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Wang T, Wang X, Teng Y, Wu L, Zhu F, Ma D, Wang H, Liu X. APLAID complicated with arrhythmogenic dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a novel PLCG2 variant. Immunol Res 2024; 72:512-519. [PMID: 38243104 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Yiqun Teng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pinghu Maternal and Child Health Center, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314200, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Danjie Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
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2
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Chinen J. Spectrum of clinical phenotypes of PLCG2 gene variants: Just PLAID. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1260-1261. [PMID: 38373474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chinen
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, The Woodlands, Tex.
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3
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Moreno-Artero E, Torrelo A. Pediatric Neutrophilic Dermatoses. Dermatol Clin 2024; 42:267-283. [PMID: 38423686 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The term neutrophilic dermatosis encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, often associated with an underlying internal noninfectious disease, with an overlapping histopathologic background characterized by perivascular and diffuse neutrophilic infiltrates in one or more layers of the skin; extracutaneous neutrophilic infiltrates may be associated. Neutrophilic dermatoses are not frequent in children and, when they appear in this age group, represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Apart from the classic neutrophilic dermatoses such as pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet syndrome, and Behçet disease, a neutrophilic dermatosis can be the presentation of rare genetic diseases of the innate immune system, such as autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Moreno-Artero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de Galdácano-Usansolo, Vizcaya, Bilbao 48007, Spain
| | - Antonio Torrelo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Menendez Pelayo 65, Madrid 28009, Spain.
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4
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Chou SR, Bailey AC, Baysac K, Oler AJ, Milner JD, Ombrello MJ. Splice site and de novo mutations can cause mixed dominant negative/gain of function PLCG2-associated immune dysregulation with cold urticaria (CU-PLAID). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.16.24304180. [PMID: 38562814 PMCID: PMC10984065 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.16.24304180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is an important signaling molecule that receives and transmits signals from various cell surface receptors in most hematopoietic lineages. Variants of PLCG2 cause PLCγ2-associated immune dysregulation (PLAID), a family of conditions that are classified by mutational effect. PLAID with cold urticaria (CU-PLAID) is caused by in-frame deletions of PLCG2 that are dominant negative at physiologic temperatures but become spontaneously active at sub-physiologic temperatures. Objective To identify genetic lesions that cause PLAID by combining RNA sequencing of full-length PLCG2 with whole genome sequencing. Methods We studied nine probands with antibody deficiency and a positive evaporative cooling test, together with two known CU-PLAID patients and three healthy subjects. Illumina sequencing was performed on full-length PLCG2 cDNA synthesized from peripheral blood mononuclear cell RNA and whole genome sequencing was used to identify genetic lesions. Novel alternate transcripts were overexpressed in the Plcg2-deficient DT40 cell overexpression system. ERK phosphorylation was quantified by flow cytometry with and without BCR crosslinking. Results Two probands expressed novel alternative transcripts of PLCG2 with in-frame deletions. The first, expressing PLCG2 without exons 18-19, carried a splice site mutation in intron 19. The second, expressing PLCG2 without exons 19-22, carried a 14kb de novo deletion of PLCG2. DT40 cells overexpressing the exon 18-19 or exon 19-22 deletions failed to phosphorylate ERK in response to BCR crosslinking. Conclusion In addition to autosomal dominant genomic deletions, de novo deletions and splice site mutations of PLCG2 can also cause CU-PLAID. All of these can be identified by cDNA-based sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R. Chou
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Alexis C. Bailey
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathleen Baysac
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew J. Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua D. Milner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Michael J. Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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5
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Merlo Pich LM, Ziogas A, Netea MG. Genetic and epigenetic dysregulation of innate immune mechanisms in autoinflammatory diseases. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38468589 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation and hyperactivation of innate immune responses can lead to the onset of systemic autoinflammatory diseases. Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases are caused by inborn genetic errors and based on molecular mechanisms at play, can be divided into inflammasomopathies, interferonopathies, relopathies, protein misfolding, and endogenous antagonist deficiencies. On the other hand, more common autoinflammatory diseases are multifactorial, with both genetic and non-genetic factors playing an important role. During the last decade, long-term memory characteristics of innate immune responses have been described (also called trained immunity) that in physiological conditions provide enhanced host protection from pathogenic re-infection. However, if dysregulated, induction of trained immunity can become maladaptive, perpetuating chronic inflammatory activation. Here, we describe the mechanisms of genetic and epigenetic dysregulation of the innate immune system and maladaptive trained immunity that leads to the onset and perpetuation of the most common and recently described systemic autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Merlo Pich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Ziogas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Germany
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6
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Bull D, Matte JC, Navarron CM, McIntyre R, Whiting P, Katan M, Ducotterd F, Magno L. The hypermorphic PLCγ2 S707Y variant dysregulates microglial cell function - Insight into PLCγ2 activation in brain health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic modulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166978. [PMID: 38061598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) is highly expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, where it is a key signalling node enabling diverse cellular functions. Within the periphery, gain-of-function (GOF) PLCγ2 variants, such as the strongly hypermorphic S707Y, cause severe immune dysregulation. The milder hypermorphic mutation PLCγ2 P522R increases longevity and confers protection in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorders, implicating PLCγ2 as a novel therapeutic target for treating these CNS indications. Currently, nothing is known about what consequences strong PLCγ2 GOF has on CNS functionality, and more precisely on the specific biological functions of microglia. Using the PLCγ2 S707Y variant as a model of chronic activation we investigated the functional consequences of strong PLCγ2 GOF on human microglia. PLCγ2 S707Y expressing human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived microglia exhibited hypermorphic enzymatic activity under both basal and stimulated conditions, compared to PLCγ2 wild type. Despite the increase in PLCγ2 enzymatic activity, the PLCγ2 S707Y hiPSC-derived microglia display diminished functionality for key microglial processes including phagocytosis and cytokine secretion upon inflammatory challenge. RNA sequencing revealed a downregulation of genes related to innate immunity and response, providing molecular support for the phenotype observed. Our data suggests that chronic activation of PLCγ2 elicits a detrimental phenotype that is contributing to unfavourable CNS functions, and informs on the therapeutic window for targeting PLCγ2 in the CNS. Drug candidates targeting PLCγ2 will need to precisely mimic the effects of the PLCγ2 P522R variant on microglial function, but not those of the PLCγ2 S707Y variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bull
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie C Matte
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen M Navarron
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McIntyre
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whiting
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Ducotterd
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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7
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Şen B, Balcı‐Peynircioğlu B. Cellular models in autoinflammatory disease research. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1481. [PMID: 38213819 PMCID: PMC10784111 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders caused by dysregulation of the innate immune system. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying these conditions is critical for developing effective treatments. Cellular models are essential for identifying new conditions and studying their pathogenesis. Traditionally, these studies have used primary cells and cell lines of disease-relevant cell types, although newer induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models might have unique advantages. In this review, we discuss the three cellular models used in autoinflammatory disease research, their strengths and weaknesses, and their applications to inform future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Şen
- Department of Medical BiologyHacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, SıhhiyeAnkaraTurkey
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8
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Ma M, Zheng Y, Lu S, Pan X, Worley KC, Burrage LC, Blieden LS, Allworth A, Chen WL, Merla G, Mandriani B, Rosenfeld JA, Li-Kroeger D, Dutta D, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Glass IA, Strohbehn S, Blue E, Prontera P, Lalani SR, Bellen HJ. De novo variants in PLCG1 are associated with hearing impairment, ocular pathology, and cardiac defects. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.08.23300523. [PMID: 38260438 PMCID: PMC10802640 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.23300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase C isozymes (PLCs) hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, important signaling molecules involved in many cellular processes. PLCG1 encodes the PLCγ1 isozyme that is broadly expressed. Hyperactive somatic mutations of PLCG1 are observed in multiple cancers, but only one germline variant has been reported. Here we describe three unrelated individuals with de novo heterozygous missense variants in PLCG1 (p.Asp1019Gly, p.His380Arg, and p.Asp1165Gly) who exhibit variable phenotypes including hearing loss, ocular pathology and cardiac septal defects. To model these variants in vivo, we generated the analogous variants in the Drosophila ortholog, small wing (sl). We created a null allele slT2A and assessed the expression pattern. sl is broadly expressed, including in wing discs, eye discs, and a subset of neurons and glia. Loss of sl causes wing size reductions, ectopic wing veins and supernumerary photoreceptors. We document that mutant flies exhibit a reduced lifespan and age-dependent locomotor defects. Expressing wild-type sl in slT2A mutant rescues the loss-of-function phenotypes whereas expressing the variants causes lethality. Ubiquitous overexpression of the variants also reduces viability, suggesting that the variants are toxic. Ectopic expression of an established hyperactive PLCG1 variant (p.Asp1165His) in the wing pouch causes severe wing phenotypes, resembling those observed with overexpression of the p.Asp1019Gly or p.Asp1165Gly variants, further arguing that these two are gain-of-function variants. However, the wing phenotypes associated with p.His380Arg overexpression are mild. Our data suggest that the PLCG1 de novo heterozygous missense variants are pathogenic and contribute to the features observed in the probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Current affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren S. Blieden
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current affiliation: Children’s National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Laboratory of Regulatory & Functional Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia 71013, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Barbara Mandriani
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70121, Italy
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Glass
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sam Strohbehn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Han B, Xie Q, Liang W, Yin P, Qu X, Hai Y. PLCG2 and IFNAR1: The Potential Biomarkers Mediated by Immune Infiltration and Osteoclast Differentiation of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the Peripheral Blood. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:3358184. [PMID: 38223749 PMCID: PMC10787051 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3358184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by chronic spinal inflammation, arthritis, gut inflammation, and enthesitis. We aimed to identify the key biomarkers related to immune infiltration and osteoclast differentiation in the pathological process of AS by bioinformatic methods. Methods GSE25101 from the Gene Expression Omnibus was used to obtain AS-associated microarray datasets. We performed bioinformatics analysis using R software to validate different expression levels. The purpose of the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs was to exclude key genes. Using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), we examined all expression profile data and identified differentially expressed genes. The objective was to investigate the interaction between genetic and clinical features and to identify the essential relationships underlying coexpression modules. The CIBERSORT method was used to make a comparison of the immune infiltration in whole blood between the AS group and the control group. The WGCNA R program from Bioconductor was used to identify hub genes. RNA extraction reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were conducted in the peripheral blood collected from six AS patients and six health volunteers matched by age and sex. Results 125 DEGs were identified, consisting of 36 upregulated and 89 downregulated genes that are involved in the cell cycle and replication processes. In the WGCNA, modules of MCODE with different algorithms were used to find 33 key genes that were related to each other in a strong way. Immune infiltration analysis found that naive CD4+ T cells and monocytes may be involved in the process of AS. PLCG2 and IFNAR1 genes were obtained by screening genes meeting the conditions of immune cell infiltration and osteoclast differentiation in AS patients among IGF2R, GRN, SH2D1A, LILRB3, IFNAR1, PLCG2, and TNFRSF1B. The results demonstrated that the levels of PLCG2 mRNA expression in AS were considerably higher than those in healthy individuals (P=0.003). IFNAR1 mRNA expression levels were considerably lower in AS than in healthy individuals (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Dysregulation of PLCG2 and IFNAR1 are key factors in disease occurrence and development of AS through regulating immune infiltration and osteoclast differentiation. Explaining the differences in immune infiltration and osteoclast differentiation between AS and normal samples will contribute to understanding the development of spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, GongTiNanLu 8#, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaobo Xie
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, GongTiNanLu 8#, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, GongTiNanLu 8#, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, GongTiNanLu 8#, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100020, China
- Joint Laboratory for Research and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Spinal Deformity, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Kueffer LE, Lin DYW, Amatya N, Serrenho J, Joseph RE, Courtney AH, Andreotti AH. Screening and Characterization of Allosteric Small Molecules Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. Biochemistry 2024; 63:94-106. [PMID: 38091504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the TEC family. Mutations in the BTK gene cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) leading to an arrest in B-cell development. BTK is also a drug target for B-cell lymphomas that rely on an intact B-cell receptor signaling cascade for survival. All FDA approved drugs for BTK target the ATP binding site of the catalytic kinase domain, leading to potential adverse events due to off-target inhibition. In addition, acquired resistance mutations occur in a subset of patients, rendering available BTK inhibitors ineffective. Therefore, allosteric sites on BTK should be explored for drug development to target BTK more specifically and in combination with active site inhibitors. Virtual screening against nonactive site pockets and in vitro experiments resulted in a series of small molecules that bind to BTK outside of the active site. We characterized these compounds using biochemical and biophysical techniques and narrowed our focus to compound "C2". C2 activates full-length BTK and smaller multidomain BTK fragments but not the isolated kinase domain, consistent with an allosteric mode of action. Kinetic experiments reveal a C2-mediated decrease in Km and an increase in kcat leading to an overall increase in the catalytic efficiency of BTK. C2 is also capable of activating the BTK XLA mutants. These proof-of-principle data reveal that BTK can be targeted allosterically with small molecules, providing an alternative to active site BTK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Kueffer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Yin-Wei Lin
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Neha Amatya
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joseph Serrenho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Adam H Courtney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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11
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Baysac K, Sun G, Nakano H, Schmitz EG, Cruz AC, Fisher C, Bailey AC, Mace E, Milner JD, Ombrello MJ. PLCG2-associated immune dysregulation (PLAID) comprises broad and distinct clinical presentations related to functional classes of genetic variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:230-242. [PMID: 37769878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants of phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) cause 2 related forms of autosomal-dominant immune dysregulation (ID), PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID) and autoinflammatory PLAID (APLAID). Since describing these conditions, many PLCG2 variants of uncertain significance have been identified by clinical sequencing of patients with diverse features of ID. OBJECTIVE We sought to functionally classify PLCG2 variants and explore known and novel genotype-function-phenotype relationships. METHODS Clinical data from patients with PLCG2 variants were obtained via standardized questionnaire. PLCG2 variants were generated by mutagenesis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-PLCG2 plasmid, which was overexpressed in Plcg2-deficient DT-40 B cells. B-cell receptor-induced calcium flux and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation were assayed by flow cytometry. In some cases, stimulation-induced calcium flux was also measured in primary patient cells. RESULTS Three-fourths of PLCG2 variants produced functional alteration of B-cell activation, in vitro. Thirteen variants led to gain of function (GOF); however, most functional variants defined a new class of PLCG2 mutation, monoallelic loss of function (LOF). Susceptibility to infection and autoinflammation were common with both GOF and LOF variants, whereas a new phenotypic cluster consisting of humoral immune deficiency, autoinflammation, susceptibility to herpesvirus infection, and natural killer cell dysfunction was observed in association with multiple heterozygous LOF variants detected in both familial and sporadic cases. In some cases, PLCG2 variants produced greater effects in natural killer cells than in B cells. CONCLUSIONS This work expands the genotypic and phenotypic associations with functional variation in PLCG2, including a novel form of ID in carriers of heterozygous loss of PLCG2 function. It also demonstrates the need for more diverse assays for assessing the impact of PLCG2 variants on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Baysac
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Guangping Sun
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Hiroto Nakano
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elizabeth G Schmitz
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Charles Fisher
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexis C Bailey
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Emily Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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12
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Alinger JB, Mace EM, Porter JR, Mah-Som AY, Daugherty AL, Li S, Throm AA, Pingel JT, Saucier N, Yao A, Chinn IK, Lupski JR, Ehlayel M, Keller M, Bowman GR, Cooper MA, Orange JS, French AR. Human PLCG2 haploinsufficiency results in a novel natural killer cell immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:216-229. [PMID: 37714437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most individuals effectively control herpesvirus infections, some suffer from severe and/or recurrent infections. A subset of these patients possess defects in natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes that recognize and lyse herpesvirus-infected cells; however, the genetic etiology is rarely diagnosed. PLCG2 encodes a signaling protein in NK-cell and B-cell signaling. Dominant-negative or gain-of-function variants in PLCG2 cause cold urticaria, antibody deficiency, and autoinflammation. However, loss-of-function variants and haploinsufficiency have not been reported to date. OBJECTIVES The investigators aimed to identify the genetic cause of NK-cell immunodeficiency in 2 families and herein describe the functional consequences of 2 novel loss-of-function variants in PLCG2. METHODS The investigators employed whole-exome sequencing in conjunction with mass cytometry, microscopy, functional assays, and a mouse model of PLCG2 haploinsufficiency to investigate 2 families with NK-cell immunodeficiency. RESULTS The investigators identified novel heterozygous variants in PLCG2 in 2 families with severe and/or recurrent herpesvirus infections. In vitro studies demonstrated that these variants were loss of function due to haploinsufficiency with impaired NK-cell calcium flux and cytotoxicity. In contrast to previous PLCG2 variants, B-cell function remained intact. Plcg2+/- mice also displayed impaired NK-cell function with preserved B-cell function, phenocopying human disease. CONCLUSIONS PLCG2 haploinsufficiency represents a distinct syndrome from previous variants characterized by NK-cell immunodeficiency with herpesvirus susceptibility, expanding the spectrum of PLCG2-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Alinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Emily M Mace
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Justin R Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Annelise Y Mah-Som
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Allyssa L Daugherty
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Stephanie Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Allison A Throm
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jeanette T Pingel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Nermina Saucier
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Albert Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - James R Lupski
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | | | | | - Greg R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Anthony R French
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.
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13
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Sullivan NP, Maniam N, Maglione PJ. Interstitial lung diseases in inborn errors of immunity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:500-506. [PMID: 37823528 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our goal is to review current understanding of interstitial lung disease (ILD) affecting patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). This includes understanding how IEI might predispose to and promote development or progression of ILD as well as how our growing understanding of IEI can help shape treatment of ILD in these patients. Additionally, by examining current knowledge of ILD in IEI, we hope to identify key knowledge gaps that can become focus of future investigative efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Recent identification of novel IEI associated with ILD and the latest reports examining treatment of ILD in IEI are included. Of noted interest, are recent clinical studies of immunomodulatory therapy for ILD in common variable immunodeficiency. SUMMARY ILD is a frequent complication found in many IEI. This article provides a guide to identifying manifestations of ILD in IEI. We review a broad spectrum of IEI that develop ILD, including antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation disorders that promote autoimmunity and autoinflammation. This work integrates clinical information with molecular mechanisms of disease and diagnostic assessments to provide an expedient overview of a clinically relevant and expanding topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nivethietha Maniam
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul J Maglione
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Roh TH, Chae MK, Ko JS, Kikkawa DO, Jang SY, Yoon JS. Phospholipase C-γ as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Graves' Orbitopathy. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:739-749. [PMID: 37989267 PMCID: PMC10765002 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) plays a crucial role in immune responses and is related to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we investigated the role of PLC-γ and the therapeutic effect of the PLC-specific inhibitor U73122 using orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). METHODS The expression of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1) and phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction in GO and normal orbital tissues/fibroblasts. The primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts were treated with non-toxic concentrations of U73122 with or without interleukin (IL)-1β to determine its therapeutic efficacy. The proinflammatory cytokine levels and activation of downstream signaling molecules were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS PLCG1 and PLCG2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in GO orbital tissues than in controls (P<0.05). PLCG1 and PLCG2 mRNA expression was significantly increased (P<0.05) in IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and a cluster of differentiation 40 ligand-stimulated GO fibroblasts. U73122 significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) and p38 (p-p38) kinase in GO fibroblasts, whereas it inhibited IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1, and p-Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in normal fibroblasts (P<0.05). CONCLUSION PLC-γ-inhibiting U73122 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the phosphorylation of Akt and p38 kinase in GO fibroblasts. This study indicates the implications of PLC-γ in GO pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target for GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Roh
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Chae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sang Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Don O. Kikkawa
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sun Young Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Zhang J, Lee PY, Aksentijevich I, Zhou Q. How to Build a Fire: The Genetics of Autoinflammatory Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:245-274. [PMID: 37562411 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-030123-084224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by excess activation of the innate immune system in an antigen-independent manner. Starting with the discovery of the causal gene for familial Mediterranean fever, more than 50 monogenic SAIDs have been described. These discoveries, paired with advances in immunology and genomics, have allowed our understanding of these diseases to improve drastically in the last decade. The genetic causes of SAIDs are complex and include both germline and somatic pathogenic variants that affect various inflammatory signaling pathways. We provide an overview of the acquired SAIDs from a genetic perspective and summarize the clinical phenotypes and mechanism(s) of inflammation, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Qing Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China;
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16
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Itakura T, Sasaki H, Hosoya T, Yamaguchi T, Mimori E, Saimon Y, Iwai H, Umezawa N, Kawata D, Kimura N, Kurata M, Shimizu M, Yasuda S. A novel gain-of-function missense variant in PLCG2 associated with autoinflammation and hypergammaglobulinaemia. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:e319-e321. [PMID: 37094224 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Itakura
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sasaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hosoya
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Saimon
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwai
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuka Umezawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawata
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kimura
- Department of Lifetime Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morito Kurata
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Tao P, Han X, Wang Q, Wang S, Zhang J, Liu L, Fan X, Liu C, Liu M, Guo L, Lee PY, Aksentijevich I, Zhou Q. A gain-of-function variation in PLCG1 causes a new immune dysregulation disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1292-1302. [PMID: 37422272 PMCID: PMC10770301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) γ1 is a critical enzyme regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-related kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling pathways, yet germline PLCG1 mutation in human disease has not been reported. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of a PLCG1 activating variant in a patient with immune dysregulation. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was used to identify the patient's pathogenic variants. Bulk RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR, cytometry by time of flight, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, luciferase assay, IP-One ELISA, calcium flux assay, and cytokine measurements in patient PBMCs and T cells and COS-7 and Jurkat cell lines were used to define inflammatory signatures and assess the impact of the PLCG1 variant on protein function and immune signaling. RESULTS We identified a novel and de novo heterozygous PLCG1 variant, p.S1021F, in a patient presenting with early-onset immune dysregulation disease. We demonstrated that the S1021F variant is a gain-of-function variant, leading to increased inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production, intracellular Ca2+ release, and increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, p65, and p38. The transcriptome and protein expression at the single-cell level revealed exacerbated inflammatory responses in the patient's T cells and monocytes. The PLCG1 activating variant resulted in enhanced NF-κB and type II interferon pathways in T cells, and hyperactivated NF-κB and type I interferon pathways in monocytes. Treatment with either PLCγ1 inhibitor or Janus kinase inhibitor reversed the upregulated gene expression profile in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the critical role of PLCγ1 in maintaining immune homeostasis. We illustrate immune dysregulation as a consequence of PLCγ1 activation and provide insight into therapeutic targeting of PLCγ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Tao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology & Allergy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Qing Zhou
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Krainer J, Hendling M, Siebenhandl S, Fuehner S, Kessel C, Verweyen E, Vierlinger K, Foell D, Schönthaler S, Weinhäusel A. Patients with Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA) Show Differences in Autoantibody Signatures Based on Disease Activity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1392. [PMID: 37759792 PMCID: PMC10527260 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is a severe rheumatic disease in children. It is a subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA; MIM #604302), which is the most common rheumatic disease in children. The diagnosis of SJIA often comes with a significant delay, and the classification between autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease is still discussed. In this study, we analyzed the immunological responses of patients with SJIA, using human proteome arrays presenting immobilized recombinantly expressed human proteins, to analyze the involvement of autoantibodies in SJIA. Results from group comparisons show several differentially reactive antigens involved in inflammatory processes. Intriguingly, many of the identified antigens had a high reactivity against proteins involved in the NF-κB pathway, and it is also notable that many of the detected DIRAGs are described as dysregulated in rheumatoid arthritis. Our data highlight novel proteins and pathways potentially dysregulated in SJIA and offer a unique approach to unraveling the underlying disease pathogenesis in this chronic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Krainer
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Michaela Hendling
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Siebenhandl
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Fuehner
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Christoph Kessel
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Emely Verweyen
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Klemens Vierlinger
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Dirk Foell
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, 48149 Münster, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.); (E.V.); (D.F.)
| | - Silvia Schönthaler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Weinhäusel
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.H.); (K.V.); (S.S.)
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Lyons JJ, Farkas H, Germenis AE, Rijavec M, Smith TD, Valent P. Genetic Variants Leading to Urticaria and Angioedema and Associated Biomarkers. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:2286-2301. [PMID: 37263349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next generation sequencing technologies, as well as their expanded accessibility and clinical use over the past 2 decades, have led to an exponential increase in the number of identified single gene disorders. Among these are primary atopic disorders-inborn errors of immunity resulting in severe allergic phenotypes as a primary presenting feature. Two cardinal aspects of type I immediate hypersensitivity allergic reactions are hives and angioedema. Mast cells (MCs) are frequent primary drivers of these symptoms, but other cells have also been implicated. Even where MC degranulation is believed to be the cause, mediator-induced symptoms may greatly vary among individuals. Angioedema-particularly in the absence of hives-may also be caused by hereditary angioedema conditions resulting from aberrant regulation of contact system activation and excessive bradykinin generation or impairment of vascular integrity. In these patients, swelling can affect unpredictable locations and fail to respond to MC-directed therapies. Genetic variants have helped delineate key pathways in the etiology of urticaria and nonatopic angioedema and led to the development of targeted therapies. Herein, we describe the currently known inherited and acquired genetic causes for these conditions, highlight specific features in their clinical presentations, and discuss the benefits and limitations of biomarkers that can help distinguish them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Henriette Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Hungarian Angioedema Center of Reference and Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anastasios E Germenis
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia; Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tukisa D Smith
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Diaz VL, Gribbons KB, Yazdi-Nejad K, Kuemmerle-Deschner J, Wanderer AA, Broderick L, Hoffman HM. Cold Urticaria Syndromes: Diagnosis and Management. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:2275-2285. [PMID: 37290539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cold urticaria is a chronic condition causing episodic symptoms of cold-induced wheals or angioedema in response to direct or indirect exposure to cold temperatures. Whereas symptoms of cold urticaria are typically benign and self-limiting, severe systemic anaphylactic reactions are possible. Acquired, atypical, and hereditary forms have been described, each with variable triggers, symptoms, and responses to therapy. Clinical testing, including response to cold stimulation, helps define disease subtypes. More recently, monogenic disorders characterized by atypical forms of cold urticaria have been described. Here, we review the different forms of cold-induced urticaria and related syndromes and propose a diagnostic algorithm to aid clinicians in making a timely diagnosis for the appropriate management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, San Diego, Calif
| | | | | | - Jasmin Kuemmerle-Deschner
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Member of European Reference Network (ERN-RITA), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alan A Wanderer
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo
| | - Lori Broderick
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, San Diego, Calif; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, San Diego, Calif; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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21
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Tatarczuch M, Waltham M, Shortt J, Polekhina G, Hawkes EA, Ho SJ, Trotman J, Brasacchio D, Co M, Li J, Ramakrishnan V, Dunne K, Opat SS, Gregory GP. Molecular associations of response to the new-generation BTK inhibitor zanubrutinib in marginal zone lymphoma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3531-3539. [PMID: 36947202 PMCID: PMC10368859 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Using tissue whole exome sequencing (WES) and circulating tumor cell-free DNA (ctDNA), this Australasian Leukaemia & Lymphoma Group translational study sought to characterize primary and acquired molecular determinants of response and resistance of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) to zanubrutinib for patients treated in the MAGNOLIA clinical trial. WES was performed on baseline tumor samples obtained from 18 patients. For 7 patients, ctDNA sequence was interrogated using a bespoke hybrid-capture next-generation sequencing assay for 48 targeted genes. Somatic mutations were correlated with objective response data and survival analysis using Fisher exact test and Kaplan-Meier (log-rank) method, respectively. Baseline WES identified mutations in 33 of 48 (69%) prioritized genes. NF-κB, NOTCH, or B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway genes were implicated in samples from 16 of 18 patients (89%). KMT2D mutations (n = 11) were most common, followed by FAT1 (n = 9), NOTCH1, NOTCH2, TNFAIP3 (n = 5), and MYD88 (n = 4) mutations. MYD88 or TNFAIP3 mutations correlated with improved progression-free survival (PFS). KMT2D mutations trended to worse PFS. Acquired resistance mutations PLCG2 (R665W/R742P) and BTK (C481Y/C481F) were detected in 2 patients whose disease progressed. A BTK E41K noncatalytic activating mutation was identified before treatment in 1 patient who was zanubrutinib-refractory. MYD88, TNFAIP3, and KMT2D mutations correlate with PFS in patients with relapsed/refractory MZL treated with zanubrutinib. Detection of acquired BTK and PLCG2 mutations in ctDNA while on therapy is feasible and may herald clinical disease progression. This trial was registered at https://anzctr.org.au/ as #ACTRN12619000024145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tatarczuch
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Waltham
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake Shortt
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Galina Polekhina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliza A. Hawkes
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute at Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shir-Jing Ho
- St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Judith Trotman
- Department of Hematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniella Brasacchio
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Karin Dunne
- Australasian Leukaemia & Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Opat
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Gareth P. Gregory
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group
- Monash Hematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Blood Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute at Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Hematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- BeiGene Co Ltd, USA Inc, San Mateo, CA
- Australasian Leukaemia & Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Futosi K, Németh T, Horváth ÁI, Abram CL, Tusnády S, Lowell CA, Helyes Z, Mócsai A. Myeloid Src-family kinases are critical for neutrophil-mediated autoinflammation in gout and motheaten models. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221010. [PMID: 37074415 PMCID: PMC10120404 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases include a number of monogenic systemic inflammatory diseases, as well as acquired autoinflammatory diseases such as gout. Here, we show that the myeloid Src-family kinases Hck, Fgr, and Lyn are critical for experimental models of gout, as well as for genetically determined systemic inflammation in the Ptpn6me-v/me-v (motheaten viable) mouse model. The Hck-/-Fgr-/-Lyn-/- mutation abrogated various monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced pro-inflammatory responses of neutrophils, and protected mice from the development of gouty arthritis. The Src-family inhibitor dasatinib abrogated MSU crystal-induced responses of human neutrophils and reduced experimental gouty arthritis in mice. The Hck-/-Fgr-/-Lyn-/- mutation also abrogated spontaneous inflammation and prolonged the survival of the Ptpn6me-v/me-v mice. Spontaneous adhesion and superoxide release of Ptpn6me-v/me-v neutrophils were also abolished by the Hck-/-Fgr-/-Lyn-/- mutation. Excessive activation of tyrosine phosphorylation pathways in myeloid cells may characterize a subset of autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Futosi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I. Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Clare L. Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Simon Tusnády
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Kanemaru K, Nakamura Y. Activation Mechanisms and Diverse Functions of Mammalian Phospholipase C. Biomolecules 2023; 13:915. [PMID: 37371495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. This process generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which respectively regulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activation. In mammals, six classes of typical PLC have been identified and classified based on their structure and activation mechanisms. They all share X and Y domains, which are responsible for enzymatic activity, as well as subtype-specific domains. Furthermore, in addition to typical PLC, atypical PLC with unique structures solely harboring an X domain has been recently discovered. Collectively, seven classes and 16 isozymes of mammalian PLC are known to date. Dysregulation of PLC activity has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, identification of new drug targets that can selectively modulate PLC activity is important. The present review focuses on the structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological functions of mammalian PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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24
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Bunney TD, Katan M. Targeting G-CSF to treat autoinflammation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:736-737. [PMID: 36997672 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating age-related neurodegenerative condition. Unbiased genetic studies have implicated a central role for microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, in AD pathogenesis. On-going efforts are clarifying the biology underlying these associations and the microglial pathways that are dysfunctional in AD. Several genetic risk factors converge to decrease the function of activating microglial receptors and increase the function of inhibitory receptors, resulting in a seemingly dampened microglial phenotype in AD. Moreover, many of these microglial proteins that are genetically associated with AD appear to interact and share pathways or regulatory mechanisms, presenting several points of convergence that may be strategic targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review some of these studies and their implications for microglial participation in AD pathogenesis.
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Mulazzani E, Kong K, Aróstegui JI, Ng AP, Ranathunga N, Abeysekera W, Garnham AL, Ng SL, Baker PJ, Jackson JT, Lich JD, Hibbs ML, Wicks IP, Louis C, Masters SL. G-CSF drives autoinflammation in APLAID. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:814-826. [PMID: 36997670 PMCID: PMC10154231 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMissense mutations in PLCG2 can cause autoinflammation with phospholipase C gamma 2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID). Here, we generated a mouse model carrying an APLAID mutation (p.Ser707Tyr) and found that inflammatory infiltrates in the skin and lungs were only partially ameliorated by removing inflammasome function via the deletion of caspase-1. Also, deleting interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor did not fully prevent APLAID mutant mice from autoinflammation. Overall, these findings are in accordance with the poor response individuals with APLAID have to treatments that block interleukin-1, JAK1/2 or tumor necrosis factor. Cytokine analysis revealed increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels as the most distinct feature in mice and individuals with APLAID. Remarkably, treatment with a G-CSF antibody completely reversed established disease in APLAID mice. Furthermore, excessive myelopoiesis was normalized and lymphocyte numbers rebounded. APLAID mice were also fully rescued by bone marrow transplantation from healthy donors, associated with reduced G-CSF production, predominantly from non-hematopoietic cells. In summary, we identify APLAID as a G-CSF-driven autoinflammatory disease, for which targeted therapy is feasible.
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27
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Visvanathan R, Utsuki T, Beck DE, Lendy E, Sun KL, Liu Y, Hering KW, Mesecar A, Zhang ZY, Putt KS. A novel fluorogenic reporter substrate for 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 (PLCγ2): Application to high-throughput screening for activators to treat Alzheimer's disease. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023:S2472-5552(23)00024-2. [PMID: 36933698 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A rare coding variant in PLCγ2 (P522R) expressed in microglia induces a mild activation of enzymatic activity when compared to wild-type. This mutation is reported to be protective against the cognitive decline associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and therefore, activation of wild-type PLCγ2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of LOAD. Additionally, PLCγ2 has been associated with other diseases such as cancer and some autoimmune disorders where mutations with much greater increases in PLCγ2 activity have been identified. Here, pharmacological inhibition may provide a therapeutic effect. In order to facilitate our investigation of the activity of PLCγ2, we developed an optimized fluorogenic substrate to monitor enzymatic activity in aqueous solution. This was accomplished by first exploring the spectral properties of various "turn-on" fluorophores. The most promising turn-on fluorophore was incorporated into a water-soluble PLCγ2 reporter substrate, which we named C8CF3-coumarin. The ability of PLCγ2 to enzymatically process C8CF3-coumarin was confirmed, and the kinetics of the reaction were determined. Reaction conditions were optimized to identify small molecule activators, and a pilot screen of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds 1280 (LOPAC1280) was performed with the goal of identifying small molecule activators of PLCγ2. The optimized screening conditions allowed identification of potential PLCγ2 activators and inhibitors, thus demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Visvanathan
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tadanobu Utsuki
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Beck
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Emma Lendy
- IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kuai-Lin Sun
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Kirk W Hering
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Andrew Mesecar
- IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA.
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28
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Peng Q, Luo D, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Luo Q, Chen H, Chen D, Zhou Z, Lu X. Clinical and immunological features of an APLAID patient caused by a novel mutation in PLCG2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1014150. [PMID: 36776842 PMCID: PMC9911665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The APLAID syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in the PLCG2 gene. We present a 7-year-old APLAID patient who has recurrent blistering skin lesions, skin infections in the perineum, a rectal perineal fistula, and inflammatory bowel disease. Methods To determine the genetic cause of our patient, WES and bioinformatics analysis were performed. Flow cytometry was used for phenotyping immune cell populations in peripheral blood. Cytokines released into plasma were analyzed using protein chip technology. The PBMCs of patient and a healthy child were subjected to single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. Results The patient carried a novel de novo missense mutation c.2534T>C in exon 24 of the PLCG2 gene that causes a leucine to serine amino acid substitution (p.Leu845Ser). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this mutation had a negative impact on the structure of the PLCγ2 protein, which is highly conserved in many other species. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry revealed that in addition to the typical decrease in circulating memory B cells, the levels of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) in the children's peripheral blood were significantly lower, as were the CD4+ effector T cells induced by their activation. Single-cell sequencing revealed that the proportion of different types of cells in the peripheral blood of the APLAID patient changed. Conclusions We present the first case of APLAID with severely reduced myeloid dendritic cells carrying a novel PLCG2 mutation, and conducted a comprehensive analysis of immunological features in the ALPAID patient, which has not been mentioned in previous reports. This study expands the spectrum of APLAID-associated immunophenotype and genotype. The detailed immune analyses in this patient may provide a basis for the development of targeted therapies for this severe autoinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,Department of infectious diseases, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yinghua Zhu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,Department of infectious diseases, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children′ s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaomei Lu,
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29
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Dirvanskyte P, Gurram B, Bolton C, Warner N, Jones KDJ, Griffin HR, Park JY, Keller KM, Gilmour KC, Hambleton S, Muise AM, Wysocki C, Uhlig HH. Chromosomal Numerical Aberrations and Rare Copy Number Variation in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:49-60. [PMID: 35907265 PMCID: PMC9880952 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] have a complex polygenic aetiology. Rare genetic variants can cause monogenic intestinal inflammation. The impact of chromosomal aberrations and large structural abnormalities on IBD susceptibility is not clear. We aimed to comprehensively characterise the phenotype and prevalence of patients with IBD who possess rare numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search of databases PubMed and Embase; and analysed gnomAD, Clinvar, the 100 000 Genomes Project, and DECIPHER databases. Further, we analysed international paediatric IBD cohorts to investigate the role of IL2RA duplications in IBD susceptibility. RESULTS A meta-analysis suggests that monosomy X [Turner syndrome] is associated with increased expressivity of IBD that exceeds the population baseline (1.86%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48 to 2.34%) and causes a younger age of IBD onset. There is little evidence that Klinefelter syndrome, Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18, mosaic Trisomy 9 and 16, or partial trisomies contribute to IBD susceptibility. Copy number analysis studies suggest inconsistent results. Monoallelic loss of X-linked or haploinsufficient genes is associated with IBD by hemizygous or heterozygous deletions, respectively. However, haploinsufficient gene deletions are detected in healthy reference populations, suggesting that the expressivity of IBD might be overestimated. One duplication that has previously been identified as potentially contributing to IBD risk involves the IL2RA/IL15R loci. Here we provide additional evidence that a microduplication of this locus may predispose to very-early-onset IBD by identifying a second case in a distinct kindred. However, the penetrance of intestinal inflammation in this genetic aberration is low [<2.6%]. CONCLUSIONS Turner syndrome is associated with increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. Duplication of the IL2RA/IL15R loci may contribute to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dirvanskyte
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bhaskar Gurram
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA
| | - Chrissy Bolton
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Warner
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelsey D J Jones
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen R Griffin
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jason Y Park
- Department of Pathology and the Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development. UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Sick Kids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Wysocki
- Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Peng XP, Caballero-Oteyza A, Grimbacher B. Common Variable Immunodeficiency: More Pathways than Roads to Rome. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:283-310. [PMID: 36266261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-024229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years have elapsed since the term common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) was introduced to accommodate the many and varied antibody deficiencies being identified in patients with suspected inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). Since then, how the term is understood and applied for diagnosis and management has undergone many revisions, though controversy persists on how exactly to define and classify CVID. Many monogenic disorders have been added under its aegis, while investigations into polygenic, epigenetic, and somatic contributions to CVID susceptibility have gained momentum. Expansion of the overall IEI landscape has increasingly revealed genotypic and phenotypic overlap between CVID and various other immunological conditions, while increasingly routine genotyping of CVID patients continues to identify an incredible diversity of pathophysiological mechanisms affecting even single genes. Though many questions remain to be answered, the lessons we have already learned from CVID biology have greatly informed our understanding of adaptive, but also innate, immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao P Peng
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; .,Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Caballero-Oteyza
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; .,Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST) Cluster of Excellence, Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; .,Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST) Cluster of Excellence, Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Vergneault H, Picard C, Georgin-Lavialle S. Break down the barriers of auto-inflammation: How to deal with a monogenic auto-inflammatory disease and immuno-haematological features in 2022? Immunol Suppl 2023; 168:1-17. [PMID: 36151885 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, the spectrum of monogenic systemic auto-inflammatory diseases (MSAID) has widely expanded beyond the typical recurrent fever. Immuno-haematological features, as cytopenias, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypereosinophilia, lymphoproliferation and immunodeficiency, have been described in association of several MSAID. The objective of this review was to describe these particular MSAID. MSAID must be suspected in front of immuno-haematological features associated with non-infectious recurrent fever, chronic systemic inflammation, inflammatory cutaneous manifestations, arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Genes and cellular mechanisms involved are various but some of them are of special interest. Defects in actine regulation pathway are notably associated with cytopenia and immune deficiency. Because of their frequency, ADA2 deficiency and Vacuoles, E1-Enzyme, X-linked, auto-inflammatory, Somatic (VEXAS) syndrome deserve to be noticed. ADA2 deficiency results in polyarteritis nodosa-like presentation with a wide panel of manifestations including cytopenia(s), lymphoproliferation and immune deficiency. Neutrophilic dermatosis or chondritis associated with macrocytic anaemia or myelodysplasia should lead to screen for VEXAS. Of note, most of MSAID are associated with inflammatory anaemia. We proposed here a clinical and pragmatic approach of MSAID associated with immuno-haematological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Vergneault
- Internal Medicine Department, APHP, Tenon Hospital, National Reference Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Inflammatory Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Internal Medicine Department, APHP, Tenon Hospital, National Reference Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Inflammatory Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Evolutionarily conserved gene expression patterns for affective disorders revealed using cross-species brain transcriptomic analyses in humans, rats and zebrafish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20836. [PMID: 36460699 PMCID: PMC9718822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread, debilitating and often treatment-resistant, depression and other stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders represent an urgent unmet biomedical and societal problem. Although animal models of these disorders are commonly used to study stress pathogenesis, they are often difficult to translate across species into valuable and meaningful clinically relevant data. To address this problem, here we utilized several cross-species/cross-taxon approaches to identify potential evolutionarily conserved differentially expressed genes and their sets. We also assessed enrichment of these genes for transcription factors DNA-binding sites down- and up- stream from their genetic sequences. For this, we compared our own RNA-seq brain transcriptomic data obtained from chronically stressed rats and zebrafish with publicly available human transcriptomic data for patients with major depression and their respective healthy control groups. Utilizing these data from the three species, we next analyzed their differential gene expression, gene set enrichment and protein-protein interaction networks, combined with validated tools for data pooling. This approach allowed us to identify several key brain proteins (GRIA1, DLG1, CDH1, THRB, PLCG2, NGEF, IKZF1 and FEZF2) as promising, evolutionarily conserved and shared affective 'hub' protein targets, as well as to propose a novel gene set that may be used to further study affective pathogenesis. Overall, these approaches may advance cross-species brain transcriptomic analyses, and call for further cross-species studies into putative shared molecular mechanisms of affective pathogenesis.
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Kim YC, Shim HS, Jeong H, Park YJ. Pyoderma Gangrenosum Triggered by COVID-19 Vaccination in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2022:15347346221141173. [PMID: 36426538 PMCID: PMC9713538 DOI: 10.1177/15347346221141173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory skin disease that is difficult to diagnose. PG may be an extra-intestinal manifestation of ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent times, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines have caused various adverse cutaneous reactions. However, to the best our knowledge, combinations thereof have not been reported. We encountered a case of PG triggered by COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with UC. A 40-year-old woman developed severe pain and an abscess in the dorsum of the left foot after receiving the first dose of the messenger RNA (mRNA)-based Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. Severe painful ulcers with purulent necrosis and gaseous gangrene progressed rapidly along the extensor tendons and muscles to the toes and ankle. Although surgical debridement can worsen PG by triggering pathergy, we nonetheless performed wide debridement including partial extensor tenotomy with abscess drainage to prevent progression to pyogenic ankle arthritis and to rescue the toes. Antibiotics, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants were prescribed during surgical wound management via negative pressure therapy. After the lesion improved, the skin and soft tissue defect were covered using a superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator free flap and a split-thickness skin graft. The patient was satisfied with the foot salvage, and could walk unaided (without a brace or cane) from 8 weeks after the final surgery. PG may be rare even in UC patients, but mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines may find an immunosuppressive niche. A high level of caution and suspicion of skin manifestations after vaccination is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chung Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sup Shim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Howon Jeong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yune-Jung Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li Y, Yu M, Lu M. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and current management of IL-1 mediated monogenic systemic autoinflammatory diseases, a literature review. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:90. [PMID: 36253853 PMCID: PMC9575291 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are hyperinflammatory and immune-dysregulation conditions that present in childhood. This kind of disease is a rare disease with early-onset, severe condition and difficult diagnosis, which seriously affects the growth and development of children. Most children need a genetic diagnosis. However, with the limitation of access to genetic testing and the detection of somatic mutations, the diagnosis of SAIDs remains challenging. IL-1 is one of the important cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of SAIDs. Here we briefly review monogenic SAIDs mediated by aberrant IL-1 production, with the aim to further understand the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatments of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. METHODS Literature reviews were performed using "PubMed" and "Web of Science" by searching for the terms "autoinflammatory diseases" and "IL-1". RESULTS Monogenic SAIDs mediated by IL-1 include MKD, FMF, TRAPS, PAAND, PAPA, CAPS, DIRA, Majeed syndrome, NAIAD, NLRC4-MAS, PFIT, APLAID. Monogenic SAIDs have early onset, various clinical manifestations and difficult diagnosis, so early recognition and early treatment can reduce the complications and enhance the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS There are many kinds of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. Pediatricians should be alert to SAIDs in the face of the patients with repeated fever, repeated rash and poor effect of routine treatment. The patients should be carried out with gene testing and treatment in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandie Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Yu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Li K, Ran B, Wang Y, Liu L, Li W. PLCγ2 impacts microglia-related effectors revealing variants and pathways important in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999061. [PMID: 36147734 PMCID: PMC9485805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. The etiology of AD is complex and remains incompletely understood. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have increasingly highlighted the central role of microglia in AD pathology. As a trans-membrane receptor specifically present on the microglia in the central nervous system, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) plays an important role in neuroinflammation. GWAS data and corresponding pathological research have explored the effects of PLCG2 variants on amyloid burden and tau pathologies that underline AD. The link between PLCγ2 and other AD-related effectors in human and mouse microglia has also been established, placing PLCγ2 downstream of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Because the research on PLCγ2’s role in AD is still in its early stages, few articles have been published, therefore in this paper, we integrate the relevant research published to date, review the structural features, expression patterns, and related pathways of PLCγ2, and summarize the recent studies on important PLCG2 variants related to AD. Furthermore, the possibility and challenge of using PLCγ2 to develop therapeutic drugs for AD are also discussed.
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Solomon S, Sampathkumar NK, Carre I, Mondal M, Chennell G, Vernon AC, Ruepp MD, Mitchell JC. Heterozygous expression of the Alzheimer's disease-protective PLCγ2 P522R variant enhances Aβ clearance while preserving synapses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:453. [PMID: 35895133 PMCID: PMC9329165 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare coding variant, P522R, in the phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) gene has been identified as protective against late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism is unknown. PLCG2 is exclusively expressed in microglia within the central nervous system, and altered microglial function has been implicated in the progression of AD. METHODS Healthy control hiPSCs were CRISPR edited to generate cells heterozygous and homozygous for the PLCG2P522R variant. Microglia derived from these hiPSC's were used to investigate the impact of PLCγ2P522R on disease relevant processes, specifically microglial capacity to take up amyloid beta (Aβ) and synapses. Targeted qPCR assessment was conducted to explore expression changes in core AD linked and microglial genes, and mitochondrial function was assessed using an Agilent Seahorse assay. RESULTS Heterozygous expression of the P522R variant resulted in increased microglial clearance of Aβ, while preserving synapses. This was associated with the upregulation of a number of genes, including the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il-10, and the synapse-linked CX3CR1, as well as alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased cellular motility. The protective capacity of PLCγ2P522R appeared crucially dependent on (gene) 'dose', as cells homozygous for the variant showed reduced synapse preservation, and a differential gene expression profile relative to heterozygous cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PLCγ2P522R may result in increased surveillance by microglia, and prime them towards an anti-inflammatory state, with an increased capacity to respond to increasing energy demands, but highlights the delicate balance of this system, with increasing PLCγ2P522R 'dose' resulting in reduced beneficial impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiden Solomon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nirmal Kumar Sampathkumar
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
- Present Address: Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ivo Carre
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mrityunjoy Mondal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - George Chennell
- Wohl Cellular Imaging Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline C Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Welzel T, Oefelein L, Holzer U, Müller A, Menden B, Haack TB, Groβ M, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB. Variant in the PLCG2 Gene May Cause a Phenotypic Overlap of APLAID/PLAID: Case Series and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154369. [PMID: 35955991 PMCID: PMC9368933 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variants in the phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) gene can cause PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID)/autoinflammation and PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome. Linking the clinical phenotype with the genotype is relevant in making the final diagnosis. Methods: This is a single center case series of five related patients (4−44 years), with a history of autoinflammation and immune dysregulation. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded and a literature review of APLAID/PLAID was performed. Results: All patients had recurrent fevers, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, headaches, myalgia, abdominal pain, cold-induced urticaria and recurrent airway infections. Hearing loss was detected in two patients. Inflammatory parameters were slightly elevated during flares. Unswitched B-cells were decreased. Naïve IgD+CD27− B-cells and unswitched IgD+CD27+ B-cells were decreased; switched IgD-CD27+ B-cells were slightly increased. T-cell function was normal. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous missense variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) in the PLCG2 gene in all patients. Genotype and phenotype characteristics were similar to previously published PLAID (cold-induced urticaria) and APLAID (eye inflammation, musculoskeletal complaints, no circulating antibodies) patients. Furthermore, they displayed characteristics for both PLAID and APLAID (recurrent infections, abdominal pain/diarrhea) with normal T-cell function. Conclusion: The heterozygous missense PLCG2 gene variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) might cause phenotypical overlap of PLAID and APLAID patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Welzel
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Oefelein
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Amelie Müller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Benita Menden
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Groβ
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Jasmin B. Kuemmerle-Deschner
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Le Huray KIP, Bunney TD, Pinotsis N, Kalli AC, Katan M. Characterization of the membrane interactions of phospholipase Cγ reveals key features of the active enzyme. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9688. [PMID: 35749497 PMCID: PMC9232102 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PLCγ enzymes are autoinhibited in resting cells and form key components of intracellular signaling that are also linked to disease development. Insights into physiological and aberrant activation of PLCγ require understanding of an active, membrane-bound form, which can hydrolyze inositol-lipid substrates. Here, we demonstrate that PLCγ1 cannot bind membranes unless the autoinhibition is disrupted. Through extensive molecular dynamics simulations and experimental evidence, we characterize membrane binding by the catalytic core domains and reveal previously unknown sites of lipid interaction. The identified sites act in synergy, overlap with autoinhibitory interfaces, and are shown to be critical for the phospholipase activity in cells. This work provides direct evidence that PLCγ1 is inhibited through obstruction of its membrane-binding surfaces by the regulatory region and that activation must shift PLCγ1 to a conformation competent for membrane binding. Knowledge of the critical sites of membrane interaction extends the mechanistic framework for activation, dysregulation, and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I. P. Le Huray
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom D. Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nikos Pinotsis
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Antreas C. Kalli
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Src-related thrombocytopenia: a fine line between a megakaryocyte dysfunction and an immune-mediated disease. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5244-5255. [PMID: 35349645 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src-related thrombocytopenia (SRC-RT) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited platelet disorder due to the p.E527K heterozygous germline gain-of-function variant of Src. To date, genetic diagnosis of the disease has only been reported in seven patients from three unrelated families. The clinical features ranged from isolated thrombocytopenia to complex syndromic manifestations characterized by thrombocytopenia, bleeding, myelofibrosis, splenomegaly, and bone disease. We report a new three-generation kindred with the Src p.E527K variant. Patients presented with rather variable platelet counts (38 - 139 x 109/L), mildly impaired platelet function, >15% immature platelet fraction, and with a significant proportion of large-giant platelets. Four adults from the family were diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and underwent splenectomy, achieving sustained platelet counts above 75 x 109/L for several years; increases in platelet counts were also observed after corticosteroid therapy. Four of seven Src p.E527K variant carriers showed immune defects and recurrent infections. In addition, a range of neurological symptoms, from specific language impairment to epilepsy was seen in some family members. Patient platelets exhibited constitutive Src, BTK, and PLC2 activation, and after stimulating CD19 cells by crosslinking surface IgM, phosphorylated ERK was significantly increased in B cells from individuals carrying the Src p.E527K substitution. In summary, in addition to causing impaired platelet production, SRC-RT may associate immune dysregulation, and increased platelet consumption. In families in whom several members are responsive to ITP directed therapies, an underlying Src p.E527K variant should be excluded.
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Ghait M, Husain RA, Duduskar SN, Haack TB, Rooney M, Göhrig B, Bauer M, Rubio I, Deshmukh SD. The TLR-chaperone CNPY3 is a critical regulator of NLRP3-Inflammasome activation. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:907-923. [PMID: 35334124 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) mediate the recognition of microbial and endogenous insults to orchestrate the inflammatory response. TLRs localize to the plasma membrane or endomembranes, depending on the member, and rely critically on endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones to mature and reach their subcellular destinations. The chaperone canopy FGF signaling regulator 3 (CNPY3) is necessary for the proper trafficking of multiple TLRs including TLR1/2/4/5/9 but not TLR3. However, the exact role of CNPY3 in inflammatory signalling downstream of TLRs has not been studied in detail. Consistent with the reported client specificity, we report here that functional loss of CNPY3 in engineered macrophages impairs downstream signalling by TLR2 but not TLR3. Unexpectedly, CNPY3-deficient macrophages show reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1ß) and IL-18 processing and production independent of the challenged upstream TLR species, demonstrating a separate, specific role for CNPY3 in inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, we document that CNPY3 regulates caspase-1 localization to the apoptosis speck and auto-activation of caspase-1. Importantly, we were able to recapitulate these findings in macrophages from an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) patient with a novel CNPY3 loss-of-function variant. Summarizing, our findings reveal a hitherto unknown, TLR-independent role of CNPY3 in inflammasome activation, highlighting a more complex and dedicated role of CNPY3 to the inflammatory response than anticipated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghait
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Husain
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Shivalee N Duduskar
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rooney
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Göhrig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Li QQ, Zhang HH, Dai SX. New Insights and Advances in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:714054. [PMID: 35299671 PMCID: PMC8921506 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.714054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is characterized by multifactorial chronic recurrent intestinal inflammation. Compared with elderly patients, those with VEO-IBD have a more serious condition, not responsive to conventional treatments, with a poor prognosis. Recent studies found that genetic and immunologic abnormalities are closely related to VEO-IBD. Intestinal immune homeostasis monogenic defects (IIHMDs) are changed through various mechanisms. Recent studies have also revealed that abnormalities in genes and immune molecular mechanisms are closely related to VEO-IBD. IIHMDs change through various mechanisms. Epigenetic factors can mediate the interaction between the environment and genome, and genetic factors and immune molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of the environment and gut microbiota. These discoveries will provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of VEO-IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hong Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases: A Growing Family of Disorders of Overlapping Immune Dysfunction. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 48:371-395. [PMID: 34798958 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are characterized by unprovoked exaggerated inflammation on a continuum from benign recurrent oral ulceration to life-threatening strokes or amyloidosis, with renal failure as a potential sequela. The ability to discriminate these diagnoses rests on the genetic and mechanistic defect of each disorder, considering potential overlapping autoinflammation, autoimmunity, and immune deficiency. A comprehensive and strategic genetic investigation influences management as well as the consequential expected prognoses in these subsets of rare diseases. The ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium reflects international collaborations, which will hasten genetic discovery and consensus-driven treatment.
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Park HS, Oh A, Keum CW, Lee J, Lee JK, Son BR, Shin KS, Hahn YS. A novel likely pathogenic PLCG2 variant in a patient with a recurrent skin blistering disease and B-cell lymphopenia. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 65:104387. [PMID: 34768012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of PLCG2 encoding phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) were first reported in 2012 and their clinical manifestations vary widely. PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID) and autoinflammation and PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) are representative examples of PLCG2 pathogenic variants. In this report, we describe a 17-year-old male with recurrent blistering skin lesions, B-cell lymphopenia, and asthma. Distinct from the patients in previous reports, this patient had the heterozygous de novo c.2119T > C missense variant (NM_002661.4) resulting in a serine to proline amino acid substitution (p.Ser707Pro). The variant located to the PLCγ2 C-terminal Src homology 2 (cSH2) domain, which is a critical site for the restriction of intrinsic enzyme activity. This variant could be classified as "likely pathogenic" according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Laboratory results showed a reduction in circulating B cells without a decrease of serum IgG and IgA. Our findings expand the variety of clinical phenotypes for PLCG2 missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sue Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Keum
- Rare Genetic Disease Research Center, 3billion Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ra Son
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Seob Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Hahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Rood JE, Behrens EM. Inherited Autoinflammatory Syndromes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:227-249. [PMID: 34699263 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-030121-041528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammation describes a collection of diverse diseases caused by indiscriminate activation of the immune system in an antigen-independent manner. The rapid advancement of genetic diagnostics has allowed for the identification of a wide array of monogenic causes of autoinflammation. While the clinical picture of these syndromes is diverse, it is possible to thematically group many of these diseases under broad categories that provide insight into the mechanisms of disease and therapeutic possibilities. This review covers archetypical examples of inherited autoinflammatory diseases in five major categories: inflammasomopathy, interferonopathy, unfolded protein/cellular stress response, relopathy, and uncategorized. This framework can suggest where future work is needed to identify other genetic causes of autoinflammation, what types of diagnostics need to be developed to care for this patient population, and which options might be considered for novel therapeutic targeting. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rood
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Szilveszter KP, Vikár S, Horváth ÁI, Helyes Z, Sárdy M, Mócsai A. Phospholipase Cγ2 is Essential for Experimental Models of Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1114-1125. [PMID: 34656615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) mediates tyrosine kinase‒coupled receptor signaling in various hematopoietic lineages. Although PLCγ2 has been implicated in certain human and mouse inflammatory disorders, its contribution to autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases is poorly understood. In this study, we tested the role of PLCγ2 in a mouse model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita triggered by antibodies against type VII collagen (C7), a component of the dermo-epidermal junction. PLCγ2-deficient (Plcg2-/-) mice and bone marrow chimeras with a Plcg2-/- hematopoietic system were completely protected from signs of anti-C7-induced skin disease, including skin erosions, dermal‒epidermal separation, and inflammation, despite normal circulating levels and skin deposition of anti-C7 antibodies. PLCγ2 was required for the tissue infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages as well as for the accumulation of proinflammatory mediators (including IL-1β, MIP-2, and LTB4) and reactive oxygen species. Mechanistic experiments revealed a role for PLCγ2 in the release of proinflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species but not in the intrinsic migratory capacity of leukocytes. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 inhibited dermal-epidermal separation of human skin sections incubated with human neutrophils in the presence of anti-C7 antibodies. Taken together, our results suggest a critical role for PLCγ2 in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory form of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata P Szilveszter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon Vikár
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Phospholipase Cγ2 regulates endocannabinoid and eicosanoid networks in innate immune cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2112971118. [PMID: 34607960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112971118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies have pointed to a prominent role for innate immunity and lipid pathways in immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. Our understanding of the composition and function of immunomodulatory lipid networks in innate immune cells, however, remains incomplete. Here, we show that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2 or PLCG2)-mutations in which are associated with autoinflammatory disorders and Alzheimer's disease-serves as a principal source of diacylglycerol (DAG) pools that are converted into a cascade of bioactive endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipids by DAG lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) enzymes in innate immune cells. We show that this lipid network is tonically stimulated by disease-relevant human mutations in PLCγ2, as well as Fc receptor activation in primary human and mouse macrophages. Genetic disruption of PLCγ2 in mouse microglia suppressed DAGL/MGLL-mediated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid cross-talk and also caused widespread transcriptional and proteomic changes, including the reorganization of immune-relevant lipid pathways reflected in reductions in DAGLB and elevations in PLA2G4A. Despite these changes, Plcg2 -/- mice showed generally normal proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment, instead displaying a more restricted deficit in microglial activation that included impairments in prostaglandin production and CD68 expression. Our findings enhance the understanding of PLCγ2 function in innate immune cells, delineating a role in cross-talk with endocannabinoid/eicosanoid pathways and modulation of subsets of cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli.
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Masumoto J, Zhou W, Morikawa S, Hosokawa S, Taguchi H, Yamamoto T, Kurata M, Kaneko N. Molecular biology of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:33. [PMID: 34635190 PMCID: PMC8507398 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The long battle between humans and various physical, chemical, and biological insults that cause cell injury (e.g., products of tissue damage, metabolites, and/or infections) have led to the evolution of various adaptive responses. These responses are triggered by recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), usually by cells of the innate immune system. DAMPs and PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by innate immune cells; this recognition triggers inflammation. Autoinflammatory diseases are strongly associated with dysregulation of PRR interactomes, which include inflammasomes, NF-κB-activating signalosomes, type I interferon-inducing signalosomes, and immuno-proteasome; disruptions of regulation of these interactomes leads to inflammasomopathies, relopathies, interferonopathies, and proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes, respectively. In this review, we discuss the currently accepted molecular mechanisms underlying several autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masumoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Sho Hosokawa
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruka Taguchi
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Naoe Kaneko
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine and Proteo-Science Center, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
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PLCγ2 regulates TREM2 signalling and integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of human iPSC-derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19842. [PMID: 34615897 PMCID: PMC8494732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies have linked rare coding variants in microglial genes, such as TREM2, and more recently PLCG2 to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The P522R variant in PLCG2 has been shown to confer protection for AD and to result in a subtle increase in enzymatic activity. PLCγ2 is a key component of intracellular signal transduction networks and induces Ca2+ signals downstream of many myeloid cell surface receptors, including TREM2. To explore the relationship between PLCγ2 and TREM2 and the role of PLCγ2 in regulating immune cell function, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)- derived macrophages from isogenic lines with homozygous PLCG2 knockout (Ko). Stimulating TREM2 signalling using a polyclonal antibody revealed a complete lack of calcium flux and IP1 accumulation in PLCγ2 Ko cells, demonstrating a non-redundant role of PLCγ2 in calcium release downstream of TREM2. Loss of PLCγ2 led to broad changes in expression of several macrophage surface markers and phenotype, including reduced phagocytic activity and survival, while LPS-induced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 was unaffected. We identified additional deficits in PLCγ2- deficient cells that compromised cellular adhesion and migration. Thus, PLCγ2 is key in enabling divergent cellular functions and might be a promising target to increase beneficial microglial functions.
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Maccora I, Marrani E, Mastrolia MV, Abu-Rumeileh S, Maniscalco V, Fusco E, Barbati F, Pagnini I, Simonini G. Ocular involvement in monogenic autoinflammatory disease. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102944. [PMID: 34509650 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monogenic Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a broad spectrum of rare hereditary diseases whose ocular involvement has not been well characterized yet. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge about ocular findings in AIDs. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using 2 electronic databases, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A combination of AIDs and ophthalmology-related search terms were used. All articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers for title, abstract and full text level. We included solely studies that investigated ocular findings in AIDs. RESULTS 198 papers of 4268 records were retained. Data about 1353 patients with a diagnosis of autoinflammatory disease and ocular involvement were collected (680 CAPS, 211 FMF, 138 TRAPS, 238 Blau, 32 MKD, 21 SIFD, 7 Aicardi Goutières, 3 CANDLE, 8 DADA2, 9 HA20, 6 APLAID). Conjunctivitis was significantly more frequent in CAPS (p < 0.00001), uveitis in Blau, MKD, HA20 and CANDLE (p < 0.00001), papillitis/papilledema in CAPS (p < 0.00001), optic neuritis in Aicardi and DADA2 (p < 0.008), retinal vasculitis in FMF (p < 0.00001), progressive reduction in choroidal thickness in FMF and DADA2 (p < 0.00001), periorbital oedema in TRAPS (p < 0.00001) and retinitis in SIFD (p < 0.00001). Among AIDs with uveitis, granulomatous inflammation was more common in Blau syndrome (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION This systematic literature review characterized the ocular involvement of several AIDs, and the present data may encourage to consider a timely ophthalmological screening program for these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Maccora
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Marrani
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Mastrolia
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Sarah Abu-Rumeileh
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Valerio Maniscalco
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fusco
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Barbati
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagnini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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