1
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Brandl B, Eder S, Hirtler A, Khinast G, Haley J, Schneider C, Theissl S, Bramboeck A, Treffer D, Heupl S, Spoerk M. An alternative filament fabrication method as the basis for 3D-printing personalized implants from elastic ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22773. [PMID: 39354037 PMCID: PMC11445494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel tool for small-scale filament production is presented. Unlike traditional methods such as hot melt extrusion (HME), the device (i) allows filament manufacturing from small material amounts as low as three grams, (ii) ensures high diameter stability almost independent of the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer melt, and (iii) enables processing of materials with rheological profiles specifically tailored toward fused filament fabrication (FFF). Hence, novel materials, previously difficult to process due to HME limitations, become easily accessible for FFF for the first time. Here, we showcase the production of highly flexible drug-free, and drug-loaded filaments based on ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers with a vinyl acetate content of 28 w% (EVA28) and unprecedented high melt flow rates of up to 400 g/10 min. Owing to their low viscosity, FFF with low print nozzle sizes of 250 μm was achieved for the first time for EVA28. These small nozzle diameters facilitate 3D-printing of high-resolution structures in small-dimensional dosage forms such as subcutaneous implantable drug delivery systems, which can later be used for personalization. Consequently, the material portfolio for FFF is tremendously broadened, allowing material and formulation optimization toward FFF, independent of a preliminary extrusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brandl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Hirtler
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gloria Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Heupl
- FH Upper Austria Research & Development GmbH, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600, Wels, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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2
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Liu Z, Huang J, Fang D, Feng B, Luo J, Lei P, Chen X, Xie Q, Chen M, Chen P. Material extrusion 3D-printing technology: A new strategy for constructing water-soluble, high-dose, sustained-release drug formulations. Mater Today Bio 2024; 27:101153. [PMID: 39081462 PMCID: PMC11287018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The advantage of low-temperature forming through direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing is becoming a strategy for the construction of innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs). Optimization of the complex formulation, including factors such as the printing ink, presence of solvents, and potential low mechanical strength, are challenges during process development. This study presents an application of DIW to fabricate water-soluble, high-dose, and sustained-release DDSs. Utilizing poorly compressible metformin hydrochloride as a model drug, a core-shell delivery system was developed, featuring a core composed of 96 % drug powder and 4 % binder, with a shell structure serving as a drug-release barrier. This design aligns with the sustained-release profile of traditional processes, achieving a 25.8 % reduction in volume and enhanced mechanical strength. The strategy facilitates sustained release of high-dose water-soluble formulations for over 12 h, potentially improving patient compliance by reducing formulation size. Process optimization and multi-batch flexibility were also explored in this study. Our findings provide a valuable reference for the development of innovative DDSs and 3D-printed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- YUEBEI People’s Hospital, Shaoguan, 512026, China
| | - Danqiao Fang
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bohua Feng
- Guangdong Province Engineering & Technology Research Center for Medical 3D Printer and Personalized Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianxu Luo
- Guangdong Province Engineering & Technology Research Center for Medical 3D Printer and Personalized Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peixuan Lei
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingchun Xie
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peihong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Center for New Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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3
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Zheng B, Wang L, Yi Y, Yin J, Liang A. Design strategies, advances and future perspectives of colon-targeted delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100943. [PMID: 39246510 PMCID: PMC11375318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) significantly contribute to high mortality globally and negatively affect patients' qualifications of life. The gastrointestinal tract has unique anatomical characteristics and physiological environment limitations. Moreover, certain natural or synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with poor targeting, low drug accumulation at the lesion site, and other side effects, hindering them from exerting their therapeutic effects. Colon-targeted drug delivery systems represent attractive alternatives as novel carriers for IBD treatment. This review mainly discusses the treatment status of IBD, obstacles to drug delivery, design strategies of colon-targeted delivery systems, and perspectives on the existing complementary therapies. Moreover, based on recent reports, we summarized the therapeutic mechanism of colon-targeted drug delivery. Finally, we addressed the challenges and future directions to facilitate the exploitation of advanced nanomedicine for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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4
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Brandl B, Eder S, Palanisamy A, Heupl S, Terzic I, Katschnig M, Nguyen T, Senck S, Roblegg E, Spoerk M. Toward high-resolution 3D-printing of pharmaceutical implants - A holistic analysis of relevant material properties and process parameters. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124356. [PMID: 38897487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, filament-based 3D-printing, the most widely used sub-category of material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM), is presented as a promising manufacturing platform for the production of subcutaneous implants. Print nozzle diameters as small as 100 µm were utilized demonstrating MEAM of advanced porous internal structures at the given cylindrical implant geometry of 2 mm × 40 mm. The bottlenecks related to high-resolution MEAM of subcutaneous implants are systematically analyzed and the print process is optimized accordingly. Custom synthesized biodegradable phase-separated poly(ether ester) multiblock copolymers exhibiting appropriate melt viscosity at comparatively low printing temperatures of 135 °C and 165 °C were utilized as 3D-printing feedstock. The print process was optimized to minimize thermomechanical polymer degradation by employing print speeds of 30 mm∙s-1 in combination with a nozzle diameter of 150 µm at layer heights of 110 µm. These results portray the basis for further development of subcutaneous implantable drug delivery systems where drug release profiles can be tailored through the adaption of the internal implant structure, which cannot be achieved using existing manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brandl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Eder
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anbu Palanisamy
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Heupl
- FH Upper Austria Research & Development GmbH, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Ivan Terzic
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thanh Nguyen
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Senck
- FH Upper Austria Research & Development GmbH, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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5
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Alzhrani RF, Alyahya MY, Algahtani MS, Fitaihi RA, Tawfik EA. Trend of pharmaceuticals 3D printing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: An overview, regulatory perspective and future outlook. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102098. [PMID: 38774811 PMCID: PMC11107368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional method of producing medicine using the "one-size fits all" model is becoming a major issue for pharmaceutical manufacturers due to its inability to produce customizable medicines for individuals' needs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new disruptive technology that offers many benefits to the pharmaceutical industry by revolutionizing the way pharmaceuticals are developed and manufactured. 3D printing technology enables the on-demand production of personalized medicine with tailored dosage, shape and release characteristics. Despite the lack of clear regulatory guidance, there is substantial interest in adopting 3D printing technology in the large-scale manufacturing of medicine. This review aims to evaluate the research efforts of 3D printing technology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a particular emphasis on pharmaceutical research and development. Our analysis indicates an upsurge in the overall research activity of 3D printing technology but there is limited progress in pharmaceuticals research and development. While the MENA region still lags, there is evidence of the regional interest in expanding the 3D printing technology applications in different sectors including pharmaceuticals. 3D printing holds great promise for pharmaceutical development within the MENA region and its advancement will require a strong collaboration between academic researchers and industry partners in parallel with drafting detailed guidelines from regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad F. Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Y. Alyahya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Algahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan A. Fitaihi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Tawfik
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Biswas AA, Dhondale MR, Agrawal AK, Serrano DR, Mishra B, Kumar D. Advancements in microneedle fabrication techniques: artificial intelligence assisted 3D-printing technology. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1458-1479. [PMID: 38218999 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are micron-scale needles that are a painless alternative to injections for delivering drugs through the skin. MNs find applications as biosensing devices and could serve as real-time diagnosis tools. There have been numerous fabrication techniques employed for producing quality MN-based systems, prominent among them is the three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing enables the production of quality MNs of tuneable characteristics using a variety of materials. Further, the possible integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) with 3D printing makes it an indispensable tool for fabricating microneedles. Provided that these AI tools can be trained and act with minimal human intervention to control the quality of products produced, there is also a possibility of mass production of MNs using these tools in the future. This work reviews the specific role of AI in the 3D printing of MN-based devices discussing the use of AI in predicting drug release patterns, its role as a quality control tool, and in predicting the biomarker levels. Additionally, the autonomous 3D printing of microneedles using an integrated system of the internet of things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) is discussed in brief. Different categories of machine learning including supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforced learning have been discussed in brief. Lastly, a brief section is dedicated to the biosensing applications of MN-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj A Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukiran R Dhondale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish K Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, India.
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7
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Bei H, Zhao P, Shen L, Yang Q, Yang Y. Assembled pH-Responsive Gastric Drug Delivery Systems Based on 3D-Printed Shells. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:717. [PMID: 38931841 PMCID: PMC11206575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric acid secretion is closely associated with the development and treatment of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and reflux esophagitis. However, gastric acid secretion is affected by complex physiological and pathological factors, and real-time detection and control are complicated and expensive. A gastric delivery system for antacids and therapeutics in response to low pH in the stomach holds promise for smart and personalized treatment of stomach diseases. In this study, pH-responsive modular units were used to assemble various modular devices for self-regulation of pH and drug delivery to the stomach. The modular unit with a release window of 50 mm2 could respond to pH and self-regulate within 10 min, which is related to its downward floatation and internal gas production. The assembled devices could stably float downward in the medium and detach sequentially at specific times. The assembled devices loaded with antacids exhibited smart pH self-regulation under complex physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, the assembled devices loaded with antacids and acid suppressors could multi-pulse or prolong drug release after rapid neutralization of gastric acid. Compared with traditional coating technology, 3D printing can print the shell layer by layer, flexibly adjust the internal and external structure and composition, and assemble it into a multi-level drug release system. Compared with traditional coating, 3D-printed shells have the advantage of the flexible adjustment of internal and external structure and composition, and are easy to assemble into a complex drug delivery system. This provides a universal and flexible strategy for the personalized treatment of diseases with abnormal gastric acid secretion, especially for delivering acid-unstable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.B.); (P.Z.); (L.S.); (Q.Y.)
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8
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Tong H, Zhang J, Ma J, Zhang J. Perspectives on 3D printed personalized medicines for pediatrics. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123867. [PMID: 38310991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has yielded distinct benefits across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry has particularly experienced advantages from the utilization of 3D-printed medications, which have invigorated the development of tailored drug formulations. The approval of 3D-printed drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has significantly propelled personalized drug delivery. Additionally, 3D printing technology can accommodate the precise requirements of pediatric drug dosages and the complexities of multiple drug combinations. This review specifically concentrates on the application of 3D printing technology in pediatric preparations, encompassing a broad spectrum of uses and refined pediatric formulations. It compiles and evaluates the fundamental principles associated with the application of 3D printing technology in pediatric preparations, including its merits and demerits, and anticipates its future progression. The objective is to furnish theoretical underpinning for 3D printing technology to facilitate personalized drug delivery in pediatrics and to advocate for its implementation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Tong
- School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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9
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Aguilar-de-Leyva Á, Casas M, Ferrero C, Linares V, Caraballo I. 3D Printing Direct Powder Extrusion in the Production of Drug Delivery Systems: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:437. [PMID: 38675099 PMCID: PMC11054165 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of tailored, on-demand drug delivery systems has gained attention in pharmaceutical development over the last few years, thanks to the application of 3D printing technology in the pharmaceutical field. Recently, direct powder extrusion (DPE) has emerged among the extrusion-based additive manufacturing techniques. It is a one-step procedure that allows the direct processing of powdered formulations. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the production of drug delivery systems using DPE. A total of 27 articles have been identified through scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). The main characteristics of the three types of 3D printers based on DPE have been discussed. The selection of polymers and auxiliary excipients, as well as the flowability of the powder mixture, the rheological properties of the molten material, and the printing temperatures have been identified as the main critical parameters for successful printing. A wide range of drug delivery systems with varied geometries and different drug release profiles intended for oral, buccal, parenteral, and transdermal routes have been produced. The ability of this technique to manufacture personalized, on-demand drug delivery systems has been proven. For all these reasons, its implementation in hospital settings in the near future seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Casas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.A.-d.-L.); (C.F.) (V.L.); (I.C.)
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10
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Henry S, Carroll M, Murphy KN, Leys L, Markl D, Vanhoorne V, Vervaet C. Semi-crystalline materials for pharmaceutical fused filament fabrication: Dissolution and porosity. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123816. [PMID: 38246479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of crystallization kinetics and the effect on drug product quality characteristics is needed to exploit the use of semi-crystalline polymers in pharmaceutical fused filament fabrication. Filaments were prepared from polycaprolactone or polyethylene oxide loaded with a crystallization inhibitor or inducer, which was either 10% (w/w) ibuprofen or theophylline. A design-of-experiments approach was conducted to investigate the effect of nozzle temperature, bed temperature and print speed on the printed tablets' microstructure and dissolution kinetics. Helium pycnometry derived porosity proved an ideal technique to capture significant distortions in the tablets' microstructure. On the other hand, terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) analysis proved valuable to investigate additional enclosed pores of the tablets' microstructure. The surface roughness was analyzed using optical coherence tomography, showing the importance of extensional viscosity for printed drug products. Drug release occurred via erosion for tablets consisting of polyethylene oxide, which partly reduced the effect of the inner microstructure on the drug release kinetics. An initial burst release effect was noted for polycaprolactone tablets, after which drug release continued via diffusion. Both the pore and crystalline microstructure were deemed essential to steer drug release. In conclusion, this research provided guidelines for material and process choice when a specific microstructure has to be constructed from semi-crystalline materials. In addition, non-destructive tests for the characterization of printed products were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henry
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Carroll
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - K N Murphy
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Leys
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Markl
- Centre for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kreft K, Lavrič Z, Gradišar Centa U, Mihelčič M, Slemenik Perše L, Dreu R. Correlating mechanical and rheological filament properties to processability and quality of 3D printed tablets using multiple linear regression. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123719. [PMID: 38110015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Filament formulation for FDM is a challenging and time-consuming process. Several pharmaceutical polymers are not feedable on their own. Due to inadequate filament formulation, 3D printed tablets can also exhibit poor uniformity of tablet attributes. To better understand filament formulation process, 23 filaments were prepared with the polymer mixing approach. To yield processable filaments, brittle and pliable polymers were combined. A 20 % addition of a pliable polymer to a brittle one resulted in filament processability and vice versa. Predictive statistical models for filament processability and uniformity of tablet attributes were established based on the mechanical and rheological properties of filaments. 15 input variables were correlated to 9 responses, which represent filament processability and tablet properties, by using multiple linear regression approach. Filament stiffness, assessed by indentation, and its square term were the only variables that determined the filament's feedability. However, the resulting model is equipment-specific since different feeding mechanism exert different forces on the filaments. Additional models with good predictive power (R2pred > 0.50) were established for tablet width uniformity, drug release uniformity, tablet disintegration time uniformity and occurrence of disintegration, which are equipment-independent outputs. Therefore, the obtained model outcomes could be used in other research endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Lek d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Lavrič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Gradišar Centa
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohor Mihelčič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Slemenik Perše
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Dreu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Couți N, Porfire A, Iovanov R, Crișan AG, Iurian S, Casian T, Tomuță I. Polyvinyl Alcohol, a Versatile Excipient for Pharmaceutical 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:517. [PMID: 38399895 PMCID: PMC10893462 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing in the pharmaceutical field allows rapid manufacturing of a diverse range of pharmaceutical dosage forms, including personalized items. The application of this technology in dosage form manufacturing requires the judicious selection of excipients because the selected materials must be appropriate to the working principle of each technique. Most techniques rely on the use of polymers as the main material. Among the pharmaceutically approved polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the most used, especially for fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. This review summarizes the physical and chemical properties of pharmaceutical-grade PVA and its applications in the manufacturing of dosage forms, with a particular focus on those fabricated through FDM. The work provides evidence on the diversity of dosage forms created using this polymer, highlighting how formulation and processing difficulties may be overcome to get the dosage forms with a suitable design and release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (N.C.); (R.I.); (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (T.C.); (I.T.)
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13
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Larsen BS, Kissi E, Nogueira LP, Genina N, Tho I. Impact of drug load and polymer molecular weight on the 3D microstructure of printed tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106619. [PMID: 37866675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of drug load and polymer molecular weight on the structure of tablets three-dimensionally (3D) printed from the binary mixture of prednisolone and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Three different HPMC grades, (AFFINISOLTM HPMC HME 15LV, 90 Da (HPMC 15LV); 100LV, 180 Da (HPMC 100LV); 4M, 500 Da (HPMC 4M)), which are suitable for hot-melt extrusion (HME), were used in this study. HME was used to fabricate feedstock material, i.e., filaments, at the lowest possible extrusion temperature. Filaments of the three HPMC grades were prepared to contain 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 % (w/w) prednisolone. The thermal degradation of the filaments was studied with thermogravimetric analysis, while solid-state properties of the drug-loaded filaments were assessed with the use of X-ray powder diffraction. Prednisolone in the freshly extruded filaments was determined to be amorphous for drug loads up to 10%. It remained physically stable for at least 6 months of storage, except for the filament containing 10% drug with HPMC 15LV, where recrystallization of prednisolone was detected. Fused deposition modeling was utilized to print honeycomb-shaped tablets from the HME filaments of HPMC 15LV and 100LV. The structural characteristics of the tablets were evaluated using X-ray microcomputed tomography, specifically porosity and size of structural elements were investigated. The tablets printed from HPMC 15LV possessed in general lower total porosity and pores of smaller size than tablets printed from the HPMC 100LV. The studied drug loads were shown to have minor effect on the total porosity of the tablets, though the lower the drug load was, the higher the variance of porosity along the height of the tablet was observed. It was found that tablets printed with HPMC 15LV showed higher structural similarity with the virtually designed model than tablets printed from HPMC 100LV. These findings highlight the relevance of the drug load and polymer molecular weight on the microstructure and structural properties of 3D printed tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Strøm Larsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eric Kissi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway; Nanoform Finland PLC, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liebert Parreiras Nogueira
- Oral Research Laboratory, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Geitmyrsveien 71, 0455 Oslo, Norway
| | - Natalja Genina
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingunn Tho
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Uboldi M, Chiappa A, Rossi M, Briatico-Vangosa F, Melocchi A, Zema L. Development of a multi-component gastroretentive expandable drug delivery system (GREDDS) for personalized administration of metformin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:131-149. [PMID: 38088371 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2294884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Efficacy and compliance of type II diabetes treatment would greatly benefit from dosage forms providing controlled release of metformin in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In this respect, the feasibility of a new system ensuring stomach-retention and personalized release of this drug at its absorption window for multiple days was investigated. METHODS The system proposed comprised of a drug-containing core and a viscoelastic umbrella-like skeleton, which were manufactured by melt-casting and 3D printing. Prototypes, alone or upon assembly and insertion into commercially-available capsules, were characterized for key parameters: thermo-mechanical properties, accelerated stability, degradation, drug release, deployment performance, and resistance to simulated gastric contractions. RESULTS Each part of the system was successfully manufactured using purposely-selected materials and the performance of final prototypes matched the desired one. This included: i) easy folding of the skeleton against the core in the collapsed administered shape, ii) rapid recovery of the cumbersome configuration at the target site, even upon storage, and iii) prolonged release of metformin. CONCLUSIONS Composition, geometry, and performance of the system developed in this work were deemed acceptable for stomach-retention and prolonged as well as customizable release of metformin in its absorption window, laying promising bases for further development steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Uboldi
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Chiappa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico-Vangosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Melocchi
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zema
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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15
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Roche A, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Bataille B, Delannoy V, Soulairol I. Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printing and solubility improvement of BCS II and IV active ingredients - A narrative review. J Control Release 2024; 365:507-520. [PMID: 38036003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the field of pharmaceutical research and development, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing (3DP) has aroused growing interest within the last ten years. The use of thermoplastic polymers, combined with the melting process of the raw materials, offers the possibility of manufacturing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In the pharmaceutical industry, the formulation of an ASD is a widely used strategy to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs (classified by the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) as class II and IV). In this review, an analysis of studies that have developed a FDM printed form containing a BCS class II or IV active substance was performed. The focus has been placed on the evaluation of the solid state of the active molecules (crystalline or amorphous) and on the study of their dissolution profile. Thus, the aim of this work is to highlight the interest of FDM 3DP to induce the amorphisation phenomenon of Class II and IV active substances by forming an ASD, and as result improving their solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Roche
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Noelia M Sanchez-Ballester
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
| | - Bernard Bataille
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Violaine Delannoy
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Ian Soulairol
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
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16
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Aguilar-de-Leyva Á, Linares V, Domínguez-Robles J, Casas M, Caraballo I. Extrusion-based technologies for 3D printing: a comparative study of the processability of thermoplastic polyurethane-based formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:939-947. [PMID: 37878535 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2274945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) offer excellent properties for a wide range of dosage forms. These polymers have been successfully utilized in personalized medicine production using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing (3DP). However, direct powder extrusion (DPE) has been introduced recently as a challenging technique since it eliminates filament production before 3DP, reducing thermal stress, production time, and costs. This study compares DPE and single-screw extrusion for binary (drug-TPU) and ternary (drug-TPU-magnesium stearate [MS]) mixtures containing from 20 to 60% w/w of theophylline. Powder flow, mechanical properties, fractal analysis, and percolation theory were utilized to analyze critical properties of the extrudates. All the mixtures could be processed at a temperature range between 130 and 160 °C. Extrudates containing up to 50% w/w of drug (up to 30% w/w of drug in the case of single-screw extrusion binary filaments) showed toughness values above the critical threshold of 80 kg/mm2. MS improved flow in mixtures where the drug is the only percolating component, reduced until 25 °C the DPE temperature and decreased the extrudate roughness in high drug content systems. The potential of DPE as an efficient one-step additive manufacturing technique in healthcare environments to produce TPU-based tailored on-demand medicines has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Aguilar-de-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Linares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Casas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Isidoro Caraballo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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17
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Jennotte O, Koch N, Lechanteur A, Rosoux F, Emmerechts C, Beeckman E, Evrard B. Feasibility study of the use of a homemade direct powder extrusion printer to manufacture printed tablets with an immediate release of a BCS II molecule. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123506. [PMID: 37832701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the various 3D printing techniques, FDM is the most studied in pharmaceutical research. However, it requires the fabrication of filaments with suitable mechanical properties using HME, which can be laborious and time-consuming. DPE has emerged as a single-step printing technique that can overcome FDM limits as it enables the direct printing of powder blends without the need of filaments. This study demonstrated the manufacturing of cylindrical-shaped printed tablets containing CBD, a BCS II molecule, with an immediate release. Different blends of PEO/E100 and PEO/SOL, each with 10 % of CBD, were printed and tested according to the Eur. Ph. for uncoated tablets. Each printed cylinder met the Eur. Ph. specifications for friability, mass variation and mass uniformity. However, only the E100-based formulations enabled a CBD immediate release, as formulations containing SOL formed a gel once in contact with the dissolution medium, reducing the drug dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - N Koch
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - A Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - F Rosoux
- SIRRIS, Collective Centre of the Belgian Technology Industry, 4102 Liege Science Park, Belgium
| | - C Emmerechts
- SIRRIS, Collective Centre of the Belgian Technology Industry, 4102 Liege Science Park, Belgium
| | - E Beeckman
- SIRRIS, Collective Centre of the Belgian Technology Industry, 4102 Liege Science Park, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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18
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Liu Y, Yao X, Fan C, Zhang G, Luo X, Qian Y. Microfabrication and lab-on-a-chip devices promote in vitromodeling of neural interfaces for neuroscience researches and preclinical applications. Biofabrication 2023; 16:012002. [PMID: 37832555 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissues react to injuries through the orchestration of cellular reprogramming, generating specialized cells and activating gene expression that helps with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Simplified biomimetic models are encouraged to amplify the physiological and morphological changes during neural regeneration at cellular and molecular levels. Recent years have witnessed growing interest in lab-on-a-chip technologies for the fabrication of neural interfaces. Neural system-on-a-chip devices are promisingin vitromicrophysiological platforms that replicate the key structural and functional characteristics of neural tissues. Microfluidics and microelectrode arrays are two fundamental techniques that are leveraged to address the need for microfabricated neural devices. In this review, we explore the innovative fabrication, mechano-physiological parameters, spatiotemporal control of neural cell cultures and chip-based neurogenesis. Although the high variability in different constructs, and the restriction in experimental and analytical access limit the real-life applications of microphysiological models, neural system-on-a-chip devices have gained considerable translatability for modeling neuropathies, drug screening and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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Jiang X, Koike R. Numerical Study of the Effect of High Gravity in Material Extrusion System and Polymer Characteristics during Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3037. [PMID: 37514426 PMCID: PMC10385754 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer science plays a crucial role in the understanding and numerical study of material extrusion processes that have revolutionized additive manufacturing (AM). This study investigated the impact of high-gravity conditions on material extrusion and conducted a numerical study by referring to the development of a high-gravity material extrusion system (HG-MEX). In this study, we evaluated the polymeric characteristics of HG-MEX. By analyzing the interplay between polymer behavior and gravity, we provide insights into the effects of high gravity on extrusion processes, including filament flow, material deposition, and the resulting fabrication characteristics. The established numerical study of high-gravity material extrusion in additive manufacturing is a meaningful and valuable approach for improving the quality and efficiency of the process. This study is unique in that it incorporates material surface characteristics to represent the performance and contact with polymer science in additive manufacturing. The findings presented herein contribute to a broader understanding of polymer science and its practical implications for HG-MEX under various gravitational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Research and Development Department, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina 243-0435, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Koike
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Rani P, Yadav V, Pandey P, Yadav K. Recent patent-based review on the role of three-dimensional printing technology in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Pharm Pat Anal 2023; 12:159-175. [PMID: 37882734 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is emerging as an innovative manufacturing technology for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, since the US FDA approval of Spritam as a 3D-printed drug. In the present review, we have highlighted the potential benefits of 3DP technology in healthcare, such as the ability to create patient-specific medical devices and implants, as well as the possibility of on-demand production of drugs and personalized dosage forms. We have further discussed future research to optimize 3DP processes and materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Cohesively, we have put forward the current state of active patents and applications related to 3DP technology in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries including hearing aids, prostheses, medical devices and drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Rani
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö SE-20213, Sweden
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram, 122018, Haryana, India
| | - Kiran Yadav
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
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21
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Nan X, Xu Z, Cao X, Hao J, Wang X, Duan Q, Wu G, Hu L, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Gao L. A Review of Epidermal Flexible Pressure Sensing Arrays. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:656. [PMID: 37367021 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, flexible pressure sensing arrays applied in medical monitoring, human-machine interaction, and the Internet of Things have received a lot of attention for their excellent performance. Epidermal sensing arrays can enable the sensing of physiological information, pressure, and other information such as haptics, providing new avenues for the development of wearable devices. This paper reviews the recent research progress on epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays. Firstly, the fantastic performance materials currently used to prepare flexible pressure sensing arrays are outlined in terms of substrate layer, electrode layer, and sensitive layer. In addition, the general fabrication processes of the materials are summarized, including three-dimensional (3D) printing, screen printing, and laser engraving. Subsequently, the electrode layer structures and sensitive layer microstructures used to further improve the performance design of sensing arrays are discussed based on the limitations of the materials. Furthermore, we present recent advances in the application of fantastic-performance epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays and their integration with back-end circuits. Finally, the potential challenges and development prospects of flexible pressure sensing arrays are discussed in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhikuan Xu
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xinxin Cao
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinjin Hao
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qikai Duan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liangwei Hu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zekun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Libo Gao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Parulski C, Bya LA, Goebel J, Servais AC, Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Development of 3D printed mini-waffle shapes containing hydrocortisone for children's personalized medicine. Int J Pharm 2023:123131. [PMID: 37321464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone is mainly used in the substitution treatment of adrenal insufficiency which results in a dysregulation of cortisol. Compounding of hydrocortisone capsules remains the only low-dose oral treatment suitable for the pediatric population. However, capsules often show non-compliance in mass and content uniformity. Three-dimensional printing offers the prospect of practising personalized medicine for vulnerable patients like children. The goal of this work is to develop low-dose solid oral forms containing hydrocortisone by hot-melt extrusion coupled with fused deposition modeling for the pediatric population. Formulation, design and processes temperatures were optimized to produce printed forms with the desired characteristics. Red mini-waffle shapes containing drug loads of 2, 5 and 8 mg were successfully printed. This new 3D design allow to release more than 80% of the drug in 45 minutes indicating a conventional release like the one obtained with capsules. Mass and content uniformity, hardness and friability tests complied with European Pharmacopeia specifications, despite the considerable challenge of the small dimensions of the forms. This study demonstrates that FDM can be used to produce innovative pediatric-friendly printed shapes of an advanced pharmaceutical quality to practice personalize medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Parulski
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Laure-Anne Bya
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Justine Goebel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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23
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Uboldi M, Perrotta C, Moscheni C, Zecchini S, Napoli A, Castiglioni C, Gazzaniga A, Melocchi A, Zema L. Insights into the Safety and Versatility of 4D Printed Intravesical Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030757. [PMID: 36986618 PMCID: PMC10057729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on recent advancements in the development of 4D printed drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the intravesical administration of drugs. By coupling the effectiveness of local treatments with major compliance and long-lasting performance, they would represent a promising innovation for the current treatment of bladder pathologies. Being based on a shape-memory pharmaceutical-grade polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), these DDSs are manufactured in a bulky shape, can be programmed to take on a collapsed one suitable for insertion into a catheter and re-expand inside the target organ, following exposure to biological fluids at body temperature, while releasing their content. The biocompatibility of prototypes made of PVAs of different molecular weight, either uncoated or coated with Eudragit®-based formulations, was assessed by excluding relevant in vitro toxicity and inflammatory response using bladder cancer and human monocytic cell lines. Moreover, the feasibility of a novel configuration was preliminarily investigated, targeting the development of prototypes provided with inner reservoirs to be filled with different drug-containing formulations. Samples entailing two cavities, filled during the printing process, were successfully fabricated and showed, in simulated urine at body temperature, potential for controlled release, while maintaining the ability to recover about 70% of their original shape within 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Uboldi
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche “Maria Edvige Sangalli”, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche “Maria Edvige Sangalli”, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Melocchi
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche “Maria Edvige Sangalli”, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50324654
| | - Lucia Zema
- Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche “Maria Edvige Sangalli”, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Patel NG, Serajuddin ATM. Improving drug release rate, drug-polymer miscibility, printability and processability of FDM 3D-printed tablets by weak acid-base interaction. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122542. [PMID: 36566823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Slow drug release, low drug-polymer miscibility, poor printability of polymers used, and high processing temperature are major challenges in developing FDM 3D-printed tablets. These challenges were addressed in this investigation by having a model basic drug, haloperidol (mp: 151.5 °C), interact with a weak acid, malic acid (mp: 130 °C), during the melt extrusion of formulations into filaments used for 3D-printing. Malic acid was selected as it was previously reported that it did not form any crystalline salt with haloperidol but its addition to aqueous media could greatly increase the solubility of haloperidol from ∼ 1 µg/mL to > 1 g per mL of water by acid-base supersolubilization. Concentrated solutions of haloperidol-malic acid mixtures produced amorphous materials upon drying. It has been observed in the present investigation that similar interaction between haloperidol and malic acid may also occur in the absence of water. Upon heating, haloperidol-malic acid mixtures at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios turned amorphous starting at ∼ 50 °C, which is much below the melting point of either component. When Kollidon® VA64, a brittle and non-printable polymer, was used as the polymeric carrier, the acid-base interaction greatly reduced the melt viscosity of haloperidol-malic acid-Kollidon® VA64 ternary mixtures. Consequently, melt extrusion of filaments and printing of tablets using such mixtures could be performed at much lower temperatures than those with haloperidol-Kollidon® VA64 binary mixtures. The filaments containing 15 % and 30 % haloperidol along with malic acid and Kollidon® VA64 could be printed into tablets at relatively low temperatures of 125 and 100 °C, respectively, thus making Kollidon® VA64 not only printable but also doing so at low temperatures. Up to 50 % w/w drug load in filaments was achieved without any crystallization of haloperidol or malic acid. Drug release at pH 2 and 6.8 from printed tablets with 100 % infill was 80 % in < 30 min. Thus, the acid-base interaction can successfully resolve multiple development challenges encountered with FDM 3D-printed tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali G Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abu T M Serajuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Ma Y, Zhang B, Sun H, Liu D, Zhu Y, Zhu Q, Liu X. The Dual Effect of 3D-Printed Biological Scaffolds Composed of Diverse Biomaterials in the Treatment of Bone Tumors. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:293-305. [PMID: 36683596 PMCID: PMC9851059 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s390500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tumors, including primary bone tumors, invasive bone tumors, metastatic bone tumors, and others, are one of the most clinical difficulties in orthopedics. Once these tumors have grown and developed in the bone system, they will interact with osteocytes and other environmental cells in the bone system's microenvironment, leading to the eventual damage of the bone's physical structure. Surgical procedures for bone tumors may result in permanent defects. The dual-efficacy of tissue regeneration and tumor treatment has made biomaterial scaffolds frequently used in treating bone tumors. 3D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid printing prototype, is the transformation of 3D computer models into physical models through deposition, curing, and material fusion of successive layers. Adjustable shape, porosity/pore size, and other mechanical properties are an advantage of 3D-printed objects, unlike natural and synthetic material with fixed qualities. Researchers have demonstrated the significant role of diverse 3D-printed biological scaffolds in the treatment for bone tumors and the regeneration of bone tissue, and that they enhanced various performance of the products. Based on the characteristics of bone tumors, this review synthesized the findings of current researchers on the application of various 3D-printed biological scaffolds including bioceramic scaffold, metal alloy scaffold and nano-scaffold, in bone tumors and discussed the advantages, disadvantages, and future application prospects of various types of 3D-printed biological scaffolds. Finally, the future development trend of 3D-printed biological scaffolds in bone tumor is summarized, providing a theoretical foundation and a larger outlook for the use of biological scaffolds in the treatment of patients with bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyin Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, No.964 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangji Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Investigation on the use of fused deposition modeling for the production of IR dosage forms containing Timapiprant. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100152. [PMID: 36624741 PMCID: PMC9823139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focused on evaluating the feasibility of fused deposition modeling (FDM) in the development of a dosage form containing Timapiprant (TMP), also known as CHF6532, which is a novel active molecule indicated in the potential treatment of eosinophilic asthma upon oral administration. The resulting product could be an alternative, with potential towards personalization, of immediate release (IR) tablets used in the clinical studies. Formulations based on different polymeric carriers were screened, leading to the identification of a polyvinyl alcohol-based one, which turned out acceptable for versatility in terms of active ingredient content, printability and dissolution performance (i.e. capability to meet the dissolution specification set, envisaging >80% of the drug dissolved within 30 min). Following an in-depth evaluation on the influence of TMP solid state and of the voids volume resulting from printing on dissolution, few prototypes with shapes especially devised for therapy customization were successfully printed and were compliant with the dissolution specification set.
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Expandable Drug Delivery Systems Based on Shape Memory Polymers: Impact of Film Coating on Mechanical Properties and Release and Recovery Performance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122814. [PMID: 36559306 PMCID: PMC9786903 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retentive drug delivery systems (DDSs) are intended for prolonged residence and release inside hollow muscular organs, to achieve either local or systemic therapeutic goals. Recently, formulations based on shape memory polymers (SMPs) have gained attention in view of their special ability to recover a shape with greater spatial encumbrance at the target organ (e.g., urinary bladder or stomach), triggered by contact with biological fluids at body temperature. In this work, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a pharmaceutical-grade SMP previously shown to be an interesting 4D printing candidate, was employed to fabricate expandable organ-retentive prototypes by hot melt extrusion. With the aim of improving the mechanical resistance of the expandable DDS and slowing down relevant drug release, the application of insoluble permeable coatings based on either Eudragit® RS/RL or Eudragit® NE was evaluated using simple I-shaped specimens. The impact of the composition and thickness of the coating on the shape memory, swelling, and release behavior as well as on the mechanical properties of these specimens was thoroughly investigated and the effectiveness of the proposed strategy was demonstrated by the results obtained.
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Junqueira LA, Tabriz AG, Rousseau F, Raposo NRB, Brandão MAF, Douroumis D. Development of printable inks for 3D printing of personalized dosage forms: Coupling of fused deposition modelling and jet dispensing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Novel Approach to Pharmaceutical 3D-Printing Omitting the Need for Filament-Investigation of Materials, Process, and Product Characteristics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112488. [PMID: 36432679 PMCID: PMC9695885 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilized 3D printhead employs an innovative hot-melt extrusion (HME) design approach being fed by drug-loaded polymer granules and making filament strands obsolete. Oscillatory rheology is a key tool for understanding the behavior of a polymer melt in extrusion processes. In this study, small amplitude shear oscillatory (SAOS) rheology was applied to investigate formulations of model antihypertensive drug Metoprolol Succinate (MSN) in two carrier polymers for pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing (3DP). For a standardized printing process, the feeding polymers viscosity results were correlated to their printability and a better understanding of the 3DP extrudability of a pharmaceutical formulation was developed. It was found that the printing temperature is of fundamental importance, although it is limited by process parameters and the decomposition of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Material characterization including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the formulations were performed to evaluate component miscibility and ensure thermal durability. To assure the development of a printing process eligible for approval, all print runs were investigated for uniformity of mass and uniformity of dosage in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.).
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Deon M, dos Santos J, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR. A critical review of traditional and advanced characterisation tools to drive formulators towards the rational development of 3D printed oral dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Recent Advances in Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Ceramic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214635. [PMID: 36365628 PMCID: PMC9654317 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, functional ceramic devices have become smaller, thinner, more refined, and highly integrated, which makes it difficult to realize their rapid prototyping and low-cost manufacturing using traditional processing. As an emerging technology, multi-material 3D printing offers increased complexity and greater freedom in the design of functional ceramic devices because of its unique ability to directly construct arbitrary 3D parts that incorporate multiple material constituents without an intricate process or expensive tools. Here, the latest advances in multi-material 3D printing methods are reviewed, providing a comprehensive study on 3D-printable functional ceramic materials and processes for various functional ceramic devices, including capacitors, multilayer substrates, and microstrip antennas. Furthermore, the key challenges and prospects of multi-material 3D-printed functional ceramic devices are identified, and future directions are discussed.
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Ferretti P, Santi GM, Leon-Cardenas C, Fusari E, Cristofori M, Liverani A. Production readiness assessment of low cost, multi-material, polymeric 3D printed moulds. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11136. [PMCID: PMC9626940 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology allows to choose a large variety of materials and it is widely used by companies and individuals nowadays. The cost effectiveness of rapid prototyping is achievable via FDM, that makes this technology useful for research and innovation. The application of 3D printing to aid production is the most common approach. Moreover, the use of 3D printing in prototypes result in a waste of material since no reuse is considered. In the following manuscript, this technology is applied to mould fabrication by achieving a low surface roughness at a modest cost compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Moreover, the possibility to use a combination of thermoplastic materials is analysed by examination of the CAD model optimized for Additive Manufacturing (AM) from scratch and was verified using metrology tools. Several moulds were finally built and applied to the specific case study of carbon fibre laminated components. This manuscript aims to analyse the manufacturing process by comparing the mould surface geometry before and after the smoothing process. The achieved tolerance between the produced moulds is ±0.05 mm that ensures the repeatability of the process from an industrial point of view; whilst the deviation between CAD and mould is ±0.2 mm. To combine an accurate FDM process together with chemical smoothing proved to be a powerful strategy to produce high quality components that can be inserted in the production process by means of traditional manufacturing techniques. This will aid to reduce the cost of standard manufacturing for low production batches and prototypes of carbon fibre composites. The FDM AM procedure must be properly set up for the best outcome. The new generation FDM AM machinery gives the opportunity to explore new opportunities to reach manufacturing process efficiency to widen the target of this technology. Surface quality by FDM creation can be outstandingly improved with chemical smoothing process. Quality control by means of 3D scanning proved to be efficient with detection resolution in the order of 0.01 mm.
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Parulski C, Gresse E, Jennotte O, Felten A, Ziemons E, Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Fused deposition modeling 3D printing of solid oral dosage forms containing amorphous solid dispersions: How to elucidate drug dissolution mechanisms through surface spectral analysis techniques? Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122157. [PMID: 36055443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many active principles belong to the second class of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System due to their low aqueous solubility. Elaboration of new solid oral forms by hot-melt extrusion and fused deposition modeling appears as a promising tool to increase the dissolution rate of these drugs. Indeed, hot-melt extrusion allows the amorphisation of drugs and forms with complex geometries are built by 3D printing. Therefore, the goal of this work is to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs using hot-melt extrusion coupled with fused deposition modeling. Four formulations containing Affinisol® 15LV, Kollidon® VA64 and a challenging amount of itraconazole (25% (wt.)) were successfully printed into forms of 20, 50 and 80% infill densities. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis has shown that itraconazole remained amorphous during 52 weeks. The drug release rate was highly improved compared to itraconazole in a crystalline form. The dissolution rate was influenced by the infill density and the polymer composition of printed forms which could modify respectively the surface to volume ratio and the distribution of the components in the printed forms. One formulation printed with 20% infill density even had a solubility profile similar to that of Sporanox®, the commercialized drug product in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Parulski
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Eva Gresse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Felten
- Synthesis, Irradiation and Analysis of Materials (SIAM) platform, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), ViBra-Sante Hub, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Panda S, Hajra S, Mistewicz K, Nowacki B, In-Na P, Krushynska A, Mishra YK, Kim HJ. A focused review on three-dimensional bioprinting technology for artificial organ fabrication. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5054-5080. [PMID: 35876134 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has attracted a great deal of interest because it can be easily adapted to many industries and research sectors, such as biomedical, manufacturing, education, and engineering. Specifically, 3D bioprinting has provided significant advances in the medical industry, since such technology has led to significant breakthroughs in the synthesis of biomaterials, cells, and accompanying elements to produce composite living tissues. 3D bioprinting technology could lead to the immense capability of replacing damaged or injured tissues or organs with newly dispensed cell biomaterials and functional tissues. Several types of bioprinting technology and different bio-inks can be used to replicate cells and generate supporting units as complex 3D living tissues. Bioprinting techniques have undergone great advancements in the field of regenerative medicine to provide 3D printed models for numerous artificial organs and transplantable tissues. This review paper aims to provide an overview of 3D-bioprinting technologies by elucidating the current advancements, recent progress, opportunities, and applications in this field. It highlights the most recent advancements in 3D-bioprinting technology, particularly in the area of artificial organ development and cancer research. Additionally, the paper speculates on the future progress in 3D-bioprinting as a versatile foundation for several biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Panda
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea.
| | - Sugato Hajra
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea.
| | - Krystian Mistewicz
- Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Nowacki
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pichaya In-Na
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
| | - Anastasiia Krushynska
- Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Hoe Joon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea. .,Robotics and Mechatronics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu-42988, South Korea
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Lightweight Design of Shock-Absorbing and Load-Bearing Components Based on 3D Printing Technology. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the redesign of new shock-absorbing load-bearing parts has gradually gained more and more focus due to the pressure of energy, environmental protection, and people’s pursuit of high-performance (light weight, excellent shock absorption, etc.) travel tools, and the development of 3D printing technology provides the possibility to design such high-performance parts. Therefore, firstly, the strength analysis of the parts is carried out by adopting Altar Inspire software, then topology optimization design is conducted in Inspire software and, finally, direct manufacturing is carried out using Aurora 3D printers. The results show that the maximum Mises equivalent stress of the shock-absorbing load-bearing components after lightweight design is not more than the material’s yield stress of 45 MPa and the safety factor (1.5) is greater than the minimum allowable safety factor (1.2); under such kind of premise, the quality is lightened by 63.82%. Moreover, since the structure of the parts becomes a bracket structure after the lightweight design, the shock absorption performance will be greatly improved. The 3D-printed parts have a series of advantages, namely bright surface, low roughness, no obvious warpage and other defects, and good molding effect, which lays solid the foundation for the mass production of high-performance shock-absorbing load-bearing parts.
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Tidau M, Finke JH. Modified Release Kinetics in Dual Filament 3D Printed Individualized Oral Dosage Forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106221. [PMID: 35662635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On demand production of totally customizable combinative preparations is a central goal of a patient-centric pharmaceutical supply chain. Additive manufacturing techniques like fused deposition modeling (FDM) could be key technologies towards such individualized dosage forms. As so far only a limited number of studies on 3D printed combinative preparations applying FDM have been reported, a core-shell dosage form was the focus of the present study. Dosage forms with an initial and a sustained release part with theophylline as model API were successfully produced applying a dual nozzle FDM 3D printer. Investigations identified microstructural defects at the interface between the two formulations by means of µCT analysis. Dissolution testing proved the achievement of the intended release profile. In combination with additionally characterized release profile of single material prints of different shapes, the combinative release profiles could be predicted by developing model equations and taking into account the geometric composition. As these model approaches can accordingly facilitate the prediction of API release from 3D printed combinative preparations with only data from single material release. This is a first step towards a truly individualized and reliable patient-centric pharmaceutical supply via 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Tidau
- TU Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik (iPAT); Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; TU Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Str. 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jan Henrik Finke
- TU Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik (iPAT); Volkmaroder Str. 5, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; TU Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Str. 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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The precision and accuracy of 3D printing of tablets by fused deposition modelling. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2814-2826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li B, Zhang M, Lu Q, Zhang B, Miao Z, Li L, Zheng T, Liu P. Application and Development of Modern 3D Printing Technology in the Field of Orthopedics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8759060. [PMID: 35211626 PMCID: PMC8863440 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8759060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a technology that uses a variety of adhesive materials such as powdered metal or plastic to construct objects based on digital models. Recently, 3D printing technology has been combined with digital medicine, materials science, cytology, and other multidisciplinary fields, especially in the field of orthopedic built-in objects. The development of advanced 3D printing materials continues to meet the needs of clinical precision medicine and customize the most suitable prosthesis for everyone to improve service life and satisfaction. This article introduces the development of 3D printing technology and different types of materials. We also discuss the shortcomings of 3D printing technology and the current challenges, including the poor bionics of 3D printing products, lack of ideal bioinks, product safety, and lack of market supervision. We also prospect the future development trends of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
- Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, 250100 Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qunshan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
| | - Baoqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
| | - Peilai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong, China
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Gabriela Crisan A, Iurian S, Porfire A, Maria Rus L, Bogdan C, Casian T, Ciceo Lucacel R, Turza A, Porav S, Tomuta I. QbD guided development of immediate release FDM-3D printed tablets with customizable API doses. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121411. [PMID: 34954001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed immediate release (IR) tablet with flexibility in adjusting the dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by scaling the size of the dosage form and appropriate drug release profile steadiness to the variation of dimensions or thickness of the deposited layers throughout the printing process. Polyvinyl alcohol-based filaments with elevated API content (50% w/w) were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME), through systematic screening of polymeric formulations with different drug loadings, and their printability was evaluated by means of mechanical characterization. For the tablet fabrication step by 3D printing (3DP), the Quality by Design (QbD) approach was implemented by employing risk management strategies and Design of Experiments (DoE). The effects of the tablet design, tablet size and the layer height settings on the drug release and the API content were investigated. Between the two proposed original tablet architectures, the honeycomb configuration was found to be a suitable candidate for the preparation of IR dosage forms with readily customizable API doses. Also, a predictive model was obtained, which assists the optimization of variables involved in the printing phase and thereby facilitates the tailoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabriela Crisan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Lucia Maria Rus
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Catalina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Tibor Casian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ciceo Lucacel
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Science, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Turza
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sebastian Porav
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Đuranović M, Madžarević M, Ivković B, Ibrić S, Cvijić S. The evaluation of the effect of different superdisintegrants on the drug release from FDM 3D printed tablets through different applied strategies: In vitro-in silico assessment. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121194. [PMID: 34728321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol-loaded tablets were printed by fused deposition modelling technique, using polyvinyl alcohol as a backbone polymer and Affinisol™ HPMC as a plasticizer in all formulations. Four different strategies were applied in order to accelerate the drug release from the tablets. First, different release enhancers were added: sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, Kollidon CL and mannitol. Kollidon CL and mannitol showed the greatest influence on the drug dissolution rate. The second strategy included lowering the infill density, which did not make any significant changes in dissolution profiles, according to the calculated similarity factor. Then the best two release enhancers from the first strategy were combined (Kollidon CL and mannitol) and this proved to be the most effective in the drug release acceleration. The fourth strategy, increasing the percentage of the release enhancers in formulation, revealed the importance of their concentration limits. In summary, the drug release accelerated from 58% released after 5 h to reaching the plateau within 2 h. In silico physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modelling showed that formulations with mannitol and Kollidon CL, especially the formulation containing a combination of these release enhancers, can provide relatively fast drug release and extent of drug absorption that complies with an immediate release tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Đuranović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Marijana Madžarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Branka Ivković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia.
| | - Sandra Cvijić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Serbia
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Suárez-González J, Magariños-Triviño M, Díaz-Torres E, Cáceres-Pérez AR, Santoveña-Estévez A, Fariña JB. Individualized orodispersible pediatric dosage forms obtained by molding and semi-solid extrusion by 3D printing: A comparative study for hydrochlorothiazide. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Understanding the Effect of Energy Density and Formulation Factors on the Printability and Characteristics of SLS Irbesartan Tablets-Application of the Decision Tree Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111969. [PMID: 34834384 PMCID: PMC8621390 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a rapid prototyping technique for the production of three-dimensional objects through selectively sintering powder-based layer materials. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of energy density (ED) and formulation factors on the printability and characteristics of SLS irbesartan tablets. The correlation between formulation factors, ED, and printability was obtained using a decision tree model with an accuracy of 80%. FT-IR results revealed that there was no interaction between irbesartan and the applied excipients. DSC results indicated that irbesartan was present in an amorphous form in printed tablets. ED had a significant influence on tablets’ physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics. Adding lactose monohydrate enabled faster drug release while reducing the possibility for printing with different laser speeds. However, formulations with crospovidone were printable with a wider range of laser speeds. The adjustment of formulation and process parameters enabled the production of SLS tablets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with complete release in less than 30 min. The results suggest that a decision tree could be a useful tool for predicting the printability of pharmaceutical formulations. Tailoring the characteristics of SLS irbesartan tablets by ED is possible; however, it needs to be governed by the composition of the whole formulation.
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Rantanen J, Fatouros DG. Preface: Additive manufacturing in pharmaceutical product design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113991. [PMID: 34582829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Polymers in pharmaceutical additive manufacturing: A balancing act between printability and product performance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113923. [PMID: 34390775 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Materials and manufacturing processes share a common purpose of enabling the pharmaceutical product to perform as intended. This review on the role of polymeric materials in additive manufacturing of oral dosage forms, focuses on the interface between the polymer and key stages of the additive manufacturing process, which determine printability. By systematically clarifying and comparing polymer functional roles and properties for a variety of AM technologies, together with current and emerging techniques to characterize these properties, suggestions are provided to stimulate the use of readily available and sometimes underutilized pharmaceutical polymers in additive manufacturing. We point to emerging characterization techniques and digital tools, which can be harnessed to manage existing trade-offs between the role of polymers in printer compatibility versus product performance. In a rapidly evolving technological space, this serves to trigger the continued development of 3D printers to suit a broader variety of polymers for widespread applications of pharmaceutical additive manufacturing.
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Kafle A, Luis E, Silwal R, Pan HM, Shrestha PL, Bastola AK. 3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3101. [PMID: 34578002 PMCID: PMC8470301 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Kafle
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Eric Luis
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau SAR, China;
| | - Raman Silwal
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Houwen Matthew Pan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore;
| | - Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Anil Kumar Bastola
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing (CfAM), School of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
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3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091401. [PMID: 34575475 PMCID: PMC8467731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.
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Samaro A, Shaqour B, Goudarzi NM, Ghijs M, Cardon L, Boone MN, Verleije B, Beyers K, Vanhoorne V, Cos P, Vervaet C. Can filaments, pellets and powder be used as feedstock to produce highly drug-loaded ethylene-vinyl acetate 3D printed tablets using extrusion-based additive manufacturing? Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120922. [PMID: 34303815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine, produced through 3D printing, is a promising approach for delivering the required drug dose based on the patient's profile. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of two different extrusion-based additive manufacturing techniques - fused filament fabrication (FFF) and screw-based 3D printing, also known as direct extrusion additive manufacturing (DEAM). Different ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers (9 %VA, 12 %VA, 16 %VA, 18 %VA, 25 %VA, 28 %VA, and 40 %VA) were selected and loaded with 50% (w/w) metoprolol tartrate (MPT). Hot-melt extrusion was performed to produce the drug-loaded filaments. These filaments were used for FFF in which the mechanical and rheological properties were rate-limiting steps. The drug-loaded filament based on the 18 %VA polymer was the only printable formulation due to its appropriate mechanical and rheological properties. As for the highest VA content (40 %VA), the feeding pinch rolls cause buckling of the filaments due to insufficient stiffness, while other filaments were successfully feedable towards the extrusion nozzle. However, poor flowability out of the extrusion nozzle due to the rheological limitation excluded these formulations from the initial printing trials. Filaments were also pelletized and used for pellets-DEAM. This method showed freedom in formulation selection because the screw rotation drives the material flow with less dependence on their mechanical properties. All drug-loaded pellets were successfully printed via DEAM, as sufficient pressure was built up towards the nozzle due to single screw extrusion processing method. In contrast, filaments were used as a piston to build up the pressure required for extrusion in filament-based printing, which highly depends on the filament's mechanical properties. Moreover, printing trials using a physical mixture in powder form were also investigated and showed promising results. In vitro drug release showed similar release patterns for MPT-loaded 3D printed tablets regardless of the printing technique. Additionally, pellets-DEAM enabled the production of tablets with the highest VA content, which failed in FFF 3D printing but showed an interesting delayed release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Samaro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Palestine
| | - Bahaa Shaqour
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, An-Najah National University, Palestine
| | - Niloofar Moazami Goudarzi
- Radiation Physics-Centre for X-ray Tomography, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Michael Ghijs
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Radiation Physics-Centre for X-ray Tomography, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | | | - Valérie Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Eduardo DT, Ana SE, José B F. A micro-extrusion 3D printing platform for fabrication of orodispersible printlets for pediatric use. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120854. [PMID: 34224841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
3D printed pharmaceuticals offers the potential to manufacture personalized medicines for patients. Such technology is of particular benefit to pediatric populations from the offer of increased patient compliance and dose flexibility. With a bench-to-patient approach, this study established and optimized the critical parameters of the semi-solid micro-extrusion 3D printing process to guarantee the quality attributes of the final dosage form. Pediatrics orodispersible printlets of hydrochlorothiazide were manufactured through the modification of printing parameters, as well as printing surfaces materials. The printlets were characterized and the dimensions were measured using a digital caliper and computer vision algorithm. This study identified that the printing surface material and the first printing layer are critical parameters for high-resolution printlets. Following the optimization of 3D printing parameters, high quality orodispersible printlets loaded with hydrochlorothiazide - specifically tailored for pediatric patient's dosage forms - were obtained (4.62 mm × 1.90 mm). Mass and content uniformity assays demonstrated that the printlets satisfied the requirements for orodispersible printlets set by the European Pharmacopoeia. As such, in order to transition from laboratory research towards the treatment of patients, distinguishing accurate 3D printing parameters is necessary for the manufacture of medicines with key quality attributes that follow Pharmacopoeia requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Díaz-Torres Eduardo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas y Farmacéuticas, Desarrollo y Calidad de Vida, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain; Programa predoctoral de formación del personal investigador en Canarias, Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento y Empleo, Spain
| | - Santoveña-Estévez Ana
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain.
| | - Fariña José B
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain
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