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Della Pelle G, Bozic T, Vukomanović M, Sersa G, Markelc B, Kostevšek N. Efficient siRNA delivery to murine melanoma cells via a novel genipin-based nano-polymer. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4704-4723. [PMID: 39263399 PMCID: PMC11386170 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are therapeutic nucleic acids, often delivered via cationic polymers, liposomes, or extracellular vesicles, each method with its limitations. Genipin, a natural crosslinker for primary amines, was explored for siRNA delivery scaffolds. Spermine/genipin-based GxS5 polymers were synthesized, showing slightly positive ζ potential at neutral pH and intrinsic fluorescence. We then tuned their polymerization adding glycine to the reaction batch, from 1 to 10 molar ratio with genipin, therefore conferring them a "zwitterionic" character. GxS5 efficiently internalized into B16F10 murine melanoma cells, and exhibited strong siRNA-complexing ability and they were able to elicit up to 60% of gene knock-down without any toxicity. This highlights GxS5's potential as a safe, replicable, and tunable platform for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery, suggesting broader applications. This innovative approach not only sheds light on the intricate genipin reaction mechanism but also underscores the importance of fine-tuning nanoparticle properties for effective siRNA delivery. GxS5's success in mitigating cytotoxicity while maintaining delivery efficacy signifies a promising step towards safer and more efficient nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Della Pelle
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Tim Bozic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marija Vukomanović
- Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana Zdravstvena pot 5 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nina Kostevšek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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2
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Alimohammadvand S, Kaveh Zenjanab M, Mashinchian M, Shayegh J, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Recent advances in biomimetic cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116951. [PMID: 38901207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The emerging strategy of biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) via cellular membrane camouflage holds great promise in cancer therapy. This scholarly review explores the utilization of cellular membranes derived from diverse cellular entities; blood cells, immune cells, cancer cells, stem cells, and bacterial cells as examples of NP coatings. The camouflaging strategy endows NPs with nuanced tumor-targeting abilities such as self-recognition, homotypic targeting, and long-lasting circulation, thus also improving tumor therapy efficacy overall. The comprehensive examination encompasses a variety of cell membrane camouflaged NPs (CMCNPs), elucidating their underlying targeted therapy mechanisms and delineating diverse strategies for anti-cancer applications. Furthermore, the review systematically presents the synthesis of source materials and methodologies employed in order to construct and characterize these CMCNPs, with a specific emphasis on their use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Alimohammadvand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kaveh Zenjanab
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Mashinchian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Shayegh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar branch, Shabestar, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Ghorai SM, Deep A, Magoo D, Gupta C, Gupta N. Cell-Penetrating and Targeted Peptides Delivery Systems as Potential Pharmaceutical Carriers for Enhanced Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37514185 PMCID: PMC10384895 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the challenges to the 21st-century health care industry, one that demands special mention is the transport of drugs/active pharmaceutical agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The epithelial-like tight junctions within the brain capillary endothelium hinder the uptake of most pharmaceutical agents. With an aim to understand more deeply the intricacies of cell-penetrating and targeted peptides as a powerful tool for desirable biological activity, we provide a critical review of both CPP and homing/targeted peptides as intracellular drug delivery agents, especially across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Two main peptides have been discussed to understand intracellular drug delivery; first is the cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for the targeted delivery of compounds of interest (primarily peptides and nucleic acids) and second is the family of homing peptides, which specifically targets cells/tissues based on their overexpression of tumour-specific markers and are thus at the heart of cancer research. These small, amphipathic molecules demonstrate specific physical and chemical modifications aimed at increased ease of cellular internalisation. Because only a limited number of drug molecules can bypass the blood-brain barrier by free diffusion, it is essential to explore all aspects of CPPs that can be exploited for crossing this barrier. Considering siRNAs that can be designed against any target RNA, marking such molecules with high therapeutic potential, we present a synopsis of the studies on synthetic siRNA-based therapeutics using CPPs and homing peptides drugs that can emerge as potential drug-delivery systems as an upcoming requirement in the world of pharma- and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mondal Ghorai
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Auroni Deep
- Department of Zoology, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Devanshi Magoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Chetna Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Elizarova TN, Antopolsky ML, Novichikhin DO, Skirda AM, Orlov AV, Bragina VA, Nikitin PI. A Straightforward Method for the Development of Positively Charged Gold Nanoparticle-Based Vectors for Effective siRNA Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083318. [PMID: 37110552 PMCID: PMC10144622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of short interfering RNA (siRNA) to treat many diseases that are incurable with traditional preparations is limited by the extensive metabolism of serum nucleases, low permeability through biological membrane barriers because of a negative charge, and endosomal trapping. Effective delivery vectors are required to overcome these challenges without causing unwanted side effects. Here, we present a relatively simple synthetic protocol to obtain positively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with narrow size distribution and the surface modified with Tat-related cell-penetrating peptide. The AuNPs were characterized using TEM and the localized surface plasmon resonance technique. The synthesized AuNPs showed low toxicity in experiments in vitro and were able to effectively form complexes with double-stranded siRNA. The obtained delivery vehicles were used for intracellular delivery of siRNA in an ARPE-19 cell line transfected with secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). The delivered oligonucleotide remained intact and caused a significant knockdown effect on SEAP cell production. The developed material could be useful for delivery of negatively charged macromolecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides and various RNAs, particularly for retinal pigment epithelial cell drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Elizarova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim L Antopolsky
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis O Novichikhin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemiy M Skirda
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Huang X, Guo H, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhang W. Biomimetic cell membrane-coated nanocarriers for targeted siRNA delivery in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103514. [PMID: 36736580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics for cancer are a focus of increasing research interest. However, the major obstacle to their clinical application is the targeted delivery of siRNA to cancer cells at desirable levels. Cell membrane-coated nanocarriers have the advantage of combining the properties of both cell membranes and nanoparticles (NPs). In this review, we highlight the most common RNAi therapeutics and the extracellular and intracellular barriers to siRNA delivery. Moreover, we discuss clinical applications of different cell membrane-coated nanocarriers for targeted siRNA delivery, including cancer cell membranes (CCMs), platelet membranes, erythrocyte membranes, stem cell membranes, exosome membranes, and hybrid membranes. Taken together, biomimetic cell membrane-coated nanotechnology is a promising strategy for targeted siRNA delivery for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Haoyu Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lutong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhicai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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6
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Han Y, Zhu Y, Youngblood HA, Almuntashiri S, Jones TW, Wang X, Liu Y, Somanath PR, Zhang D. Nebulization of extracellular vesicles: A promising small RNA delivery approach for lung diseases. J Control Release 2022; 352:556-569. [PMID: 36341934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a group of cell-secreted nanovesicles with a diameter up to 200 nm. A growing number of studies have indicated that sEVs can reflect the pathogenesis of human diseases and mediate intercellular communications. Recently, sEV research has drastically increased due to their drug delivery property. However, a comprehensive method of delivering exogenous small RNAs-loaded sEVs through nebulization has not been reported. The methodology is complicated by uncertainty regarding the integrity of sEVs after nebulization, the delivery efficiency of aerosolized sEVs, their deposition in the lungs/cells, etc. This study demonstrates that sEVs can be delivered to murine lungs through a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN). In vivo sEV tracking indicated that inhaled sEVs were distributed exclusively in the lung and localized primarily in lung macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Additionally, sEVs loaded with small RNAs were successfully delivered into the lungs. The administration of siMyd88-loaded sEVs through inhalation reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in mice, supporting an application of this nebulization methodology to deliver functional small RNAs. Collectively, our study proposes a novel method of sEVs-mediated small RNA delivery into the murine lung through nebulization and presents a potential sEV-based therapeutic strategy for human lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Hannah A Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Timothy W Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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7
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Bose D, Roy L, Chatterjee S. Peptide therapeutics in the management of metastatic cancers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21353-21373. [PMID: 35975072 PMCID: PMC9345020 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading health concern threatening lives of millions of patients worldwide. Peptide-based drugs provide a valuable alternative to chemotherapeutics as they are highly specific, cheap, less toxic and easier to synthesize compared to other drugs. In this review, we have discussed various modes in which peptides are being used to curb cancer. Our review highlights specially the various anti-metastatic peptide-based agents developed by targeting a plethora of cellular factors. Herein we have given a special focus on integrins as targets for peptide drugs, as these molecules play key roles in metastatic progression. The review also discusses use of peptides as anti-cancer vaccines and their efficiency as drug-delivery tools. We hope this work will give the reader a clear idea of the mechanisms of peptide-based anti-cancer therapeutics and encourage the development of superior drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopriya Bose
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
| | - Laboni Roy
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
| | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
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8
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Jin P, Jiang J, Zhou L, Huang Z, Nice EC, Huang C, Fu L. Mitochondrial adaptation in cancer drug resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 35851420 PMCID: PMC9290242 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle in cancer management, and the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation of cancer cells in response to therapy-induced hostile environment are largely unknown. As the central organelle for cellular energy supply, mitochondria can rapidly undergo dynamic changes and integrate cellular signaling pathways to provide bioenergetic and biosynthetic flexibility for cancer cells, which contributes to multiple aspects of tumor characteristics, including drug resistance. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy and overcoming drug resistance has attracted increasing attention for various types of cancer. Multiple mitochondrial adaptation processes, including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptotic regulatory machinery, have been demonstrated to be potential targets. However, recent increasing insights into mitochondria have revealed the complexity of mitochondrial structure and functions, the elusive functions of mitochondria in tumor biology, and the targeting inaccessibility of mitochondria, which have posed challenges for the clinical application of mitochondrial-based cancer therapeutic strategies. Therefore, discovery of both novel mitochondria-targeting agents and innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches is urgently required. Here, we review the most recent literature to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial stress adaptation and their intricate connection with cancer drug resistance. In addition, an overview of the emerging strategies to target mitochondria for effectively overcoming chemoresistance is highlighted, with an emphasis on drug repositioning and mitochondrial drug delivery approaches, which may accelerate the application of mitochondria-targeting compounds for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Kornmueller K, Amri EZ, Scheideler M, Prassl R. Delivery of miRNAs to the adipose organ for metabolic health. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114110. [PMID: 34995679 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes, there is no efficient treatment to combat these epidemics. The adipose organ is the main site for energy storage and plays a pivotal role in whole body lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, including remodeling and dysfunction of adipocytes and adipose tissues in obesity and diabetes. Thus, restoring and balancing metabolic functions in the adipose organ is in demand. MiRNAs represent a novel class of drugs and drug targets, as they are heavily involved in the regulation of many cellular and metabolic processes and diseases, likewise in adipocytes. In this review, we summarize key regulatory activities of miRNAs in the adipose organ, discuss various miRNA replacement and inhibition strategies, promising delivery systems for miRNAs and reflect the future of novel miRNA-based therapeutics to target adipose tissues with the ultimate goal to combat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kornmueller
- Department of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marcel Scheideler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Department of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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10
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Characterization and Evaluation of Cell-Penetrating Activity of Brevinin-2R: An Amphibian Skin Antimicrobial Peptide. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:546-559. [PMID: 35013881 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural peptides have been the source of some important tools to address challenges in protein therapy of diseases. Bypassing cell plasma membrane has been a bottleneck in the intracellular delivery of biomolecules. Among others, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide an efficient strategy for intracellular delivery of various cargos. Brevinin-2R peptide is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin secretions of marsh frog, Rana ridibunda with semi-selective anticancer properties. Here, we investigated cell-penetrating properties of Brevinin-2R peptide and its ability to deliver functional protein cargos. Bioinformatics studies showed that Brevinin-2R is a cationic peptide with a net charge of + 5 with an alpha-helix structure and a heptameric ring at the carboxylic terminal due to disulfide bond between C19 and C25 amino acids and a hinge region at A10. To evaluate the ability of this peptide as a CPP, β-galactosidase protein and GFP were transfected into HeLa cells. The entry pathway of the peptide/protein complex into the cell was investigated by inhibiting endocytic pathways at 4 °C. It was observed that Brevinin-2R can efficiently transfer β-galactosidase and GFP with 21% and 90% efficacy, respectively. Brevinin-2R opts for endocytosis pathways to enter cells. The cytotoxicity of this peptide against HeLa cells was studied using MTT assay. The results showed that at the concentration of 131.5 μg/ml of Brevinin-2R peptide, the proliferation of 50% of HeLa cells was inhibited. The results of this study suggest that Brevinin-2R peptide can act as a CPP of natural origin and low cytotoxicity.
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11
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Ward DM, Shodeinde AB, Peppas NA. Innovations in Biomaterial Design toward Successful RNA Interference Therapy for Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100350. [PMID: 33973393 PMCID: PMC8273125 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulation using RNA interference (RNAi) therapy has been developed as one of the frontiers in cancer treatment. The ability to tailor the expression of genes by delivering synthetic oligonucleotides to tumor cells has transformed the way scientists think about treating cancer. However, its clinical application has been limited due to the need to deliver synthetic RNAi oligonucleotides efficiently and effectively to target cells. Advances in nanotechnology and biomaterials have begun to address the limitations to RNAi therapeutic delivery, increasing the likelihood of RNAi therapeutics for cancer treatment in clinical settings. Herein, innovations in the design of nanocarriers for the delivery of oligonucleotides for successful RNAi therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra M Ward
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Aaliyah B Shodeinde
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E. Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton Street Stop C0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave. Stop A1900, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, 1601 Trinity St., Bldg. B, Stop Z0800, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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12
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Rauch DA, Harding JC, Ratner L, Wickline SA, Pan H. Targeting NF-κB with Nanotherapy in a Mouse Model of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1582. [PMID: 34208564 PMCID: PMC8234599 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive, clonal malignancy of mature T cells caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Although it is a rare tumor type, it serves as an excellent model of a virus driven process that transforms cells and engenders a highly malignant tumor that is extraordinarily difficult to treat. The viral transcriptional transactivator (Tax) in the HTLV-1 genome directly promotes tumorigenesis, and Tax-induced oncogenesis depends on its ability to constitutively activate NF-κB signaling. Accordingly, we developed and evaluated a nano-delivery system that simultaneously inhibits both canonical (p65) and noncanonical (p100) NF-κB signaling pathways locally in tumors after systemic administration. Our results demonstrate that siRNA is delivered rapidly to ATLL tumors after either i.p. or i.v. injection. The siRNA treatment significantly reduced both p65 and p100 mRNA and protein expression. Anti-NF-κB nanotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in two distinct tumor models in mice: a spontaneous Tax-driven tumor model, and a Tax tumor cell transplant model. Moreover, siRNA nanotherapy sensitized late-stage ATLL tumors to the conventional chemotherapeutic agent etoposide, indicating a pleiotropic benefit for localized siRNA nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
| | - John C. Harding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA;
| | - Hua Pan
- USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA;
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Basu I, Maiti PK. Insight into the Mechanism of Carrier-Mediated Delivery of siRNA in the Cell Membrane Using MD Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:266-277. [PMID: 33369423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective translocation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) across cell membranes has become one of the main challenges in gene silencing therapy. In this study, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations to investigate a systematic procedure with different carriers that could be convenient for efficient siRNA delivery into the cell. Starting with poly-amido-amine (PAMAM) dendrimers and cholesterol molecules as carriers, we have found cholesterol as the most efficient carrier for siRNA when it is covalently attached with the siRNA terminal group. Our simulations show that binding of this complex in the lipid membrane alters the structure and dynamics of the nearby lipids to initiate the translocation process. Potential of mean force (PMF) was computed for siRNA with the carriers along the bilayer normal to understand the spontaneity of the process. Though all the PMF profiles show repulsive interaction inside the bilayer, the siRNA with cholesterol shows a comparative attractive interaction (∼27 kcal/mol) with respect to the siRNA-PAMAM complex. Altogether, our results demonstrate the binding interaction of the siRNA-carrier complex in the lipid membrane and propose a theoretical model for the efficient carrier by comparative study of the binding. The probable mechanism of the translocation process is also provided by the alteration of the lipid structure and dynamics for specifically siRNA-cholesterol binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Basu
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
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Tuttolomondo M, Ditzel HJ. Non-covalent Encapsulation of siRNA with Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2282:353-376. [PMID: 33928584 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
SiRNAs may act as selective and potent therapeutics, but poor deliverability in vivo is a limitation. Among the recently proposed vectors, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also referred as protein transduction domains (PTDs), allow siRNA stabilization and increased cellular uptake. This chapter aims to guide scientists in the preparation and characterization of CPP-siRNA complexes, particularly the evaluation of novel CPPs variants for siRNA encapsulation and delivery. Herein, we present a collection of methods to determine CPP-siRNA interaction, encapsulation, stability, conformation, transfection, and silencing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tuttolomondo
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Zabel MD, Mollnow L, Bender H. siRNA Therapeutics for Protein Misfolding Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2282:377-394. [PMID: 33928585 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used to deliver siRNA to tissues and cells to silence specific genes in diverse organisms. Research and clinical application of nanoparticles like liposomes for drug delivery requires targeting them to specific anatomic regions or cell types, while avoiding off-target effects or clearance by the liver, kidney, or the immune system. Delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) presents additional challenges to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to specific cell types like neurons, astrocytes, or glia. Here, we describe the generation of three different liposomal siRNA delivery vehicles to the CNS using the thin film hydration method. Utilizing cationic or anionic liposomes protects the siRNA from serum nucleases and proteases en route. To deliver the siRNA specifically to the CNS, the liposomes are complexed to a peptide that acts as a neuronal address by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs). When injected intravenously or instilled intranasally, these liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) or peptide addressed liposome-encapsulated therapeutic siRNA (PALETS) resist serum degradation, effectively cross the BBB, and deliver siRNA to AchR-expressing cells to suppress protein expression in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Luke Mollnow
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Heather Bender
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Keum T, Noh G, Seo JE, Bashyal S, Lee S. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Penetratin as a Non-invasive Permeation Enhancer in the Penetration of Salmon Calcitonin through TR146 Buccal Cells and Porcine Buccal Tissues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110408. [PMID: 33233392 PMCID: PMC7700664 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Buccal tissues are considered one of the potential alternative delivery route because of fast drug absorption and onset of action due to high vascularization and a non-keratinized epithelial membrane. In this study, the effect of Penetratin on the permeation of salmon calcitonin (sCT), a model macromolecular peptide drug, through TR146 buccal cells and porcine buccal tissues has been evaluated. To observe permeation profile of sCT, TR146 buccal cells were treated with Alexa 647 conjugated sCT (Alexa 647-sCT) with different concentrations of fluorescein isothiocyanate -labeled Penetratin (FITC-Penetratin) ranging from 0 to 40 μM, and analyzed using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Intracellular penetration of FITC-Penetratin rapidly increased at low concentrations from 0 to 15 μM and it gradually increased at concentrations above 15 μM. Intracellular penetration of Alexa 647-sCT enhanced with the increase of FITC-Penetratin concentration. When TR146 cell layers and buccal tissues were co-treated with sCT and Penetratin as permeation enhancer, the flux of sCT increased as per Penetratin concentration. Compared to the control, 12.2 μM of Penetratin enhanced the flux of sCT in TR146 cell layers and buccal tissues by 5.5-fold and 93.7-fold, respectively. These results strongly suggest that Penetratin may successfully act as a non-invasive permeation enhancer for macromolecular peptide drug delivery through buccal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekwang Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (T.K.); (G.N.); (J.-E.S.); (S.B.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Gyubin Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (T.K.); (G.N.); (J.-E.S.); (S.B.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (T.K.); (G.N.); (J.-E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Santosh Bashyal
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (T.K.); (G.N.); (J.-E.S.); (S.B.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (T.K.); (G.N.); (J.-E.S.); (S.B.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6655
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Changchun China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory Changchun China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory Changchun China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory Changchun China
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18
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Ruseska I, Zimmer A. Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:101-123. [PMID: 31976201 PMCID: PMC6964662 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In today's modern era of medicine, macromolecular compounds such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids are dethroning small molecules as leading therapeutics. Given their immense potential, they are highly sought after. However, their application is limited mostly due to their poor in vivo stability, limited cellular uptake and insufficient target specificity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent a major breakthrough for the transport of macromolecules. They have been shown to successfully deliver proteins, peptides, siRNAs and pDNA in different cell types. In general, CPPs are basic peptides with a positive charge at physiological pH. They are able to translocate membranes and gain entry to the cell interior. Nevertheless, the mechanism they use to enter cells still remains an unsolved piece of the puzzle. Endocytosis and direct penetration have been suggested as the two major mechanisms used for internalization, however, it is not all black and white in the nanoworld. Studies have shown that several CPPs are able to induce and shift between different uptake mechanisms depending on their concentration, cargo or the cell line used. This review will focus on the major internalization pathways CPPs exploit, their characteristics and regulation, as well as some of the factors that influence the cellular uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ruseska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Schachner-Nedherer AL, Werzer O, Kornmueller K, Prassl R, Zimmer A. Biological Activity Of miRNA-27a Using Peptide-based Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7795-7808. [PMID: 31576124 PMCID: PMC6768125 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s208446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenously expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted attention as important regulators in post-transcriptionally controlling gene expression of various physiological processes. As miRNA dysregulation is often associated with various disease patterns, such as obesity, miRNA-27a might therefore be a promising candidate for miRNA mimic replacement therapy by inhibiting adipogenic marker genes. However, application of naked nucleic acids faces some limitations concerning poor enzymatic stability, bio-membrane permeation and cellular uptake. To overcome these obstacles, the development of appropriate drug delivery systems (DDS) for miRNAs is of paramount importance. Methods In this work, a triple combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), brightfield (BF) and fluorescence microscopy was used to trace the cellular adhesion of N-TER peptide-nucleic acid complexes followed by time-dependent uptake studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). To reveal the biological effect of miRNA-27a on adipocyte development after transfection treatment, Oil-Red-O (ORO)- staining was performed to estimate the degree of in lipid droplets accumulated ORO in mature adipocytes by using light microscopy images as well as absorbance measurements. Results The present findings demonstrated that amphipathic N-TER peptides represent a suitable DDS for miRNAs by promoting non-covalent complexation through electrostatic interactions between both components as well as cellular adhesion of the N-TER peptide – nucleic acid complexes followed by uptake across cell membranes and intracellular release of miRNAs. The anti-adipogenic effect of miRNA-27a in 3T3-L1 cells could be detected in mature adipocytes by reduced lipid droplet formation. Conclusion The present DDS assembled from amphipathic N-TER peptides and miRNAs is capable of inducing the anti-adipogenic effect of miRNA-27a by reducing lipid droplet accumulation in mature adipocytes. With respect to miRNA mimic replacement therapies, this approach might provide new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Laurence Schachner-Nedherer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Karin Kornmueller
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
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20
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Xu YY, Cao XW, Fu LY, Zhang TZ, Wang FJ, Zhao J. Screening and characterization of a novel high-efficiency tumor-homing cell-penetrating peptide from the buffalo cathelicidin family. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3201. [PMID: 31309656 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antitumor drugs is especially important for tumor therapy. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been shown to be very effective drug carriers for tumor therapy. However, most CPPs lack tumor cell specificity. Here, we identified a highly efficient CPP, CAT, from the newly identified buffalo-derived cathelicidin family, which exhibits a preferential binding capacity for multiple tumor cell lines and delivers carried drug molecules into cells. CAT showed an approximately threefold to sixfold higher translocation efficiency than some reported cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides, including the well-known classical CPP TAT. Moreover, the delivery efficiency of CAT was greater in a variety of tested tumor cells than in normal cells, especially for the human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721, for which delivery was 7 times more efficient than the normal human embryonic lung cell line MRC-5, according to fluorescent labeling experiment results. CAT was conjugated to the Momordica charantia-derived type-I ribosome-inactivating protein MAP 30, and the cytotoxicity of the MAP 30-CAT fusion protein in the tumor cell line SMMC-7721 was significantly enhanced compared with that of the unconjugated MAP 30. The IC50 value of MAP 30-CAT was approximately 83 times lower than the IC50 value of the original MAP 30. Interestingly, the IC50 value of MAP 30 alone for MRC-5 was approximately twofold higher than the value for SMMC-7721, showing a small difference. However, when MAP 30 was conjugated to CAT, the difference in IC50 values between the two cell lines was significantly increased by 38-fold. The results of the flow cytometric detection of apoptosis revealed that the increase in cytotoxicity after CAT conjugation was mainly caused by the increased induction of apoptosis by the fusion protein. These results suggest that CAT, as a novel tumor-homing CPP, has great potential in drug delivery applications in vivo and will be beneficial to the development of tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Wei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yun Fu
- Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co. Ltd., Dongyang City, China
| | - Tao-Zhu Zhang
- Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co. Ltd., Dongyang City, China
| | - Fu-Jun Wang
- Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co. Ltd., Dongyang City, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
RNA interference is a relatively new tool used to silence specific genes in diverse biological systems. The development of this promising new technique for research and therapeutic use in studying and treating neurological diseases has been hampered by the lack of an efficient way to deliver siRNA transvascularly across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe the generation of three different liposomal siRNA delivery vehicles to the CNS using the thin film hydration method. Utilizing cationic or anionic liposomes protects the siRNA from serum nucleases and proteases en route. To deliver the siRNA specifically to the CNS, the liposomes are complexed to a peptide that acts as a neuronal address by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs). When injected intravenously, these liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) or peptide addressed liposome encapsulated therapeutic siRNA (PALETS) resist serum degradation, effectively cross the BBB and deliver siRNA to AchR-expressing cells to suppress protein expression in the CNS.
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22
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Schachner-Nedherer AL, Werzer O, Zimmer A. A Protocol To Characterize Peptide-Based Drug Delivery Systems for miRNAs. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7014-7022. [PMID: 31459813 PMCID: PMC6648615 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micro RNA (miRNA)-based medicines have attracted attention as new therapeutic strategies to treat genetic diseases and metabolic and immunological disorders. MiRNAs have emerged as key mediators of metabolic processes fulfilling regulatory functions in maintaining physiological conditions, while altered miRNA expression profiles are often associated with genetic diseases. However, naked miRNAs exhibit poor enzymatic stability, biomembrane permeation, and cellular uptake. To overcome these limitations, the development of appropriate drug delivery systems (DDS) is necessary. Herein, a DDS is characterized being assembled from miRNA-27a (negative regulator in fat metabolism) and the amphipathic N-TER peptide. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to investigate physicochemical properties (i.e., size, shape, and charge) of the DDS. Although surface charges should provide decent stabilization, the AFM results confirm a state of agglomeration, which is also suggested by DLS. Furthermore, AFM studies reveal adhesion on hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic substrates, which is related to the amphipathic properties of the N-TER peptide. Physicochemical properties of DDS are important parameters, which have an impact on cell internalization/uptake and have to be taken into account for in vitro studies to develop a successful peptide-based DDS for miRNA replacement therapy in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and others.
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Zhang C, Ren W, Liu Q, Tan Z, Li J, Tong C. Transportan-derived cell-penetrating peptide delivers siRNA to inhibit replication of influenza virus in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1059-1068. [PMID: 31040643 PMCID: PMC6454991 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s195481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we report on the development of an effective delivery system for siRNAs; a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), T9(dR), obtained from transportan (TP), was used for in vivo and in vitro testing. Methods In this study, toxicity of T9(dR) and TP and efficient delivery of siRNA were tested in 293T, MDCK, RAW, and A549 cells. Furthermore, T9(dR)- and TP-delivered siRNAs against nucleoprotein (NP) gene segment of influenza virus (siNP) were studied in both cell lines and mice. Results Gel retardation showed that T9(dR) effectively condensed siRNA into nanoparticles sized between 350 and 550 nm when the mole ratio of T9(dR) to siRNA was ≥4:1. In vitro studies demonstrated that T9(dR) successfully delivered siRNA with low cellular toxicity into several cell lines. It was also observed that T9(dR)-delivered siRNAs inhibited replication of influenza virus more efficiently as compared to that delivered by TP into the MDCK and A549 cells. It was also noticed that when given a combined tail vein injection of siNP and T9(dR) or TP, all mice in the 50 nmol siNP group infected with PR8 influenza virus survived and showed weight recovery at 2 weeks post-infection. Conclusion This study indicates that T9(dR) is a promising siRNA delivery tool with potential application for nucleotide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Weigang Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qingxin Liu
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China,
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunyi Tong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China,
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Biswas S, Samui S, Biswas S, Das AK, Naskar J. Molecular recognition of double-stranded DNA by a synthetic, homoaromatic tripeptide (YYY): The spectroscopic and calorimetric study. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:221-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Ojeda PG, Henriques ST, Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA, Craik DJ, Wang CK. Lysine to arginine mutagenesis of chlorotoxin enhances its cellular uptake. Biopolymers 2018; 108. [PMID: 28459137 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorotoxin (CTX), a disulfide-rich peptide from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus, has several promising biopharmaceutical properties, including preferential affinity for certain cancer cells, high serum stability, and cell penetration. These properties underpin its potential for use as a drug design scaffold, especially for the treatment of cancer; indeed, several analogs of CTX have reached clinical trials. Here, we focus on its ability to internalize into cells-a trait associated with a privileged subclass of peptides called cell-penetrating peptides-and whether it can be improved through conservative substitutions. Mutants of CTX were made using solid-phase peptide synthesis and internalization into human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells was monitored by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. CTX_M1 (ie, [K15R/K23R]CTX) and CTX_M2 (ie, [K15R/K23R/Y29W]CTX) mutants showed at least a twofold improvement in uptake compared to CTX. We further showed that these mutants internalize into HeLa cells largely via an energy-dependent mechanism. Importantly, the mutants have high stability, remaining intact in serum for over 24 h; thus, retaining the characteristic stability of their parent peptide. Overall, we have shown that simple conservative substitutions can enhance the cellular uptake of CTX, suggesting that such type of mutations might be useful for improving uptake of other peptide toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Ojeda
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Oh JH, Chong S, Nam S, Hyun S, Choi S, Gye H, Jang S, Jang J, Hwang SW, Yu J, Lee Y. Multimeric Amphipathic α-Helical Sequences for Rapid and Efficient Intracellular Protein Transport at Nanomolar Concentrations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800240. [PMID: 30128238 PMCID: PMC6096998 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An amphipathic leucine (L) and lysine (K)-rich α-helical peptide is multimerized based on helix-loop-helix structures to maximize the penetrating activities. The multimeric LK-based cell penetrating peptides (LK-CPPs) can penetrate cells as protein-fused forms at 100-1000-fold lower concentrations than Tat peptide. The enhanced penetrating activity is increased through multimerization by degrees up to the tetramer level. The multimeric LK-CPPs show rapid cell penetration through macropinocytosis at low nanomolar concentrations, unlike the monomeric LK, which have slower penetrating kinetics at much higher concentrations. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors are highly involved in the rapid internalization of multimeric LK-CPPs. As a proof of concept of biomedical applications, an adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-γ 2), is delivered into preadipocytes, and highly enhanced expression of adipogenic genes at nanomolar concentrations is induced. The multimeric CPPs can be a useful platform for the intracellular delivery of bio-macromolecular reagents that have difficulty with penetration in order to control biological reactions in cells at feasible concentrations for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Oh
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Eun Chong
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Nam
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Soonsil Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and EducationSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sejong Choi
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojun Gye
- Department of Nano Science and Mechatronics EngineeringKonkuk University268 Chung Won Dae RoChungju‐CityChungbuk380‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmok Jang
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joomyung Jang
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Hwang
- Department of Nano Science and Mechatronics EngineeringKonkuk University268 Chung Won Dae RoChungju‐CityChungbuk380‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- Department of Chemistry and EducationSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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27
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Priegue JM, Lostalé-Seijo I, Crisan D, Granja JR, Fernández-Trillo F, Montenegro J. Different-Length Hydrazone Activated Polymers for Plasmid DNA Condensation and Cellular Transfection. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2638-2649. [PMID: 29653048 PMCID: PMC6041776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in genetic engineering demand the development of conceptually new methods to prepare and identify efficient vectors for the intracellular delivery of different nucleotide payloads ranging from short single-stranded oligonucleotides to larger plasmid double-stranded circular DNAs. Although many challenges still have to be overcome, polymers hold great potential for intracellular nucleotide delivery and gene therapy. We here develop and apply the postpolymerization modification of polyhydrazide scaffolds, with different degree of polymerization, for the preparation of amphiphilic polymeric vehicles for the intracellular delivery of a circular plasmid DNA. The hydrazone formation reactions with a mixture of cationic and hydrophobic aldehydes proceed in physiologically compatible aqueous conditions, and the resulting amphiphilic polyhydrazones are directly combined with the biological cargo without any purification step. This methodology allowed the preparation of stable polyplexes with a suitable size and zeta potential to achieve an efficient encapsulation and intracellular delivery of the DNA cargo. Simple formulations that performed with efficiencies and cell viabilities comparable to the current gold standard were identified. Furthermore, the internalization mechanism was studied via internalization experiments in the presence of endocytic inhibitors and fluorescence microscopy. The results reported here confirmed that the polyhydrazone functionalization is a suitable strategy for the screening and identification of customized polymeric vehicles for the delivery of different nucleotide cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Priegue
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene Lostalé-Seijo
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Crisan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Juan R. Granja
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
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28
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Sun Y, Yang Z, Wang C, Yang T, Cai C, Zhao X, Yang L, Ding P. Exploring the role of peptides in polymer-based gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2017; 60:23-37. [PMID: 28778533 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are widely studied as non-viral gene vectors because of their strong DNA binding ability, capacity to carry large payload, flexibility of chemical modifications, low immunogenicity, and facile processes for manufacturing. However, high cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency substantially restrict their application in clinical trials. Incorporating functional peptides is a promising approach to address these issues. Peptides demonstrate various functions in polymer-based gene delivery systems, such as targeting to specific cells, breaching membrane barriers, facilitating DNA condensation and release, and lowering cytotoxicity. In this review, we systematically summarize the role of peptides in polymer-based gene delivery, and elaborate how to rationally design polymer-peptide based gene delivery vectors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Polymers are widely studied as non-viral gene vectors, but suffer from high cytotoxicity and low transfection efficiency. Incorporating short, bioactive peptides into polymer-based gene delivery systems can address this issue. Peptides demonstrate various functions in polymer-based gene delivery systems, such as targeting to specific cells, breaching membrane barriers, facilitating DNA condensation and release, and lowering cytotoxicity. In this review, we highlight the peptides' roles in polymer-based gene delivery, and elaborate how to utilize various functional peptides to enhance the transfection efficiency of polymers. The optimized peptide-polymer vectors should be able to alter their structures and functions according to biological microenvironments and utilize inherent intracellular pathways of cells, and consequently overcome the barriers during gene delivery to enhance transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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29
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Afonin S, Kubyshkin V, Mykhailiuk PK, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Conformational Plasticity of the Cell-Penetrating Peptide SAP As Revealed by Solid-State 19F-NMR and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6479-6491. [PMID: 28608690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide SAP, which was designed as an amphipathic poly-l-proline helix II (PPII), was suggested to self-assemble into regular fibrils that are relevant for its internalization. Herein we have analyzed the structure of SAP in the membrane-bound state by solid-state 19F-NMR, which revealed other structural states, in addition to the expected surface-aligned PPII. Trifluoromethyl-bicyclopentyl-glycine (CF3-Bpg) and two rigid isomers of trifluoromethyl-4,5-methanoprolines (CF3-MePro) were used as labels for 19F-NMR analysis. The equilibria between different conformations of SAP were studied and were found to be shifted by the substituents at Pro-11. Synchrotron-CD results suggested that substituting Pro-11 by CF3-MePro governed the coil-to-PPII equilibrium in solution and in the presence of a lipid bilayer. Using CD and 19F-NMR, we examined the slow kinetics of the association of SAP with membranes and the dependence of the SAP conformational dynamics on the lipid composition. The peptide did not bind to lipids in the solid ordered phase and aggregated only in the liquid ordered "raft"-like bilayers. Self-association could not be detected in solution or in the presence of liquid disordered membranes. Surface-bound amphipathic SAP in a nonaggregated state was structured as a mixture of nonideal extended conformations reflecting the equilibrium already present in solution, i.e., before binding to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O.B. 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Enamine Ltd. , Vul. Chervonotkatska 78, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Igor V Komarov
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Prosp. Glushkova 4-g, 02033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O.B. 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Long-term regulation of gene expression in muscle cells by systemically delivered siRNA. J Control Release 2017; 256:101-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Gupta K, Puri A, Shapiro BA. Functionalized non-viral cationic vectors for effective siRNA induced cancer therapy. DNA AND RNA NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 4:1-20. [PMID: 34322587 PMCID: PMC8315571 DOI: 10.1515/rnan-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been regarded as a vital asset in the field of therapeutics as it has the capability to silence various disease causing genes including those that cause cancer. Small non-coding RNA molecules such as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are one of the extensively studied RNAi inducers for gene modulations. However, the delivery of RNAi inducers including siRNAs is compromised due to the barriers imposed by the biological system such as degradation by nucleases, rapid clearance, high anionic charge, immunogenicity and off-target effects. Viral vectors, in general exhibit high transfection efficiencies but are expensive and likely to confer immunological and safety issues. Therefore, non-viral cationic vectors (NVCVs) have received considerable attention to not only address these issues but also for developing efficacious siRNA delivery vectors. In this review, we will first discuss the historical development of various NVCVs and then will discuss functionalized NVCVs with linkers that provide stability, as well as respond to the cancer cell environment and with cancer cell receptor specific ligands to explicitly target them for improved siRNA efficacy. Multifunctional NVCVs (MNVCVs) that employ multiple synergistically working components to aid siRNA delivery efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Gupta
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick 21702, MD, USA
| | - Anu Puri
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick 21702, MD, USA
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- RNA Structure and Design Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick 21702, MD, USA
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32
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Marqus S, Pirogova E, Piva TJ. Evaluation of the use of therapeutic peptides for cancer treatment. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:21. [PMID: 28320393 PMCID: PMC5359827 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer along with cardiovascular disease are the main causes of death in the industrialised countries around the World. Conventional cancer treatments are losing their therapeutic uses due to drug resistance, lack of tumour selectivity and solubility and as such there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Therapeutic peptides are a promising and a novel approach to treat many diseases including cancer. They have several advantages over proteins or antibodies: as they are (a) easy to synthesise, (b) have a high target specificity and selectivity and (c) have low toxicity. Therapeutic peptides do have some significant drawbacks related to their stability and short half-life. In this review, strategies used to overcome peptide limitations and to enhance their therapeutic effect will be compared. The use of short cell permeable peptides that interfere and inhibit protein-protein interactions will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marqus
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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33
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Airs PM, Bartholomay LC. RNA Interference for Mosquito and Mosquito-Borne Disease Control. INSECTS 2017; 8:E4. [PMID: 28067782 PMCID: PMC5371932 DOI: 10.3390/insects8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to silence endogenous mosquito and mosquito-borne pathogen genes in vivo. As the number of studies utilizing RNAi in basic research grows, so too does the arsenal of physiological targets that can be developed into products that interrupt mosquito life cycles and behaviors and, thereby, relieve the burden of mosquitoes on human health and well-being. As this technology becomes more viable for use in beneficial and pest insect management in agricultural settings, it is exciting to consider its role in public health entomology. Existing and burgeoning strategies for insecticide delivery could be adapted to function as RNAi trigger delivery systems and thereby expedite transformation of RNAi from the lab to the field for mosquito control. Taken together, development of RNAi-based vector and pathogen management techniques & strategies are within reach. That said, tools for successful RNAi design, studies exploring RNAi in the context of vector control, and studies demonstrating field efficacy of RNAi trigger delivery have yet to be honed and/or developed for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Airs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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34
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Poly(lactic acid) for delivery of bioactive macromolecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:277-288. [PMID: 27349593 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic biomolecules often require frequent administration and supramolecular dosing to achieve therapeutic efficiencies and direct infusion into treatment or defect sites results in inadequate physiological response and at times severe side effects or mis-targeting. Delivery systems serve several purposes such as increased circulatory time, increased biomolecule half-life, and incorporation of new innovations can enable highly specific cell targeting and improved cell and nucleus permeability. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a "material of choice" due to wide availability, reproducible synthetic route, customization, versatility, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, PLA is amenable to a variety of fabrication methodologies and chemistries allowing an expansive library correlating physio-chemical properties, characteristics, and applications. This article discusses challenges to biomolecule delivery, and classical approaches of PLA based biomolecule delivery and targeting strategies under development and in trials.
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35
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Smekalova EM, Kotelevtsev YV, Leboeuf D, Shcherbinina EY, Fefilova AS, Zatsepin TS, Koteliansky V. lncRNA in the liver: Prospects for fundamental research and therapy by RNA interference. Biochimie 2016; 131:159-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Abstract
RNA interference mediated gene silencing has tremendous applicability in fields ranging from basic biological research to clinical therapy. However, delivery of siRNA across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, where the RNA silencing machinery is located, is a significant hurdle in most primary cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), peptides that possess an intrinsic ability to translocate across cell membranes, have been explored as a means to achieve cellular delivery of siRNA. Approaches using CPPs by themselves or through incorporation into other siRNA delivery platforms have been investigated with the intent of improving cytoplasmic delivery. Here, we review the utilization of CPPs for siRNA delivery with a focus on strategies developed to enhance cellular uptake, endosomal escape and cytoplasmic localization of CPP/siRNA complexes.
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37
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Welch JJ, Swanekamp RJ, King C, Dean DA, Nilsson BL. Functional Delivery of siRNA by Disulfide-Constrained Cyclic Amphipathic Peptides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:584-9. [PMID: 27326331 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents to perturb expression of disease-related genes remains unrealized, in part due to challenges with functional cellular delivery of these agents. Herein, we describe disulfide-constrained cyclic amphipathic peptides that complex with short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and affect functional cytosolic delivery and knockdown of target gene products in cell culture and in vivo to mouse lung. Reduction of the constraining disulfide bond and subsequent proteolytic clearance of the peptide are key design features that allow unmasking of the siRNA cargo and presentation to the RNA interference machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade J. Welch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ria J. Swanekamp
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Christiaan King
- Department
of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center,
School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - David A. Dean
- Department
of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center,
School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Bradley L. Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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38
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Sims LB, Curtis LT, Frieboes HB, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Enhanced uptake and transport of PLGA-modified nanoparticles in cervical cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:33. [PMID: 27102372 PMCID: PMC4840861 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncoordinated cellular proliferation and dysregulated angiogenesis in solid tumors are coupled with inadequate tissue, blood, and lymphatic vascularization. Consequently, tumors are often characterized by hypoxic regions with limited access to vascular-borne substances. In particular, systemically administered nanoparticles (NPs) targeting tumor cells and relying on vascular access to reach tumor tissue can suffer from limited therapeutic efficacy due to inhomogeneous intra-tumor distribution and insufficient cellular internalization of NPs. To circumvent these challenges, NP surfaces can be modified to facilitate tumor interstitial transport and cellular uptake. RESULTS We create poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid NPs modified with MPG, polyethylene glycol (PEG), MPG/PEG, and Vimentin (VIM), and evaluate their cellular uptake in 2D (monolayer) cell culture of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa). We compare NP performance by evaluating uptake by non-cancerous vaginal (VK2) cells. We further assess NP interstitial transport in hypo-vascularized lesions by evaluating the effect of the various modifications on NP penetration in 3D cell culture of the HeLa cells. Results show that after 24 h incubation with HeLa cells in monolayer, MPG, MPG/PEG, PEG, and VIM NPs were internalized at 66×, 24×, 30×, and 15× that of unmodified NPs, respectively. In contrast, incubation with VK2 cells in monolayer showed that MPG , MPG/PEG , PEG , and VIM NPs internalized at 6.3×, 4.3×, 12.4×, and 3.0× that of unmodified NPs, respectively. Uptake was significantly enhanced in tumorigenic vs. normal cells, with internalization of MPG NPs by HeLa cells being twice that of PEG NPs by VK2 cells. After 24 h incubation in HeLa 3D cell culture, MPG and MPG/PEGNPs were internalized 2× and 3× compared to PEG and VIM NPs, respectively. Whereas MPG NPs were internalized mostly in the cell culture periphery (1.2×, 1.4×, and 2.7× that of PEG, MPG/PEG, and VIM NPs, respectively), PEG NPs at 250 μm penetrated 2× farther into the tissue culture than MPG NPs. For all NP types, cellular internalization was severely hindered in 3D compared to monolayer. CONCLUSIONS Although MPG surface modification enhances internalization and uptake in hypo-vascularized cervical tissue culture, coating with PEG reduces this internalization while enhancing penetration. A delivery strategy combining NPs with either modification may balance cellular internalization vs. tissue penetration in hypo-vascularized cervical cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock, CTRB 623, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - Louis T Curtis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock, CTRB 623, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock, CTRB 623, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock, CTRB 623, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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39
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He H, Zheng N, Song Z, Kim KH, Yao C, Zhang R, Zhang C, Huang Y, Uckun FM, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Yin L. Suppression of Hepatic Inflammation via Systemic siRNA Delivery by Membrane-Disruptive and Endosomolytic Helical Polypeptide Hybrid Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1859-70. [PMID: 26811880 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory diseases represents one of the biggest clinical challenges. RNA interference (RNAi) against TNF-α provides a promising modality toward anti-inflammation therapy, but its therapeutic potential is greatly hampered by the by the lack of efficient siRNA delivery vehicles in vivo. Herein, we report a hybrid nanoparticulate (HNP) system based on a cationic helical polypeptide PPABLG for the efficient delivery of TNF-α siRNA. The helical structure of PPABLG features pore formation on cellular and endosomal membranes to facilitate the direct translocation as well as endosomal escape of TNF-α siRNA in macrophages, representing a unique superiority to a majority of the existing polycation-based gene vectors that experience severe endosomal entrapment and lysosomal degradation. As such, HNPs containing TNF-α siRNA afforded effective systemic TNF-α knockdown following systemic administration at a low dose of 50 μg of siRNA/kg and thus demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory effect to rescue animals from LPS/d-GalN-induced hepatic sepsis. This study therefore verifies that the bioactive secondary structure of polypeptides significantly dominates the in vivo siRNA delivery efficiency, and the unique properties of PPABLG HNPs render remarkable potentials for anti-inflammation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fatih M Uckun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital , Los Angeles, California 90027, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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40
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Steinbach JM, Seo YE, Saltzman WM. Cell penetrating peptide-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles with enhanced cell internalization. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:49-61. [PMID: 26602822 PMCID: PMC4695306 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the intracellular delivery of drugs, proteins, and genetic agents. Here we studied the effect of different surface ligands, including cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), on the cell binding and internalization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA) NPs. Relative to unmodified NPs, we observed that surface-modified NPs greatly enhanced cell internalization. Using one CPP, MPG (unabbreviated notation), that achieved the highest degree of internalization at both low and high surface modification densities, we evaluated the effect of two different NP surface chemistries on cell internalization. After 2h, avidin-MPG NPs enhanced cellular internalization by 5 to 26-fold relative to DSPE-MPG NP formulations. Yet, despite a 5-fold increase in MPG density on DSPE compared to Avidin NPs, both formulations resulted in similar internalization levels (48 and 64-fold, respectively) after 24h. Regardless of surface modification, all NPs were internalized through an energy-dependent, clathrin-mediated process, and became dispersed throughout the cell. Overall both Avidin- and DSPE-CPP modified NPs significantly increased internalization and offer promising delivery options for applications in which internalization presents challenges to efficacious delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Steinbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Young-Eun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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41
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Margus H, Arukuusk P, Langel Ü, Pooga M. Characteristics of Cell-Penetrating Peptide/Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:172-9. [PMID: 26561739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are highly promising candidates for the treatment of various genetic diseases. However, due to the large size and negative charge, nucleic acids are not efficiently taken up by cells, and thus, their clinical potential remains limited so far. Therefore, various delivery vehicles have been designed to assist the cellular uptake of nucleic acids. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have gained increasing popularity as efficient and nontoxic delivery vectors. CPPs can be coupled to nucleic acids either by covalent or noncovalent association. Noncovalent coupling, which is based on the formation of nanoparticle-like nanocomplexes (NP), has received much attention in recent years, and the number of studies employing the strategy is explosively increasing due to the high therapeutic potential. However, the properties of CPP/nucleic acid NPs have not been characterized in sufficient detail yet. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the size and morphology of nucleic acid nanoparticles with novel transfection peptides, PepFects (PFs) and NickFects (NFs), using negative staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, we examined whether the attachment of fluorescence or (nano)gold label to nucleic acid affects the nanocomplex formation or its morphology. We demonstrated that transportan-10-based new generation CPPs from PF and NF families condense nucleic acids to NPs of homogeneous size and shape. The size and shape of assembled nanoparticles depend on the type of the complexed nucleic acid and the sequence of the used peptide, whereas the label on the nucleic acid does not influence the gross characteristics of formed NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helerin Margus
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , Tartu 50411, Estonia.,Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University , S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
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42
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Chen ZP, Li M, Zhang LJ, He JY, Wu L, Xiao YY, Duan JA, Cai T, Li WD. Mitochondria-targeted drug delivery system for cancer treatment. J Drug Target 2015; 24:492-502. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Liu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Jia-Yu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Yan-Yu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China and
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43
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Hou KK, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. A role for peptides in overcoming endosomal entrapment in siRNA delivery - A focus on melittin. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:931-40. [PMID: 26025036 PMCID: PMC4540690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
siRNA has the possibility to revolutionize medicine by enabling highly specific and efficient silencing of proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite nearly 20 years of research dedicated to translating siRNA from a research tool into a clinically relevant therapeutic, minimal success has been had to date. Access to RNA interference machinery located in the cytoplasm is often overlooked, but must be considered when designing the next generation of siRNA delivery strategies. Peptide transduction domains (PTDs) have demonstrated moderate siRNA transfection, which is primarily limited by endosomal entrapment. Strategies aimed at overcoming endosomal entrapment associated with peptide vectors are reviewed here, including osmotic methods, lipid conjugation, and fusogenic peptides. As an alternative to traditional PTD, the hemolytic peptide melittin exhibits the native capacity for endosomal disruption but causes cytotoxicity. However, appropriate packaging and protection of melittin with activation and release in the endosomal compartment has allowed melittin-based strategies to demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy. These data suggest that melittin's membrane disruptive properties can enable safe and effective endosomolysis, building a case for melittin as a key component in a new generation of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk K Hou
- Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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44
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Li H, Tsui TY, Ma W. Intracellular Delivery of Molecular Cargo Using Cell-Penetrating Peptides and the Combination Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19518-36. [PMID: 26295227 PMCID: PMC4581311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can cross cellular membranes in a non-toxic fashion, improving the intracellular delivery of various molecular cargos such as nanoparticles, small molecules and plasmid DNA. Because CPPs provide a safe, efficient, and non-invasive mode of transport for various cargos into cells, they have been developed as vectors for the delivery of genetic and biologic products in recent years. Most common CPPs are positively charged peptides. While delivering negatively charged molecules (e.g., nucleic acids) to target cells, the internalization efficiency of CPPs is reduced and inhibited because the cationic charges on the CPPs are neutralized through the covering of CPPs by cargos on the structure. Even under these circumstances, the CPPs can still be non-covalently complexed with the negatively charged molecules. To address this issue, combination strategies of CPPs with other typical carriers provide a promising and novel delivery system. This review summarizes the latest research work in using CPPs combined with molecular cargos including liposomes, polymers, cationic peptides, nanoparticles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and calcium for the delivery of genetic products, especially for small interfering RNA (siRNA). This combination strategy remedies the reduced internalization efficiency caused by neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tung Yu Tsui
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.
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45
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Child HW, Hernandez Y, Conde J, Mullin M, Baptista P, de la Fuente JM, Berry CC. Gold nanoparticle-siRNA mediated oncogene knockdown at RNA and protein level, with associated gene effects. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2513-25. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: RNAi is a powerful tool for gene silencing that can be used to reduce undesirable overexpression of oncogenes as a novel form of cancer treatment. However, when using RNAi as a therapeutic tool there is potential for associated gene effects. This study aimed to utilize gold nanoparticles to deliver siRNA into HeLa cells. Results: Knockdown of the c-myc oncogene by RNAi, at the RNA, protein and cell proliferation level was achieved, while also identifying associated gene responses. Discussion: The gold nanoparticles used in this study present an excellent delivery platform for siRNA, but do note associated gene changes. Conclusion: The study highlights the need to more widely assess the cell physiological response to RNAi treatment, rather than focus on the immediate RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulán Hernandez
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n Zaragoza, Spain
| | - João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Margaret Mullin
- Integrated Microscopy Facility, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow University, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pedro Baptista
- UCIBIO, CIGMH, Departamento de Ciencias da Vida, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jesus Maria de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, University of Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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46
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Guan X, Hu X, Cui F, Li Y, Jing X, Xie Z. EGFP-Based Protein Nanoparticles with Cell-Penetrating Peptide for Efficient siRNA Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1484-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Life Science Research Center; Beihua University; Jilin 132013 P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Fengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xiabing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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47
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Light-activated RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 63:70-9. [PMID: 26086448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe a near infrared (NIR) light-activated gene silencing method in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC) using a plasmonic hollow gold nanoshell (HGN) as the siRNA carrier. Our modular biotin-streptavidin coupling strategy enables positively charged TAT-peptide to coat oligonucleotides-saturated nanoparticles as a stable colloid formation. TAT-peptide coated nanoparticles with dense siRNA loading show efficient penetration into a wide variety of hESC cell lines. The siRNA is freed from the nanoparticles and delivered to the cytosol by femtosecond pulses of NIR light with potentially exquisite spatial and temporal control. The effectiveness of this approach is shown by targeting GFP and Oct4 genes in undifferentiated hESC (H9). The accelerated expression of differentiation markers for all three germ layers resulting from Oct4 knockdown confirms that this method has no detectable adverse effects that limit the range of differentiation. This biocompatible and NIR laser-activated patterning method makes possible single cell resolution of siRNA delivery for diverse studies in stem cell biology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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48
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Ma JL, Wang H, Wang YL, Luo YH, Liu CB. Enhanced Peptide Delivery into Cells by Using the Synergistic Effects of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide and a Chemical Drug to Alter Cell Permeability. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2040-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500838r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong-Huang Luo
- Chongqing
Engineering Technology Research Centre of Veterinary Drug, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
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49
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Chen W, Liu X, Xiao Y, Tang R. Overcoming multiple drug resistance by spatial-temporal synchronization of epirubicin and pooled siRNAs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1775-1781. [PMID: 25641804 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One-pot solution mineralization can encapsulate epirubicin (EPI) and pooled siRNAs (Pgp and Bcl-2 siRNAs) in calcium phosphate (CaP). The resulting EPI-RNA-CaP nanocomplexes can achieve a spatial-temporal synchronous effect to full-scale overcome sophisticated multiple drug resistance (MDR) by simultaneous inhibitions of drug efflux and intracellular anti-apoptotic defense to maximize the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
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50
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Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834079. [PMID: 25883975 PMCID: PMC4391616 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viral and nonviral systems have been developed to aid delivery of biologically active molecules into cells. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received increasing attention in the past two decades for biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on opportunities and challenges associated with CPP delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials. We first describe the nature of versatile CPPs and their interactions with various types of cargoes. We then discuss in vivo and in vitro delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by CPPs. Studies on the mechanisms of cellular entry and limitations in the methods used are detailed.
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