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Bloomer BF, Larson ER, Tullar RL, Herms EN, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Wisner KM. Alterations in self-reported sensory gating and interoception in individuals frequently using cannabis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38563523 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2332602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use is associated with altered processing of external (exteroceptive) and internal (interoceptive) sensory stimuli. However, little research exists on whether subjective experiences of these processes are altered in people who frequently use cannabis. Altered exteroception may influence externally oriented attention, whereas interoceptive differences have implications for intoxication, craving, and withdrawal states.Objectives: The goal of the current study was to investigate subjective experiences of exteroceptive sensory gating and interoception in people frequently using cannabis. We hypothesized subjective impairments in sensory gating and elevations in affect-related interoceptive awareness; furthermore, such deviations would relate to cannabis use patterns.Methods: This cross-sectional study of community adults 18-40 years old included 72 individuals (50% female) who used cannabis at least twice a week (not intoxicated during study) and 78 individuals who did not use cannabis (60% female). Participants completed the Sensory Gating Inventory and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2 surveys. People using cannabis completed surveys on cannabis use patterns. Analyses tested group differences and associations with cannabis use.Results: People using cannabis reported impaired sensory gating (d = 0.37-0.44; all p values < 0.05) and elevations of interoceptive awareness related to detection and affect (d = 0.21-0.61; all p values < 0.05). Problematic cannabis use was associated with increased sensory gating impairments (r = 0.37, p < .05). Interoceptive awareness was unrelated to cannabis use variables.Conclusion: These findings extend literature on subjective experiences of sensory processing in people using cannabis. Findings may inform inclusion of external attentional tendencies and internal bodily awareness in assessments of risk and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess F Bloomer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eric R Larson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma N Herms
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Gosens LCF, Poelen EAP, Didden R, de Jonge JM, Schellekens AFA, VanDerNagel JEL, Onghena P, Otten R. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Take it Personal!+ in People With Mild Intellectual Disability or Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Substance Use Disorder: A Multiple Baseline Single-Case Experimental Study. Behav Ther 2024; 55:331-346. [PMID: 38418044 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning are at increased risk to develop a substance use disorder-however, effective treatment programs adapted to this target group are scarce. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Take it Personal!+ in individuals with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning and substance use disorder. Take it Personal!+ is a personalized treatment based on motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral therapy supported by an mHealth application. Data were collected in a nonconcurrent multiple baseline single-case experimental design across individuals with four phases (i.e., baseline, treatment, posttreatment, and follow-up). Twelve participants were randomly allocated to baseline lengths varying between 7 and 11 days. Substance use quantity was assessed during baseline, treatment, and posttreatment with a daily survey using a mobile application. Visual analysis was supported with statistical analysis of the daily surveys by calculating three effect size measures in 10 participants (two participants were excluded from this analysis due to a compliance rate below 50%). Secondary, substance use severity was assessed with standardized questionnaires at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up and analyzed by calculating the Reliable Change Index. Based on visual analysis of the daily surveys, 10 out of 12 participants showed a decrease in mean substance use quantity from baseline to treatment and, if posttreatment data were available, to posttreatment. Statistical analysis showed an effect of Take it Personal!+ in terms of a decrease in daily substance use in 8 of 10 participants from baseline to treatment and if posttreatment data were available, also to posttreatment. In addition, data of the standardized questionnaires showed a decrease in substance use severity in 8 of 12 participants. These results support the effectiveness of Take it Personal!+ in decreasing substance use in individuals with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte C F Gosens
- Research and Development, Pluryn, and Behavioural Science Institute.
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanneke E L VanDerNagel
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, Centre for Addiction and Intellectual Disability, University of Twente, and Aveleijn
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Yang JY, Kim M, Sohn A. Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for Assessing Drug Use Motives in the General Population in South Korea. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:86. [PMID: 38200992 PMCID: PMC10779342 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug use is increasing in South Korea, necessitating evidence-based policy interventions. However, there is a dearth of reliable tools for identifying the personal and psychological factors that drive drug use among Korean adults. In this study, we developed and validated an instrument based on a motivational model to measure drug use motivation in the Korean context. A survey was administered online to 250 Korean adults aged 19-59. Of the initial 37 potential items evaluated, 23 were retained after exploratory factor analysis. Based on their relevance and factor loadings, the final scale consisted of 15 items distributed across five distinct factors: enhancement, coping, social, positive expectancy, and negative expectancy. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the strong fit of the five-factor model. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated by the significant correlations between the five factors and the selected criterion variables. This instrument can be used in research initiatives related to drug addiction and can provide basic data for policy interventions intended to curb drug addiction problems in South Korea. The novelty and broad applicability of this instrument make it invaluable for exploring the psychological underpinnings of drug use in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yong Yang
- Division of Social Welfare and Health Administration, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Science, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Republic of Korea;
| | - Aeree Sohn
- Department of Public Health, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Shabbir F, Bashir A. Moderating effects of stress coping: evaluating the relationships between personality and prescription drug misuse amongst Young adults. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2023.2183908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Shabbir
- Sardar Yasin Malik Professional Development Centre University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bashir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan
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5
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Spinella TC, Bartholomeusz J, Stewart SH, Barrett SP. Perceptions about THC and CBD effects among adults with and without prior cannabis experience. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107508. [PMID: 36270038 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is associated with a range of therapeutic and non-therapeutic, positive and negative effects. While some benefits and harms may be specific to individual cannabinoid constituents (THC, CBD), individual expectancies may also play a role. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the extent to which individuals hold expectancies about the effects of CBD, THC, and THC & CBD combined, and whether this differs with prior cannabis experience. METHODS Canadian adults (N = 345; n = 58 no prior cannabis use, n = 287 prior cannabis use) completed a Qualtrics survey. Participants provided information regarding their expectancies about the effects of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, THC & CBD combined) via a 15-item questionnaire, which included various therapeutic (e.g., helps with pain) and non-therapeutic positive (e.g., enhances positive feelings) and negative (e.g., risk for addiction) effects. They recorded their perceptions about the effects of each cannabinoid on a scale (0="definitely not true", 10="definitely true"). Data was analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS For most therapeutic effects, CBD-containing products (CBD, THC & CBD) were rated higher than THC. For most positive and negative non-therapeutic effects, THC-containing products (THC, THC & CBD) were rated higher than CBD. Those with prior cannabis use (vs no prior use) rated all cannabinoids higher regarding their association with many therapeutic and positive effects, while endorsing weaker expectancies about their role in some negative effects. CONCLUSIONS Adults endorsed stronger expectancies that CBD-containing products are responsible for producing a rage of therapeutic effects. Those with prior cannabis use experience tended to emphasize the benefits and minimize potential harmful effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni C Spinella
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeremy Bartholomeusz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Naegele H, Betzler F, Viohl L, Koslowski M, Ernst F, Petzold MB. Cannabis Use, Use Motives and Cannabis Use Disorder Among Berlin College Students. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426221086877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study described cannabis use behavior among college students in Berlin, in particular, differences in use motives between subjects with frequent use and those with signs of cannabis use disorder (CUD). Cross-sectional data were collected via an online survey among Berlin college students ( N=9350; 50.7% women; Mage=24.4). Motivation scales were computed based on an exploratory factor analysis. Effects of these motive scales were compared using multivariate regression models, where the dependent variable was use intensity (ordinal), frequent use (twice or more per week, binary) or a positive substance use disorder screening test (binary). Cannabis use is known to be particularly prevalent among Berlin college students, which was confirmed by our data. The most frequent use motive was enhancement, which, however, was not associated with frequent use or CUD. The motives predicting frequent use (sociability) are different from motives predicting CUD (coping), even when controlling for a wide array of covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Naegele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Viohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Koslowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Ernst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Poelen EA, Schijven EP, Otten R. The mediating role of substance use motives in the relationship between personality dimensions and alcohol and drug use in adolescents and young adults with mild intellectual disabilities. Addict Behav 2022; 126:107173. [PMID: 34776302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning (MID-BIF) are a high-risk group for developing substance use disorders. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie substance use in this particular population. We tested the mediating role of substance use motives in the relationship between personality dimensions and substance use-related outcomes. Self-reported data on substance use risk personality dimensions (i.e., sensation seeking, impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and negative thinking), substance use motives (i.e., social, enhancement, coping, and conformity motives), and substance use were obtained from 163 individuals with MID-BIF (mean age 18.9 years). Results show that coping motives played a main role in the associations between personality dimensions and substance use in adolescents and young adults with MID-BIF, with significant relationships between impulsivity and negative thinking and severity of alcohol use or drug use via coping motives. Moreover, findings indicated a relatively high risk for several substance use motives and associated substance use (disorder) in individuals high on impulsivity. Results show significant relationships between impulsivity and severity of alcohol use or drug use via social, enhancement, and coping motives. No mediating associations were found for conformity motives, nor did we find any mediation associations in individuals with high levels of anxiety sensitivity. These insights provide the possibility of tailoring interventions to specific motives that underlie substance use in different types of users with MID-BIF based on personality dimensions.
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Pittman DM, Riedy Rush C, Hurley KB, Minges ML. Double jeopardy: Intimate partner violence vulnerability among emerging adult women through lenses of race and sexual orientation. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:265-273. [PMID: 32240063 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1740710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a public health concern for women age 18-25. While much is known about the IPV risk and experiences of heterosexual women, little is known about the IPV risk and experiences of their LGBTQ + counterparts and any contributions of multiple marginalization in such risk. This study examines the emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) vulnerability of emerging adult college women with and without multiple minority statuses (e.g., women with both racial/ethnic and sexual minority identities). Participants: Participants were 9,435 women ages 18-25 from the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). Results: Findings demonstrate that being a sexual minority increases risk vulnerability for all forms of IPV, regardless of race. Conclusions: The risk for college women with multiple marginalized identities is exponentially greater than either their White or heterosexual counterparts. Implications for colleges/universities, university counseling centers and professionals, and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delishia M Pittman
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Cassandra Riedy Rush
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine B Hurley
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Melanie L Minges
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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9
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Stewart SH, Chinneck A, Thompson K, Afzali MH, Nogueira-Arjona R, Mahu IT, Conrod PJ. Personality to Prescription Drug Misuse in Adolescents: Testing Affect Regulation, Psychological Dysregulation, and Deviance Proneness Pathways. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:640766. [PMID: 33986700 PMCID: PMC8110923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fifteen to 25-year-olds are the age group most likely to misuse prescription drugs. Few studies have tested theory-driven models of adolescent risk for prescription drug misuse. Moreover, rarely are distinct pathways to different forms of prescription drug misuse considered. Methods: We tested mediational paths from personality to mental health symptoms to prescription drug misuse, informed by etiological models of addiction. We specified pathways from particular personality traits to unique forms of prescription drug misuse via specific mental health symptoms. We used semi-longitudinal data collected across two waves of the Co-Venture Trial. Our sample included students from 31 Canadian high schools tested in Grade 9 (n = 3,024) and again in Grade 10 (n = 2,869; 95% retention). Personality (hopelessness, anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, sensation seeking) was assessed in Grade 9. Mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, ADHD, conduct disorder) and prescription drug misuse (opioids, sedatives/tranquilizers, stimulants) were assessed at both time points. Results: Consistent with the negative affect regulation model, hopelessness was specifically associated with opioid misuse via depressive symptoms, and anxiety sensitivity was specifically associated with sedative/tranquilizer misuse via anxiety symptoms. Consistent with positive affect regulation, sensation seeking was directly associated with stimulant misuse. Consistent with the psychological dysregulation model, impulsivity was associated with stimulant misuse via ADHD symptoms. And consistent with the deviance proneness model, impulsivity was also associated with unconstrained (i.e., all three forms of) prescription drug misuse via conduct disorder symptoms. Conclusions: Screening for adolescents high in hopelessness, anxiety sensitivity, sensation seeking, or impulsivity and providing them with personality-matched cognitive-behavioral interventions may be helpful in preventing or mitigating prescription drug misuse. Our results point to the specific mental health symptoms that are important to target in each of these personality-matched interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry H. Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Annie Chinneck
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kara Thompson
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Ioan T. Mahu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Rinehart L, Spencer S. Which came first: Cannabis use or deficits in impulse control? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110066. [PMID: 32795592 PMCID: PMC7750254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulse control deficits are often found to co-occur with substance use disorders (SUDs). On the one hand, it is well known that chronic intake of drugs of abuse remodels the brain with significant consequences for a range of cognitive behaviors. On the other hand, individual variation in impulse control may contribute to differences in susceptibility to SUDs. Both of these relationships have been described, thus leading to a "chicken or the egg" debate which remains to be fully resolved. Does impulsivity precede drug use or does it manifest as a function of problematic drug usage? The link between impulsivity and SUDs has been most strongly established for cocaine and alcohol use disorders using both preclinical models and clinical data. Much less is known about the potential link between impulsivity and cannabis use disorder (CUD) or the directionality of this relationship. The initiation of cannabis use occurs most often during adolescence prior to the brain's maturation, which is recognized as a critical period of development. The long-term effects of chronic cannabis use on the brain and behavior have started to be explored. In this review we will summarize these observations, especially as they pertain to the relationship between impulsivity and CUD, from both a psychological and biological perspective. We will discuss impulsivity as a multi-dimensional construct and attempt to reconcile the results obtained across modalities. Finally, we will discuss possible avenues for future research with emerging longitudinal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinehart
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Sade Spencer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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11
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Davidson M, Al-Hamdani M, Hopkins DB. Differences in motives by personality risk profiles: Examining regular youth and young adult e-cigarette users. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Swan C, Ferro MA, Thompson K. Does how you use matter? The link between mode of use and cannabis-related risk. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106620. [PMID: 32911353 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the recent legalization of cannabis there are more cannabis products available to consumers today than ever before. However, little is known about the relation of distinct modes of use to cannabis-related risks. The current study estimated the prevalence of different modes of use among a sample of university students, and quantified the magnitude of association between modes of use (type and number) and cannabis-related risks (i.e., dependence, negative consequences, simultaneous use with alcohol). METHODS The sample included 368 undergraduate students (71% female) who reported using cannabis in the last 6 months. RESULTS Joints were the most commonly reported primary mode (39%), followed by bongs/water pipes (33%), hand pipes (14%), edibles (7%) and vaporizers (5%). The majority of participants were multi-mode users (88%). On average, participants reported using 2.72 (sd = 1.04) modes of cannabis regularly. Bong users had more cannabis related harms (B = 1.85, p < .001), dependence symptoms (B = 1.87, p < .001) and were twice as likely to use alcohol and cannabis simultaneously (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.17-3.74) compared to joint users. However, these associations were attenuated after adjusting for sex, age and cannabis frequency. Multi-modal users reported significantly more cannabis-related harms and misuse symptoms compared to single mode users. CONCLUSION Few differences in cannabis risks were found across modes of use. Frequency of use remains the most significant predictor of cannabis related risks. However, findings suggest that multimodal may be indicative of high risk cannabis use patterns and is an important target for screening and intervention.
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Lannoy S, Mange J, Leconte P, Ritz L, Gierski F, Maurage P, Beaunieux H. Distinct psychological profiles among college students with substance use: A cluster analytic approach. Addict Behav 2020; 109:106477. [PMID: 32485549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Substance use in youth is a central public health concern, related to deleterious consequences at psychological, social, and cognitive/cerebral levels. Previous research has identified impulsivity and consumption motives as key factors in the emergence of excessive substance use among college students. However, most studies have focused on a specific substance and have considered this population as a unitary group, ignoring the potential heterogeneity in psychological profiles. We used a cluster analytic approach to explore the heterogeneity in a large sample (N = 2741) of substance users (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin) on impulsivity and consumption motives. We identified four clusters: The first two clusters, associated with good self-esteem, low anxiety, and moderate substance use, were respectively characterized by low impulsivity and consumption motives (Cluster 1) and by high social and enhancement motives without marked impulsivity (Cluster 2). The two other clusters were conversely related to low self-esteem and high anxiety, and characterized by high consumption motives (particularly conformity) together with elevated urgency (Cluster 3) and by globally increased impulsivity and consumption motives (Cluster 4). These two clusters were also associated with higher substance use. These results highlight the existence of distinct psychological profiles of substance users and underline the need to develop targeted prevention and intervention programs (e.g., focusing on the specific impulsivity facets and consumption motives presented by each subgroup). Based on these findings, we also suggest extending the exploration of distinct profiles of substance users by targeting other psychological variables (e.g., self-esteem).
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Hansen TM, Sabourin BC, Oketola B, Bernstein CN, Singh H, Targownik LE. Cannabis Use in Persons With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vulnerability to Substance Misuse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1401-1406. [PMID: 31725152 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether cannabis users self-medicating their inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms are more likely to have comorbid mental health or personality risk factors associated with an increased potential for substance misuse compared with recreational cannabis users. METHODS We surveyed individuals with IBD about their cannabis use, their mental health symptoms, and personality risk factors associated with substance misuse. We compared risk factors for substance misuse between individuals using cannabis to manage IBD symptoms and those using cannabis recreationally. RESULTS Of 201 persons with IBD who completed the questionnaire, 108 reported lifetime cannabis use. Of those, a larger proportion of Crohn's disease patients used cannabis to manage IBD symptoms (53% [34/64] vs 28% [12/43]; P = 0.010). Individuals self-medicating with cannabis were more likely to use cannabis for coping reasons (P = 0.016) and demonstrated higher levels of impulsivity (P = 0.004) and depressive symptoms (P = 0.012) when compared with individuals using cannabis recreationally. Logistic regression revealed that cannabis was 4.1 times (P = 0.05) and 3.7 times (P = 0.05) more likely to be used for IBD symptoms by smokers and individuals with moderate-severe depressive symptoms, respectively. Individuals high in impulsivity were 4.1 times more likely to use cannabis for their IBD symptoms than those low in impulsivity (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Persons with IBD self-medicating with cannabis have characteristics associated with increased vulnerability to substance misuse when compared with those using cannabis recreationally. Screening for mental health comorbidities and vulnerability to substance misuse should be undertaken if cannabis is to be used to treat IBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawnya M Hansen
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brigitte C Sabourin
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Banke Oketola
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harminder Singh
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laura E Targownik
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mahu I, Conrod P, Barrett S, Sako A, Swansburg J, Lawrence M, Laroque F, Morin J, Chinneck A, Nogueira-Arjona R, Stewart S. Specificity of personality relationships to particular forms of concurrent substance use among methadone maintenance therapy clients. Addict Behav 2019; 98:106056. [PMID: 31351326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A mainstay treatment for opioid addiction in North America is methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) - a form of opiate agonist therapy (OAT). While efficacious for treating opioid addiction, MMT fails to address the concurrent polysubstance use that is common among opioid dependent clients. Moreover, psychosocial approaches for addressing polysubstance use during MMT are lacking. Our study's goals were to validate the use of the four-factor personality model of substance use vulnerability in MMT clients, and to demonstrate theoretically-relevant relationships of personality to concurrent substance use while receiving MMT. METHOD Respondents included 138 daily-witnessed MMT clients (65.9% male, 79.7% Caucasian), mean age (SD) 40.18 (11.56), recruited across four Canadian MMT clinics. Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis was used to establish the structural validity of the four-factor personality model of substance use vulnerability (operationalized with the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale [SURPS]) in MMT clients. SURPS personality scores were then used as predictors for specific forms of recent (past 30-day) substance use. RESULTS Using a latent hierarchal model, hopelessness was associated with recent opioid use; anxiety sensitivity with recent tranquilizer use; and sensation seeking with recent alcohol, cannabis, and stimulant use. CONCLUSION Personality is associated with substance use patterns and may be an appropriate target for intervention for those undergoing MMT to reduce opioid use, and potentially dangerous concurrent use of other drugs, while receiving methadone.
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Spinella TC, Stewart SH, Barrett SP. Context matters: Characteristics of solitary versus social cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:316-320. [PMID: 30779237 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Given the increase in cannabis availability and use in North America, identification of risk factors for cannabis use and dependence is paramount. One factor that may be associated with various cannabis-related adverse outcomes is the context in which it is used. This secondary analysis study sought to examine the extent to which the social context of cannabis use is related to patterns of use and associated harms. DESIGN AND METHODS One hundred and eighty-eight adult cannabis users were community-recruited in Halifax, Canada. Participants took part in a face-to-face structured interview where they provided information about the social context of their most recent cannabis-using occasion and about their patterns of, and motives for, cannabis use. RESULTS Compared to individuals reporting their most recent cannabis-using occasion as social, solitary users (n = 55) were significantly more likely to screen positive for psychosis, endorse more symptoms of cannabis abuse/dependence, report using cannabis to cope, and use cannabis on more days within the previous 30 days. On the other hand, social users were significantly more likely to report using alcohol in addition to cannabis during their most recent cannabis-using occasion (all P < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that solitary cannabis use may be associated with specific motives for use and future adverse consequences. Findings from this study serve as a guide for future investigations which could ultimately inform public policy and the development of targeted harm-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni C Spinella
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the prevalence and health implications of tobacco and cannabis use, aiming to reduce their use, especially among youth, is a sound objective at both the individual and public health level. A proper understanding of the relationships between tobacco and cannabis use may help to achieve this goal. OBJECTIVES To review the relationships between tobacco and cannabis use. METHODS A selective review of the literature. RESULTS We present an overview of the motivations for tobacco and cannabis use, and their perceived harmfulness. The article then reviews the gateway theory, reverse gateway theory, route of administration theory, and common liability theory. We describe the link between co-use and dependence symptoms, and the substitution phenomenon between tobacco and cannabis use. Three forms of simultaneous use-mulling, blunt smoking, and chasing-and their impacts are explained. We summarize the impact of tobacco use on cannabis (and vice versa) treatment outcomes, and, finally, review new treatments that simultaneously target tobacco and cannabis dependence. Most of the literature reviewed here relates to substance use among adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSIONS The use of tobacco and cannabis-two of the most widely used substances around the world-are strongly intertwined in several respects. Both health professionals and researchers should have well-informed views on this issue to better evaluate, understand, inform, and provide care to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lemyre
- a School of Psychology , Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada.,b Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Branch , CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Natalia Poliakova
- b Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Branch , CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Richard E Bélanger
- b Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Branch , CHU de Québec Research Centre , Québec , QC , Canada.,c Department of Paediatrics , Centre mère-enfant Soleil, CHU de Québec, Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada
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Cloutier RM, Kearns NT, Knapp AA, Contractor AA, Blumenthal H. Heterogeneous Patterns of Marijuana Use Motives Using Latent Profile Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1485-1498. [PMID: 31017512 PMCID: PMC6833943 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1588325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given that marijuana use is often associated with detrimental physical and mental health problems, research examining motives for its use is critical for effective remedial and preventive treatment. To date, the majority of research on marijuana use motives has used variable-centered analyses, which overlooks potentially meaningful heterogeneous response patterns and the associations of those patterns with other risk/protective factors. Methods: To address this gap, in the current study, we conducted a person-centered analysis (latent profile analysis) to identify subgroups of participants based on endorsed marijuana use motives, and examined the construct validity of the optimal class solution (covariates included sociodemographic (e.g., age), psychiatric (e.g., depression), and marijuana-use indices (e.g., use-frequency, use-related problems). Participants were 898 college students (Mage = 20.93, SDage = 3.10; 68.9% female) who completed an anonymous online survey examining substance use and psychological well-being, were 18 years or older, and endorsed lifetime marijuana use. Data were collected November 2016 through February 2018. Results: Results identified four unique classes of coping, conformity, social, and enhancement marijuana use motives: (a) "Low Motives" (37.6%), (b) "High Conformity" (4.9%), (c) "Low Conformity" (45.8%), and (d) "High Motives" (11.7%). In terms of covariates, higher motive classes tended to report more frequent and problematic use. The two classes uniquely characterized by conformity motives only differed on past-month marijuana use frequency. Conclusions/Importance: The current findings provide evidence that specific classes of motives were not only associated with marijuana use frequency and problems but other risk and protective factors, such as anxiety sensitivity and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Cloutier
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Ashley A Knapp
- b Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Ateka A Contractor
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas , USA
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Chinneck A, Thompson K, Mahu IT, Davis-MacNevin P, Dobson K, Stewart SH. Personality and prescription drug use/misuse among first year undergraduates. Addict Behav 2018; 87:122-130. [PMID: 30005334 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging adults (18-25 year olds) endorse the highest rates of prescription drug misuse. Attending college or university may confer additional risk. Previous research suggests that personality is an important predictor of many addictive behaviours. Four traits have been consistently implicated: anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. Published studies on personality as a predictor of prescription drug abuse are limited, however, by a primary focus on overall prescription drug use, inconsistent operationalisation of misuse, and failure to control for alcohol use. Sample sizes have been small and non-specific. We sought to better understand how personality predicted the overall use, the medically-sanctioned use, and the misuse of prescription sedatives/tranquilizers, opioids, and stimulants. A large (N = 1755) sample of first year Canadian undergraduate students (mean age = 18.6 years; 68.9% female) was used. We predicted that: anxiety sensitivity would be related to sedatives/tranquilizers, hopelessness to opioids, sensation seeking to stimulants, and impulsivity to all three. Save for the impulsivity to opioid use path, predictions were fully supported in our "any use" model. For medically-sanctioned use: anxiety sensitivity predicted sedative/tranquilizers, hopelessness predicted opioids, and impulsivity predicted stimulants. For misuse: anxiety sensitivity (marginally) predicted sedatives/tranquilizers, sensation seeking predicted stimulants, and impulsivity predicted all three. Our models support using personality-matched interventions. Specifically, results suggest targeting anxiety sensitivity for sedative/tranquilizer misuse, sensation seeking for stimulant misuse, and impulsivity for unconstrained prescription drug misuse. Interventions with early coping skills that pertain to all four traits might be useful for preventing prescription drug uptake and later misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chinneck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - K Thompson
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2323 Notre Dame Avenue, Antigonish, NS B3G 2W5, Canada.
| | - I T Mahu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - P Davis-MacNevin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - K Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - S H Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veteran's Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada.
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Guillot CR, Blumenthal H, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB. Anxiety sensitivity components in relation to alcohol and cannabis use, motives, and problems in treatment-seeking cigarette smokers. Addict Behav 2018; 82:166-173. [PMID: 29544169 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS)- fear of anxiety symptoms and their potential negative consequences-has been implicated in the development of substance use problems and motivation to use substances for coping with distress, though the AS components (physical, cognitive, and social concerns) have not been studied extensively in relation to alcohol- and cannabis-related variables. In a cross-sectional design, self-report measures of AS and alcohol and cannabis use, motives, and problems were administered to 364 treatment-seeking cigarette smokers with a history of alcohol and cannabis use. In both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, linear regression models indicated that AS cognitive concerns are related to cannabis-use conformity motives, alcohol-use coping motives, and alcohol problems; AS physical and cognitive concerns are related to greater cannabis problems specifically in males; and AS social concerns are associated with greater social, coping, enhancement, and conformity drinking motives. AS cognitive and physical concerns were also related to greater alcohol and cannabis problems, respectively, in subsamples limited to 214 current alcohol users and 170 current cannabis users. Together with prior work, current findings suggest that it may be beneficial to focus more on addressing AS cognitive concerns in individuals with tobacco-alcohol problem comorbidity, whereas it may be beneficial to focus on addressing both AS physical and cognitive concerns in males with tobacco-cannabis problem comorbidity. In addition, cigarette smokers high in AS social concerns may benefit from relaxation training to lessen their social anxiety as well as behavioral activation to enhance their positive affect.
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Demant D, Hides L, White KM, Kavanagh DJ. Effects of participation in and connectedness to the LGBT community on substance use involvement of sexual minority young people. Addict Behav 2018; 81:167-174. [PMID: 29395187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research shows disproportionate levels of substance use among sexual minority young people. A range of reasons for these disparities have been suggested, including connectedness to and participation in the LGBT community. Little is known about how these constructs are related to substance use involvement in sexual minority (sub)groups or how these relationships are affected by other factors. METHODS 1266 young sexual minority Australians completed a cross-sectional online survey. Multiple regressions were conducted to assess associations between connectedness to and participation in the LGBT community on substance use involvement, before and after controlling for other factors such as substance use motives, psychological distress, wellbeing, resilience, minority stress, and age. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Most participants identified as homosexual (57%, n=726) and male (54%, n=683). In the overall sample, participation in and connectedness the LGBT community were significantly associated with increased substance use involvement before (F(2,1263)=35.930, p≤0.001, R2=0.052) and after controlling for other variables (F(8,1095)=33.538, p≤0.001, R2=0.191), with meaningfully higher effect sizes for participation than for connectedness. After controlling for other variables, connectedness only remained significant for homosexuals. Effect sizes for participation were higher for females than males, and bisexuals than homosexuals. However, participation in the LGBT Community was not associated with substance use in participants identifying with a non-binary gender identity. In conclusion, substance use involvement was associated with participation in the LGBT community, but connectedness to the LGBT community only had a weak association with substance use involvement in the homosexual subgroup.
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Poelen EAP, Schijven EP, Otten R, Didden R. Personality dimensions and substance use in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 63:142-150. [PMID: 27765413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the role of the personality dimensions anxiety sensitivity, negative thinking, impulsivity and sensation seeking (as assessed by the revised version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale; SURPS) in substance use in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID). METHOD We tested the relationship between level of ID and SURPS personality dimensions and the relationship between SURPS personality dimensions and severity of alcohol and drug use. Participants were 118 persons (mean age 20.5 years) with a mean IQ of 71.1 admitted to care facilities for persons with MBID and severe behavioral problems. RESULTS We found no significant relationship between level of ID and the four personality dimensions. In addition, findings showed that individuals with lower levels of anxiety sensitivity, higher levels of negative thinking, impulsivity and sensation seeking showed more severe alcohol use. Individuals with higher levels of negative thinking and sensation seeking had more severe drug use. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The SURPS personality dimensions identify persons at increased risk for substance use disorders and might be useful in developing selective substance use interventions for individuals with MBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A P Poelen
- Research & Development Pluryn, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Esmée P Schijven
- Research & Development Pluryn, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Research & Development Pluryn, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Didden
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trajectum, P.O. Box 40012, 8004 DA Zwolle, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Personality factors have been implicated in risk for substance use disorders through longitudinal and neurobiologic studies for over four decades. Only recently, however, have targeted interventions been developed to assist individuals with personality risk factors for substance use disorders manage their risk. This article reviews current practices in personality-targeted interventions and the eight randomised trials examining the efficacy of such approaches with respect to reducing and preventing substance use and misuse. Recent Findings Results indicate a moderate mean effect size for personality-targeted approaches across several different substance use outcomes and intervention settings and formats. Conclusions Personality-targeted interventions offer several advantages over traditional substance use interventions, particularly when attempting to prevent development of problems in high-risk individuals or when addressing concurrent mental health problems in brief interventions.
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Schmits E, Mathys C, Quertemont E. Is Social Anxiety Associated With Cannabis Use? The Role of Cannabis Use Effect Expectancies in Middle Adolescence. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1039683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Blevins CE, Abrantes AM, Stephens RS. Motivational pathways from antecedents of alcohol use to consequences: a structural model of using alcohol to cope with negative affect. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:395-403. [DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1141915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Viana AG, Stevens EN. Parental Threatening Behaviors and Offspring Substance Use: The Moderating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2014.926848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Examination of the Association Among Personality Traits, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Cannabis Use Motives in a Community Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Age, sex and personality in early cannabis use. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:469-73. [PMID: 25752726 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies analysing personality and cannabis use in adult samples suggest that cannabis users show significant higher levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking and schizotypy. However, there are few studies exploring this relationship in adolescence using psychobiological models of personality. Given the relevance of identifying individual differences that lead adolescents to early cannabis use to prevent future health problems, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between age, sex, personality and early cannabis use using a psychobiological model of personality in a sample of 415 students (51.8% boys) from 12 to 18 years. Chi(2) tests showed significant higher prevalence of cannabis use in boys and in the group aged 15-18 years. Multiple analysis of variance showed significant higher scores in psychoticism, sensation seeking and in all its subscales in cannabis users group, while an interaction with age was found for extraversion and neuroticism: cannabis users scored higher than non-users in the youngest group (12-14 years) but lower in the oldest group in both dimensions. Finally, regression analysis showed that narrower traits of sensation seeking (experience seeking and disinhibition) were the most associated to early cannabis use. Results are discussed in terms of early cannabis users' personality profiles and in terms of the self-medication theory.
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Aguilar-Raab C, Heene M, Grevenstein D, Weinhold J. Assessing Drug Consumption Behavior With the Heidelberger Drogenbogen (Heidelberg Drug Scales): Reliabilities, Validities, and Cut-Off Criteria. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:1638-49. [PMID: 26597565 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1027926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Heidelberger Drogenbogen (HDB) is a German language assessment of substance-specific knowledge and consumption patterns of the illicit psychoactive substances cannabis, MDMA (ecstasy), amphetamines, cocaine, and hallucinogens. The behavior modules for each of these five drugs/drug groups allow for a diagnostic evaluation of the extent of harmful consumption behavior. Each of the five modules represents a single standardized test. OBJECTIVES This paper outlines several statistical parameters, Cronbach's alpha, retest reliabilities, as well as numerous validity and cut-off-criteria of the behavioral modules. METHODS Participants (N = 4,794) were recruited at schools, universities, in subcultural contexts, and in institutions of substance abuse treatment. RESULTS Internal consistencies range from = .68 to .79 while test-retest reliabilities between .87 and .94 were found. The behavior modules of the HDB can discriminate between populations with and without clinical levels of substance use. Furthermore, this measure has incremental validity and higher diagnostic accuracy over competing measures. CONCLUSIONS The behavior modules of the HDB are reliable and valid measures of substance use and misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Aguilar-Raab
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine , University Hospital Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Moritz Heene
- b Learning Sciences Research Methods , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Dennis Grevenstein
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine , University Hospital Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jan Weinhold
- a Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine , University Hospital Heidelberg , Germany
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The influence of cannabis motives on alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use among treatment-seeking cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 146:81-8. [PMID: 25481854 PMCID: PMC4272897 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated the effects of cannabis motives on multi-substance use in an effort to examine the incremental validity of cannabis motives with respect to substance use outcomes. METHODS Participants were 167 treatment-seeking smokers (41.92% female; Mage=28.74; SD=11.88) who reported smoking an average of 10 or more cigarettes daily for at least one year. RESULTS Structural equation modeling was used to examine the association between cannabis motives and two dependent variables each for alcohol (drinking frequency and alcohol problems), cannabis (cannabis use frequency and cannabis problems), and tobacco (average cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence). Findings indicated that conformity motives were linked with increases in alcohol problems and cannabis problems. Enhancement motives were associated with increased cannabis use and cannabis problems. Coping motives were linked with increased cannabis use and cannabis problems. Contrary to expectations, expansion motives were associated with reductions in the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Also, results supported expectations that the observed effects due to cannabis motives were unique from shared variance with theoretically relevant covariates. CONCLUSIONS The present findings supported predictions that cannabis motives would evince effects on the use of multiple substances over and above theoretically relevant variables. However, results indicate that the relationship between cannabis motives and multi-substance use is complex, and therefore, additional research is warranted to better understand substance use intervention.
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