMCID: PMC8678918 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing prevalence of nonmedical ketamine use globally, data on ketamine use disorders, which are classified in the DSM-5 under criteria for phencyclidine, are limited. This study assessed the reliability and applicability of DSM-based diagnostic criteria for ketamine use disorder. METHODS Participants who used ecstasy were recruited through the Tri-City Study of Club Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence in St. Louis, Miami, and Sydney. Those who reported using ketamine (lifetime use >5 times) were included in these analyses (n = 205). Participants were interviewed using the computerized Substance Abuse Module for Club Drugs (CD-SAM) at baseline and 7 days later for the reliability of diagnoses and individual diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Overall, 29.3% met DSM-5 adopted criteria for ketamine use disorder at Time 1. Moderate to excellent test-retest reliability was observed consistently across study sites for any ketamine use disorder (κ = 0.57, Y = 0.61) and severe ketamine use disorder (κ = 0.62, Y = 0.79). Continued use of ketamine despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems was the most frequently endorsed individual criterion (59.0%), followed by reported withdrawal (30.2%) and physically hazardous use (29.8%). All individual criteria had acceptable reliability estimates (κ ≥ 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Diagnoses of ketamine use disorder can be reliably evaluated using this fully structured diagnostic instrument's questions and algorithm. Ketamine-related withdrawal among people who use ketamine should be re-evaluated. Considering that after-effects of this dissociative anesthetic can last for many hours, it is important to explore a different timeframe for possible withdrawal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph J Palamar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jan Copeland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NDW 2052, Australia
| | - Steven Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL 33138, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Aguilar MA, García-Pardo MP, Parrott AC. Of mice and men on MDMA: A translational comparison of the neuropsychobiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy'). Brain Res 2020; 1727:146556. [PMID: 31734398 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine), also known as Ecstasy, is a stimulant drug recreationally used by young adults usually in dance clubs and raves. Acute MDMA administration increases serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline by reversing the action of the monoamine transporters. In this work, we review the studies carried out over the last 30 years on the neuropsychobiological effects of MDMA in humans and mice and summarise the current knowledge. The two species differ with respect to the neurochemical consequences of chronic MDMA, since it preferentially induces serotonergic dysfunction in humans and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. However, MDMA alters brain structure and function and induces hormonal, psychomotor, neurocognitive, psychosocial and psychiatric outcomes in both species, as well as physically damaging and teratogen effects. Pharmacological and genetic studies in mice have increased our knowledge of the neurochemical substrate of the multiple effects of MDMA. Future work in this area may contribute to developing pharmacological treatments for MDMA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Aguilar
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Andrew C Parrott
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
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Relationship Between Lifestyle and Family Functioning Among Family Members of Amphetamine Abusers in Southeast Iran. J Addict Nurs 2020; 30:114-122. [PMID: 31162215 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug abuse is a social event and one of the worse health problems in the current age. Nowadays, the inclination of young people has changed from traditional drugs to more sophisticated and industrial drugs such as ecstasy, glass, and crack. Increasing drug abuse can be sought in families' lifestyles as an effective factor on individuals' health. The disturbance in family functioning can be associated with an individual's antisocial behaviors like addiction. Therefore, the current study is aimed at determining the relationship between lifestyle and family functioning of family members of patients with amphetamine abuse who referred to drug rehabilitation clinics in Southeast Iran. METHOD This is a correlational descriptive study conducted on 196 family members of patients with amphetamine abuse who referred to drug rehabilitation clinics in Southeast Iran. Data were collected through the use of demographic, family functioning, and lifestyle questionnaires. Data analysis was performed with SPSS 19 using independent t test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficient test. RESULTS The total mean score of lifestyle was observed to be 105.77 ± 24.39. Among the dimensions of lifestyle, the highest mean score was associated with health responsibility (26.28 ± 7.43), whereas the lowest mean score was associated with exercise (12.7 ± 5.1). In addition, the results showed that the total mean score of family functioning was 129.25 ± 20.97. Among the dimensions of family functioning, the highest mean score was associated with general functioning (26.07 ± 4.92), whereas the lowest mean score was associated with affective responsiveness (13.16 ± 2.88). There was a positive and significant relationship between lifestyle and family functioning, such that the increase in the mean score of lifestyle increased the score of family functioning (r = .34, p = .001). CONCLUSION Because lifestyle is associated with family functioning of patients with amphetamine abuse, basic measures can be taken in families to prevent addiction by increasing information to families, which enhances their lifestyle and functioning.
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Votaw VR, Wittenauer J, Connery HS, Weiss RD, McHugh RK. Perceived risk of heroin use among nonmedical prescription opioid users. Addict Behav 2017; 65:218-223. [PMID: 27544695 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence of heroin use among nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) users has increased in recent years. Identifying characteristics associated with heroin use in this population can help inform efforts to prevent heroin initiation and maintenance. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in perceived risk of heroin among NMPO users with and without histories of heroin use, and to examine temporal trends in perceived risk of heroin among this population. METHODS Data are from the 2002-2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and included all past-year NMPO users (N=49,045). Participants reported perceived risk of trying heroin once or twice and regular heroin use. Responses were coded dichotomously (great risk vs. other risk) and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between lifetime heroin use and perceived risk of heroin, and to determine temporal changes in perceived risk. RESULTS Results indicated a significant association between lifetime heroin use and lower likelihood of reporting great risk of trying heroin (OR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.44, p<0.001), and of regular use of heroin (OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.48, p<0.001). There was a significant, yet modest, trend toward decreasing perception of great risk from 2002 to 2013. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this analysis of nationally representative data indicate that NMPO users with a history of heroin use perceive heroin to be less risky than those without heroin use. Perception of risk has decreased from 2002 to 2013 in this population, consistent with increasing rates of heroin initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Votaw
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Justine Wittenauer
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Partners HealthCare, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02199, United States
| | - Hilary S Connery
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - Roger D Weiss
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02155, United States
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Aarde SM, Taffe MA. Predicting the Abuse Liability of Entactogen-Class, New and Emerging Psychoactive Substances via Preclinical Models of Drug Self-administration. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:145-164. [PMID: 27909988 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of drug self-administration are currently the gold standard for making predictions regarding the relative likelihood that a recreational drug substance will lead to continued use and addiction. Such models have been found to have high predictive accuracy and discriminative validity for a number of drug classes including ethanol, nicotine, opioids, and psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Members of the entactogen class of psychostimulants (drugs that produce an "open mind state" including feelings of interpersonal closeness, intimacy and empathy) have been less frequently studied in self-administration models. The prototypical entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") supports self-administration but not with the same consistency nor with the same efficacy as structurally related drugs amphetamine or methamphetamine. Consistent with these observations, MDMA use is more episodic in the majority of those who use it frequently. Nevertheless, substantial numbers of MDMA users will meet the criteria for substance dependence at some point in their use history. This review examines the currently available evidence from rodent self-administration studies of MDMA and two of the new and emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) that produce entactogen type neuropharmacological responses - mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; 4MMC; "meow meow") and methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone). Overall, the current evidence predicts that these NPS entactogens have enhanced abuse liability compared with MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders Mailcode SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders Mailcode SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Neurochemical substrates of the rewarding effects of MDMA: implications for the development of pharmacotherapies to MDMA dependence. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:116-32. [PMID: 26650254 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies with animal models of reward, such as the intracranial self-stimulation, self-administration, and conditioned place preference paradigms, have increased our knowledge on the neurochemical substrates of the rewarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) in rodents. However, pharmacological and neuroimaging studies with human participants are scarce. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], dopamine (DA), endocannabinoids, and endogenous opiates are the main neurotransmitter systems involved in the rewarding effects of MDMA in rodents, but other neurotransmitters such as glutamate, acetylcholine, adenosine, and neurotensin are also involved. The most important finding of recent research is the demonstration of differential involvement of specific neurotransmitter receptor subtypes (5-HT2, 5-HT3, DA D1, DA D2, CB1, μ and δ opioid, etc.) and extracellular proteins (DA and 5-HT transporters) in the acquisition, expression, extinction, and reinstatement of MDMA self-administration and conditioned place preference. It is important to extend the research on the effects of different compounds acting on these receptors/transporters in animal models of reward, especially in priming-induced, cue-induced, and stress-induced reinstatement. Increase in knowledge of the neurochemical substrates of the rewarding effects of MDMA may contribute to the design of new pharmacological treatments for individuals who develop MDMA dependence.
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Linden-Carmichael AN, Stamates AL, Sheehan BE, Lau-Barraco C. Molly users versus nonusers in a sample of college alcohol drinkers: Differences in substance-related harms and sensation seeking. Subst Abus 2016; 37:474-479. [PMID: 26820396 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2015.1137536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molly is one form of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) that is touted to be more "pure" and potentially less harmful than other forms, such as ecstasy. Media reports and case studies suggest that this drug is popular among college students and is related to adverse health problems. The current study sought to address the knowledge gaps about Molly by examining whether users differ in substance use outcomes and sensation seeking than nonusers. Specifically, this study tested whether Molly users engaged in heavier use of other substances and experienced more substance-related harms in general than nonusers. Further, the current study investigated whether Molly users exhibited higher levels of sensation seeking than nonusers. Lastly, this study examined whether Molly user status would be associated with substance-related harms beyond the confounding influence of other substance use and trait sensation seeking. METHODS Participants were 710 (71.9% female) college alcohol drinkers who completed self-report surveys about substance use (i.e., Molly, alcohol, and other drug use), substance-related problems, and sensation seeking. RESULTS Results revealed that approximately 12% of the sample reported lifetime Molly use. Molly users compared with nonusers reported higher levels of other drug use, alcohol use, substance-related problems, and sensation seeking. Further, Molly users reported experiencing poorer substance use outcomes (e.g., blacking out, academic/occupational problems, and withdrawal symptoms) after accounting for sensation seeking and other substance use. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Molly users are higher in sensation seeking and that use is uniquely related to greater risk for substance-related harms. These preliminary findings demonstrate a need for correcting possible misperceptions regarding the purity of Molly and educating users on the potential for experiencing associated harms. Such information could be used to develop efficacious prevention programming for college students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cathy Lau-Barraco
- a Old Dominion University , Norfolk , Virginia , USA.,b Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology , Norfolk , Virginia , USA
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Involvement of NMDA glutamate receptors in the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:411-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Effects of acute social stress on the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA in adolescent and adult mice. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:532-46. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical sedative use is emerging as a serious problem in India. However, there is paucity of literature on the patterns of use in the population. AIM The aim of the present analysis was to explore sedative use patterns in an urban metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for the present analysis come from the parent study on nonmedical prescription drug use in Bengaluru, India. Participants (n = 717) were recruited using a mall-intercept approach, wherein they were intercepted in five randomly selected shopping malls, and administered an interview on their use of prescription drugs. RESULTS Past 12-month nonmedical sedative use was reported by 12%, benzodiazepines being the commonest. Reasons cited for nonmedical use included "sleeplessness, pain relief, stress." A majority (73%) reported sedative use "in ways other than as prescribed," compared to "use without prescription" (27%). All prescriptions were issued by general physicians in private hospitals. About 11% among those who used "in ways other than as prescribed," and 100% of nonprescribed users, reported irregular use (skipping doses/stopping/restarting). Among those who used "in ways other than prescribed," pharmacy stores were the source of obtaining the sedatives. Among "nonprescribed users," family/friends were the main source. Three-percent reported using sedatives and alcohol together in the same use episode. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, nonmedical sedative use was significantly associated with graduation-level education or above (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-4.91), and married status (aOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.04-5.18). CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the need for considering various contextual factors in tailoring preventive interventions for reducing nonmedical sedative use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi Nattala
- Department of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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Involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT3 serotonergic receptors in the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:132-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Roger-Sánchez C, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Aguilar MA. Effects of risperidone on the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:36-43. [PMID: 23892054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Some users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) abuse this drug and/or become concerned about their use. These individuals would benefit greatly from the development of pharmacological strategies to reduce MDMA consumption. We have previously observed that antipsychotics block acquisition and expression of the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by MDMA, though they do not modify priming-induced reinstatement of MDMA-induced CPP after extinction. In the present study we have evaluated the capacity of the mixed serotonin (5-HT2A)/dopamine (DA D2) antagonist risperidone to block acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA induced-CPP. Adolescent male mice conditioned with 10mg/kg of MDMA were treated with 0.1 or 0.3mg/kg of risperidone during acquisition of conditioning (experiment 1) or before the reinstatement test (experiment 2). Risperidone was devoid of motivational effects in the CPP paradigm, but the higher dose blocked acquisition of the MDMA-induced CPP. This behavioural effect was accompanied by an increase in the level of dopamine transporters in the striatum. However, risperidone had no effects on reinstatement of the CPP induced by a priming of MDMA. Our results suggest that risperidone induces the same effects as other antipsychotics, in which case its efficacy for treating MDMA abuse is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roger-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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Understanding nonprescription and prescription drug misuse in late adolescence/young adulthood. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2013; 2013:709207. [PMID: 24826368 PMCID: PMC4007747 DOI: 10.1155/2013/709207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the extent to which nonprescription and prescription drugs misuse among adolescents/young adults are related to their perception that it is safer than illicit drugs, ease of access, and lower societal stigma. Adolescents/young adults (N = 465; Mage = 18.57, SD = 0.86) completed an online survey about their nonprescription and prescription drug misuse, other substance use, and correlates of use. Perceived risk, societal stigma, and access to nonprescription and prescription drugs were predictive of misuse. Results support program planners working towards targeting perceived risk and societal stigma in reducing misuse and the need to restrict and monitor access to nonprescription and prescription drugs for adolescents/young adults.
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Chen HJ, Balan S, Price RK. Association of contextual factors with drug use and binge drinking among White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents in the general population. J Youth Adolesc 2012; 41:1426-41. [PMID: 22791181 PMCID: PMC3654517 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale surveys have shown elevated risk for many indicators of substance abuse among Native American and Mixed-Race adolescents compared to other minority groups in the United States. This study examined underlying contextual factors associated with substance abuse among a nationally representative sample of White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents 12-17 years of age, using combined datasets from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH 2006-2009, N = 46,675, 48.77 % female). Native American adolescents displayed the highest rate of past-month binge drinking and past-year illicit drug use (14.06 and 30.91 %, respectively). Results of a logistic regression that included seven predictors of social bonding, individual views of substance use, and delinquent peer affiliations showed that friendships with delinquent peers and negative views of substance use were associated significantly with both substance abuse outcomes among White and Mixed-Race adolescents and, to a lesser extent, Native American adolescents. The association of parental disapproval with binge drinking was stronger for White than for Native American adolescents. Greater attention to specific measures reflecting racial groups' contextual and historical differences may be needed to delineate mechanisms that discourage substance abuse among at-risk minority adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Jung Chen
- Department of Social Work, Fu-Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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Nattala P, Leung KS, Abdallah AB, Murthy P, Cottler LB. Motives and simultaneous sedative-alcohol use among past 12-month alcohol and nonmedical sedative users. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2012; 38:359-64. [PMID: 22242567 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2011.643987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous sedative-alcohol use (SSAU) is a matter of public health concern. It is important to address the various motives individuals may have for involvement in SSAU. OBJECTIVE To explore the motives associated with SSAU. METHODS Data were collected as part of the ongoing Prescription Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence study in St. Louis. For this analysis, the sample included 173 participants who reported nonmedical sedative use for more than 5 days, and use of alcohol, in the past 12 months. SSAU was defined as past 12-month use of sedatives and alcohol together/at the same time. RESULTS Past 12-month SSAU was reported by 61% of the sample. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that for every increment of one motive, participants were significantly more likely to report SSAU (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-1.52). Furthermore, reporting sedative use "to get high, to change mood, to relieve stress, to party, and 'just because' " was independently associated with the past 12-month SSAU. Past 12-month SSAU was also found to be significantly associated with simultaneous use of sedatives and cannabis in the past 12 months. CONCLUSION A higher number of motives, as well as specific motives reported for sedative use, were found to be significantly associated with past 12-month SSAU. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Findings underscore the need for considering motives in tailoring preventive interventions for reducing SSAU. It may be equally important to direct efforts toward decreasing the number of motives, as well as addressing the specific motives reported for sedative use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi Nattala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Schenk S, Colussi-Mas J, Do J, Bird J. Profile of MDMA Self-Administration from a Large Cohort of Rats: MDMA Develops a Profile of Dependence with Extended Testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chakraborty K, Neogi R, Basu D. Club drugs: review of the 'rave' with a note of concern for the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:594-604. [PMID: 21727657 PMCID: PMC3135986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
'Club drugs' which include Ecstasy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine, and Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) have become popular with participants in 'raves', because they are perceived to enhance energy, endurance, sociability and sexual arousal. These drugs vary in their pharmacologic properties, physiological and psychological effects, and potential consequences. The use of club drugs by young people has increased in the last decade, and continue to get modified and evolve, making them very difficult to monitor. Further, these drugs are not picked up by routine drugs screening procedures, thereby making these popular with the criminals. India, which is in a phase of social transition, also faces this rising menace. Despite the nature and extent of this problem, this area has been under-researched. Data from India are sparse barring a few newspaper and police reports. Keeping abreast of current trends in club drug use prepares the clinician to recognize the clinical effects of club drug use, to manage club drug related emergencies, and to generate social awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Chakraborty
- Drug De-addiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajarshi Neogi
- Drug De-addiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Drug De-addiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Martins SS, Carlson RG, Alexandre PK, Falck RS. Perceived risk associated with ecstasy use: a latent class analysis approach. Addict Behav 2011; 36:551-4. [PMID: 21296504 PMCID: PMC3049947 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to define categories of perceived health problems among ecstasy users based on observed clustering of their perceptions of ecstasy-related health problems. Data from a community sample of ecstasy users (n=402) aged 18 to 30, in Ohio, was used in this study. Data was analyzed via Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and Regression. This study identified five different subgroups of ecstasy users based on their perceptions of health problems they associated with their ecstasy use. Almost one third of the sample (28.9%) belonged to a class with "low level of perceived problems" (Class 4). About one fourth (25.6%) of the sample (Class 2), had high probabilities of "perceiving problems on sexual-related items", but generally low or moderate probabilities of perceiving problems in other areas. Roughly one-fifth of the sample (21.1%, Class 1) had moderate probabilities of perceiving ecstasy health-related problems in all areas. A small proportion of respondents (11.9%, Class 5) had high probabilities of reporting "perceived memory and cognitive problems", and of perceiving "ecstasy-related problems in all areas" (12.4%, Class 3). A large proportion of ecstasy users perceive either low or moderate risk associated with their ecstasy use. It is important to further investigate whether lower levels of risk perception are associated with persistence of ecstasy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Martins
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205-1900, USA.
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Schenk S. MDMA ("ecstasy") abuse as an example of dopamine neuroplasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:1203-18. [PMID: 21184779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of reviews have focused on the short- and long-term effects of MDMA and, in particular, on the persistent deficits in serotonin neurotransmission that accompany some exposure regimens. The mechanisms underlying the serotonin deficits and their relevance to various behavioral and cognitive consequences of MDMA use are still being debated. It has become clear, however, that some individuals develop compulsive and uncontrolled drug-taking that is consistent with abuse. For other drugs of abuse, this transition has been attributed to neuroadaptations in central dopamine mechanisms that occur as a function of repeated drug exposure. A question remains as to whether similar neuroadaptations occur as a function of exposure to MDMA and the impact of serotonin neurotoxicity in the transition from use to abuse. This review focuses specifically on this issue by first providing an overview of human studies and then reviewing the animal literature with specific emphasis on paradigms that measure subjective effects of drugs and self-administration as indices of abuse liability. It is suggested that serotonin deficits resulting from repeated exposure to MDMA self-administration lead to a sensitized dopaminergic response to the drug and that this sensitized response renders MDMA comparable to other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schenk
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology, Kelburn Pde, Easterfield Bldg Rm 702, Wellington, New Zealand.
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