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McElroy EE, Perry SL, Grubbs JB. How Much Pornography Use Do Americans Think Is "Average" for a Man and Woman? Findings from a National Survey. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37410677 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2229317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Though research has examined pornography viewing frequency and its correlates in national samples, researchers have yet to assess how much pornography use the general population thinks is "average" for men and women. Drawing on data from a nationally representative sample of American adults (Men: N = 1,127; Women = 1,382; total mean age = 50.0, SD = 17.4), it was hypothesized that Americans' estimations of how much pornography use is average for men and women would be shaped by perceptual mechanisms as well as the influence of religious subculture. Results show that age, personal pornography use, self-reported addiction to pornography, and religiosity (for men), were associated with Americans' perceptions of what is average for others. The association with personal pornography use was amplified for same-gender estimations, and Americans estimated the average man views pornography more frequently than the average woman. Americans rarely reported viewing pornography at higher rates than what they estimated for others. This study provides initial steps toward understanding gendered impressions of average pornography use and provides recommendations for how future research could explore differing mechanisms of same-gender and cross-gender perceptions.
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Seyedzadeh Dalooyi SI, Aghamohammadian Sharbaaf H, Abdekhodaei MS, Ghanaei Chamanabad A. Biopsychosocial Determinants of Problematic Pornography Use: A Systematic Review. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:202-218. [PMID: 38026725 PMCID: PMC10658102 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU. Methods Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed. Findings The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (n=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment. Conclusion This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Saeed Abdekhodaei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanaei Chamanabad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Cardoso J, Ramos C, Brito J, Almeida TC. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Problematic Pornography Use: The Mediating Role of Loneliness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2023; 35:481-493. [PMID: 38601731 PMCID: PMC10903672 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2023.2224807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the association between difficulties in emotion regulation and problematic pornography use (PPU) and test the mediating effect of loneliness. Methods All 339 participants (M = 28.53 years, SD = 10.32) completed online self-report scales assessing difficulties in emotion regulation, PPU, and loneliness. Results Difficulties in emotion regulation are positively correlated with PPU. Loneliness partially mediates the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and PPU. Gender and intimate relationship status had moderating effects on the tested mediation model. Conclusions Greater difficulties in emotion regulation have a significant indirect effect on PPU through loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cardoso
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Catarina Ramos
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Telma C. Almeida
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
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4
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Maitland DWM, Neilson EC. Associations Between Pornography Consumption Patterns, Pornography Consumption Motives, and Social Wellbeing among U.S. College Students: A Latent Profile Analysis with a Primarily Female Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:739-754. [PMID: 36974348 PMCID: PMC10522785 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2193182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study identified profiles of pornography motivations and outcomes and assessed differences between profiles on three measures of social well-being: social support, fear of intimacy, and loneliness. Latent profile analysis and group comparisons were conducted using cross-sectional data from college students (N = 389). Results indicated four profiles: low motivation/average distress, porn for enjoyment, high motivation/average guilt, low motivation/high distress. Those in the high motivation/average guilt profile reported more social well-being difficulties relative to the other profiles and non-pornography consumers. Results suggest that individuals who report varying pornography use motivations and negative outcomes may report difficulties with social well-being, with implications for intimate relationships.
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5
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Jiang X, Wu Y, Zhang K, Bőthe B, Hong Y, Chen L. Symptoms of problematic pornography use among help-seeking male adolescents: Latent profile and network analysis. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:912-927. [PMID: 36067020 PMCID: PMC9872529 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little data exist on exploring the subgroups and characteristics of problematic pornography use (PPU) in help-seeking adolescents. The aims of the study were to classify the subgroups among help-seeking male adolescents, explore their similarities and differences, and uncover their core symptoms. METHODS A total of 3,468 Chinese male adolescents (Mage = 16.64 years, SD = 1.24) who were distressed about their pornography use were recruited. The Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale, the Brief Pornography Screen Scale, and Moral Disapproval of Pornography Use were used to classify them. The General Health Questionnaire, the Pornography Craving Questionnaire, and the Sexual Compulsivity Scale were used to investigate participants' negative consequence related to their pornography use; and the Online Sexual Activity Questionnaire (OSAs) and time spent on pornography use every week were considered as quantitative indicators. RESULTS Help-seeking male adolescents could be divided into 3 profiles, namely, self-perceived problematic (SP, n = 755), impaired control (IC, n = 1,656), and problematic use groups (PPU, n = 1,057). Frequency of OSAs was important for the identification of SP individuals, while negative consequences were more effective in identifying individuals with objective dysregulated behavior. Salience and mood modification were shared by all groups; however, in addition to this, the SP and PPU groups also showed withdrawal symptoms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study's results provide support for the presence of different profiles of help-seeking individuals and information on potential intervention targets among adolescents which is lacking in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Yudi Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Social Psychology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Youjuan Hong
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China,Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-59122866562. E-mail:
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6
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Chen L, Jiang X, Wang Q, Bőthe B, Potenza MN, Wu H. The Association between the Quantity and Severity of Pornography Use: A Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:704-719. [PMID: 34723731 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1988500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the quantity of pornography use (QPU, i.e., frequency/time spent on pornography use) has been positively associated with the severity of pornography use (i.e., problematic pornography use, PPU), the magnitudes of relationships have varied across studies. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall relationships and identify potential moderating variables to explain the variation in these associations between QPU and PPU. We performed a literature search for all published and unpublished studies from 1995 to 2020 in major online scientific databases up until December 2020. Sixty-one studies were identified with 82 independent samples involving 74,880 participants. Results indicated that there was a positive, moderate relationship between QPU and PPU (r = 0.34, p < .001). The strength of relationship significantly varied across measures of PPU based on different theoretical frameworks, indicators of QPU, and sexual cultural contexts (conservative vs. permissive sexual values). Frequency was a more robust quantitative indicator of PPU than time spent on pornography use. In conservative countries, QPU showed more robust association with self-perceived PPU. Future studies are encouraged to select the measurement of PPU according to research aims and use multi-item measures with demonstrated content validity to assess pornography use. Cross-cultural (conservative/permissive) comparisons also warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Xiaoliu Jiang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Qiqi Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
- Connecticut Mental Health Center
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling
| | - Huijuan Wu
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
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7
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Floyd CG, Grubbs JB. Context Matters: How Religion and Morality Shape Pornography Use Effects. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-022-00329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Avenue, Fuzhou, 400715 Fujian China
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9
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Smaniotto B, Le Bigot J, Camps FD. "Pornography Addiction": Elements for Discussion of a Case Report. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1375-1381. [PMID: 34786657 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Can Internet pornography use (IPU) lead to addiction? "Pornography addiction" is a highly controversial concept within the scientific community. In the absence of consensus, international classifications do not consider that the concept meets the criteria to be recognized as a distinct diagnostic entity. However, the term "pornography addiction" has now become common parlance and is therefore present in the discourse of patients seeking therapy to address what they perceive as problematic pornography consumption. Drawing on a brief case vignette, presenting the case of a man who views himself as a pornography addict, we offer a critical review of this concept. Different diagnostic hypotheses will be considered. Beyond the diagnostic process, we consider the issue of "perceived addiction" and its relationship with "moral incongruence." From a psychotherapeutic view, we suggest that patients who self-identify as "porn addicts" must be supported using a more comprehensive approach that goes beyond their symptomatic behavior or the manner in which they present or perceive themselves. The proposed therapy did not seek or require an end to the behavior. The therapy approach focused on exploring the patient's history in an attempt to understand the construction of his sexuality and morality. In the case analyzed, focusing on the source of moral incongruence led to the disappearance of IPU and all associated suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Smaniotto
- Research Center in Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology - CRPPC, Institute of Psychology, Lyon 2 University, 5 Avenue Pierre-Mendès-France, 69676, Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Jeanne Le Bigot
- Mental Health Association of the 13 District in Paris [Association de Santé Mentale du 13ème - ASM13], Paris, France
| | - François-David Camps
- Research Center in Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology - CRPPC, Institute of Psychology, Lyon 2 University, 5 Avenue Pierre-Mendès-France, 69676, Bron Cedex, France
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10
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Donevan M, Jonsson L, Bladh M, Priebe G, Fredlund C, Svedin CG. Adolescents' Use of Pornography: Trends over a Ten-year Period in Sweden. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1125-1140. [PMID: 34750776 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using survey data from three nationally representative surveys in 2004, 2009, and 2014 among senior high school students in Sweden, this study investigates trends in adolescents' lifetime prevalence of pornography use, frequency of pornography use, and type of pornography used over time. While almost all boys and a considerable proportion of girls used pornography across the three waves, the lifetime prevalence of pornography use decreased overall for both girls and boys. The share of boys who use pornography frequently increased over the three survey cycles; those who reported using pornography daily increased from 11% in 2004 to 24% in 2014. In contrast, there was no change in girls who reported using pornography daily, while the proportion who never used pornography increased from 40% in 2004 to 51% in 2014. Adolescents appear to use a narrower range of different pornography types over the survey cycles. Multiple logistic regression models were generated to investigate factors associated with pornography use over the 10-year period. The results suggest that rule-breaking behavior, having higher economic status and higher academic achievement were related to boy's pornography use, while rule-breaking behavior, early sexual debut and victimization were associated with girls' pornography use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Donevan
- Department of Social Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Jonsson
- Department of Social Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Bladh
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gisela Priebe
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Fredlund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- Department of Social Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Jennings TL, Lyng T, Gleason N, Finotelli I, Coleman E. Compulsive sexual behavior, religiosity, and spirituality: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:854-878. [PMID: 34971357 PMCID: PMC8987424 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the relationship between compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), religiosity, and spirituality. This review summarizes research examining the relationship CSB has with religiosity and spirituality, clarifying how these constructs inform the assessment and treatment of this syndrome. METHODS The present paper reviews research published through August 1, 2021, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Only studies providing quantitative analyses were included. RESULTS This review identified 46 articles, subsuming 59 studies, analyzing the relationship between CSB and religiosity or spirituality. Most studies used cross-sectional designs with samples primarily composed of heterosexual White men and women. Generally, the studies found small to moderate positive relationships between religiosity and CSB. Studies considering the mediating or moderating role of moral incongruence identified stronger, indirect relationships between religiosity and problematic pornography use (PPU), a manifestation of CSB. Few studies examined the association between spirituality and CSB, but those that did either reported negative relationships between indicators of spiritual well-being and CSB or positive relationships between CSB and aspects of spiritual struggles. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although research examining CSB and religiosity has flourished, such growth is hampered by cross-sectional samples lacking in diversity. Moral incongruence assists in explaining the relationship between religiosity and PPU, but future research should consider other manifestations of CSB beyond PPU. Attention should also be given to examining other religiosity and spirituality constructs and obtaining more diverse samples in research on CSB, religiosity, and spirituality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L. Jennings
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Tayler Lyng
- Department of Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, United States
| | - Neil Gleason
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, United States
| | - Itor Finotelli
- The Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Eli Coleman
- The Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, United States,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Chao CM, Yu TK. Internet Use and Adolescents' Physical and Mental Health: the Mediating Role of Self-consciousness and Peer Relationships. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:911-928. [PMID: 34456654 PMCID: PMC8386342 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, online gaming and cyber pornography have become problematic activities among Internet users. When individuals immerse themselves in these activities, the experience of flow can negatively influence users’ physical and mental health and interpersonal relationships. Thus, this study analyzed the mediating roles of self-consciousness and peer relationships in the relationships between online gaming, cyber pornography, and physical and mental health. We obtained data from fifteen senior high schools in Taiwan (N = 1838 students; first year, 996 students, and second year, 842 students) by conducting a 2-year longitudinal survey. Statistical analyses were performed using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that adolescents’ online gaming was positively associated with their physical and mental health; however, it was negatively associated with their self-consciousness. In addition, when they became absorbed in cyber pornography, they lost track of time and lost self-consciousness, and it influenced their peer relationships. Self-consciousness and peer relationships mediated the relationships between cyber pornography and participants’ physical and mental health. We identified relationships between online gaming, cyber pornography, elements of flow, and physical and mental health. The findings of this research can offer guidelines for policy makers and educators who evaluate adolescents’ Internet use and behavior to provide proper access to Internet use and promote by building a healthy Internet environment in educational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Min Chao
- Department of Business Administration, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Kuei Yu
- Department of Business Administration, National Quemoy University, Kinmen Hsien, Taiwan
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13
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Mestre-Bach G, Blycker GR, Actis CC, Brand M, Potenza MN. Religion, Morality, Ethics, and Problematic Pornography Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Štulhofer A, Matković T, Kohut T, Koletić G, Buško V, Landripet I, Vodopijevec A. Are We Losing the Most Relevant Cases First? Selective Dropout in Two Longitudinal Studies of Adolescent Pornography Use. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2215-2226. [PMID: 34165642 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In longitudinal studies of pornography use, selective loss of participants who may be more vulnerable to the effects of pornography than their peers is a serious concern. To explore the potential for such selective dropout, we used data from two independent large-scale panel studies of adolescents' pornography use. Of the three types of attrition-early attrition, later attrition, and gaps in participation-only the first was substantially higher among more vulnerable adolescents, compared with other participants. Panel type (online vs. classroom-based) moderated only the association between vulnerability and participation gaps, which was significant in the classroom-based but not the online panel. Overall, this study's findings point to the importance of delaying selective dropout by developing a comprehensive plan of action, for which we offer some guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, I. Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Teo Matković
- Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Taylor Kohut
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Goran Koletić
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, I. Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Buško
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Landripet
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, I. Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Vodopijevec
- Centre for Scientific Information, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Griffiths MD, Potenza MN, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Are sexual functioning problems associated with frequent pornography use and/or problematic pornography use? Results from a large community survey including males and females. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106603. [PMID: 32810799 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is much debate regarding whether pornography use has positive or negative associations with sexuality-related measures such as sexual functioning problems. The present study aimed to examine differential correlates between quantity (frequency of pornography use-FPU) and severity (problematic pornography use-PPU) of pornography use with respect to sexual functioning problems among both males and females. Multi-group structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate hypothesized associations between PPU, FPU, and sexual functioning problems among males and females (N = 14,581 participants; females = 4,352; 29.8%; Mage=33.6 years, SDage=11.0), controlling for age, sexual orientation, relationship status, and masturbation frequency. The hypothesized model had excellent fit to the data (CFI = 0.962, TLI = 0.961, RMSEA = 0.057 [95% CI = 0.056-0.057]). Similar associations were identified in both genders, with all pathways being statistically significant (p < .001). PPU had positive, moderate associations (βmales=0.37, βfemales=0.38), while FPU had negative, weak associations with sexual functioning problems (βmales=-0.17, βfemales=-0.17). Although FPU and PPU had a positive, moderate association, they should be assessed and discussed separately when examining potential associations with sexuality-related outcomes. Given that PPU was positively and moderately and FPU negatively and weakly associated with problems in sexual functioning, it is important to consider both PPU and FPU in relation to sexual functioning problems.
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16
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The Addictive Nature of Compulsive Sexual Behaviours and Problematic Online Pornography Consumption: A Review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/cxa.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Kraus SW, Gola M, Grubbs JB, Kowalewska E, Hoff RA, Lew-Starowicz M, Martino S, Shirk SD, Potenza MN. Validation of a Brief Pornography Screen across multiple samples. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:259-271. [PMID: 32644937 PMCID: PMC8939429 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To address current gaps around screening for problematic pornography use (PPU), we initially developed and tested a six-item Brief Pornography Screen (BPS) that asked about PPU in the past six months. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS We recruited five independent samples from the U.S. and Poland to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BPS. In Study 1, we evaluated the factor structure, reliability, and elements of validity using a sample of 224 U.S. veterans. One item from the BPS was dropped in Study 1 due to low item endorsement. In Studies 2 and 3, we further investigated the five-item the factor structure of the BPS and evaluated its reliability and validity in two national U.S. representative samples (N = 1,466, N = 1,063, respectively). In Study 4, we confirmed the factor structure and evaluated its validity and reliability using a sample of 703 Polish adults. In Study 5, we calculated the suggested cut-off score for the screen using a sample of 105 male patients seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). RESULTS Findings from a principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution which yielded high internal consistency (α = 0.89-0.90), and analyses further supported elements of construct, convergent, criterion, and discriminant validity of the newly developed screen. Results from a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve suggested a cut-off score of four or higher for detecting possible PPU. CONCLUSIONS The BPS appears to be psychometrically sound, short, and easy to use in various settings with high potential for use in populations across international jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Psychology
,
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
,
Las Vegas
,
NV
,
USA,
Corresponding author's e-mail:
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Institute of Psychology
,
Polish Academy of Sciences
,
Warsaw
,
Poland,Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations
,
University of California San Diego
,
San Diego
,
CA
,
USA
| | - Joshua B. Grubbs
- Department of Psychology
,
Bowling Green State University
,
Bowling Green
,
OH
,
USA
| | - Ewelina Kowalewska
- Department of Psychiatry
,
Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education
,
Warsaw
,
Poland
| | - Rani A. Hoff
- Department of Psychiatry
,
Yale University School of Medicine
,
New Haven
,
CT
,
USA,Northeast Program Evaluation Center
,
VA Connecticut Healthcare System
,
West Haven
,
CT
,
USA
| | - Michał Lew-Starowicz
- Department of Psychiatry
,
Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education
,
Warsaw
,
Poland
| | - Steve Martino
- Department of Psychiatry
,
Yale University School of Medicine
,
New Haven
,
CT
,
USA,VISN 1 New England MIRECC, VA Connecticut Healthcare System
,
West Haven
,
CT
,
USA
| | - Steven D. Shirk
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, VA Connecticut Healthcare System
,
West Haven
,
CT
,
USA,University of Massachusetts Medical School
,
Worcester
,
MA
,
USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry
,
Yale University School of Medicine
,
New Haven
,
CT
,
USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling
,
Wethersfield
,
CT
,
USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center
,
New Haven
,
CT
,
USA,Department of Neuroscience and Child Study Center
,
Yale University School of Medicine
,
New Haven
,
CT
,
USA
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18
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Prause N. Porn Is for Masturbation. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2271-2277. [PMID: 30847758 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prause
- , 7083 Hollywood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90028, USA.
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19
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Leonhardt ND, Spencer TJ, Butler MH, Theobald AC. Sexual Media and Sexual Quality: Aims, Distinctions, and Reflexivity-Response to Commentaries. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:2291-2303. [PMID: 31529222 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Leonhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Toronto, ON, L5L1C6, Canada.
| | - Travis J Spencer
- Marriage and Family Therapy, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Mark H Butler
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alex C Theobald
- Marriage and Family Therapy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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20
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The contribution of ADHD and attachment difficulties to online pornography use among students. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 93:56-60. [PMID: 31349137 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high rate of ADHD among individuals with compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). There is also evidence for an association between compulsive sexual behavior disorder, sensation seeking and attachment difficulties. Problematic pornography use may be considered as a subtype of CSBD hence it merits investigation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between ADHD, attachment style, sensation seeking and problematic use of pornography online in the general population. METHODS The sample was comprised of 85 participants [38 men (44.7%) and 47 women (55.3%)] with mean age 25. 66 (SD = 4.63) and 26.42 (SD = 6.94) years, respectively. There were 30 participants (35%) with ADHD and 55 participants (65%) without ADHD. They were recruited on-line via social network sites. They filled in a demographic questionnaire, Zukerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Experience in Close Relationship (ECR) questionnaire that assessed anxious and avoidant attachment and the Cyber Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI). RESULTS Individuals with self-reported ADHD had higher scores of avoidant attachment on the ECR and CPUI compared with individuals without ADHD. Multivariate linear regression analysis has indicated that male gender, ADHD and anxious attachment on the ECR contributed significantly to the variance of cyber pornography use, and explained 34% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that males with ADHD and anxious attachment show an extensive use of pornography online. Males with ADHD who have difficulties in close relationship may use online pornography excessively that in turn may exacerbate their difficulty in forming secure attachment at adult life, a finding that has major clinical implications.
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21
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Cardoso J, Ramos C, Almeida T. Portuguese Version of the Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9: Psychometric Properties and Gender Invariance. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:594-603. [PMID: 30912476 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2019.1594477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9 (CPUI-9) and to verify the invariance between men and women. A total sample of 257 university students (153 women and 104 men) participated through a web survey. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor structure of the original version of the CPUI-9 has a good model fit and good convergent and discriminant validities. The findings of the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated non-invariance on factor structure across both genders, suggesting that the CPUI-9 should be applied with caution to men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cardoso
- Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz , Caparica , Portugal
| | - Catarina Ramos
- Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz , Caparica , Portugal
| | - Telma Almeida
- Centro de investigação interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz , Caparica , Portugal
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22
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Barrada JR, Ruiz-Gómez P, Correa AB, Castro Á. Not all Online Sexual Activities Are the Same. Front Psychol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 30863340 PMCID: PMC6399151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Young people's use and participation in online sexual activities (OSA) has increased in the past two decades and has changed their behavior in the area of sexuality. The existing literature has some important limitations, concerning the assessment of the construct and its orientation toward problematic use, while ignoring its healthy use or social participation and its relationship with well-being. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between the three types of OSA (compulsive, isolated, and social) proposed by Delmonico and Miller, as well as offline sexual behavior, and psychosexual well-being. It was also necessary to evaluate the factor structure of the Internet Sexual Screening Test (ISST). Participants were 1,147 university students of both sexes, aged between 18 and 26 years, who completed a battery of online questionnaires. The main finding of the study is that, when controlling for other online sexual behavior, different types of OSA evaluated relate differently to offline sexual behavior and to psychosexual well-being, and that most young people made healthy use and participation of OSA. It also presents a new structure of the ISST. The discussion emphasizes the need to recognize the positive consequences of OSA to implement programs for the promotion of sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ángel Castro
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
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23
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Wright PJ. Dysregulated Pornography Use and the Possibility of a Unipathway Approach. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:455-460. [PMID: 30116927 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- The Media School and Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, 601 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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24
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Grubbs JB, Perry SL, Wilt JA, Reid RC. Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:397-415. [PMID: 30076491 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The notion of problematic pornography use remains contentious in both academic and popular literature. Although the mental health community at large is divided as to the addictive versus non-addictive nature of Internet pornography, substantial numbers of individuals report "feeling" as if their use of Internet pornography is problematic. The present work seeks to construct a model related to problematic pornography use that is clearly derived from empirical literature and that provides directions to be tested in future research. The focus of the present work is on those perceptions as they relate to the overarching experience of moral incongruence in pornography use, which is generally thought of as the experience of having one's behaviors be inconsistent with one's beliefs. To this end, we put forth a model of pornography problems due to moral incongruence. Within this model, we describe how pornography-related problems-particularly feelings of addiction to pornography-may be, in many cases, better construed as functions of discrepancies-moral incongruence-between pornography-related beliefs and pornography-related behaviors. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis is conducted in order to evaluate support for this model, and the implications of this model for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Samuel L Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joshua A Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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25
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Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Bergeron S. Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Use: Beyond Individual Differences and Religiosity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:437-441. [PMID: 30116928 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Sophie Bergeron
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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26
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de Alarcón R, de la Iglesia JI, Casado NM, Montejo AL. Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don't-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E91. [PMID: 30650522 PMCID: PMC6352245 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been a wave of articles related to behavioral addictions; some of them have a focus on online pornography addiction. However, despite all efforts, we are still unable to profile when engaging in this behavior becomes pathological. Common problems include: sample bias, the search for diagnostic instrumentals, opposing approximations to the matter, and the fact that this entity may be encompassed inside a greater pathology (i.e., sex addiction) that may present itself with very diverse symptomatology. Behavioral addictions form a largely unexplored field of study, and usually exhibit a problematic consumption model: loss of control, impairment, and risky use. Hypersexual disorder fits this model and may be composed of several sexual behaviors, like problematic use of online pornography (POPU). Online pornography use is on the rise, with a potential for addiction considering the "triple A" influence (accessibility, affordability, anonymity). This problematic use might have adverse effects in sexual development and sexual functioning, especially among the young population. We aim to gather existing knowledge on problematic online pornography use as a pathological entity. Here we try to summarize what we know about this entity and outline some areas worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén de Alarcón
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Javier I de la Iglesia
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Nerea M Casado
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Angel L Montejo
- Psychiatry Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- University of Salamanca, EUEF, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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