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The effect of cinnamon supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2020; 55:102571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Maxwell WD, Ramsey LB, Johnson SG, Moore KG, Shtutman M, Schoonover JH, Kawaguchi-Suzuki M. Impact of Pharmacogenetics on Efficacy and Safety of Statin Therapy for Dyslipidemia. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 37:1172-1190. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney D. Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy; Columbia South Carolina
| | - Laura B. Ramsey
- Division of Research in Patient Services-Pharmacy Research; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Samuel G. Johnson
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Washington District of Columbia
- Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia
| | - Kate G. Moore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy; Clinton South Carolina
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences; University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy; Columbia South Carolina
| | - John H. Schoonover
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences; University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy; Columbia South Carolina
| | - Marina Kawaguchi-Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy; Pacific University College of Health Professions; Hillsboro Oregon
- Clinical Pharmacy Services; Kaiser Permanente Northwest; Portland Oregon
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Pan H, Yang Q, Huang G, Ding C, Cao P, Huang L, Xiao T, Guo J, Su Z. Hypolipidemic effects of chitosan and its derivatives in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31137. [PMID: 27146338 PMCID: PMC4856842 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is the primary risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Various factors, including genetics, physical inactivity, and daily nutritional habits, affect the prevalence of HLP. Recently, it was revealed that dietary fibers, such as pectin, psyllium, and especially chitosan (CTS), may play important roles in hypolipidemic management. Thus, this study aims to determine the hypolipidemic effect and mechanism of CTS and its water-soluble derivatives, chitosan oligosaccharides (MN≤1,000 Da (COSI) and MN≤3,000 Da (COSIII)), in male hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Design After the model creation, 120 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were equally assigned to 12 groups fed various diets as follows: the normal group with basic diet, an HFD group, an HFD group supplemented with three doses of CTS, COSI and COSIII groups, and an HFD group treated with simvastatin (7 mg/kg·d). After 6 weeks, body weight, fat/body ratio, and the relevant biomarkers of serum, liver, and feces were measured. Additionally, the histological analysis of liver and adipose tissue was performed, and the mRNA expressions of liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) and hepatic lipase (HL) were examined. Results Compared with HFD group, rats fed CTS, COSI, and COSIII showed a better ability to regulate their body weight, liver and cardiac indices, fat/body ratio, as well as serum, liver, and fecal lipids, and simultaneously to maintain the appropriate activity of liver and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as liver and fecal total bile acids (TBA). Simultaneously, there had been a higher mRNA expression of PPARα and HL in the treatment groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggested that these three function foods can effectively improve liver lipid metabolism by normalizing the expressions of PPARα and HL, and protect liver from the oxidized trauma by enhancing hepatic function, which could be potentially used to remedy hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guidong Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd, D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China;
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Leusink M, Onland-Moret NC, de Bakker PIW, de Boer A, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Seventeen years of statin pharmacogenetics: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 17:163-80. [PMID: 26670324 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We evaluated the evidence of pharmacogenetic associations with statins in a systematic review. METHODS Two separate outcomes were considered of interest: modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) response and modification of risk for cardiovascular events. RESULTS In candidate gene studies, 141 loci were claimed to be associated with LDL-C response. Only 5% of these associations were positively replicated. In addition, six genome-wide association studies of LDL-C response identified common SNPs in APOE, LPA, SLCO1B1, SORT1 and ABCG2 at genome-wide significance. None of the investigated SNPs consistently affected the risk reduction for cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION Only five genetic loci were consistently associated with LDL-C response. However, as effect sizes are modest, there is no evidence for the value of genetic testing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Leusink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang H, Blumberg JB, Chen CYO, Choi SW, Corcoran MP, Harris SS, Jacques PF, Kristo AS, Lai CQ, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, McKay DL, Meydani M, Parnell LD, Prokopy MP, Scott TM, Lichtenstein AH. Dietary modulators of statin efficacy in cardiovascular disease and cognition. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 38:1-53. [PMID: 24813475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other developed countries, and is fast growing in developing countries, particularly as life expectancy in all parts of the world increases. Current recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease issued jointly from the American Academy of Cardiology and American Heart Association emphasize that lifestyle modification should be incorporated into any treatment plan, including those on statin drugs. However, there is a dearth of data on the interaction between diet and statins with respect to additive, complementary or antagonistic effects. This review collates the available data on the interaction of statins and dietary patterns, cognition, genetics and individual nutrients, including vitamin D, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, phytochemicals (polyphenols and stanols) and alcohol. Of note, although the available data is summarized, the scope is limited, conflicting and disparate. In some cases it is likely there is unrecognized synergism. Virtually no data are available describing the interactions of statins with dietary components or dietary pattern in subgroups of the population, particularly those who may benefit most were positive effects identified. Hence, it is virtually impossible to draw any firm conclusions at this time. Nevertheless, this area is important because were the effects of statins and diet additive or synergistic harnessing the effect could potentially lead to the use of a lower intensity statin or dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael P Corcoran
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan S Harris
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aleksandra S Kristo
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane L McKay
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsen Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max P Prokopy
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Rodrigues AC, Sobrino B, Genvigir FDV, Willrich MAV, Arazi SS, Dorea EL, Bernik MMS, Bertolami M, Faludi AA, Brion MJ, Carracedo A, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Genetic variants in genes related to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and atorvastatin response. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 417:8-11. [PMID: 23247049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using candidate gene approach, we have investigated the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genes related to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis on dyslipidemia and atorvastatin response. METHODS The study included 157 patients treated with atorvastatin and 145 controls. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using SNPlex technology. RESULTS Allele and genotype disease association test revealed that APOB rs693 (OR: 2.2 [1.5-3.2], p=0.0001) and CD36 rs1984112 (OR: 3.7 [1.9-7.0], p=0.0002) SNPs were independent risk factors for hypercholesterolemia. Only APOB rs693 T variant allele was associated with increased LDL cholesterol levels (>160mg/dL). After atorvastatin treatment (10mg/day/4weeks), LIPC -514T allele was positively associated with LDL cholesterol reduction. CONCLUSION The current study reinforces the current knowledge that carrying APOB rs693 is an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and higher LDL levels. Furthermore, we found that a variant of CD36 was associated with dyslipidemia as a risk (rs1984112) factor. Finally, atorvastatin response could be predicted by LIPC -514C>T SNP and physical activity. In conclusion, our data evidences the contribution of genetic markers and their interaction with environmental factor in the variability of statin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chien KL, Lin YL, Wen HC, Lin HP, Yen CT, Lin SW, Kao JT. Common sequence variant in lipoprotein lipase gene conferring triglyceride response to fibrate treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:267-76. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.10.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Little is known about whether the variations in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apolipoprotein gene cluster (APOA1/C3/A5) confer appreciable triglyceride lowering after fibrate treatment among patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Materials & methods: We investigated whether variations in these genes confer a triglyceride lowering response after fibrate treatment among 145 patients with hypertriglyceridemia receiving 6 months of fibrate treatment. Results: Overall triglycerides decreased from 746.2 mg/dl to 465.9 mg/dl and the mean percentage of triglyceride lowering was 50.7 ± 38.6%. A total of two polymorphisms, LPL IVS8 +483T>G and APOA1 +2169G>C, were associated with a significant percentage of triglyceride lowering. Common haplotype effects of LPL on the triglyceride lowering percentage were significant (p = 0.002) and the percentage of variance explained by the LPL haplotype was 7.5%. One common LPL haplotype encompassing three polymorphisms was associated with a -45.40% change (p < 0.001) and risk of a 5.9-fold risk for developing a poor response (95% confidence interval: 1.11–31, p = 0.037), compared with the most frequent LPL haplotype. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the LPL gene variant may cause triglyceride lowering after fibrate treatment among patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chin Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Pei Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tzu Yen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Tsuen Kao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-San South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Abstract
Although pharmacologic treatment for cholesterol reduction represents an advance in cardiovascular and atherosclerosis treatment, the benefits of such therapy are still limited because of interindividual variability in the response to these drugs. Disease severity, treatment adherence, physiologic conditions, biologic conditions, and the patient's genetic profile could be cited as important factors in the evaluation of interindividual variability. In regard to the latter consideration, three large groups of genes could be investigated: (i) genes that code for proteins involved in metabolism and/or drug transport, thereby influencing the pharmacokinetics of these compounds; (ii) genes that code for proteins involved in the mechanism of action and/or in the metabolic pathway of drug action, and which therefore influence pharmacodynamics; and (iii) genes that code for proteins involved in direct development of the disease or in intermediate phenotypes. In this review we discuss pharmacogenetic studies of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and the implications of pharmacogenetic considerations for predicting treatment efficacy and reducing the adverse effects of these drugs. Once new studies have been performed and most of the genetic variability associated with drug action has been revealed, the great challenge will be to apply this knowledge in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara H Hutz
- Genetics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Declining frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities with statins: experience from general practice in Jerusalem. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:1002-5. [PMID: 18787468 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282fdf64c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Safety data of statins have been collected from diverse ethnic populations. Drug effects, including adverse reactions, may depend on genetics and environment. We investigated liver enzymes in relation to statin treatment in a northeast Jerusalem Jewish community. METHODS A long-term laboratory follow-up of liver enzymes prestatin and poststatin introduction was conducted. Records of participants who received statins were reviewed. Prestatin and poststatin liver enzymes were compared by various statistical models. RESULTS Two-hundred and sixty participants had mean follow-up of 25 months prestatin, and 26 months poststatin introduction. Sixty-six percent had hypertension, and 48% were diabetic. The frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities varied widely with time. Altogether, during pretreatment and posttreatment follow-up, 18.4 and 13.4% of measurements revealed abnormal (either cholestatic and/or hepatocellular) liver enzymes, respectively (P<0.01). Hyperlipidemia (positive correlation) and administration of renin-angiotensin antagonists (inverse correlation) predicted on-treatment liver enzyme abnormalities in men, whereas diabetes predicted abnormalities in women. CONCLUSION A substantial proportion of patients who need statins had elevated 'background' liver enzymes. The profile of elevated liver enzymes was not augmented by statin therapy; moreover, statin administration was associated with a decreasing frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities. Physicians should not refrain from prescribing statins solely on the basis of liver enzyme abnormalities.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HDL is a recognized negative risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. Establishing the genetic determinants of HDL concentration and functions would add to the prediction of cardiovascular risk and point to the biochemical mechanisms underlying this risk. The present review focuses on various approaches to establish genetic determinants of the HDL concentration, structure and function. RECENT FINDINGS While many genes contribute to the HDL concentration and collectively account for half of the variability, polymorphism of individual candidate genes contributes little. There are strong interactions between environmental and genetic influences. Recent findings have confirmed that APOA1 and ABCA1 exert the strongest influence on HDL concentrations and risk of atherosclerosis. CETP and lipases also affect the HDL concentration and functionality, but their connection to the atherosclerosis risk is conditional on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. SUMMARY Analysis of genetic determinants of HDL-cholesterol in patients with specific disease states or in response to the environmental condition may be a more accurate way to assess variations in HDL concentration. This may result in defining the rules of interaction between genetic and environmental factors and lead to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the variations in HDL concentration and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Mangravite LM, Thorn CF, Krauss RM. Clinical implications of pharmacogenomics of statin treatment. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 6:360-74. [PMID: 16550210 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Mangravite
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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