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Pinxterhuis TH, Ploumen EH, Doggen CJM, Hartmann M, Schotborgh CE, Anthonio RL, Roguin A, Danse PW, Benit E, Aminian A, Linssen GCM, von Birgelen C. First myocardial infarction in patients with premature coronary artery disease: insights into patient characteristics and outcome after treatment with contemporary stents. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2023; 12:774-781. [PMID: 37619976 PMCID: PMC10653666 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD) have a higher incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) than patients with non-premature CAD. The aim of the present study is to asess differences in clinical outcome after a first acute MI, percutaneously treated with new-generation drug-eluting stents between patients with premature and non-premature CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS We pooled and analysed the characteristics and clinical outcome of all patients with a first MI (and no previous coronary revascularization) at time of enrolment, in four large-scale drug-eluting stent trials. Coronary artery disease was classified premature in men aged <50 and women <55 years. Myocardial infarction patients with premature and non-premature CAD were compared. The main endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE): all-cause mortality, any MI, emergent coronary artery bypass surgery, or clinically indicated target lesion revascularization. Of 3323 patients with a first MI, 582 (17.5%) had premature CAD. These patients had lower risk profiles and underwent less complex interventional procedures than patients with non-premature CAD. At 30-day follow-up, the rates of MACE [hazard ratio (HR): 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07-0.71; P = 0.005), MI (HR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.89; P = 0.020), and target vessel failure (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11-0.82; P = 0.012) were lower in patients with premature CAD. At 1 year, premature CAD was independently associated with lower rates of MACE (adjusted HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.96; P = 0.037) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.06-0.98; P = 0.046). At 2 years, premature CAD was independently associated with lower mortality (adjusted HR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05-0.50; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS First MI patients with premature CAD, treated with contemporary stents, showed lower rates of MACE and all-cause mortality than patients with non-premature CAD, which is most likely related to differences in cardiovascular risk profile. TWENTE trials: TWENTE I, clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01066650), DUTCH PEERS (TWENTE II, NCT01331707), BIO-RESORT (TWENTE III, NCT01674803), and BIONYX (TWENTE IV, NCT02508714).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke H Pinxterhuis
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentrum Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, Enschede 7512 KZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty BMS, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Hallenweg 5, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Eline H Ploumen
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentrum Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, Enschede 7512 KZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty BMS, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Hallenweg 5, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carine J M Doggen
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty BMS, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Hallenweg 5, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Hartmann
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentrum Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, Enschede 7512 KZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rutger L Anthonio
- Department of Cardiology, Treant Zorggroep, Scheper Hospital, Emmen, The Netherlands
| | - Ariel Roguin
- Department of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera and B. Rappaport-Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Peter W Danse
- Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Edouard Benit
- Department of Cardiology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Adel Aminian
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Gerard C M Linssen
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo and Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens von Birgelen
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentrum Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, Enschede 7512 KZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty BMS, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Hallenweg 5, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Dimitrova IN. Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Individuals: Demographic and Risk Factor Profile, Clinical Features, Angiographic Findings and In-Hospital Outcome. Cureus 2023; 15:e45803. [PMID: 37876412 PMCID: PMC10591059 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality and disability. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in young individuals is a rare condition but can cause devastating socioeconomic and psychological consequences for both the patient and their family and an economic burden for the government. There is a paucity of data concerning the specific profile of these young patients in Bulgaria, a country with a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the baseline characteristics, demographic and risk factor profile, clinical features, angiographic findings and in-hospital outcomes of young patients with AMI. Additionally, these data were compared to those of the older age group. METHODS Retrospective data on 172 patients treated for AMI in "Prof. Alexandar Tschirkov", Bulgaria, from January 2018 to December 2021 were collected for the purpose of this study. Baseline characteristics, risk factor profile and clinical and angiographic features were compared in young (≤45 years) and older patients (>45 years). RESULTS Males were significantly predominant in the two age groups (p < 0.01), with an obviously increasing proportion of females in the older age group. Young patients were more likely to be smokers (55.7% vs. 28.8%; p=0.001); in contrast, hypertension (70.5% vs. 91.9%; p <0.001) and obesity (16.4% vs. 31.5%; p=0.031) were more prevalent in older patients. Anterior localization of myocardial infarction (MI) was most common in the two age groups (47.5% vs. 41.4%), respectively. Regarding the time delay from symptom onset to first medical contact, we found that young patients tended to present earlier than their older counterparts. Young patients had a higher incidence of single vessel disease (SVD) (49.2%) and nonobstructive coronary disease (NOCD) (11.5%) than older patients. Young patients with AMI had a lower in-hospital morbidity rate than older patients, but the in-hospital mortality, although lower, was not significantly different. A high prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (RFs), such as smoking, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension (AH), among the young group, less evolved CAD and similar high procedural success between age groups were established. Approximately 30% of young patients tend to present late in the hospital. The in-hospital mortality in the young population was lower than that in the older population but was still relatively higher than that previously reported. CONCLUSION The reported high prevalence of modifiable RFs and late presentation of young patients with AMI highlight the need for early recognition of these RFs, better prevention, deployment of educational programs, easy access to health care and high awareness of clinicians to reduce disability and mortality from CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva N Dimitrova
- Cardiology, University Hospital "Prof. Alexandar Tschirkov", Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, BGR
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3
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Hasebe T, Hasebe N. Impact of risk factors related to metabolic syndrome on acute myocardial infarction in younger patients. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1447-1458. [PMID: 35681042 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in cardiovascular medicine, myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major cause of adverse outcomes in younger MI patients, i.e., those who are aged 55 years or younger. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have not often been emphasized in the management of younger MI patients. However, plaque rupture or erosion, which is deeply related to cardiovascular risk factors, remains the most common etiology of MI even in younger patients. The global increase in the prevalence of obesity underscores the clinical importance of metabolic syndrome (MetS), i.e., obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and particularly hypertension, in younger people. The concept of "lifetime risk" of cardiovascular disease reinforces the need for prevention or treatment of MetS. This review focuses on the risk factors related to MetS and an overall understanding of recent profiles of younger MI patients. We hope that this review will aid in the primary prevention of MetS-related risk factors and the prevention of cardiovascular disease, particularly MI, in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hasebe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Asahikawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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4
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Sex Related Differences in the Treatment of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Aged <55 years. Am J Cardiol 2022; 170:25-30. [PMID: 35193766 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gender-related differences after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been reported, but studies have generally focused on high-risk groups and results are inconsistent. This study aims to determine gender-related differences in the treatment of STEMI and in-hospital mortality in a contemporary cohort of young patients. We included patients aged <55 years admitted to the Acute Cardiac Care Unit with STEMI during an 11-year period. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts to register information on demographics, clinical and laboratory data, angiography, treatment received, complications, and in-hospital mortality. A total of 812 patients were included (712 men and 100 women). There were no gender-related differences in age or prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Women, as compared with men, had higher incidence of nonobstructive angiography (14.0% vs 2.4%) and coronary tortuosity (4.0% vs 0.8%), and lower incidence of multivessel disease (35.0% vs 49.6%) (p <0.05). Less frequently than men, women received percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (94.0% vs 98.2%), and stent placement (82.0% vs 93.8%), inotropic agents (2.0% vs 8.3%), hypothermia after cardiac arrest (25.0% vs 84.0%), and mechanical ventilation (4.0% vs 11.0%) (p <0.05). These differences were not explained by the different angiographic findings. In-hospital mortality was 2.0% and 3.4%, in women and men, respectively (adjusted odds ratio 0.712, 95% confidence interval 0.164 to 3.093, p = 0.650). In conclusion, women aged <55 years with STEMI were held to different treatment standards than men.
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Rizk T, Blankstein R. Not All Heart Attacks are Created Equal: Thinking Differently About Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Young. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2021; 17:60-67. [PMID: 34824682 PMCID: PMC8588727 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, particularly myocardial infarction, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young individuals. Although myocardial infarctions have declined significantly in the general population, this decline has not been uniformly observed in younger cohorts. Young adults often have different risk factors, including a higher burden of tobacco use and substance abuse, and they are less likely to be treated with preventive therapies since they are often categorized as having low risk. This review examines the existing literature on myocardial infarction in young patients, with a focus on risk factors, therapeutic challenges, and opportunities for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rizk
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, US.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Brookline, Massachusetts, US
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Brookline, Massachusetts, US.,Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
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Sensorineural hearing loss and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11021. [PMID: 34040004 PMCID: PMC8155183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to clarify the effects of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on the incidence of stroke. In line with this, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using related keywords and MeSH terms from inception to March 1, 2020. Out of the 1961 initial records, eight cohort studies comprising 4,564,202 participants were included, and their qualities were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Then, the random-effects model was used to pool HR (95% CI) for risk of stroke; and heterogeneity was presented with I2 index. Subgroup analysis and publication bias tests were performed, and the pooled HR (95% CI) of stroke in SNHL was estimated as 1.31 (1.08, 1.53) for the unadjusted model and 1.33 (1.18, 1.49) for the adjusted model. Subgroup analysis indicates a significantly higher risk of stroke in patients with sudden SNHL (SSNHL) in comparison to age-related HL (ARHL) both in the unadjusted model, [HR = 1.46; 95% CI (1.08, 1.63)] versus [HR = 1.14; 95% CI (0.64, 1.65)], and in the adjusted model, [HR = 1.44; 95% CI (1.15, 1.74)] versus [HR = 1.29; 95% CI (1.24, 1.34)]. Our study showed that patients with SNHL face a higher risk of stroke than those without SNHL. It is necessary to perform hematologic and neurological examinations to help clinicians detect patients who are potentially at risk for stroke.
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Fach A, Osteresch R, Erdmann J, Munz M, Alberto Mata Marin L, Michel S, Retzlaff T, Wettwer T, Schmucker J, Hambrecht R, Wienbergen H. Long-term prevention after myocardial infarction in young patients ≤45 years: the Intensive Prevention Program in the Young (IPP-Y) study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:2264-2266. [PMID: 31674209 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319883960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fach
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Rico Osteresch
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Munz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Michel
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Tina Retzlaff
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Tineke Wettwer
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmucker
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Rainer Hambrecht
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany
| | - Harm Wienbergen
- Bremer Institute for Heart and Circulation Research, Klinikum Links der Weser, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany.,University Heart Center Lübeck, Germany
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Bugiardini R, Manfrini O, Cenko E. Female sex as a biological variable: A review on younger patients with acute coronary syndrome. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Ricci B, Cenko E, Vasiljevic Z, Stankovic G, Kedev S, Kalpak O, Vavlukis M, Zdravkovic M, Hinic S, Milicic D, Manfrini O, Badimon L, Bugiardini R. Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Risk to Young Women. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e007519. [PMID: 29273636 PMCID: PMC5779054 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mainly occurs in patients >50 years, younger patients can be affected as well. We used an age cutoff of 45 years to investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes of "young" patients with ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS Between October 2010 and April 2016, 14 931 patients with ACS were enrolled in the ISACS-TC (International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries) registry. Of these patients, 1182 (8%) were aged ≤45 years (mean age, 40.3 years; 15.8% were women). The primary end point was 30-day all-cause mortality. Percentage diameter stenosis of ≤50% was defined as insignificant coronary disease. ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction was the most common clinical manifestation of ACS in the young cases (68% versus 59.6%). Young patients had a higher incidence of insignificant coronary artery disease (11.4% versus 10.1%) and lesser extent of significant disease (single vessel, 62.7% versus 46.6%). The incidence of 30-day death was 1.3% versus 6.9% for the young and older patients, respectively. After correction for baseline and clinical differences, age ≤45 years was a predictor of survival in men (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.58), but not in women (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-3.62). This pattern of reversed risk among sexes held true after multivariable correction for in-hospital medications and reperfusion therapy. Moreover, younger women had worse outcomes than men of a similar age (odds ratio, 6.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-17.53). CONCLUSION ACS at a young age is characterized by less severe coronary disease and high prevalence of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Women have higher mortality than men. Young age is an independent predictor of lower 30-day mortality in men, but not in women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT01218776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ricci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Edina Cenko
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Zorana Vasiljevic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stankovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sasko Kedev
- University Clinic of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Oliver Kalpak
- University Clinic of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Marija Vavlukis
- University Clinic of Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Hinic
- University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Davor Milicic
- Department for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olivia Manfrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (ICCC), CiberCV-Institute Carlos III, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaele Bugiardini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy
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Singh A, Collins B, Qamar A, Gupta A, Fatima A, Divakaran S, Klein J, Hainer J, Jarolim P, Shah RV, Nasir K, Di Carli MF, Bhatt DL, Blankstein R. Study of young patients with myocardial infarction: Design and rationale of the YOUNG-MI Registry. Clin Cardiol 2017; 40:955-961. [PMID: 28805969 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The YOUNG-MI registry is a retrospective study examining a cohort of young adults age ≤ 50 years with a first-time myocardial infarction. The study will use the robust electronic health records of 2 large academic medical centers, as well as detailed chart review of all patients, to generate high-quality longitudinal data regarding the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients who experience a myocardial infarction at a young age. Our findings will provide important insights regarding prevention, risk stratification, treatment, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease in this understudied population, as well as identify disparities which, if addressed, can lead to further improvement in patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinainder Singh
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley Collins
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arman Qamar
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amber Fatima
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanjay Divakaran
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Josh Klein
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon Hainer
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravi V Shah
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ron Blankstein
- Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Merritt CJ, de Zoysa N, Hutton JM. A qualitative study of younger men's experience of heart attack (myocardial infarction). Br J Health Psychol 2017; 22:589-608. [PMID: 28544174 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), across psychosocial domains may be particularly acute in younger adults, for whom serious health events are non-normative. MI morbidity is declining in Western countries, but in England MI numbers have plateaued for the under-45 cohort, where approximately 90% of patients are male. Qualitative research on younger adults' experience of MI is limited, and no study has sampled exclusively under-45s. This study aimed to understand how a sample of men under 45 adjusted to and made sense of MI. DESIGN Qualitative research design based on semi-structured in-depth interviews. METHODS Ten men aged under 45 who had experienced MI in the past 3-6 months were purposively recruited and interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS Seven superordinate themes were identified. This article focuses in depth on the three most original themes: (1) 'I'm less of a man', which described experiences of losing 'maleness' (strength, independence, ability to provide) post-MI; (2) 'Shortened horizons', which covered participants' sense of foreshortened future and consequent reprioritization; and (3) 'Life loses its colour', describing the loss of pleasure from lifestyle-related changes. CONCLUSION Themes broadly overlapped with the qualitative literature on younger adult MI. However, some themes (e.g., loss of 'maleness' post-MI, and ambivalence towards MI risk factors) appeared unique to this study. Themes were also discussed in relation to risk factors for anxiety and depression and how this might inform clinical care for a younger, male population. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Myocardial infarction (MI) morbidity is not declining in England for under-45s. Adjustment to MI is particularly challenging for younger adults, perhaps because it is non-normative. However, little is known about the experience of MI in younger adults. What does this study add? This is the first qualitative study to sample MI patients exclusively under 45, thereby mapping to epidemiological trends. Further support is provided for some themes identified in the existing young adult MI literature. New themes are identified here which can provide insights relevant to clinical care in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole de Zoysa
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jane M Hutton
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Tisminetzky M, McManus DD, Gore JM, Yarzebski J, Coles A, Lessard D, Goldberg RJ. 30-year trends in patient characteristics, treatment practices, and long-term outcomes of adults aged 35 to 54 years hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113:1137-41. [PMID: 24507173 PMCID: PMC3959496 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Much of our knowledge about the characteristics, clinical management, and postdischarge outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is derived from clinical studies in middle-aged and older subjects with little contemporary information available about the descriptive epidemiology of AMI in relatively young men and women. The objectives of our population-based study were to describe >3-decade-long trends in the clinical features, treatment practices, and long-term outcomes of young adults aged 35 to 54 years discharged from the hospital after AMI. The study population consisted of 2,142 residents of the Worcester (Massachusetts) metropolitan area who were hospitalized with AMI at all central Massachusetts medical centers during 16 annual periods from 1975 to 2007. Our primarily male study population had an average age of 47 years. Patients hospitalized during the most recent decade (1997 to 2007) under study were more likely to have a history of hypertension and heart failure than those hospitalized during earlier study years. Patients were less likely to have developed heart failure or stroke during their hospitalization in the most recent compared with the initial decade under study (heart failure 13.7% and stroke 0.7% vs 20.9% and 2.0%, respectively). One- and 2-year postdischarge death rates also decreased significantly between 1975 to 1986 (6.2% and 9.0%, respectively) and 1988 to 1995 (2.6% and 4.9%). These trends were concomitant with the increasing use of effective cardiac therapies and coronary interventions during hospitalization. The present results provide insights into the changing characteristics, management, and improving long-term outcomes of relatively young patients hospitalized with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Tisminetzky
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David D McManus
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Joel M Gore
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jorge Yarzebski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Coles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Robert J Goldberg
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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Russo A, Palumbo L, Fornengo C, Di Gaetano C, Ricceri F, Guarrera S, Critelli R, Anselmino M, Piazza A, Gaita F, Bergerone S, Matullo G. Telomere length variation in juvenile acute myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49206. [PMID: 23145125 PMCID: PMC3492293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) provides a potential marker of biological age, closely related to the endothelial dysfunction and consequently to the atherosclerotic process. To investigate the relationship between the LTL and the risk of premature acute myocardial infarction and to evaluate the predictive value of LTL on the onset of major cardiovascular events, 199 patients from 18 to 48 years old with first diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were enrolled and were matched with 190 controls for sex and age (± 1 year). Clinical data and coronary artery disease were evaluated at enrollment and at follow up. LTL was measured at enrollment using a quantitative PCR-based method. No significant differences were observed in LTL between cases and controls (p = 0.20) and with the presence of coronary artery disease in patients (p = 0.47). Hypercholesterolemic cases presented LTL significantly longer than cases without hypercholesterolemia (t/s: 0.82 ± 0.16 p = 0.79 and t/s norm: 0.79 ± 0.19 p = 0.01), as confirmed in multivariate regression analysis (p = 0.005, β = 0.09). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed LTL significantly shorter in hypertensive cases than in normotensive cases (p = 0.04, β = -0.07). One hundred seventy-one cases (86%) ended the average follow up of 9 ± 5 years, 92 (54%) presented a major cardiovascular event. At multivariate regression analysis the LTL detected at enrollment did not represent a predictive factor of major cardiovascular events nor it significantly impacted with cumulative events. Based on present cohort of young Italian patients, the LTL did not represent a marker of acute myocardial infarction nor had a predictive role at medium term follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Russo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Palumbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Fornengo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Cornelia Di Gaetano
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Rossana Critelli
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Anselmino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Piazza
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Gaita
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Bergerone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Cardiology Division, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
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Panduranga P, Sulaiman K, Al-Zakwani I, Abdelrahman S. Acute coronary syndrome in young adults from oman: results from the gulf registry of acute coronary events. Heart Views 2011; 11:93-8. [PMID: 21577375 PMCID: PMC3089825 DOI: 10.4103/1995-705x.76799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence, risk factors, presenting features, and in-hospital outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients ≤40 years of age from Oman. METHODS Data were analyzed from 1579 consecutive ACS patients from Oman during May, 2006 to June, 2007, as part of Gulf RACE (Registry of Acute Coronary Events). ACS patients ≤40 years of age were compared with patients >40 years of age. RESULTS A total of 121 (7.6%) patients were ≤40 years of age with mean age of 36 ± 4 vs. 61 ± 11 years in young and old adults, respectively (P<0.001). More men were seen in the younger age group (81 vs. 60%; P<0.001). Among all the coronary risk factors, young patients had more history of smoking (47 vs. 15%; P<0.001), obesity (72 vs. 58%; P = 0.009), and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (16 vs. 7%; P = 0.001). Both groups received aspirin, statins, thrombolytic therapy, and anticoagulants equally; however, younger patients received clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, β-blockers, and in-hospital coronary angiogram more. Younger patients experienced less heart failure (6 vs. 27%; P<0.001) and in-hospital mortality, especially among STEMI patients (0 vs. 10%; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Young ACS patients from Oman have different risk profile. They were treated more aggressively and their outcome was better, which is similar to other populations. However, smoking, along with obesity and family history of CAD were strong risk factors in the young Omani ACS patients. There is a need for prevention programmes to control smoking and obesity epidemic by targeting young adults in the population.
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Alanbaei M, Zubaid M, Al-Mallah MH, Rashed WA, Shehab A, Al-Lawati J, ChB MB, Amin H, Suwaidi JA, Al-Hamdan R, Zubair S. Impact of Diabetes and Smoking Epidemic in the Middle East on the Presentation With Acute Coronary Syndrome in Very Young Patients. Angiology 2011; 63:48-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319711406255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe the baseline characteristics, management, and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients of age ≤40 in the Gulf region of the Middle East. We studied 8176 hospitalized patients (≤40 years) with ACS. Ten percent (805) of the recruited patients were ≤40 years. The mean age was 37 years and 89% were males. The prevalence of smoking and diabetes in the young patients was high (58% and 21%, respectively). The most common ACS was ST elevation myocardial infarction. Younger patients were more aggressively treated with more frequent use of glycoprotein inhibitors, thrombolytics, and primary percutaneous coronary intervention. They had less in-hospital heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, shock, stroke, and low rate of in-hospital mortality (1%). Measures to combat the rising prevalence of diabetes and smoking are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath Alanbaei
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Zubaid
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mouaz H. Al-Mallah
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wafa A Rashed
- Department of Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | | | | | - MB ChB
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Haitham Amin
- Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Centre, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | - Rashed Al-Hamdan
- Department of Medicine, Jahra Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Jahra, Kuwait
| | - Shahid Zubair
- Department of Medicine, Kuwait Oil Company Hospital, Kuwait
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16
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Deployed Service Members With and Without Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2011; 26:74-81. [DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0b013e3181efea7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Shah AM, Pfeffer MA, Hartley LH, Moyé LA, Gersh BJ, Rutherford JD, Lamas GA, Rouleau JL, Braunwald E, Solomon SD. Risk of all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalization associated with smoking status following myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:911-6. [PMID: 20854949 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI) are at particularly high risk for recurrent adverse outcomes. The magnitude of the decrease in risk associated with smoking cessation after MI has not been well described in patients with LV dysfunction after MI. We aimed to quantify the risk decrease associated with smoking cessation in subjects with LV dysfunction after MI. The Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial randomized 2,231 subjects with LV dysfunction 3 to 16 days after MI. Smoking status was assessed at randomization and at regular intervals during a median follow-up of 42 months. Propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to quantify the decrease in risk of all-cause mortality, death or recurrent MI, and death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization associated with smoking cessation. In baseline smokers who survived to 6 months without interval events, smoking cessation at 6-month follow-up was associated with a significantly lower adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31 to 0.91), death or recurrent MI (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.99), and death or HF hospitalization (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.92). In conclusion, in patients with LV dysfunction after MI, smoking cessation is associated with a 40% lower hazard of all-cause mortality and a 30% lower hazard of death or recurrent MI or death or HF hospitalization. These findings indicate that smoking cessation is beneficial after high-risk MI and highlight the importance of smoking cessation as a therapeutic target in patients with LV dysfunction after MI.
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Barrios V, Escobar C, Murga N, Quijano JJ. Clinical profile and management of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease according to age in the population daily attended by cardiologists in Spain The ELDERCIC study. Eur J Intern Med 2010; 21:180-4. [PMID: 20493419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to evaluate the differences according to age in the clinical profile and management of outpatients with chronic ischemic heart disease attended by cardiologists in Spain. METHODS Patients with an established diagnosis of chronic ischemic heart disease were included in this cross-sectional multicenter study. The age of 65 years was considered as the cut-off point for the present analysis. RESULTS A total of 1038 subjects were included, 524 of them (50.5%) >65 years. Patients >65 years had a lesser prevalence of smoking, a longer history of hypertension, a worse left ventricular ejection fraction and a higher prevalence of heart failure and renal insufficiency than younger subjects. The number of prescribed drugs was higher in patients >65 years (6.1+/-1.9 vs 5.7+/-2.1, p=0.004). Blood pressure control rate was lower in older patients (38.1% vs 46.5%, p=0.008). No significant differences were found either in LDL-cholesterol (42.4% vs 46.5%), or glycemic control rates (42.4% vs 41.4%), both p=NS. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were also compared in >65 vs < or =65 years, exercise test was performed in 51.5% vs 62.8% (p<0.0001); stress echocardiography in 18.3% vs 13.2% (p=0.027); coronary angiography in 38.6% vs 53.5% (p<0.0001); and coronary revascularization in 37.2% vs 46.9% (p=0.002), without significant differences in electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, or isotopic exams. CONCLUSIONS Older patients exhibited a worse clinical profile and a worse blood pressure control rate than the younger. However, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures appear to be frequently underused in the old patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivencio Barrios
- Vivencio Barrios, Dept. of Cardiology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar km 9.100, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:998-1005. [PMID: 19783216 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gradman AH. Role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in patients aged >or=65 years. Drugs Aging 2009; 26:751-67. [PMID: 19728749 DOI: 10.2165/11316790-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases with age, and hypertension affects approximately two-thirds of adults in the US aged >60 years. Blood pressure (BP) increases as a consequence of age-related structural changes in large arteries, which lead to loss of elasticity and reduced vascular compliance. Increased pulse wave velocity augments SBP, resulting in a high prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension. Because age itself elevates cardiovascular risk, effective treatment of hypertension in an older (aged >or=65 years) patient population prevents many more events per 1000 patients treated than treatment of younger hypertensive patients. Recommendations for treating hypertension are similar in older patients compared with the general population. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Prevention, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommends target BP goals of <140/90 mmHg for patients with uncomplicated hypertension, and <130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes mellitus or renal disease. Recent guidelines and position papers have extended these aggressive treatment goals to include patients with coronary artery disease, other types of vascular disease and heart failure. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of calcium channel antagonists (calcium channel blockers [CCBs]), low-dose diuretics, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]) in reducing the risk of stroke and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes in older patients; beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are less effective in terms of endpoint reduction. The majority of older patients require two or more drugs to achieve BP goals. Despite active treatment, half of these patients do not achieve target BP, in part because of the reluctance of physicians to intensify treatment, a phenomenon referred to as 'clinical inertia'. ARBs are effective antihypertensive agents in older patients and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular endpoints in patients with hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, cerebrovascular disease and heart failure. ARBs produce additive BP reduction when combined with diuretics or CCBs. They also have the advantage of placebo-like tolerability, and this contributes favourably to patient compliance with long-term treatment, which is a prerequisite for reducing morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Gradman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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McIntyre HF. Hypertension strategies in the third millennium: conservatism, evidence and the folly of speculation. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:7-14. [PMID: 19125987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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