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Chen J, Ye Y, Yang Q, Fan Z, Shao Y, Wei X, Shi K, Dong J, Ma Y, Zhu J. Understanding the role of swirling flow in dry powder inhalers implications for design considerations and pulmonary delivery. J Control Release 2024; 373:410-425. [PMID: 39038545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are widely employed to treat respiratory diseases, offering numerous advantages such as high dose capacity and stable formulations. However, they usually face challenges in achieving sufficient pulmonary drug delivery and minimizing excessive oropharyngeal deposition. This review provides a new viewpoint to address these challenges by focusing on the role of swirling flow, a crucial yet under-researched aspect that induces strong turbulence. In the review, we comprehensively discuss both key classic designs (tangential inlet, swirling chamber, grid mesh, and mouthpiece) and innovative designs in inhalers, exploring how the induced swirling flow initiates powder dispersion and promotes delivery efficiency. Valuable design considerations to effectively coordinate inhalers with formulations and patients are also provided. It is highlighted that the delicate manipulation of swirling flow is essential to maximize benefits. By emphasizing the role of swirling flow and its potential application, this review offers promising insights for advancing DPI technology and optimizing therapeutic outcomes in inhaled therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Chen
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 211 Xingguang Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuqing Ye
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 211 Xingguang Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Particle Technology Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd, 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxin Road, Suzhou 215125, China.
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Particle Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ziyi Fan
- Particle Technology Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 211 Xingguang Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wei
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 211 Xingguang Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Kaiqi Shi
- Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd, 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxin Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd, 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxin Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Particle Technology Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd, 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxin Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Jesse Zhu
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 211 Xingguang Road, Ningbo 315100, China; Particle Technology Research Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada; Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315200, China.
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2
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Weers JG. Design of dry powder inhalers to improve patient outcomes: it's not just about the device. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:365-380. [PMID: 38630860 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2343894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 50% of asthma/COPD patients make critical errors in dose preparation and dose inhalation with current marketed DPIs which negatively impact clinical outcomes. Others fail to adhere to their chronic treatment regimen. AREAS COVERED For this review, we describe how a human-factors approach to design of a dry powder inhaler can be used to improve usability, proficiency, and functionality of DPIs, while effectively mitigating critical errors associated with DPIs. The review highlights the critical importance of utilizing improved formulations with monomodal aerodynamic particle size distributions to reduce variability associated with oropharyngeal filtering of particles, flow rate dependence, and co-formulation effects. EXPERT OPINION Much of the variability in dose delivery with DPIs is associated with limitations of the bimodal APSDs inherent in current lactose blend formulations. Evidence supports that improved lung targeting and dose consistency can be achieved with drug-device combination products comprising spray-dried powders. Unfortunately, no data exists to assess whether these advances observed in in vitro and in vivo dose delivery studies will translate into improved clinical outcomes. Given the significant percentage of patients that receive suboptimal drug delivery with current DPIs it would behoove the industry to assess the efficacy of new approaches.
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3
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Thalberg K, Matilainen L, Heinonen E, Eriksson P, Husman-Piirainen J, Autio M, Lyberg AM, Göransson S, Kirjavainen M, Lähelmä S. Mixing energy as an adjustment tool for aerodynamic behaviour of an inhaled product: In-vitro and in-vivo effects. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123755. [PMID: 38163524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a fixed dose dry powder combination of indacaterol maleate (Inda) and glycopyrronium bromide (Glyco) in Easyhaler® inhaler for a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) study, as well as the outcome of such a study. The development aim was to produce formulations with three different in vitro dispersibility profiles for both Inda and Glyco. This so-called 'rake' approach allows for quantitation of the candidate formulations relative to the reference product Ultibro® Breezhaler® in terms of the key PK parameters. Three formulations (A, B and C) were produced based on the mixing energy concept. For both APIs, formulation A (lowest mixing energy) displayed the highest fine particle fractions and formulation C (highest mixing energy) the lowest. GMP manufacturing confirmed the performance of the three formulations. The candidate formulations were tested against the reference product in a single dose PK study in healthy volunteers. Clear differences in Inda plasma concentration profiles were observed between the treatments when administered concomitantly with charcoal, with Easyhaler A showing the highest Cmax value and Easyhaler C the lowest. Easyhaler B was bioequivalent to Ultibro Breezhaler with regard to the primary PK parameters of Inda, Cmax and AUC72h. For Glyco, Easyhaler formulations A, B and C provided lower peak concentrations than Ultibro Breezhaler. For AUC72h of Glyco, Easyhaler B was bioequivalent to the reference product. Additional measures for adjustment of formulation performance can be foreseen, whose effects can be predicted based on mixing energy theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Dept of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Emmace Consulting AB, Lund, Sweden.
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4
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Thalberg K, Ivarsson L, Svensson M, Elfman P, Ohlsson A, Stuckel J, Lyberg AM. The effect of mixing on the dispersibility of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. Comparison of high shear and Turbula mixers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106679. [PMID: 38128841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of different mixers and the applicability of the mixing energy (ME) concept to dry powder formulations for inhalation. With the aim to step-wise build and expand this concept, adhesive mixtures of 2 % budesonide and lactose carrier were investigated, both with 1 % magnesium stearate (MgSt) added in a 'coating' step, and without, the latter referred to as 'naked' formulations. For high shear mixed formulations, the fine particle fraction (FPF) was found to increase with increasing ME up to 60 % and thereafter decreased, using the Novolizer device. The data could be well fitted to the modeling equation, thus confirming the validity of the ME concept. The naked formulations displayed a linear decrease in FPF with increasing ME, again showing the validity of the ME concept. For Turbula mixed formulations, FPF increased with increased mixing time (and mixing energy) for all batches. The naked (binary) composition reached to higher FPF values than for high shear mixing and the formulation with MgSt reached to FPF values around 60 %, demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the same high drug dispersibility with the Turbula mixer as for high shear mixer. An equation for calculation of mixing energy in Turbula mixing was set up in an analogous way to the equation for high shear mixing, which enabled direct comparison between the two mixers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden; Emmace Consulting AB, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Love Ivarsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Sweden
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5
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Janssen PH, Bisharat LM, Bastiaansen M. Complexities related to the amorphous content of lactose carriers. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100216. [PMID: 37953972 PMCID: PMC10632108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the amount of amorphous content in lactose is low, its impact on the performance of a dry powder inhalation formulation might be high. Many formulators and regulatory agencies believe that the levels of amorphous content should be controlled once there is a relationship with the final product performance. This is however not an easy task. The current paper elaborates on multiple challenges and complexities that are related to the control of the amorphous content in lactose. The definition and quantification methods of amorphous lactose are reviewed, as well as challenges related to thermodynamic instability. Additionally, current monographs and recent position papers considering this parameter are discussed to provide an overview of the regulatory landscape. Development of a control strategy is recommended, provided that the amorphous content at a specific moment in the process has shown to have an impact on the performance of the dry powder inhaler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline H.M. Janssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Bio pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- DFE Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Klever Str. 187, Goch 47574, Germany
| | - Lorina M.N. Bisharat
- DFE Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Klever Str. 187, Goch 47574, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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6
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Magramane S, Vlahović K, Gordon P, Kállai-Szabó N, Zelkó R, Antal I, Farkas D. Inhalation Dosage Forms: A Focus on Dry Powder Inhalers and Their Advancements. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1658. [PMID: 38139785 PMCID: PMC10747137 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, an extensive analysis of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is offered, focusing on their characteristics, formulation, stability, and manufacturing. The advantages of pulmonary delivery were investigated, as well as the significance of the particle size in drug deposition. The preparation of DPI formulations was also comprehensively explored, including physico-chemical characterization of powders, powder processing techniques, and formulation considerations. In addition to manufacturing procedures, testing methods were also discussed, providing insights into the development and evaluation of DPI formulations. This review also explores the design basics and critical attributes specific to DPIs, highlighting the significance of their optimization to achieve an effective inhalation therapy. Additionally, the morphology and stability of 3 DPI capsules (Spiriva, Braltus, and Onbrez) were investigated, offering valuable insights into the properties of these formulations. Altogether, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DPIs and their development, performance, and optimization of inhalation dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Magramane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Kristina Vlahović
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Péter Gordon
- Department of Electronics Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry J. Str. 18, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7–9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
| | - Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (S.M.); (K.V.); (I.A.)
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7
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Lou H, Ding L, Wu T, Li W, Khalaf R, Smyth HDC, Reid DL. Emerging Process Modeling Capabilities for Dry Powder Operations for Inhaled Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5332-5344. [PMID: 37783568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) products are commonly formulated as a mixture of micronized drug particles and large carrier particles, with or without additional fine particle excipients, followed by final powder filling into dose containment systems such as capsules, blisters, or reservoirs. DPI product manufacturing consists of a series of unit operations, including particle size reduction, blending, and filling. This review provides an overview of the relevant critical process parameters used for jet milling, high-shear blending, and dosator/drum capsule filling operations across commonly utilized instruments. Further, this review describes the recent achievements regarding the application of empirical and mechanistic models, especially discrete element method (DEM) simulation, in DPI process development. Although to date only limited modeling/simulation work has been accomplished, in the authors' perspective, process design and development are destined to be more modeling/simulation driven with the emphasis on evaluating the impact of material attributes/process parameters on process performance. The advancement of computational power is expected to enable modeling/simulation approaches to tackle more complex problems with better accuracy when dealing with real-world DPI process operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Li Ding
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tian Wu
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Weikun Li
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ryan Khalaf
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 West University Avenue, PHR 4.214, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Darren L Reid
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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8
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Tang P, Kakhi M, Albariqi A, Ravindra Babu Behara S, Walenga R, Yang R, Chan HK. The role of capsule aperture size on the dispersion of carrier-based formulation at different air flowrates. Int J Pharm 2023:123152. [PMID: 37339687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of capsule aperture size on the aerosol performance of lactose blend formulation was studied using Foradil® (containing 12 μg of formoterol fumarate (FF1) and 24 mg of lactose) dispersed with a powder inhaler Aerolizer® at increasing air flowrates. Apertures sizes of 0.4, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.0 mm were introduced at the opposite ends of the capsule. The formulation was dispersed into a Next Generation Impactor (NGI) at 30, 60 and 90 L/min, with the fine particle fractions (FPFrec and FPFem) measured by chemical assay of FF and lactose using high-performance liquid chromatography. Particle size distribution (PSD) of FF particles dispersed in wet media was also characterized by laser diffraction. FPFrec showed a stronger dependency on the flowrate than the capsule aperture size. The most efficient dispersion was achieved at 90 L/min. At a given flowrate, FPFem remained broadly constant across different aperture sizes. The laser diffraction studies demonstrated the presence of large agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tang
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maziar Kakhi
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed Albariqi
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Srinivas Ravindra Babu Behara
- Division of Immediate and Modified Release Products III, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Runyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Ye Y, Fan Z, Ma Y, Zhu J. Investigation on the Influence of Design Features on the Performance of Dry Powder Inhalers: Spiral Channel, Mouthpiece Dimension, and Gas Inlet. Int J Pharm 2023:123116. [PMID: 37302669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As inhaler design is rarely studied but critically important in pulmonary drug delivery, this study investigated the influence of inhaler designs, including a novel spiral channel, mouthpiece dimensions (diameter and length) as well as gas inlet. Experimental dispersion of a carrier-based formulation in conjugation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, was performed to determine how the designs affect inhaler performance. Results reveal that inhalers with a narrow spiral channel could effectively increase drug-carrier detachment by introducing high velocity and strong turbulent flow in the mouthpiece, although the drug retention in the device is significantly high. It is also found that reducing mouthpiece diameter and gas inlet size could greatly improve the fine particle dose delivered to the lungs, whereas the mouthpiece length plays a trivial influence on the aerosolization performance. This study contributes toward a better understanding of inhaler designs as relevant to overall inhaler performance, and sheds light on how the designs affect device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ye
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou, 215125, China
| | - Ziyi Fan
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ying Ma
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou, 215125, China
| | - Jesse Zhu
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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10
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Sarangi S, Simonsson A, Frenning G. Segregation in inhalable powders: Quantification of the effect of vibration on adhesive mixtures. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:107-119. [PMID: 37100091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of induced vibrations on adhesive mixtures containing budesonide and salbutamol sulphate as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and InhaLac 70 as carrier. A series of adhesive mixtures with varied API concentration (1-4%) was prepared for each API. Half of the adhesive mixture was stressed on a vibrating sieve under conditions resembling hopper flow. Based on scanning electron micrographs, it was concluded that InhaLac 70 contains particles of two distinct shapes, one irregular with groves and valleys and the other more regular with well defined edges. The dispersibility of the control and stressed mixtures was studied using a next generation impactor. The stressed mixtures containing 1 and 1.5% API displayed a significant reduction in fine particle dose (FPD) compared to the control. The reduction in FPD resulted from a loss of API from the adhesive mixture during vibration and as a consequence of restructuring and self agglomeration resulting in reduced dispersibility. However, no significant difference was observed for mixtures with larger weight fractions of API (2 and 4% API) but these have a drawback of reduced fine particle fraction (FPF). It is concluded that vibrations induced on the adhesive mixtures during handling potentially have a significant effect on the dispersibility of the API and the total amount of drug delivered to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Swedish Drug Delivery Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Simonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Swedish Drug Delivery Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Frenning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Swedish Drug Delivery Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Ren A, Koleng JJ, Costello M, Spahn JE, Smyth HDC, Zhang F. Twin-Screw Continuous Mixing Can Produce Dry Powder Inhalation Mixtures for Pulmonary Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:272-281. [PMID: 36228755 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of twin-screw corotating extruder as a continuous process mixer to prepare dry powder inhalation (DPI) powders was investigated. Interactive mixtures of 1% micronized budesonide, 0.3% magnesium stearate and 98.7% alpha-lactose monohydrate were manufactured using a Leistritz Nano-16 extruder at various processing conditions. One set of GFM (grooved mixing) elements were included in the screw profile to provide distributive mixing of conveyed powders with the goal of resulting in a homogeneous mixture. Residence time in the twin-screw mixer was modelled to quantify mixing efficiency. Comparative powders were also prepared using either low or high-shear batch mixing to compare the effect of mixing methods on the properties of the budesonide dry powder inhalation formulation. Twin screw mixing results in homogeneous mixtures with aerosol performance comparable to that of high-shear batch mixing. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that twin screw mixing produces particles with morphology like that of low and high-shear batch mixing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified that there was no form change of the drug due to twin-screw processing. Statistical regression was used to probe the relationship between twin screw mixing process parameters such as screw speed and feed rate and aerosol performance. The twin screw mixing process was found to be robust, as no significant differences in aerosol performance were found for various processing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ren
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA
| | - John J Koleng
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mark Costello
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jamie E Spahn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave, Austin TX, 78712, USA.
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12
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Predicting in vitro lung deposition behavior of combined dry powder inhaler via rheological properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 181:195-206. [PMID: 36400254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) for pulmonary delivery is currently the primary treatment for asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), an increasing number of combined DPIs (containing two or more drugs in one inhaler) have been developed to complement the effect of single DPIs. Based on our previous studies, the rheological properties can be a potential tool used to predict the in vitro lung deposition behavior of DPI formulations. However, it is unknown whether such a prediction model is suitable for combination systems. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the applicability of using powder rheological properties to predict in vitro drug deposition behavior in combined DPI formulations. Two drugs (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate) and their combination of DPI formulations were prepared using fine lactose content (in the range of 1%-20%) as a variable. The physicochemical properties of the powder mixtures such as particle size and content uniformity were characterized. The rheological properties of the powder mixtures were measured by FT4 rheometer, the aerodynamic behavior of the DPI formulations was evaluated by a new generation impactor (NGI), and the effect of flowability and adhesion on the deposition of the fine particle fraction (FPF) was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the combined DPI formulations with larger particle interaction forces have certain differences from the aerodynamic behavior of the single DPI formulations. The regularity of rheological properties affecting FPF revealed in single DPI is still applicable to combined DPI, the parameters basic flowability energy (BFE), representing flowability, and flow factor (ff), Cohesion representing adhesion, can be well linearly related to the FPF. The results of the principal component analysis showed that better flowability and suitable adhesion contributed to higher in vitro deposition of the drug in the formulation, and the contribution of adhesion (75.42%) was greater than that of flowability (24.58%). In conclusion, rheological properties is an effective tool for predicting the deposition behavior of DPI not only in single but also in combined DPIs.
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13
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Sarangi S, Frenning G. Effective friction in adhesive mixtures intended for inhalation: Simulation of oblique impact of adhesive units. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Abiona O, Wyatt D, Koner J, Mohammed A. The Optimisation of Carrier Selection in Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation and the Role of Surface Energetics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2707. [PMID: 36359226 PMCID: PMC9687551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the effects of particle properties on drug-carrier interactions in the preparation of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation, including appropriate mixing technology. The interactive effects of carrier properties on DPI formulation performance make it difficult to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between any one carrier property and its effect on the performance of a DPI formulation. Alpha lactose monohydrate remains the most widely used carrier for DPI formulations. The physicochemical properties of α-lactose monohydrate particles, such as particle size, shape and solid form, are profoundly influenced by the method of production. Therefore, wide variations in these properties are inevitable. In this review, the role of surface energetics in the optimisation of dry powder inhaler formulations is considered in lactose carrier selection. Several useful lactose particle modification methods are discussed as well as the use of fine lactose and force control agents in formulation development. It is concluded that where these have been investigated, the empirical nature of the studies does not permit early formulation prediction of product performance, rather they only allow the evaluation of final formulation quality. The potential to leverage particle interaction dynamics through the use of an experimental design utilising quantifiable lactose particle properties and critical quality attributes, e.g., surface energetics, is explored, particularly with respect to when a Quality-by-Design approach has been used in optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Abiona
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - David Wyatt
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Jasdip Koner
- Aston Particle Technologies Ltd., Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Afzal Mohammed
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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15
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Hebbink GA, Jaspers M, Peters HJW, Dickhoff BHJ. Recent developments in lactose blend formulations for carrier-based dry powder inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114527. [PMID: 36070848 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lactose is the most commonly used excipient in carrier-based dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations. Numerous inhalation therapies have been developed using lactose as a carrier material. Several theories have described the role of carriers in DPI formulations. Although these theories are valuable, each DPI formulation is unique and are not described by any single theory. For each new formulation, a specific development trajectory is required, and the versatility of lactose can be exploited to optimize each formulation. In this review, recent developments in lactose-based DPI formulations are discussed. The effects of varying the material properties of lactose carrier particles, such as particle size, shape, and morphology are reviewed. Owing to the complex interactions between the particles in a formulation, processing adhesive mixtures of lactose with the active ingredient is crucial. Therefore, blending and filling processes for DPI formulations are also reviewed. While the role of ternary agents, such as magnesium stearate, has increased, lactose remains the excipient of choice in carrier-based DPI formulations. Therefore, new developments in lactose-based DPI formulations are crucial in the optimization of inhalable medicine performance.
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16
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Ye Y, Ma Y, Fan Z, Zhu J. The effects of grid design on the performance of 3D-printed dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122230. [PMID: 36162608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grid structure is an indispensable part of most dry powder inhalers, but the effects of grid geometry on inhaler performance are rarely reported. This study aims to systemically investigate the influence of grid design on the aerosolization performance of capsule-based inhalers through experiments and computational analysis. In-vitro aerosolization and deposition performance of commercial and 3D-printed customized inhalers with different grid mesh designs were experimentally studied using a Next Generation Impactor (NGI). Flow fields in the inhalers were generated, and average turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and airstream trajectories were obtained through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, delineating the effects of the different grid designs. Comparative studies using the commercial inhalers and the 3D-printed inhalers show a slightly better performance for the latter, probably due to the different materials used for the inhalers, confirming the suitability of 3D printing. Experimental results show that intensive grid meshes with a relatively small aperture size are beneficial to enhancing inhaler performance. Computational results illustrate that the intensive grid meshes can reduce vortexed airstreams and increase turbulent kinetic energy at the grids in general, which also supports the experimental results. In summary, inhalers with intensive grid meshes are preferred for capsule-based inhalers to enhance aerosolization performance. These findings have significant implications for the comprehensive understanding of how grid designs influence inhaler performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Ye
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Ying Ma
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada; Suzhou Inhal Pharma Co., Ltd., 502-Bldf A SIP, 108 Yuxi Road, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Ziyi Fan
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jesse Zhu
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada.
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17
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A CFD-DEM investigation of powder transport and aerosolization in ELLIPTA® dry powder inhaler. POWDER TECHNOL 2022; 409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Guan J, Yuan H, Yu S, Mao S, Tony Zhou Q. Spray dried inhalable ivacaftor co-amorphous microparticle formulations with leucine achieved enhanced in vitro dissolution and superior aerosol performance. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121859. [PMID: 35643348 PMCID: PMC10017267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop inhalable powder formulations with both dissolution enhancement and superior aerodynamic properties for potential pulmonary delivery of a poorly water-soluble drug, ivacaftor (IVA). The IVA-leucine (LEU) microparticle formulations were produced by spray drying and the physicochemical, aerosolization and cytotoxicity properties were characterized. Co-amorphous microparticle formulation was formed at the IVA: LEU 3:1 M ratio with hydrogen bond interactions as indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. Dissolution rate of the co-spray dried formulations was significantly improved as compared with the IVA alone or physical mixtures. The co-spray dried formulations exhibited > 80% fine particle fraction (FPF) and > 95% emitted dose percentage (ED) values respectively, with superior physical and aerosolization stability under 40℃ at 75% RH for 30 days. The laser scanning confocal microscopy results demonstrated that more IVA was uptake by Calu-3 cell lines for the co-spray dried formulation. In summary, our results demonstrated that co-spray drying IVA with LEU could achieve enhanced in vitro release and superior aerodynamic properties for pulmonary delivery of IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Huiya Yuan
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Liaoning Province, China; China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, China
| | - Shihui Yu
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Lab of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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19
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Spahn JE, Zhang F, Smyth HDC. Mixing of dry powders for inhalation: A review. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121736. [PMID: 35405281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The process of solids mixing is applied across a considerable range of industries. Pharmaceutical science is one of those industries that utilizes solids mixing extensively. Specifically, solids mixing as a key factor in the preparation of dry powder inhalers using the ordered mixing process will be discussed here. This review opens with a history of dry powder mixing theory, continues to ordered mixing in the preparation for dry powder inhalers, details key interparticulate interactions, explains formulation components for dry powder blends, and finally discusses different types of mixers used in the production of dry powder blends for inhalation. Lastly, the authors offer some suggestions for future work on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Spahn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA.
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20
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Abadelah M, Thevarajah U, Ahmed M, Seton L, Supuk E, Conway BR, Larhrib H. Novel spherical lactose produced by solid state crystallisation as a carrier for aerosolised salbutamol sulphate, beclomethasone dipropionate and fluticasone propionate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Etschmann C, Scherließ R. Formulation of rifampicin softpellets for high dose delivery to the lungs with a novel high dose dry powder inhaler. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Sulaiman M, Liu X, Sundaresan S. Effects of dose loading conditions and device geometry on the transport and aerosolization in dry powder inhalers: A simulation study. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121219. [PMID: 34699949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transport and aerosolization of particles are studied in several different dry powder inhaler geometries via Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) simulations. These simulations combine Large Eddy Simulation of gas with Discrete Element Model simulation of all the carrier particles and a representative subset of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles. The purpose of the study is to probe the dominant mechanism leading to the release of the API particles and to demonstrate the value of the CFD-DEM simulations where one tracks the motion of all the carrier and API particles. Simulations are performed at different inhalation rates and initial dose loading conditions for the screen-haler geometry, a simple cylindrical tube inhaler, and five different geometry modifications that took the form of bumpy walls and baffles. These geometry modifications alter the residence time of the powder sample in the inhaler, pressure drop across the inhaler, the severity of gas-carrier interactions, and the number of collisions experienced by the carrier particles, all of which are quantified. The quality of aerosolization is found to correlate with the average air-carrier slip velocity, while collisions played only a secondary role. Some geometry modifications improved aerosolization quality with very little increase in the pressure drop across the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sankaran Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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23
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Alfano FO, Benassi A, Gaspari R, Di Renzo A, Di Maio FP. Full-Scale DEM Simulation of Coupled Fluid and Dry-Coated Particle Flow in Swirl-Based Dry Powder Inhalers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Benassi
- DP Manufacturing & Innovation, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, 43122 Parma, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Gaspari
- DP Manufacturing & Innovation, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, 43122 Parma, Italy
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24
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Sarangi S, Thalberg K, Frenning G. Effect of carrier size and mechanical properties on adhesive unit stability for inhalation: A numerical study. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Roflumilast Powders for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Formulation Design and the Influence of Device, Inhalation Flow Rate, and Storage Relative Humidity on Aerosolization. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081254. [PMID: 34452215 PMCID: PMC8400286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Roflumilast is currently administered orally to control acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and weight loss have limited its application. This work aimed to develop an inhalable roflumilast formulation to reduce the dose and potentially circumvent the associated toxicity. Roflumilast was cospray-dried with trehalose and L-leucine with varied feed concentrations and spray-gas flow rates to produce the desired dry powder. A Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) was used to assess the aerosolization efficiency. In addition, different devices (Aerolizer, Rotahaler, and Handihaler) and flow rates were used to investigate their effects on the aerosolization efficiency. A cytotoxicity assay was also performed. The powders produced under optimized conditions were partially amorphous and had low moisture content. The powders showed good dispersibility, as evident by the high emitted dose (>88%) and fine particle fraction (>52%). At all flow rates (≥30 L/min), the Aerolizer offered the best aerosolization. The formulation exhibited stable aerosolization after storage at 25 °C/15% Relative Humidity (RH) for one month. Moreover, the formulation was non-toxic to alveolar basal epithelial cells. A potential inhalable roflumilast formulation including L-leucine and trehalose has been developed for the treatment of COPD. This study also suggests that the choice of device is crucial to achieve the desired aerosol performance.
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26
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Dose bridging data for mometasone furoate in once-daily fixed-dose inhaled combinations of mometasone furoate/indacaterol and mometasone furoate/ indacaterol/glycopyrronium in patients with asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 70:102068. [PMID: 34329722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Once-daily (o.d.) fixed-dose combinations of mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate (MF/IND) and mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide (MF/IND/GLY), both delivered via the Breezhaler® device, are approved for the maintenance treatment of asthma. Across these fixed-dose combinations, while the doses of bronchodilators remain the same, the nominal doses of mometasone furoate in micrograms differ. This article presents the steps followed in bridging the mometasone furoate doses at the corresponding dose strengths in the mometasone furoate formulation delivered via the Twisthaler® and mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate and mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide formulations delivered via the Breezhaler®. These were: (i) bridging the mometasone furoate doses in the Twisthaler® (previously approved) to mometasone furoate doses in the Breezhaler®; (ii) bridging the mometasone furoate doses in the Breezhaler® to mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate and mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide formulation. Following this stepwise approach, it was determined that mometasone furoate 80 μg o.d. (medium-dose strength) and 160 μg o.d. (high-dose strength) in mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide formulation provided comparable inhaled corticosteroid efficacy to mometasone furoate 160 μg o.d. (medium-dose strength) and 320 μg o.d. (high-dose strength) in the mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate formulation, respectively. These doses were used in the PLATINUM Phase III clinical program that investigated the efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate and mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide combinations in patients with asthma.
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27
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Coupled CFD-DEM model for dry powder inhalers simulation: Validation and sensitivity analysis for the main model parameters. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Elserfy K, Cheng S, Chan HK, Kourmatzis A. Local dynamics of pharmaceutical powder fluidization using high speed long distance microscopy and particle image velocimetry. EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE 2021; 124:110367. [PMID: 35382511 PMCID: PMC8978356 DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2021.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The local dynamics of fluidized pharmaceutical carrier powders in a turbulent channel flow was studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and High-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM). Four different lactose powders which have been used as a drug carrier in dry powder inhalers were used in this study. These powders have median powder particle diameters ranging between 61 and 121 μm. Air flow velocities ranging between 13.3 m/s and 66.7 m/s were examined. In addition, the effect of grid blockage ratio (ranging from ~25% to ~40% of the area of channel cross-section) was also investigated. Results show that the high-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM) technique was able to capture the mean velocity of the particles, and the results corresponded well with the PIV measurements. Results from the high-speed, long-distance microscopy (HS-LDM) method also demonstrate that the span of particle velocity closely follows that of the particle size distribution both for cohesive and non-cohesive powders. This study contributes towards an improved understanding of pharmaceutical carrier dynamics in turbulent channel flows and demonstrates how advanced image processing can be used to capture local particle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Elserfy
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S. Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - H-K. Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - A. Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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29
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Effect of fine particle shape on the stability and performance of adhesive mixtures intended for inhalation. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Li M, Chang RYK, Lin Y, Morales S, Kutter E, Chan HK. Phage cocktail powder for Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infections. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120200. [PMID: 33486032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phage cocktail broadens the host range compared with a single phage and minimizes the development of phage-resistant bacteria thereby promoting the long-term usefulness of inhaled phage therapy. In this study, we produced a phage cocktail powder by spray drying three Pseudomonas phages PEV2 (podovirus), PEV1 and PEV20 (both myovirus) with lactose (80 wt%) and leucine (20 wt%) as excipients. Our results showed that the phages remained viable in the spray dried powder, with little to mild titer reduction (ranging from 0.11 to 1.3 logs) against each of their specific bacterial strains. The powder contained spherical particles with a small volume median diameter of 1.9 µm (span 1.5), a moisture content of 3.5 ± 0.2 wt%., and was largely amorphous with some crystalline peaks, which were assigned to the excipient leucine, as shown in the X-ray diffraction pattern. When the powder was dispersed using the low- and high-resistance Osmohalers, the fine particle fraction (FPF, wt. % of particles < 5 µm in the aerosols relative to the loaded dose) values were 45.37 ± 0.27% and 62.69 ± 2.1% at the flow rate of 100 and 60 L/min, respectively. In conclusion, the PEV phage cocktail powder produced was stable, inhalable and efficacious in vitro against various MDR P. aeruginosa strains that cause pulmonary infections. This formulation will broaden the bactericidal spectrum and reduce the emergence of resistance in bacteria compared with single-phage formulations reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Lin
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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31
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Rudén J, Frenning G, Bramer T, Thalberg K, Alderborn G. On the relationship between blend state and dispersibility of adhesive mixtures containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100069. [PMID: 33409485 PMCID: PMC7773864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to study the evolution in blend state of adhesive mixtures containing the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) salbutamol, budesonide and AZD5423 and to study the relationship between blend state and dispersibility of the mixtures, as assessed by the fine particle fraction (FPF). A series of adhesive mixtures of varied fines concentration were prepared for each API using the same type of carrier. Based on visual examination and powder mechanics, blend states were identified and summarized as blend state maps for each API. The dispersibility of the mixtures was studied using a Fast Screening Impactor (FSI) equipped with a ScreenHaler. The evolution in blend state differed between the APIs in terms of the width of the blend states. The structure of the adhesion layer also differed between the APIs, from relatively uniform to a heterogeneous layer with small agglomerates dispersed on the carrier surface. All three APIs expressed a similar type of bended relationship between FPF and fines concentration. However, the initial rate of increase and the fines concentration of the plateau differed between the APIs. The adhesive mixtures of all APIs followed the three main states in terms of structural evolution and the overall shape of the FPF-fines concentration profiles could be explained by the evolution in blend state. It is proposed that the structure of the adhesion layer is an important factor explaining the differences in blend state - blend dispersibility relationships between the APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rudén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and the Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Göran Frenning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and the Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Bramer
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kyrre Thalberg
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Emmace Consulting AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Alderborn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and the Swedish Drug Delivery Forum (SDDF), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Thalberg K, Papathanasiou F, Fransson M, Nicholas M. Controlling the performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation using mixing energy. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120055. [PMID: 33176199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A concept of mixing energy, ME, has been developed and applied to blending of adhesive mixtures for inhalation in a high shear blender. Six different systems were investigated, four of which included a coating agent. For blends containing a coating agent, it is shown that the applied ME is key to the control of two important functional mechanisms: i) coating of the carrier by the coating agent, and ii) the dispersibility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The mass of the carrier was identified to be the mass which is relevant to the forces acting during mixing. The dispersibility in terms of the fine particle fraction (FPF) can be expressed as the product of two exponentials which both are functions of ME. The first factor accounts for the initial increase in FPF, while the second accounts for the decrease observed at extensive mixing. For adhesive mixtures without a coating agent, a similar decrease in FPF is observed when high forces are applied during mixing. Mechanistic interpretation of the behavior is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Thalberg
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Foteini Papathanasiou
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Fransson
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark Nicholas
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ke WR, Chang RYK, Kwok PCL, Chen D, Chan HK. Spray drying lactose from organic solvent suspensions for aerosol delivery to the lungs. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119984. [PMID: 33069893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactose is widely used as an approved excipient for dry powder inhaler (DPI) products. Spray drying technique is a rapid method for converting a liquid feed into inhalable dried particles. However, spray-dried (SD) lactose powders produced from solutions are mostly amorphous and particularly unstable when exposed to moisture. In the present study, we explored the use of spray drying suspensions containing crystalline lactose particles in an organic solvent, and investigated the physicochemical properties of the resulting powders. The solution formulation was spray dried as a control. Two conditioned crystalline lactose samples were used for suspension formulations: Lactohale (LH) 300 lactose and jet-milled (JM) lactose micronized from LH300. The suspension formulations each contained 12 mg/ml suspended crystalline lactose particles (either LH300 or JM lactose) in isopropyl alcohol. The solution formulation contained 60 mg/ml lactose in water. The SD powders were stored under 25 °C/60% RH and 40 °C/75% RH for 3 months. The particulate properties and in vitro dispersion performance were examined at various time points. The SD lactose obtained from solution recrystallized and was no longer dispersible after 1-day storage at both storage conditions. The suspension SD JM lactose powder showed deterioration in the particulate properties and dispersibility over time, but more gradually. In contrast, the SD LH300 powder was stable, with its particulate properties and dispersion performance (FPF: ~12%) remaining the same after 3-months storage at 25 °C/60% RH. The SD LH300 stored at 40 °C/75% RH showed no change in particulate properties, but the FPF decreased over 3 months. Overall, SD lactose powders obtained from suspension demonstrated superior stability performance compared to SD lactose obtained from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Philip Chi Lip Kwok
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Donghao Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Wang B, Liu F, Xiang J, He Y, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Liu W, Tan S. A critical review of spray-dried amorphous pharmaceuticals: Synthesis, analysis and application. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120165. [PMID: 33309835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are frequently found with poor water-solubility in recent pharmaceutical projects, which brings difficulties of bioavailability for the clinical development of new drugs. When these drug compounds in a crystalline state are absorbed by gastrointestinal tract, their dissolution rates and absorption rates are very limited. Nowadays, various methods have been developed to improve the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of drugs. According to the characteristics of drugs, this work suggests the use of spray drying technology to amorphize APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) to improve their bioavailability. This work reviews the properties of the spray-dried amorphous drugs, the progress made in drug synthesis and application, and the existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jia Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yongju He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213162, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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35
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Aziz S, Scherlieβ R, Steckel H. Development of High Dose Oseltamivir Phosphate Dry Powder for Inhalation Therapy in Viral Pneumonia. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1154. [PMID: 33261071 PMCID: PMC7760073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir phosphate (OP) is an antiviral drug available only as oral therapy for the treatment of influenza and as a potential treatment option when in combination with other medication in the fight against the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia. In this study, OP was formulated as a dry powder for inhalation, which allows drug targeting to the site of action and potentially reduces the dose, aiming a more efficient therapy. Binary formulations were based on micronized excipient particles acting like diluents, which were blended with the drug OP. Different excipient types, excipient ratios, and excipient size distributions were prepared and examined. To investigate the feasibility of delivering high doses of OP in a single dose, 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1 drug/diluent blending ratios have been prepared. Subsequently, the aerosolization performance was evaluated for all prepared formulations by cascade impaction using a novel medium-resistance capsule-based inhaler (UNI-Haler). Formulations with micronized trehalose showed relatively excellent aerosolization performance with highest fine-particle doses in comparison to examined lactose, mannitol, and glucose under similar conditions. Focusing on the trehalose-based dry-powder inhalers' (DPIs) formulations, a physicochemical characterization of extra micronized grade trehalose in relation to the achieved performance in dispersing OP was performed. Additionally, an early indication of inhaled OP safety on lung cells was noted by the viability MTT assay utilizing Calu-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahir Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Regina Scherlieβ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
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36
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Sun Y, Cui Z, Sun Y, Qin L, Zhang X, Liu Q, Shen X, Yu D, Mao S. Exploring the potential influence of drug charge on downstream deposition behaviour of DPI powders. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119798. [PMID: 32828976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhaler (DPI) development is limited by the time- and labor-consuming in vitro lung deposition test. It's highly desirable to find an easy tool for DPI formulation screening. Dynamic powder rheological properties seem to present many advantages, however, the adoptability needs to be verified. Drug charge is an important parameter especially for DPI formulation design but how it affects the process of pulmonary drug delivery is unavailable. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the influence of drug charge on DPI powders, further testing the potentials of powder properties for downstream deposition behavior prediction. Taking five differently charged drugs as model, influence of drug charge on uniformity, rheological and aerodynamic properties of the mixtures were investigated systemically. It was found that mometasone furoate with near neutral charge presented better content homogeneity, while significantly decreased recovery was noted for charged drugs, such as positively charged drug (salbutamol sulphate and indacaterol maleate) mixtures and negatively charged drug (budesonide and fluticasone propionate) mixtures. Moreover, drug charge also influenced flowability and cohesion of their admixture with lactose. As for the downstream deposition, neutral drugs presented higher fine particle fraction (FPF), followed by positively charged drugs and negatively charged drugs. Good correlations between basic flowability energy, aeration energy, Permeability and FPF were established irrespective of different drugs. Principal component analysis results suggested flowability had a greater influence on FPF when mixtures were less cohesive. In conclusion, this study demonstrated drug charge can influence physicochemical, rheological and aerodynamic properties of the admixture, and DPIs' dynamic properties could be used as potential tools to predict downstream deposition with good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhixiang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yujiao Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Duo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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37
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Yaqoubi S, Adibkia K, Nokhodchi A, Emami S, Alizadeh AA, Hamishehkar H, Barzegar-Jalali M. Co-electrospraying technology as a novel approach for dry powder inhalation formulation of montelukast and budesonide for pulmonary co-delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119970. [PMID: 33059013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current study electrospraying methodology was used for particle engineering of montelukast and budesonide to prepare a combined inhalable dry powder formulation applicable as a smart regimen in asthma treatment. For this, electrospraying was carried out using different solvents and drug concentrations. No carrier was added for the formulation of montelukast-budesonide combination as montelukast played the role of both active ingredient and carrier. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, gas chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the produced drug particles. In vitro drug deposition pattern was assessed using next generation impactor, and the dissolution profile of the selected formulations was characterized via modified diffusion franz cell method. The FPF value for the co-electrosprayed carrier free formulation of montelukast-budesonide was 38% with a significantly enhanced dissolution rate for budesonide compared to the budesonide alone formulations. The pharmacological effects of hypothesized combined formulation was assessed by measuring its power to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species in human normal lung cells. The results showed that the combination of montelukast and budesonide can exert a synergistic effect. The findings in the current study emphasize that using montelukast as a carrier for budesonide not only has greatly improved the aerosolization behavior and dissolution rate of budesonide but also has resulted in synergistic pharmacological effects, indicating the suitability of this combination as an anti-asthmatic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Yaqoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Shahram Emami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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38
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Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Zhu C, Chen J, Yu S, Que C, Taylor LS, Tan W, Wu C, Zhou QT. Inhalable Nanocomposite Microparticles with Enhanced Dissolution and Superior Aerosol Performance. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3270-3280. [PMID: 32643939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that combining colistin (Col), a cationic polypeptide antibiotic, with ivacaftor (Iva), a cystic fibrosis (CF) drug, could achieve synergistic antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purpose of this study was to develop dry powder inhaler formulations for co-delivery of Col and Iva, aiming to treat CF and lung infection simultaneously. In order to improve solubility and dissolution for the water-insoluble Iva, Iva was encapsulated into bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (Iva-BSA-NPs). Inhalable composite microparticles of Iva-BSA-NPs were produced by spray-freeze-drying using water-soluble Col as the matrix material and l-leucine as an aerosol enhancer. The optimal formulation showed an irregularly shaped morphology with fine particle fraction (FPF) values of 73.8 ± 5.2% for Col and 80.9 ± 4.1% for Iva. Correlations between "D×ρtapped" and FPF were established for both Iva and Col. The amorphous solubility of Iva is 66 times higher than the crystalline solubility in the buffer. Iva-BSA-NPs were amorphous and remained in the amorphous state after spray-freeze-drying, as examined by powder X-ray diffraction. In vitro dissolution profiles of the selected DPI formulation indicated that Col and Iva were almost completely released within 3 h, which was substantially faster regarding Iva release than the jet-milled physical mixture of the two drugs. In summary, this study developed a novel inhalable nanocomposite microparticle using a synergistic water-soluble drug as the matrix material, which achieved reduced use of excipients for high-dose medications, improved dissolution rate for the water-insoluble drug, and superior aerosol performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chune Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianting Chen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shihui Yu
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chailu Que
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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40
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Nicholas M, Josefson M, Fransson M, Wilbs J, Roos C, Boissier C, Thalberg K. Quantification of surface composition and surface structure of inhalation powders using TOF-SIMS. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119666. [PMID: 32702450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A multivariate TOF-SIMS methodology has been developed and applied to quantify surface composition and chemical distribution for dry powder blends. Surface properties are often critical to the behavior of powder formulations, especially in the case of dry powders for inhalation, as surface properties directly affect inter-particulate forces and, hence, the dispersibility of the formulation. The mass spectrum at each pixel was fit to a linear combination of reference spectra obtained by non-negatively constrained alternating least squares. From the pixel compositions, average surface coverage and a range of other image features were calculated. Two kinds of systems have been examined: 1) binary blends of lactose particles and coating agents, and 2) blends of different inhalation drugs with carrier lactose. For both kinds of systems, detailed insight into the surface composition and structure could be derived. For the former study, TOF-SIMS results were compared with a complementary surface analysis technique, XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nicholas
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mats Josefson
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Fransson
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wilbs
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Roos
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kyrre Thalberg
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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41
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Mohammed A, Zurek J, Madueke S, Al-Kassimy H, Yaqoob M, Houacine C, Ferraz A, Kalgudi R, Zariwala MG, Hawkins N, Al-Obaidi H. Generation of High Dose Inhalable Effervescent Dispersions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharm Res 2020; 37:150. [PMID: 32686026 PMCID: PMC7369260 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Novel particle engineering approach was used in this study to generate high dose inhalable effervescent particles with synergistic effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHODS Spray dried co-amorphous salt of ciprofloxacin (CFX) and tartaric acid (TA) was prepared and coated with external layer of sodium bicarbonate and silica coated silver nanobeads. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimize physicochemical properties of particles for enhanced lung deposition. RESULTS Generated particles were co-amorphous CFX/TA showing that CFX lost its zwitterionic form and exhibiting distinct properties to CFX/HCl as assessed by FTIR and thermal analysis. Particles exhibited mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 3.3 μm, emitted dose of 78% and fine particle dose of 85%. Particles were further evaluated via antimicrobial assessment of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). MIC and MBEC results showed that the hybrid particles were around 3-5 times more effective when compared to CFX signifying that synergistic effect was achieved. Diffusing wave spectroscopy results showed that the silver containing particles had a disruptive effect on rheological properties as opposed to silver free particles. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results showed the potential to use particle engineering to generate particles that are highly disruptive of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Mohammed
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Jakub Zurek
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Somto Madueke
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | | | | | - Chahinez Houacine
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Amina Ferraz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Rachith Kalgudi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Nicholas Hawkins
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, 0X1 3PJ, Oxford, UK
| | - Hisham Al-Obaidi
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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42
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Zhang X, Cui Y, Liang R, Wang G, Yue X, Zhao Z, Huang Z, Huang Y, Geng J, Pan X, Wu C. Novel approach for real-time monitoring of carrier-based DPIs delivery process via pulmonary route based on modular modified Sympatec HELOS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1331-1346. [PMID: 32874832 PMCID: PMC7452036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An explicit illustration of pulmonary delivery processes (PDPs) was a prerequisite for the formulation design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs. However, the current evaluation approaches for DPIs could not provide precise investigation of each PDP separately, or the approaches merely used a simplified and idealized model. In the present study, a novel modular modified Sympatec HELOS (MMSH) was developed to fully investigate the mechanism of each PDP separately in real-time. An inhaler device, artificial throat and pre-separator were separately integrated with a Sympatec HELOS. The dispersion and fluidization, transportation, detachment and deposition processes of pulmonary delivery for model DPIs were explored under different flow rates. Moreover, time-sliced measurements were used to monitor the PDPs in real-time. The Next Generation Impactor (NGI) was applied to determine the aerosolization performance of the model DPIs. The release profiles of the drug particles, drug aggregations and carriers were obtained by MMSH in real-time. Each PDP of the DPIs was analyzed in detail. Moreover, a positive correlation was established between the total release amount of drug particles and the fine particle fraction (FPF) values (R 2 = 0.9898). The innovative MMSH was successfully developed and was capable of illustrating the PDPs and the mechanism of carrier-based DPIs, providing a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs.
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Key Words
- ACI, Anderson Cascade Impactor
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- Air flow rate
- CFD-DEM, computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method
- CIA, cascade impactor analysis
- Carrier
- Copt, optical concentration
- DPIs, dry powder inhalations
- Dry powder inhalation
- ED, emitted dose
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- FC, centrifugal force
- FD, drag force
- FF, friction force
- FG, gravity
- FI, interaction force
- FPD, fine particle dose
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HPMC, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
- LAC, lactose carrier
- MFV, minimum fluidization velocity
- MMAD, mass median aerodynamic diameter
- MMSH, modular modified Sympatec HELOs
- MOC, micro orifice collector
- MSS, micronized salbutamol sulfate
- Mechanism of drug delivery
- Modular modification
- NGI, Next Generation Impactor
- O, oxygen
- PDP, pulmonary delivery process
- Pulmonary delivery process
- R, release amount
- RAUC, total release amount
- Real-time monitoring
- Rmax, maximum of release amount
- S, stopping distance
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Tmax, the time to Rmax
- Tt, terminal time
- U0, air flow rate
- V0, velocity
- a, acceleration
- dQ3, the volume percentage of particles within certain range
- dae, aerodynamic diameter
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43
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Khanal D, Zhang J, Ke WR, Banaszak Holl MM, Chan HK. Bulk to Nanometer-Scale Infrared Spectroscopy of Pharmaceutical Dry Powder Aerosols. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8323-8332. [PMID: 32406232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid state chemical analysis of pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols at the individual particle level has been an analytical challenge. These particles can range from a few nanometers to micrometers and are a complex mixture of drugs and excipients. Conventional analytical techniques cannot resolve the distribution of excipients and drugs at the submicrometer scale. Understanding the nanochemical composition of individual particles can be critical for pharmaceutical scientists to evaluate drug and excipient stability as well as the drug-drug or drug-excipient interactions that affect the aerosol performance of powders. Herein, we show the novel application of a combination of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy to probe nanochemical domains of powders containing the inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone propionate and long-acting β2-agonist salmeterol xinafoate, which are widely used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Three types of powder formulation were analyzed, including the commercial product Seretide, which is a physical mixture of the drugs with crystalline lactose, and two spray-dried powders containing the drugs along with either amorphous or crystalline lactose. We obtained spatially resolved O-PTIR and AFM-IR spectra confirming the presence of peaks related to fluticasone propionate at 1743, 1661, and 1700 cm-1, salmeterol xinafoate at 1580 cm-1, and lactose at 1030 and 1160 cm-1. The location of the drugs and lactose among the particles varied significantly, depending on the formulation type. For the first time, it was possible to map the drug distribution in individual aerosol particles. This is significant as such information has been lacking, and it will open an exciting research direction on how drug distribution affects the aerosol performance of powders and the consistency of dose uniformity. Further, these advanced spectroscopic techniques can be applied to study a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Sarangi S, Thalberg K, Frenning G. Numerical modeling of collision of adhesive units: Stability and mechanical properties during handling. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2019.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Elserfy K, Kourmatzis A, Chan HK, Walenga R, Cheng S. Effect of an upstream grid on the fluidization of pharmaceutical carrier powders. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119079. [PMID: 31988029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of grid generated mixing on the fluidization of pharmaceutical carrier powders is studied in a channel-flow experiment using direct high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Four different lactose powders with mass median diameters that range between 61 µm and 121 µm are used. The degree of powder mixing in the flow as a function of grid position relative to the powder bed and grid area blockage ratios (ranging from ~25% to ~40%) is studied for a range of flow-rates. The study presents comprehensive mappings of how pharmaceutical powders are fluidised under the influence of mixing, by examining powder bed morphology, powder emptying rate, and the local flow-field surrounding the pocket. The use of a grid results in higher evacuation percentages (void fraction) and a faster evacuation rate but is associated with randomized evacuation behaviour as observed from the powder bed morphology. Use of a grid can enable evacuation of powder at lower overall flow-rates, which may have important implications on respiratory drug delivery. PIV results show the trend of mean velocities with the mass median powder diameter and demonstrates how a grid with lower blockage ratio can increase the degree of mixing of the evacuating powder and make the evacuation process more rapid. This study contributes towards a better understanding of fluidization processes as relevant to dry powder inhaler devices and sheds light on how simple design alterations, such as adding an upstream grid, can be incorporated to optimise device effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elserfy
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - H-K Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Walenga
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Della Bella A, Müller M, Danani A, Soldati L, Bettini R. Effect of Lactose Pseudopolymorphic Transition on the Aerosolization Performance of Drug/Carrier Mixtures. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110576. [PMID: 31689975 PMCID: PMC6920796 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of lactose are key factors in adhesive mixtures used as dry powder inhaler (DPI). Despite the abundant literature on this topic, the effect of the polymorphism and pseudo-polymorphism of lactose has been seldom investigated and discussed although often lactose used in DPI is subjected to unit operations, which may alter its solid-state properties. Here, we studied the aerosolization performance of salbutamol sulphate (SS) or budesonide (BUD) formulations by investigating the effect of lactose pseudopolymorphism in ternary (coarse lactose/fine lactose/drug) and binary (coarse lactose/drug) mixtures. An improvement of the aerosolization performance of SS formulations with the increase of the amount of fine micronized lactose up to 30% (fine particle fraction (FPF) = 57%) was observed. Micronized lactose contained hygroscopic anhydrous α-lactose, which converted to α-lactose monohydrate at ambient conditions. This implied that the positive effect of fines on the aerosolization performance decreased and eventually disappeared with the formulation aging. Positive effect on SS deposition was observed also with binary mixtures with anhydrous lactose, whereas the opposite occurred with budesonide-containing formulations. The collected data demonstrated the crucial role of the carrier crystal form on the positive effect of fines on the deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Müller
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Delle Molle di Studi Sull'Intelligenza Artificiale, Scuola Universitaria Professionale Della Svizzera Italiana, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano Soldati
- Micro-Sphere S.A., Ponte Cremenaga, 6996 Monteggio, Switzerland.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Dry powder formulation combining bedaquiline with pyrazinamide for latent and drug-resistant tuberculosis. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Benassi A, Perazzi I, Bosi R, Cottini C, Bettini R. Quantifying the loading capacity of a carrier-based DPI formulation and its dependence on the blending process. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Momin MAM, Rangnekar B, Sinha S, Cheung CY, Cook GM, Das SC. Inhalable Dry Powder of Bedaquiline for Pulmonary Tuberculosis: In Vitro Physicochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity and Safety Studies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100502. [PMID: 31581469 PMCID: PMC6836091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline is a newly developed anti-tuberculosis drug, conditionally approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis in adults. Oral delivery of bedaquiline causes severe side effects such as increased hepatic aminotransferase levels and cardiac arrhythmias (prolongation of QT-interval). This study aimed to develop inhalable dry powder particles of bedaquiline with high aerosolization efficiency to reduce the side-effects of oral bedaquiline. Bedaquiline (with or without l-leucine) powders were prepared using a Buchi Mini Spray-dryer. The powders were characterized for physicochemical properties and for their in vitro aerosolization efficiency using a next-generation impactor (NGI). The formulation with maximum aerosolization efficiency was investigated for physicochemical and aerosolization stability after one-month storage at 20 ± 2 °C/30 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) and 25 ± 2 °C/75% RH in an open Petri dish. The cytotoxicity of the powders on A549 and Calu-3 cell-lines was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The powders were also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aerodynamic diameter of the l-leucine-containing powder was 2.4 µm, and the powder was amorphous in nature. The aerosolization efficiency (fine-particle fraction) of l-leucine-containing powder (fine-particle fraction (FPF): 74.4%) was higher than the bedaquiline-only powder (FPF: 31.3%). l-leucine containing powder particles were plate-shaped with rough surfaces, but the bedaquiline-only powder was spherical and smooth. The optimized powder was stable at both storage conditions during one-month storage and non-toxic (up to 50 µg/mL) to the respiratory cell-lines. Bedaquiline powders were effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and had a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.1 µg/mL. Improved aerosolization may help to combat pulmonary tuberculosis by potentially reducing the side-effects of oral bedaquiline. Further research is required to understand the safety of the optimized inhalable powder in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A M Momin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0533, USA.
| | | | - Shubhra Sinha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Microstructural characterization of carrier-based dry powder inhalation excipients: Insights and guidance. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118482. [PMID: 31260786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) products raises a need for development of standard testing methods and specifications for DPI excipients. The pharmaceutical industry, meanwhile, yet lacks compendial guidance on this topic. Despite of the complexity of interactions taking place in DPI systems and the large number and variety of interplaying factors, understanding of key determinants of performance (critical quality attributes) of DPI excipients have considerably developed over the past years. In light of the current knowledge in this area, this article provides technical guidance and insights on testing and quality control of carrier-based-DPI excipients. These excipients are, typically, blends of coarse, carrier particles and fine, performance-modulating particles. The article explores techniques used for measurement of key microstructural attributes, namely the particle size distribution, the porosity and the particle surface roughness, the particle shape, rheological properties, and the permeability, of these excipients. The technical relevance of each measurement to the functionality of the excipients is critically discussed. In this regard, caveats concerning use of some measurements and data analysis procedures are raised. The guidance lends itself for compendial adoption.
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