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Boahen CK, Abee H, Ponce IR, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Kumar V. Sex-biased genetic regulation of inflammatory proteins in the Dutch population. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:154. [PMID: 38326779 PMCID: PMC10851559 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant differences in immune responses, prevalence or susceptibility of diseases and treatment responses have been described between males and females. Despite this, sex-differentiation analysis of the genetic architecture of inflammatory proteins is largely unexplored. We performed sex-stratified meta-analysis after protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) mapping using inflammatory biomarkers profiled using targeted proteomics (Olink inflammatory panel) of two population-based cohorts of Europeans. RESULTS Even though, around 67% of the pQTLs demonstrated shared effect between sexes, colocalization analysis identified two loci in the males (LINC01135 and ITGAV) and three loci (CNOT10, SRD5A2, and LILRB5) in the females with evidence of sex-dependent modulation by pQTL variants. Furthermore, we identified pathways with relevant functions in the sex-biased pQTL variants. We also showed through cross-validation that the sex-specific pQTLs are linked with sex-specific phenotypic traits. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the relevance of genetic sex-stratified analysis in the context of genetic dissection of protein abundances among individuals and reveals that, sex-specific pQTLs might mediate sex-linked phenotypes. Identification of sex-specific pQTLs associated with sex-biased diseases can help realize the promise of individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins K Boahen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah Abee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Isis Ricaño Ponce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacia, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, the Netherlands.
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, the Netherlands.
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Medical Sciences Complex, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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2
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Li F, Yin J, Yang H, Li X, Liu X, Chai X, Niu T, Zeng S, Jia Q, Zhu F. INTEDE 2.0: the metabolic roadmap of drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1355-D1364. [PMID: 37930837 PMCID: PMC10767827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic roadmap of drugs (MRD) is a comprehensive atlas for understanding the stepwise and sequential metabolism of certain drug in living organisms. It plays a vital role in lead optimization, personalized medication, and ADMET research. The MRD consists of three main components: (i) the sequential catalyses of drug and its metabolites by different drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), (ii) a comprehensive collection of metabolic reactions along the entire MRD and (iii) a systematic description on efficacy & toxicity for all metabolites of a studied drug. However, there is no database available for describing the comprehensive metabolic roadmaps of drugs. Therefore, in this study, a major update of INTEDE was conducted, which provided the stepwise & sequential metabolic roadmaps for a total of 4701 drugs, and a total of 22 165 metabolic reactions containing 1088 DMEs and 18 882 drug metabolites. Additionally, the INTEDE 2.0 labeled the pharmacological properties (pharmacological activity or toxicity) of metabolites and provided their structural information. Furthermore, 3717 drug metabolism relationships were supplemented (from 7338 to 11 055). All in all, INTEDE 2.0 is highly expected to attract broad interests from related research community and serve as an essential supplement to existing pharmaceutical/biological/chemical databases. INTEDE 2.0 can now be accessible freely without any login requirement at: http://idrblab.org/intede/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiayi Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xu Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Tianle Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingzhong Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou 330110, China
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3
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Cui Z, Cheng F, Wang L, Zou F, Pan R, Tian Y, Zhang X, She J, Zhang Y, Yang X. A pharmacovigilance study of etoposide in the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database, what does the real world say? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1259908. [PMID: 37954852 PMCID: PMC10637489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1259908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Etoposide is a broad-spectrum antitumor drug that has been extensively studied in clinical trials. However, limited information is available regarding its real-world adverse reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and evaluate etoposide-related adverse events in a real-world setting by using data mining method on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Methods: Through the analysis of 16,134,686 reports in the FAERS database, a total of 9,892 reports of etoposide-related adverse drug events (ADEs) were identified. To determine the significance of these ADEs, various disproportionality analysis algorithms were applied, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and the multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms. Results: As a result, 478 significant disproportionality preferred terms (PTs) that were identified by all four algorithms were retained. These PTs included commonly reported adverse events such as thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, stomatitis, and pneumonitis, which align with those documented in the drug's instructions and previous clinical trials. However, our analysis also uncovered unexpected and significant ADEs, including thrombotic microangiopathy, ototoxicity, second primary malignancy, nephropathy toxic, and ovarian failure. Furthermore, we examined the time-to-onset (TTO) of these ADEs using the Weibull distribution test and found that the median TTO for etoposide-associated ADEs was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR] 2-32 days). The majority of cases occurred within the first month (73.8%) after etoposide administration. Additionally, our analysis revealed specific high-risk signals for males, such as pneumonia and cardiac infarction, while females showed signals for drug resistance and ototoxicity. Discussion: These findings provide valuable insight into the occurrence of ADEs following etoposide initiation, which can potentially support clinical monitoring and risk identification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feiyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rumeng Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhan Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, China
| | - Jing She
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lin Z, Jiwani Z, Serpooshan V, Aghaverdi H, Yang PC, Aguirre A, Wu JC, Mahmoudi M. Sex Influences the Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy of Cardiac Nanomedicine Technologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2305940. [PMID: 37803920 PMCID: PMC10997742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine technologies are being developed for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Before delving into the nuances of cardiac nanomedicine, it is essential to comprehend the fundamental sex-specific differences in cardiovascular health. Traditionally, CVDs have been more prevalent in males, but it is increasingly evident that females also face significant risks, albeit with distinct characteristics. Females tend to develop CVDs at a later age, exhibit different clinical symptoms, and often experience worse outcomes compared to males. These differences indicate the need for sex-specific approaches in cardiac nanomedicine. This Perspective discusses the importance of considering sex in the safety and therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicine approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Lin
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Zahra Jiwani
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haniyeh Aghaverdi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309
| | - Aitor Aguirre
- Regenerative Biology and cell Reprogramming Laboratory, Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Connors Center for Women’s Health & Gender Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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5
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Ashkarran AA, Lin Z, Rana J, Bumpers H, Sempere L, Mahmoudi M. Impact of Nanomedicine in Women's Metastatic Breast Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301385. [PMID: 37269217 PMCID: PMC10693652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is responsible for 90% of mortalities among women suffering from various types of breast cancers. Traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause significant side effects and may not be effective in many cases. However, recent advances in nanomedicine have shown great promise in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. For example, nanomedicine demonstrated robust capacity in detection of metastatic cancers at early stages (i.e., before the metastatic cells leave the initial tumor site), which gives clinicians a timely option to change their treatment process (for example, instead of endocrine therapy they may use chemotherapy). Here recent advances in nanomedicine technology in the identification and treatment of metastatic breast cancers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Ashkarran
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jatin Rana
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Harvey Bumpers
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lorenzo Sempere
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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6
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Sapir-Pichhadze R, Oertelt-Prigione S. P3 2: a sex- and gender-sensitive model for evidence-based precision medicine: from knowledge generation to implementation in the field of kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2023; 103:674-685. [PMID: 36731608 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine emerged as a promising approach to identify suitable interventions for individual patients with a particular health concern and at various time points. Technology can enable the acquisition of increasing volumes of clinical and "omics" data at the individual and population levels and support advanced clinical decision making. However, to keep pace with evolving societal realities and developments, it is important to systematically include sex- and gender-specific considerations in the research process, from the acquisition of knowledge to implementation. Building on the foundations of evidence-based medicine and existing precision medicine frameworks, we propose a novel evidence-based precision medicine framework in the form of the P32model, which considers individual sex-related (predictive [P1], preventive [P2], and personalized [P3] medicine) and gender-related (participatory [P4], psychosocial [P5], and percipient [P6] medicine) domains and their intersection with ethnicity, geography, and other demographic and social variables, in addition to population, community, and public dimensions (population-informed [P7], partnered with community [P8], and public-engaging [P9] medicine, respectively). Through its ability to contextualize and reflect on societal realities and developments, our model is expected to promote consideration of diversity, equity, and inclusion principles and, thus, enrich science, increase reproducibility of research, and ensure its social impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sapir-Pichhadze
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; AG10 Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Medicine, Medical Faculty OWL, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
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7
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Yen E, Gaddis N, Jantzie L, Davis JM. A review of the genomics of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 14:1140400. [PMID: 36845389 PMCID: PMC9950123 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a constellation of signs of withdrawal occurring after birth following in utero exposure to licit or illicit opioids. Despite significant research and public health efforts, NAS remains challenging to diagnose, predict, and manage due to highly variable expression. Biomarker discovery in the field of NAS is crucial for stratifying risk, allocating resources, monitoring longitudinal outcomes, and identifying novel therapeutics. There is considerable interest in identifying important genetic and epigenetic markers of NAS severity and outcome that can guide medical decision making, research efforts, and public policy. A number of recent studies have suggested that genetic and epigenetic changes are associated with NAS severity, including evidence of neurodevelopmental instability. This review will provide an overview of the role of genetics and epigenetics in short and longer-term NAS outcomes. We will also describe novel research efforts using polygenic risk scores for NAS risk stratification and salivary gene expression to understand neurobehavioral modulation. Finally, emerging research focused on neuroinflammation from prenatal opioid exposure may elucidate novel mechanisms that could lead to development of future novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Yen,
| | - Nathan Gaddis
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lauren Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Coig R, Grieve VLB, Cirrincione LR. Clinical Pharmacological Considerations in Transgender Medicine. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:41-55. [PMID: 37439842 PMCID: PMC11162826 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Transgender medicine is a growing clinical field. Hormone therapy (testosterone or estrogen treatment) is part of the standard of gender-affirming medical care, yet clinical pharmacological knowledge in transgender medicine is lacking. Herein, we summarize available clinical and pharmacologic data for hormone therapy among transgender and gender diverse people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Coig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Poley M, Chen G, Sharf-Pauker N, Avital A, Kaduri M, Sela M, Raimundo PM, Koren L, Arber S, Egorov E, Shainsky J, Shklover J, Schroeder A. Sex‐Based Differences in the Biodistribution of Nanoparticles and Their Effect on Hormonal, Immune, and Metabolic Function. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Poley
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Gal Chen
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Noga Sharf-Pauker
- The Norman Seiden Multidisciplinary Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Aviram Avital
- The Norman Seiden Multidisciplinary Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Maya Kaduri
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Mor Sela
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Patricia Mora Raimundo
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lilach Koren
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Sivan Arber
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Egor Egorov
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Janna Shainsky
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Jeny Shklover
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies Department of Chemical Engineering Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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10
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Agrahari V, Anderson SM, Peet MM, Wong AP, Singh ON, Doncel GF, Clark MR. Long-acting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches: Recent advances, emerging technologies and development challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1365-1380. [PMID: 36252277 PMCID: PMC9639748 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2135699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Poor or inconsistent adherence to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a key barrier to effective HIV prevention. The advent of potent long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) in conjunction with advances in controlled release technologies has enabled LA ARV drug delivery systems (DDS) capable of providing extended dosing intervals and overcome the challenge of suboptimal drug adherence with daily oral dosing. Areas covered: This review discusses the current state of the LA PrEP field, recent advances, and emerging technologies, including ARV prodrug modifications and new DDS. Technological challenges, knowledge gaps, preclinical testing considerations, and future directions important in the context of clinical translation and implementation of LA HIV PrEP are discussed. Expert opinion: The HIV prevention field is evolving faster than ever and the bar for developing next-generation LA HIV prevention options continues to rise. The requirements for viable LA PrEP products to be implemented in resource-limited settings are challenging, necessitating proactive consideration and product modifications during the design and testing of promising new candidates. If successfully translated, next-generation LA PrEP that are safe, affordable, highly effective, and accepted by both end-users and key stakeholders will offer significant potential to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Agrahari
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew P. Wong
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Onkar N. Singh
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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11
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Gil CJ, Li L, Hwang B, Cadena M, Theus AS, Finamore TA, Bauser-Heaton H, Mahmoudi M, Roeder RK, Serpooshan V. Tissue engineered drug delivery vehicles: Methods to monitor and regulate the release behavior. J Control Release 2022; 349:143-155. [PMID: 35508223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving, multidisciplinary field that aims at generating or regenerating 3D functional tissues for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening applications or for in vivo therapies. A variety of advanced biological and engineering methods are increasingly being used to further enhance and customize the functionality of tissue engineered scaffolds. To this end, tunable drug delivery and release mechanisms are incorporated into tissue engineering modalities to promote different therapeutic processes, thus, addressing challenges faced in the clinical applications. In this review, we elaborate the mechanisms and recent developments in different drug delivery vehicles, including the quantum dots, nano/micro particles, and molecular agents. Different loading strategies to incorporate the therapeutic reagents into the scaffolding structures are explored. Further, we discuss the main mechanisms to tune and monitor/quantify the release kinetics of embedded drugs from engineered scaffolds. We also survey the current trend of drug delivery using stimuli driven biopolymer scaffolds to enable precise spatiotemporal control of the release behavior. Recent advancements, challenges facing current scaffold-based drug delivery approaches, and areas of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Boeun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melissa Cadena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea S Theus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler A Finamore
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Holly Bauser-Heaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Sibley Heart Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Ryan K Roeder
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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12
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das Neves J, Ensign L. Advances in drug delivery for women's health: A matter of gender equity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114132. [PMID: 35090956 PMCID: PMC9844536 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José das Neves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Laura Ensign
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Infectious Diseases, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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13
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Liu K, Salvati A, Sabirsh A. Physiology, pathology and the biomolecular corona: the confounding factors in nanomedicine design. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2136-2154. [PMID: 35103268 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biomolecular corona that forms on nanomedicines in different physiological and pathological environments confers a new biological identity. How the recipient biological system's state can potentially affect nanomedicine corona formation, and how this can be modulated, remains obscure. With this perspective, this review summarizes the current knowledge about the content of biological fluids in various compartments and how they can be affected by pathological states, thus impacting biomolecular corona formation. The content of representative biological fluids is explored, and the urgency of integrating corona formation, as an essential component of nanomedicine designs for effective cargo delivery, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Salvati
- Department of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Sabirsh
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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Hajipour MJ, Saei AA, Walker ED, Conley B, Omidi Y, Lee K, Mahmoudi M. Nanotechnology for Targeted Detection and Removal of Bacteria: Opportunities and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100556. [PMID: 34558234 PMCID: PMC8564466 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanotechnology has created unprecedented hopes for addressing several unmet industrial and clinical issues, including the growing threat so-termed "antibiotic resistance" in medicine. Over the last decade, nanotechnologies have demonstrated promising applications in the identification, discrimination, and removal of a wide range of pathogens. Here, recent insights into the field of bacterial nanotechnology are examined that can substantially improve the fundamental understanding of nanoparticle and bacteria interactions. A wide range of developed nanotechnology-based approaches for bacterial detection and removal together with biofilm eradication are summarized. The challenging effects of nanotechnologies on beneficial bacteria in the human body and environment and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to nanotherapeutics are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry IDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholm171 65Sweden
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Brian Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyRutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJ08854USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyNova Southeastern UniversityFort LauderdaleFL33328USA
| | - Ki‐Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyRutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJ08854USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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15
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Dessie A, Alvarez A, Lewiss RE. Standardizing terminology in academic medical journals: understanding sex and gender. Eur J Emerg Med 2021; 28:331-332. [PMID: 34433787 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almaz Dessie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Al'ai Alvarez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Resa E Lewiss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Madla CM, Gavins FKH, Merchant HA, Orlu M, Murdan S, Basit AW. Let's talk about sex: Differences in drug therapy in males and females. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113804. [PMID: 34015416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Professor Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady said, 'Why can't a woman be more like a man?' Perhaps unintended, such narration extends to the reality of current drug development. A clear sex-gap exists in pharmaceutical research spanning from preclinical studies, clinical trials to post-marketing surveillance with a bias towards males. Consequently, women experience adverse drug reactions from approved drug products more often than men. Distinct differences in pharmaceutical response across drug classes and the lack of understanding of disease pathophysiology also exists between the sexes, often leading to suboptimal drug therapy in women. This review explores the influence of sex as a biological variable in drug delivery, pharmacokinetic response and overall efficacy in the context of pharmaceutical research and practice in the clinic. Prospective recommendations are provided to guide researchers towards the consideration of sex differences in methodologies and analyses. The promotion of disaggregating data according to sex to strengthen scientific rigour, encouraging innovation through the personalisation of medicines and adopting machine learning algorithms is vital for optimised drug development in the sexes and population health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Madla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca K H Gavins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Mine Orlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sudaxshina Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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17
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Atashgah RB, Ghasemi A, Raoufi M, Abdollahifar MA, Zanganeh S, Nejadnik H, Abdollahi A, Sharifi S, Lea B, Cuerva M, Akbarzadeh M, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Ostad SN, Theus AS, LaRock DL, LaRock CN, Serpooshan V, Sarrafi R, Lee KB, Vali H, Schönherr H, Gould L, Taboada P, Mahmoudi M. Restoring Endogenous Repair Mechanisms to Heal Chronic Wounds with a Multifunctional Wound Dressing. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3171-3180. [PMID: 34279974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of chronic wounds has been critically limited by various factors, including bacterial infection, biofilm formation, impaired angiogenesis, and prolonged inflammation. Addressing these challenges, we developed a multifunctional wound dressing-based three-pronged approach for accelerating wound healing. The multifunctional wound dressing, composed of nanofibers, functional nanoparticles, natural biopolymers, and selected protein and peptide, can target multiple endogenous repair mechanisms and represents a promising alternative to current wound healing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimeh B Atashgah
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 13169-43551, Iran.,Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19395-4719, Iran
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alieh Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Shahriar Sharifi
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Baltazar Lea
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Cuerva
- NANOMAG Group, Technological Research Institute (IIT), Physical Chemistry Department, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Mehdi Akbarzadeh
- Sadra Wound, Ostomy and Osteomyelitis Specialist Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- R+D Pharma Group, Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14167-53955, Iran
| | - Andrea S Theus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Lisa Gould
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States.,South Shore Health System Center for Wound Healing, Weymouth, Massachusetts 02189, United States
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Colloids and Polymers Physics Group, Particle Physics Department, Faculty of Physics and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Vulpis E, Giulimondi F, Digiacomo L, Zingoni A, Safavi-Sohi R, Sharifi S, Caracciolo G, Mahmoudi M. The Possible Role of Sex As an Important Factor in Development and Administration of Lipid Nanomedicine-Based COVID-19 Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2448-2453. [PMID: 33983745 PMCID: PMC8130523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has demonstrated a substantial role in vaccine development against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19). Although nanomedicine-based vaccines have now been validated in millions of individuals worldwide in phase 4 and tracking of sex-disaggregated data on COVID-19 is ongoing, immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes have not been clarified yet. A full understanding of sex-role effects on the response to nanomedicine products is essential to building an effective and unbiased response to the pandemic. Here, we exposed model lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to whole blood of 18 healthy donors (10 females and 8 males) and used flow cytometry to measure cellular uptake by circulating leukocytes. Our results demonstrated significant differences in the uptake of LNP between male and female natural killer (NK) cells. The results of this proof-of-concept study show the importance of recipient sex as a critical factor which enables researchers to better consider sex in the development and administration of vaccines for safer and more-efficient sex-specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vulpis
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | | | - Luca Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Reihaneh Safavi-Sohi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Italy
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
United States
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health
and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United
States
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