1
|
Alshubaily AM, Alosaimi AS, Alhothli BI, Althawadi SI, Alghamdi SM. Risk of invasive MDRO infection in MDRO-colonized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024:1-5. [PMID: 39400028 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2024.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to estimate the risk of developing clinical multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in colonized patients compared with non-colonized admitted to high-risk areas with a main focus on CRE colonization/infection. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care facility. METHODS This study included patients enrolled in active surveillance testing (AST) for CRE, MRSA, or VRE during the year 2021. Development of relevant invasive infection within 365 days of the AST result was collected as the primary outcome. The association between MDRO colonization and infection was calculated using the risk ratio. The prevalence of CRE organisms and carbapenemase genes is presented. RESULTS A total of 19,134 ASTs were included in the analysis (4,919 CRE AST, 8,303 MRSA AST, and 5,912 VRE AST). Patient demographics were similar between colonized and non-colonized groups. Colonization was associated with an increased risk of infection in the 3 cohorts (CRE, MRSA, and VRE), with risk ratios reported as 4.6, 8.2, and 22, respectively. Most patients (88%) develop CRE infection with the same colonizing carbapenemase gene. Oxa-48/NDM Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism detected in CRE infection. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that colonization with CRE, MRSA, or VRE is a risk factor for developing infections caused by the respective bacteria. The high percentage of match between carbapenemase genes detected in colonization and infection indicates that screening results might be used to inform infection management and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alshubaily
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aeshah S Alosaimi
- Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra I Alhothli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar I Althawadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem M Alghamdi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei M, Knight SAB, Fazelinia H, Spruce L, Roof J, Chu E, Kim DY, Bhanap P, Walsh J, Flowers L, Zhu J, Grice EA. An exploration of mechanisms underlying Desemzia incerta colonization resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. mSphere 2024; 9:e0063623. [PMID: 38415632 PMCID: PMC10964421 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00636-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Colonization of human skin and nares by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leads to the community spread of MRSA. This spread is exacerbated by the transfer of MRSA between humans and livestock, particularly swine. Here, we capitalized on the shared features between human and porcine skin, including shared MRSA colonization, to study novel bacterial mediators of MRSA colonization resistance. We focused on the poorly studied bacterial species Desemzia incerta, which we found to exert antimicrobial activity through a secreted product and exhibited colonization resistance against MRSA in an in vivo murine skin model. Using parallel genomic and biochemical investigation, we discovered that D. incerta secretes an antimicrobial protein. Sequential protein purification and proteomics analysis identified 24 candidate inhibitory proteins, including a promising peptidoglycan hydrolase candidate. Aided by transcriptional analysis of D. incerta and MRSA cocultures, we found that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased MRSA biofilm production. These results emphasize the value of exploring microbial communities across a spectrum of hosts, which can lead to novel therapeutic agents as well as an increased understanding of microbial competition.IMPORTANCEMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a significant healthcare burden and can be spread to the human population via livestock transmission. Members of the skin microbiome can prevent MRSA colonization via a poorly understood phenomenon known as colonization resistance. Here, we studied the colonization resistance of S. aureus by bacterial inhibitors previously identified from a porcine skin model. We identify a pig skin commensal, Desemzia incerta, that reduced MRSA colonization in a murine model. We employ a combination of genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic analyses to explore the mechanisms of inhibition between D. incerta and S. aureus. We identify 24 candidate antimicrobial proteins secreted by D. incerta that could be responsible for its antimicrobial activity. We also find that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased S. aureus biofilm formation. These findings show that the livestock transmission of MRSA can be exploited to uncover novel mechanisms of MRSA colonization resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon A. B. Knight
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Roof
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Preeti Bhanap
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jasmine Walsh
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurice Flowers
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang L, Dharmaratne P, Zhu C, Sapugahawatte DN, Rahman N, Barua N, Li C, Kwok KO, Luo M, Liyanapathirana V, Ip M. Global epidemiology of asymptomatic colonisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the upper respiratory tract of young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:267-274. [PMID: 38296611 PMCID: PMC10958260 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the global prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation, and determine the associated risk factors, antibiotic resistance and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the upper respiratory tract of young children. DESIGN Four bibliometric databases were searched for publications between 2010 and 2022 according to the protocol registered in PROSPERO. Cross-sectional or cohort studies describing the prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation of S. aureus and MRSA in young children were included. Data extraction and analysis were carried out by two reviewers independently according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. SETTING AND STUDIES We included studies where children without respiratory tract infection or Staphylococcal infection were recruited from the community, children's institutions (ie, nurseries, kindergartens, daycare centres and preschools) and healthcare centre visits and assessed for asymptomatic colonisation with S. aureus and MRSA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic colonisation of S. aureus and MRSA of young children globally. RESULTS In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 416 young children, the pooled global prevalence of asymptomatic S. aureus colonisation was 25.1% (95% CI 21.4 to 28.8) and MRSA colonisation was 3.4% (95% CI 2.8 to 4.1). The clones of MRSA strains included healthcare-associated MRSA, community-associated MRSA and livestock-associated MRSA. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of increased MRSA colonisation globally among young children, underlining the critical role of asymptomatic carriers in MRSA transmission and the need for control measures. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD 42022328385.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Priyanga Dharmaratne
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chendi Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Nannur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Nilakshi Barua
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Li
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kin On Kwok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingjing Luo
- Center for Synthetic Microbiome, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, CAS, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei M, Knight SA, Fazelinia H, Spruce L, Roof J, Chu E, Walsh J, Flowers L, Kim DY, Zhu J, Grice EA. An exploration of mechanisms underlying Desemzia incerta colonization resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561853. [PMID: 37873232 PMCID: PMC10592716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of human skin and nares by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leads to community spread of MRSA. This spread is exacerbated by transfer of MRSA between humans and livestock, particularly swine. Here we capitalized on the shared features between human and porcine skin, including shared MRSA colonization, to study novel bacterial mediators of MRSA colonization resistance. We focused on the poorly studied bacterial species Desemzia incerta, which we found to exert antimicrobial activity through a secreted product and exhibited colonization resistance against MRSA in an in vivo murine skin model. Using parallel genomic and biochemical investigation, we discovered that D. incerta secretes an antimicrobial protein. Sequential protein purification and proteomics analysis identified 24 candidate inhibitory proteins, including a promising peptidoglycan hydrolase candidate. Aided by transcriptional analysis of D. incerta and MRSA cocultures, we found that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased MRSA biofilm production. These results emphasize the value in exploring microbial communities across a spectrum of hosts, which can lead to novel therapeutic agents as well as increased understanding of microbial competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wei
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Ab Knight
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Roof
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Chu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jasmine Walsh
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurice Flowers
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Y Kim
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira HBM, das Neves Selis N, Brito TLS, Sampaio BA, de Souza Bittencourt R, Oliveira CNT, Júnior MNS, Almeida CF, Almeida PP, Campos GB, Amorim AT, Timenetsky J, Romano CC, Uetanabaro APT, Yatsuda R, Marques LM. Citral modulates human monocyte responses to Staphylococcus aureus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22029. [PMID: 34764372 PMCID: PMC8586039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is considered an important human pathogen. Due to its virulence and ability to acquire mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics, the clinical severity of S. aureus infection is driven by inflammatory responses to the bacteria. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the modulating role of citral in inflammation caused by S. aureus infection. For this, we used an isolate obtained from a nasal swab sample of a healthy child attending a day-care centre in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The role of citral in modulating immunological factors against S. aureus infection was evaluated by isolating and cultivating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The monocytes were treated with 4%, 2%, and 1% citral before and after inoculation with S. aureus. The cells were analysed by immunophenotyping of monocyte cell surface molecules (CD54, CD282, CD80, HLA-DR, and CD86) and cytokine dosage (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-23, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α), and evaluated for the expression of 84 genes related to innate and adaptive immune system responses. GraphPad Prism software and variables with P values < 0.05, were used for statistical analysis. Our data demonstrated citral’s action on the expression of surface markers involved in recognition, presentation, and migration, such as CD14, CD54, and CD80, in global negative regulation of inflammation with inhibitory effects on NF-κB, JNK/p38, and IFN pathways. Consequently, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-23, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokine expression was reduced in groups treated with citral and groups treated with citral at 4%, 2%, and 1% and infected, and levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 were increased. Furthermore, citral could be used as a supporting anti-inflammatory agent against infections caused by S. aureus. There are no data correlating citral, S. aureus, and the markers analysed here; thus, our study addresses this gap in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan das Neves Selis
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km a6, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 55662-900, Brazil
| | - Thamara Louisy Santos Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Almeida Sampaio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Souza Bittencourt
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Caline Novais Teixeira Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km a6, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 55662-900, Brazil.,Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Manoel Neres Santos Júnior
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km a6, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 55662-900, Brazil
| | - Carolline Florentino Almeida
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Palloma Porto Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal da Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Romano
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km a6, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 55662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Regiane Yatsuda
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km a6, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia, 55662-900, Brazil. .,Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45029-094, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kasela M, Grzegorczyk A, Nowakowicz-Dębek B, Malm A. The Prevalence of Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Nursing Home in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040427. [PMID: 33916758 PMCID: PMC8065860 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursing homes (NH) contribute to the regional spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, residents are vulnerable to the colonization and subsequent infection of MRSA etiology. We aimed at investigating the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of 21 MRSA collected from the residents and personnel in an NH (Lublin, Poland) during 2018. All MRSA were screened for 20 genes encoding virulence determinants (sea-see, eta, etb, tst, lukS-F-PV, eno, cna, ebpS, fib, bbp, fnbA, fnbB, icaADBC) and for resistance to 18 antimicrobials. To establish the relatedness and clonal complexes of MRSA in NH we applied multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting (MLVF), pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. We identified four sequence types (ST) among two clonal complexes (CC): ST (CC22) known as EMRSA-15 as well as three novel STs—ST6295 (CC8), ST6293 (CC8) and ST6294. All tested MRSA were negative for sec, eta, etb, lukS-F-PV, bbp and ebpS genes. The most prevalent gene encoding toxin was sed (52.4%; n = 11/21), and adhesins were eno and fnbA (100%). Only 9.5% (n = 2/21) of MRSA were classified as multidrug-resistant. The emergence of novel MRSA with a unique virulence and the presence of epidemic clone EMRSA-15 creates challenges for controlling the spread of MRSA in NH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Kasela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Grzegorczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Low-cost colorimetric diagnostic screening assay for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Talanta 2021; 225:121946. [PMID: 33592701 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The timely diagnosis of MRSA in clinical samples helps to reduce the attendant morbidity/mortality associated with infection due to the organism. The early institution of appropriate therapy or deployment of infection control protocols are dependent on a timely report from the microbiology laboratory. Various assays currently used in the identification of MRSA are associated with inherent shortcomings, thus there is a need to explore newer diagnostic frontiers that can eliminate some of these short comings at a relatively cheap, timely, specific and sensitive manner. We present in this study a MRSA specific optical immunosensor to detect the presence of the pathogen on contaminated surface using control and patient strains. Results revealed a detection limits of 103 CFU mL-1 upon visual observation, and 29 CFU mL-1 as determined by the linear regression equation, following the use of ImageJ to quantify activated cotton swab color intensity. The specificity of the sensor was examined by blind testing a panel of non-MRSA bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermis). Negative visual read-out was observed for all tested non-specific bacteria except for MRSA. Assay takes an average of 5 min and presents a powerful point-of-care diagnostic platform for the detection of MRSA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Manyahi J, Moyo SJ, Aboud S, Langeland N, Blomberg B. Predominance of PVL-negative community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 8 in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults, Tanzania. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1477-1485. [PMID: 33586013 PMCID: PMC8206053 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Difficult-to-treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are of concern in people living with HIV infection as they are more vulnerable to infection. We aimed to identify molecular characteristics of MRSA colonizing newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Tanzania. Individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection were recruited in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from April 2017 to May 2018, as part of the randomized clinical trial CoTrimResist (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03087890). Nasal/nasopharyngeal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptibility tested by disk diffusion method, and cefoxitin-resistant isolates were characterized by short-reads whole genome sequencing. Four percent (22/537) of patients carried MRSA in the nose/nasopharynx. MRSA isolates were frequently resistant towards gentamicin (95%), ciprofloxacin (91%), and erythromycin (82%) but less often towards trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (9%). Seventy-three percent had inducible clindamycin resistance. Erythromycin-resistant isolates harbored ermC (15/18) and LmrS (3/18) resistance genes. Ciprofloxacin resistance was mediated by mutations of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) sequence in the gyrA (S84L) and parC (S80Y) genes. All isolates belonged to the CC8 and ST8-SCCmecIV MRSA clone. Ninety-five percent of the MRSA isolates were spa-type t1476, and one exhibited spa-type t064. All isolates were negative for Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) type 1. All ST8-SCCmecIV-spa-t1476 MRSA clones from Tanzania were unrelated to the globally successful USA300 clone. Carriage of ST8 MRSA (non-USA300) was common among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Tanzania. Frequent co-resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics limits therapeutic options when infection occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Manyahi
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,National Advisory Unit for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, MUHAS, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Sabrina J Moyo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, MUHAS, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, MUHAS, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,National Advisory Unit for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Blomberg
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,National Advisory Unit for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jayakumar J, Kumar VA, Biswas L, Biswas R. Therapeutic applications of lysostaphin against Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1072-1082. [PMID: 33382154 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes diverse community and nosocomial-acquired human infections, including folliculitis, impetigo, sepsis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, implant-associated biofilm infections and contagious mastitis in cattle. In recent days, both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections have increased. Highly effective anti-staphylococcal agents are urgently required. Lysostaphin is a 27 kDa zinc metallo antimicrobial lytic enzyme that is produced by Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus and was first discovered in the 1960s. Lysostaphin is highly active against S. aureus strains irrespective of their drug-resistant patterns with a minimum inhibitory concentration of ranges between 0·001 and 0·064 μg ml-1 . Lysostaphin has activity against both dividing and non-dividing S. aureus cells; and can seep through the extracellular matrix to kill the biofilm embedded S. aureus. In spite of having excellent anti-staphylococcal activity, its clinical application is hindered because of its immunogenicity and reduced bio-availability. Extensive research with lysostaphin lead to the development of several engineered lysostaphin derivatives with reduced immunogenicity and increased serum half-life. Therapeutic efficacy of both native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives was studied by several research groups. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic applications of native and engineered lysostaphin derivatives developed to eradicate S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jayakumar
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - V A Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - L Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - R Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burden of perianal Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nursing home residents increases transmission to healthcare worker gowns and gloves. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:1396-1401. [PMID: 32762778 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the burden of Staphylococcus aureus colonization of nursing home residents on the risk of S. aureus transmission to healthcare worker (HCW) gowns and gloves. DESIGN Multicenter prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Residents and HCWs from 13 community-based nursing homes in Maryland and Michigan. METHODS Residents were cultured for S. aureus at the anterior nares and perianal skin. The S. aureus burden was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction detecting the nuc gene. HCWs wore gowns and gloves during usual care activities; gowns and gloves were swabbed and then cultured for the presence of S. aureus. RESULTS In total, 403 residents were enrolled; 169 were colonized with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and comprised the study population; 232 were not colonized and thus were excluded from this analysis; and 2 were withdrawn prior to being swabbed. After multivariable analysis, perianal colonization with S. aureus conferred the greatest odds for transmission to HCW gowns and gloves, and the odds increased with increasing burden of colonization: adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3-3.5) for low-level colonization and aOR 5.2 (95% CI, 3.1-8.7) for high level colonization. CONCLUSIONS Among nursing home patients colonized with S. aureus, the risk of transmission to HCW gowns and gloves was greater from those colonized with greater quantities of S. aureus on the perianal skin. Our findings inform future infection control practices for both MRSA and MSSA in nursing homes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Arnaíz de Las Revillas F, Sousa D, Ardunay C, García-Vidal C, Montejo M, Rodríguez-Álvarez R, Pasquau J, Bouza E, Oteo JA, Balseiro C, Méndez C, Lwoff N, Llinares P, Fariñas MC. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: a prospective study in Spain. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2020; 33:358-368. [PMID: 32693555 PMCID: PMC7528418 DOI: 10.37201/req/067.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and factors related to outcome in Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). Patients and method A 3-year prospective observational epidemiological case study of HCAP was conducted in seven Spanish hospitals. Microbiological and patient characteristics and outcomes were collected and classified by causative pathogen into 4 categories: “S. pneumoniae”, “MRSA”, “Others” and “Unknown”. Patients were followed up 30 days after discharge. Results A total of 258 (84.6%) patients were enrolled (170 were men [65.9%]). Mean age was 72.4 years ± 15 years (95% CI [70.54-74.25]). The etiology of pneumonia was identified in 73 cases (28.3%):S. pneumoniae in 35 patients (13.6%), MRSA in 8 (3.1%), and other microorganisms in 30 patients (11.6%). Significant differences in rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.05), previous antibiotic treatment (p < 0.05), other chronic respiratory diseases, inhaled corticosteroids (p < 0.01), and lymphoma (p < 0.05) were observed among the four groups. Patients with MRSA pneumonia had received more previous antibiotic treatment (87.5%). Thirty-three (12.8%) patients died during hospitalisation; death in 27 (81.2%) was related to pneumonia. Conclusions The etiology of HCAP was identified in only one quarter of patients, with S. pneumoniae being the most prevalent microorganism. Patients with chronic respiratory diseases more frequently presented HCAP due to MRSA than to S. pneumoniae. Death at hospital discharge was related in most cases to pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - M C Fariñas
- María Carmen Fariñas. Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, 25, 39008 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chalmers SJ, Wylam ME. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Treatment Options. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2069:229-251. [PMID: 31523777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9849-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infection worldwide, including a wide array of both hospital- and community-acquired infections-most commonly bacteremia, upper and lower respiratory tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. This chapter describes the epidemiology of MRSA infection, its ability to confer antibiotic resistance and produce a wide array of virulence factors, and its pivotal role in human infection, especially cystic fibrosis. It also provides an introduction to the strategies for treatment of both chronic and acute MRSA infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chalmers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark E Wylam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antibiotics for the Treatment of Staphylococcal Infections in the Obstetric Patient. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2019; 62:790-803. [PMID: 31658098 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses current epidemiology and treatment of obstetric staphylococcal infections. It also examines current prophylaxis methods and the efficacy of universal screening.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dammeyer AH, Heinze S, Adler AC, Nasri L, Schomacher L, Zamfir M, Heigl K, Karlin B, Franitza M, Hörmansdorfer S, Tuschak C, Valenza G, Ochmann U, Herr C. Clinical relevance of colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) for mothers during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:1303-1316. [PMID: 31531777 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) of healthy pregnant women is not described in detail in Germany. In this study, we screened for MSSA and AMRB, especially for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as well as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Potential risk factors for colonization with AMRB/MSSA and the potential effects of colonization with these on the obstetric population were investigated. METHODS From October 2013 until December 2015 pregnant women were screened before birth for colonization with AMRB/MSSA from the mammillae, nose, perianal and vaginal area. Before birth, the expectant mother was administered a standardized interview questionnaire by a trained interviewer. Data from the hospital admission records were also included. RESULTS Samples from 651 pregnant women were analyzed. Colonization with MSSA was detected in 14.3% (n = 93), AMRB in 3.5% [(n = 23); MRSA: n = 3/ESBL: n = 20]. Significantly more colonization of AMRB/MSSA could be detected in women who had previously given birth compared to women who were nulliparous (p < 0.05). MSSA colonization was significantly associated with self-reported respiratory diseases during pregnancy (p < 0.05), but AMRB/MSSA colonization was not statistically associated with other types of infection. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a low overall rate of colonization with AMRB/MSSA, as well as a low percentage of colonized pregnant women who developed infections. Multiparous women are at higher risk for colonization with MSSA/MRSA or ESBL. Because the prevalence of AMRB/MSSA is low, this study suggests that general screening of pregnant women without risk factors is not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Dammeyer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany.
| | - S Heinze
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany.,Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A C Adler
- Bavarian State Ministry of Public Health and Care Services, Munich, Germany
| | - L Nasri
- Klinikum Augsburg, Women's Clinic, Augsburg, Germany
| | - L Schomacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Zamfir
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Heigl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Karlin
- Rotkreuzklinikum München, Women's Clinic, Munich, Germany
| | - M Franitza
- Klinikum Augsburg, Women's Clinic, Augsburg, Germany
| | - S Hörmansdorfer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Tuschak
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Valenza
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany
| | - U Ochmann
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Herr
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich/Oberschleißheim/Erlangen, Germany.,Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinic of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bastidas CA, Villacrés-Granda I, Navarrete D, Monsalve M, Coral-Almeida M, Cifuentes SG. Antibiotic susceptibility profile and prevalence of mecA and lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal and pharyngeal sources of medical students in Ecuador. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2553-2560. [PMID: 31496767 PMCID: PMC6701660 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a common nasal colonizer in 20-30% of the general population. When mucosal and cutaneous barriers are disrupted, S. aureus can cause severe infections. While MRSA nasal carriers have an increased risk of infections when compared to non-carriers, prolonged exposure to the hospital environment may cause an increase in carriage of MRSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey questionnaire was filled for analyzing risk factors of colonization. Swab isolates were identified as S. aureus by traditional microbiological assays. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were performed following the CLSI standard guidelines. Multiplex PCR was conducted to determine the presence of genes mecA and lukS-PV/lukF-PV. Chi-squared, univariate, and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to find statistically significant associations between risk factors and the presence of S. aureus and MRSA. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-six isolates were identified as S. aureus. The strains showed high resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, clindamycin (inducible), and tetracycline. The overall prevalence of MRSA in medical students was 45.9% [40.4-51.6] 95% CI. PCR showed a prevalence of mecA gene in MRSA isolates of 6.1% while lukS-PV/lukF-PV gene was present in 3.2% [1.2-6.9] 95% CI of the S. aureus samples. The risk factors frequency of antibiotic intake and repeated visits to hospitals demonstrated statistical significance. CONCLUSION S. aureus and MRSA isolates have a high prevalence of colonization, and antibiotic resistance in the population studied. MRSA resistance was not related to the presence of the mecA gene. The prevalence of PVL genes was low, but it could represent a risk because they are circulating in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Bastidas
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Daniela Navarrete
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mishell Monsalve
- Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marco Coral-Almeida
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sara G Cifuentes
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Long N, Tang H, Sun F, Lin L, Dai M. Effect and mechanism of citral against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vivo. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4423-4429. [PMID: 30891759 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citral is an active component of many plant extracts, and it is a safe additive used in food and cosmetics. A previous study showed that citral has a good antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro, but its in vivo anti-infective activity has not been studied. Anti-MRSA activity and the preliminary mechanism of citral against MRSA were investigated in MRSA-infected KM mice. The ED50 was calculated using Karber's method. Groups were selected for inflammatory and oxidative stress level tests, and lung and liver tissues were counterstained with HE for detection of pathological changes. Cytokines and oxidative factors were evaluated using the ELISA method (one-way ANOVA computed using SPSS 19.0.). RESULTS With the increase in the concentration of citral, the survival rate of MRSA-infected mice increased accordingly. The ED50 values of citral for intramuscular injection and intragastric administration were 0.09 and 0.26 g kg-1 respectively. Citral significantly reduced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative factors (malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radicals) of MRSA-infected mice, whereas it increased gluthtione and superoxide dismutase levels. Citral can reduce the lung inflammatory infiltrates infected by MRSA. CONCLUSIONS Citral exerted a dose-dependent anti-MRSA effect and ameliorated MRSA-induced abnormal changes in inflammation and oxidative stress. This indicates that citral has the potential for development as a new anti-MRSA drug. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Long
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fenghui Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Min Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chandler CIR. Current accounts of antimicrobial resistance: stabilisation, individualisation and antibiotics as infrastructure. PALGRAVE COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 5:53. [PMID: 31157116 PMCID: PMC6542671 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-019-0263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the latest issues to galvanise political and financial investment as an emerging global health threat. This paper explores the construction of AMR as a problem, following three lines of analysis. First, an examination of some of the ways in which AMR has become an object for action-through defining, counting and projecting it. Following Lakoff's work on emerging infectious diseases, the paper illustrates that while an 'actuarial' approach to AMR may be challenging to stabilise due to definitional and logistical issues, it has been successfully stabilised through a 'sentinel' approach that emphasises the threat of AMR. Second, the paper draws out a contrast between the way AMR is formulated in terms of a problem of connectedness-a 'One Health' issue-and the frequent solutions to AMR being focused on individual behaviour. The paper suggests that AMR presents an opportunity to take seriously connections, scale and systems but that this effort is undermined by the prevailing tendency to reduce health issues to matters for individual responsibility. Third, the paper takes AMR as a moment of infrastructural inversion (Bowker and Star) when antimicrobials and the work they do are rendered more visible. This leads to the proposal of antibiotics as infrastructure-part of the woodwork that we take for granted, and entangled with our ways of doing life, in particular modern life. These explorations render visible the ways social, economic and political frames continue to define AMR and how it may be acted upon, which opens up possibilities for reconfiguring AMR research and action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare I. R. Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mascitti H, Duran C, Nemo EM, Bouchand F, Câlin R, Descatha A, Gaillard JL, Lawrence C, Davido B, Barbier F, Dinh A. Factors associated with bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant organisms among bacteraemic patients with multidrug-resistant organism carriage: a case control study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:116. [PMID: 30288256 PMCID: PMC6162938 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are emerging worldwide. Physicians are increasingly faced with the question of whether patients need empiric antibiotic treatment covering these pathogens. This question is especially essential among MDRO carriers. We aim to determine the occurrence of MDRO bacteraemia among bacteraemic patients colonized with MDRO, and the associated factors with MDRO bacteraemia among this population. Methods We performed a retrospective monocentric study among MDRO carriers hospitalized with bacteraemia between January 2013 and August 2016 in a French hospital. We compared characteristics of patients with MDRO and non-MDRO bacteraemia. Results Overall, 368 episodes of bacteraemia were reviewed; 98/368 (26.6%) occurred among MDRO carriers. Main colonizing bacteria were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (40/98; 40.8%), ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (35/98; 35.7%); methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (26/98; 26.5%) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (12/98; 12.2%). There was no significant difference considering population with MDRO bacteraemia vs. non-MDRO bacteraemia, except for immunosuppression [OR 2.86; p = 0.0207], severity of the episode [OR 3.13; p = 0.0232], carriage of PA [OR 5.24; p = 0.0395], and hospital-acquired infection [OR 2.49; p = 0.034]. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with MDRO bacteraemia among colonized patient were only immunosuppression [OR = 2.96; p = 0.0354] and the hospital-acquired origin of bacteraemia [OR = 2.62; p = 0.0427]. Conclusions According to our study, occurrence of bacteraemia due to MDRO among MDRO carriers was high. Factors associated with MDRO bacteraemia were severity of the episode and hospital-acquired origin of the bacteraemia. Thus, during bacteraemia among patients colonized with MDRO, if such characteristics are present, broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mascitti
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Clara Duran
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Elisabeth-Marie Nemo
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Frédérique Bouchand
- 2Pharmacy department, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Ruxandra Câlin
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Alexis Descatha
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- 3Microbiological laboratory, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Christine Lawrence
- 3Microbiological laboratory, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Benjamin Davido
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - François Barbier
- Intensive care unit, Orléans Hospital, 14 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Aurélien Dinh
- 1Infectious disease unit, Raymond Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shohat N, Parvizi J. Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Examining the Recent Guidelines. J Arthroplasty 2017; 32:2040-2046. [PMID: 28366315 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise in infectious disease has led the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization to release new guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infection. METHODS In this article, we summarize current recommendations based on level of evidence, review unresolved and unaddressed issues, and supplement them with new literature. RESULTS Although the guidelines discuss major issues in reducing surgical site infection, many questions remain unanswered. CONCLUSION These guidelines will hopefully help in setting a standard of care based on best evidence available and focus investigators on areas where evidence is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Shohat
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rajendra Santosh AB, Ogle OE, Williams D, Woodbine EF. Epidemiology of Oral and Maxillofacial Infections. Dent Clin North Am 2017; 61:217-233. [PMID: 28317563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common dental infections and are constantly increasing worldwide. Distribution, occurrence of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, odontogenic infections, antibiotic resistance, oral mucosal infections, and microbe-related oral cancer are important to understand the public impact and methods of controlling such disease. Distribution of human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus -related oral cancers in the US population is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Babu Rajendra Santosh
- Dentistry Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies.
| | - Orrett E Ogle
- Atlanta, GA, USA; Dentistry Program, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Woodhull Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dwight Williams
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Woodhull Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Edward F Woodbine
- Department of Dentistry/Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Woodhull Medical Center, 760 Broadway, Brooklyn, NY 11206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dahlman D, Jalalvand F, Blomé MA, Håkansson A, Janson H, Quick S, Nilsson AC. High Perineal and Overall Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus in People Who Inject Drugs, Compared to Non-Injectors. Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:159-167. [PMID: 27896481 PMCID: PMC5243900 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence, distribution, and colonization burden of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA in different body sites among people who inject drugs (PWID) and compare it to a control group consisting of non-injectors. In this cross-sectional survey, 49 active PWID from the needle exchange program (NEP) in Malmö, Sweden, and 60 non-injecting controls from an emergency psychiatric inpatient ward at Malmö Addiction Centre were tested for S. aureus (including MRSA) by culture, PCR, and MALDI-TOF. Samples were taken from anterior nares, throat, perineum, and skin lesions if present. Sixty-seven percent of the PWID were colonized with S. aureus, compared to 50% of the controls (P = 0.08). Perineal carriage was significantly more frequent among PWID than in the control group [37 vs 17%, OR 2.96 (95% CI 1.13-7.75), P = 0.03], also after adjusting for sex and age in multivariate analysis [OR 4.01 (95% CI 1.34-12.03)]. Only one individual in the whole cohort (NEP participant) tested positive for MRSA. PWID may be more frequently colonized with S. aureus in the perineum than non-injection drug users, and there was a trend indicating more frequent overall S. aureus colonization in PWID, as well as higher perineal colonization burden. No indication of a high MRSA prevalence among PWID in Sweden was noted. However, further MRSA prevalence studies among PWID are needed. Knowledge about S. aureus colonization is important for the prevention of S. aureus infections with high morbidity in PWID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disa Dahlman
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Clinical Research Unit, Malmö Addiction Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Södra Förstadsg 35, Plan 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | - Marianne Alanko Blomé
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Research Unit, Malmö Addiction Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Södra Förstadsg 35, Plan 4, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Håkan Janson
- Clinical Microbiology, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Susanne Quick
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna C Nilsson
- Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Clinical utility of a nasal swab methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus polymerase chain reaction test in intensive and intermediate care unit patients with pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:307-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Warnke P, Devide A, Weise M, Frickmann H, Schwarz NG, Schäffler H, Ottl P, Podbielski A. Utilizing Moist or Dry Swabs for the Sampling of Nasal MRSA Carriers? An In Vivo and In Vitro Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163073. [PMID: 27626801 PMCID: PMC5023121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the quantitative bacterial recovery of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nasal screenings by utilizing dry or moistened swabs within an in vivo and an in vitro experimental setting. 135 nasal MRSA carriers were each swabbed in one nostril with a dry and in the other one with a moistened rayon swab. Quantitative bacterial recovery was measured by standard viable count techniques. Furthermore, an anatomically correct artificial nose model was inoculated with a numerically defined suspension of MRSA and swabbed with dry and moistened rayon, polyurethane-foam and nylon-flocked swabs to test these different settings and swab-materials under identical laboratory conditions. In vivo, quantities of MRSA per nostril in carriers varied between <101 and >107 colony forming units, with a median of 2.15x104 CFU. However, no statistically significant differences could be detected for the recovery of MRSA quantities when swabbing nasal carriers with moist or dry rayon swabs. In vitro testing confirmed the in vivo data for swabs with rayon, polyurethane and nylon-flocked tips, since pre-moistening of swabs did not significantly affect the quantities of retrieved bacteria. Therefore, pre-moistening of swabs prior to nasal MRSA sampling provides no advantage in terms of recovering greater bacterial quantities and therefore can be omitted. In addition, this situation can be mimicked in an in vitro model, thereby providing a useful basis for future in vitro testings of new swab types or target organisms for screening approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Warnke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Annette Devide
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mirjam Weise
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Ottl
- Department of Prosthodontics and Material Sciences, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Podbielski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nillius D, von Müller L, Wagenpfeil S, Klein R, Herrmann M. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Saarland, Germany: The Long-Term Care Facility Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153030. [PMID: 27073899 PMCID: PMC4830541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiresistant organisms pose a threat for patients and care recipients. Control interventions need to be tailored to region, the type of institution considered, and risk factors. The German state of Saarland is ideally suited to study colonisation epidemiology throughout its various health and care institutions. After conclusion of a large admission prevalence study in acute care hospitals, we now performed a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) point prevalence study in Saarland long term care facilities (LTCF), allowing for a direct comparison with respect of MRSA prevalence and associated risk factors between these two institutional types located within a confined region. Methodology and Principal Findings Of all LTCF of the region, 65/136 participated in the study performed between 09/2013 and 07/2014. Overall, complete microbiological specimen and questionnaires of 2,858 of 4,275 (66.8%) LTCF residents were obtained. 136/2,858 (4.8%) screened residents revealed MRSA carrier status. Multivariate risk factor analysis yielded ulcer/deep soft tissue infection, urinary tract catheter, and MRSA history with multiple MRSA decolonisation cycles to be independently associated with MRSA carrier status. Conclusion As already known from previous studies, colonisation with MRSA is common in LTCF residents even in an area with relatively low MRSA prevalence. This found prevalence can now be related to the acute care admission prevalence (2.2%) as well as to the admission prevalence in acute care geriatric departments (7.6%). The common clonal attribution (spa type) of MRSA isolates prevalent in the LTCF population as well as in the acute care admission population points towards a close relationship between both types of institutions. However, the ostensible absence of risk factors such as “previous hospitalisation” in conjunction with newly identified factors such as “multiple decolonisation cycles” refers to MRSA colonisation risks independent of contact with acute care facilities. Overall, this large LTCF point prevalence study allows data-based, region-tailored decisions on MRSA screening policies and provides a basis for additional preventative measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Nillius
- Institute and State Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lutz von Müller
- Institute and State Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology, and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Renate Klein
- Saarland Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Women, and Family, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute and State Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Torres EG, Lindmair-Snell JM, Langan JW, Burnikel BG. Is Preoperative Nasal Povidone-Iodine as Efficient and Cost-Effective as Standard Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening Protocol in Total Joint Arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty 2016; 31:215-8. [PMID: 26521129 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare nasal povidone-iodine swab for total joint arthroplasty patients to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening on the incidence of 90-day postoperative surgical site infections in total knee and hip arthroplasties as well as the cost-effectiveness. This is a single-center retrospective review of primary or revision total knee or hip arthroplasty patients. There were 849 patients screened for MRSA and 1004 patients in the nasal swab groups, both with an infection rate of 0.8%. The mean cost for the nasal swab was $27.21 (SD, 0), significantly different (P ≤ .01) than the mean cost for MRSA screens, $121.16 (SD, 26.18). There were significant cost savings with no difference in infection rates; therefore, nasal povidone-iodine swab antiseptic is financially and clinically successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian G Burnikel
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rosenthal G, Ng I, Moscovici S, Lee KK, Lay T, Martin C, Manley GT. Polyetheretherketone implants for the repair of large cranial defects: a 3-center experience. Neurosurgery 2015; 75:523-9; discussion 528-9. [PMID: 24979096 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calvarial reconstruction of large cranial defects following decompressive surgery is challenging. Autologous bone cannot always be used due to infection, fragmentation, bone resorption, and other causes. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a synthetic material that has many advantages in cranial-repair surgery, including strength, stiffness, durability, and inertness. OBJECTIVE To describe our experience with custom-made PEEK implants for the repair of large cranial defects in 3 institutions: San Francisco General Hospital, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, and the National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. METHODS A preoperative high-resolution computed tomography scan was obtained for each patient for design of the PEEK implant. Cranioplasty was performed via standard technique with the use of self-tapping titanium screws and miniplates. RESULTS Between 2006 and 2012, 66 cranioplasties with PEEK implants were performed in 65 patients (46 men, 19 women, mean age 35 ± 14 years) for repair of large cranial defects. There were 5 infections of implants and 1 wound breakdown requiring removal of the implant (infection and surgical removal rates of 7.6% and 9.1%, respectively). Two patients required drainage of postoperative hematoma (overall surgical complication rate, 12.7%). Nonsurgical complications in 5 patients included seizures, nonoperative collection, and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea that resolved spontaneously. Overall median patient or family satisfaction with the cranioplasty and aesthetic result was good, 4 on a scale of 5. Temporal wasting was the main aesthetic concern. CONCLUSION Custom-designed PEEK implants are a good option for patients with large cranial defects. The rate of complications is comparable to other implants or autologous bone. Given the large size of these defects, the aesthetic results are good.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Rosenthal
- *Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and §Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yeaman MR, Filler SG, Schmidt CS, Ibrahim AS, Edwards JE, Hennessey JP. Applying Convergent Immunity to Innovative Vaccines Targeting Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25309545 PMCID: PMC4176462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent perspectives forecast a new paradigm for future “third generation” vaccines based on commonalities found in diverse pathogens or convergent immune defenses to such pathogens. For Staphylococcus aureus, recurring infections and a limited success of vaccines containing S. aureus antigens imply that native antigens induce immune responses insufficient for optimal efficacy. These perspectives exemplify the need to apply novel vaccine strategies to high-priority pathogens. One such approach can be termed convergent immunity, where antigens from non-target organisms that contain epitope homologs found in the target organism are applied in vaccines. This approach aims to evoke atypical immune defenses via synergistic processes that (1) afford protective efficacy; (2) target an epitope from one organism that contributes to protective immunity against another; (3) cross-protect against multiple pathogens occupying a common anatomic or immunological niche; and/or (4) overcome immune subversion or avoidance strategies of target pathogens. Thus, convergent immunity has a potential to promote protective efficacy not usually elicited by native antigens from a target pathogen. Variations of this concept have been mainstays in the history of viral and bacterial vaccine development. A more far-reaching example is the pre-clinical evidence that specific fungal antigens can induce cross-kingdom protection against bacterial pathogens. This trans-kingdom protection has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies of the recombinant Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence 3 protein (rAls3) where it was shown that a vaccine containing rAls3 provides homologous protection against C. albicans, heterologous protection against several other Candida species, and convergent protection against several strains of S. aureus. Convergent immunity reflects an intriguing new approach to designing and developing vaccine antigens and is considered here in the context of vaccines to target S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; Division of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | | | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - John E Edwards
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Empfehlungen zur Prävention und Kontrolle von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus-Stämmen (MRSA) in medizinischen und pflegerischen Einrichtungen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-1980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Steiner Z, Natan OB, Sukhotnik I, Coran AG, Keren G. Does Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage require eradication prior to elective ambulatory surgery in children? Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30:521-5. [PMID: 24604389 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-014-3489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rates of community-associated Staphylococcus aureus, and particularly of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children, have increased in recent years. We investigated rates of nasal colonization of S. aureus, and a possible correlation between nasal carriage and wound infection. METHODS A prospective study of children scheduled for elective day-care surgical procedures between January 2008 and December 2012 at one medical center. Nasal swabs were taken before surgery, and follow-up was performed 1-2 weeks following surgery. RESULTS Of 1,127 children (median age 2 years, 70.6% males), positive nasal swabs were detected in 228 (20.2%). Rates of S. aureus nasal carriage were lowest for ages 6 months to 2 years and highest for ages 4-11 years. Child's sex did not associate with the risk for positive nasal swabs. Positive nasal swabs for MRSA were detected in five boys (0.62% of the population). Five children (0.44%) had wound infection. None of them was a nasal carrier. CONCLUSIONS No correlation was observed between positive nasal swabs and wound infection in children who were candidates for elective ambulatory operations. This suggests that evaluation of S. aureus nasal carriage and eradication may not be necessary in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Steiner
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
A nasal epithelial receptor for Staphylococcus aureus WTA governs adhesion to epithelial cells and modulates nasal colonization. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004089. [PMID: 24788600 PMCID: PMC4006915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal colonization is a major risk factor for S. aureus infections. The mechanisms responsible for colonization are still not well understood and involve several factors on the host and the bacterial side. One key factor is the cell wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus, which governs direct interactions with nasal epithelial surfaces. We report here the first receptor for the cell wall glycopolymer WTA on nasal epithelial cells. In several assay systems this type F-scavenger receptor, termed SREC-I, bound WTA in a charge dependent manner and mediated adhesion to nasal epithelial cells in vitro. The impact of WTA and SREC-I interaction on epithelial adhesion was especially pronounced under shear stress, which resembles the conditions found in the nasal cavity. Most importantly, we demonstrate here a key role of the WTA-receptor interaction in a cotton rat model of nasal colonization. When we inhibited WTA mediated adhesion with a SREC-I antibody, nasal colonization in the animal model was strongly reduced at the early onset of colonization. More importantly, colonization stayed low over an extended period of 6 days. Therefore we propose targeting of this glycopolymer-receptor interaction as a novel strategy to prevent or control S. aureus nasal colonization. About 20% of the human population is colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. The reservoir of S. aureus is mainly the human nose. Usually, colonization does not lead to infection and is therefore without symptoms. However, when hospitalized patients exhibit a suppressed immune system, they are at risk of getting infected by their own nasal S. aureus strain. Therefore, it is important to understand the events and mechanisms underlying colonization. Until now S. aureus nasal colonization is only partially understood. One bacterial key factor is a sugar polymer of S. aureus, termed cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), which is involved in S. aureus adhesion to cellular surfaces in the inner part of the nasal cavity. We show here that a receptor-protein, which is expressed on such cells, binds WTA and is thereby involved in adhesion of S. aureus to nasal cells. This mechanism has a strong impact on nasal colonization in an animal model that resembles the situation in the human nose. Most importantly, inhibition of WTA mediated adhesion strongly reduces nasal colonization in the animal model. Therefore we propose that targeting of this glycopolymer-receptor interaction could serve as a novel strategy to control S. aureus nasal colonization.
Collapse
|
31
|
Jennings A, Bennett M, Fisher T, Cook A. Impact of a surveillance screening program on rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with a comparison of surgical versus nonsurgical patients. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2014; 27:83-7. [PMID: 24688182 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2014.11929064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause of health care-associated infection. The overall effectiveness of surveillance screening programs is not well established. A retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate the impact of a surveillance screening program on the rates of health care-associated MRSA infection (HA-MRSA-I) at a single institution. A subset of surgical patients was analyzed separately. Multivariate regression techniques were used to identify predictors of the desired outcomes. The overall MRSA infection rate was 1.3% in the before cohort and 3.2% in the after cohort. After excluding patients with a history of MRSA infection or MRSA colonization, HA-MRSA-I decreased from 1.2% to 0.87%. There was a similar overall increase in the surgical group, 1.4% to 2.3%, and decrease in HA-MRSA-I, 1.4% to 1.0% (P < 0.001). For all patients, surgery, African American race, and increased length of stay conferred an increased likelihood of HA-MRSA-I. Females and patients in the after cohort had a lower risk of HA-MRSA-I (P < 0.01). In the after cohort, the results were similar, with surgery, African American race, and length of stay associated with an increased risk, and female sex associated with a decreased risk (P < 0.05). African American race and increased age had a higher likelihood of screening positive for MRSA colonization, while the surgical group, females, and Hispanic patients were less likely (P < 0.05). HA-MRSA-I was associated with a higher mortality among all patients (P < 0.001). Mortality rates were similar with HA-MRSA-I for all patients (10.8% vs 9.5%, P = 0.55) and in the surgical group (8.3% vs 6.8%, P = 0.58). In conclusion, surveillance programs may be effective in decreasing HA-MRSA-I. Further studies are needed to determine how to reduce transmission, particularly among African Americans and those with increased lengths of stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Dr. Jennings is now with the Department of Surgery at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Monica Bennett
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Dr. Jennings is now with the Department of Surgery at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tammy Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Dr. Jennings is now with the Department of Surgery at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alan Cook
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Dr. Jennings is now with the Department of Surgery at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
High Level Expression and Purification of Atl, the Major Autolytic Protein of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:615965. [PMID: 24669224 PMCID: PMC3941666 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and animal pathogen. Autolysins regulate the growth, turnover, cell lysis, biofilm formation, and the pathogenicity of S. aureus. Atl is the major autolysin in S. aureus. The biochemical and structural studies of staphylococcal Atl have been limited due to difficulty in cloning, high level overexpression, and purification of this protein. This study describes successful cloning, high level over-expression, and purification of two forms of fully functional Atl proteins. These pure proteins can be used to study the functional and structural properties of this important protein.
Collapse
|
33
|
Stephenson RE, Gutierrez D, Peters C, Nichols M, Boles BR. Elucidation of bacteria found in car interiors and strategies to reduce the presence of potential pathogens. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:337-46. [PMID: 24564823 PMCID: PMC3962071 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.873418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome is influenced by a number of factors, including environmental exposure to microbes. Because many humans spend a large amount of time in built environments, it can be expected that the microbial ecology of these environments will influence the human microbiome. In an attempt to further understand the microbial ecology of built environments, the microbiota of car interiors was analyzed using culture dependent and culture independent methods. While it was found that the number and type of bacteria varied widely among the cars and sites tested, Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium were nearly always the dominant genera found at the locations sampled. Because Staphylococcus is of particular concern to human health, the characteristics of this genus found in car interiors were investigated. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and S. warnerii were the most prevalent staphylococcal species found, and 22.6% of S. aureus strains isolated from shared community vehicles were resistant to methicillin. The reduction in the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in cars by using silver-based antimicrobial surface coatings was also evaluated. Coatings containing 5% silver ion additives were applied to steering wheels, placed in cars for five months and were found to eliminate the presence of culturable pathogenic bacteria recovered from these sites relative to controls. Together, these results provide new insight into the microbiota found in an important built environment, the automobile, and potential strategies for controlling the presence of human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cindy Peters
- Materials Research Department, Ford Motor Company Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
| | - Mark Nichols
- Materials Research Department, Ford Motor Company Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
| | - Blaise R. Boles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Albrecht UV, von Jan U, Sedlacek L, Groos S, Suerbaum S, Vonberg RP. Standardized, App-based disinfection of iPads in a clinical and nonclinical setting: comparative analysis. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e176. [PMID: 23945468 PMCID: PMC3758047 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the use of highly mobile tools like tablet PCs in clinical settings, an effective disinfection method is a necessity. Since manufacturers do not allow cleaning methods that make use of anything but a dry fleece, other approaches have to be established to ensure patient safety and to minimize risks posed by microbiological contamination. Objective The ability of isopropanol wipes to decontaminate iPads was evaluated prospectively in a observer blinded, comparative analysis of devices used in a clinical and a nonclinical setting. Methods 10 new iPads were randomly deployed to members of the nursing staff of 10 clinical wards, to be used in a clinical setting over a period of 4 weeks. A pre-installed interactive disinfection application (deBac-app, PLRI MedAppLab, Germany) was used on a daily basis. Thereafter, the number and species of remaining microorganisms on the surface of the devices (13 locations; front and back) was evaluated using contact agar plates. Following this, the 10 iPads were disinfected and randomly deployed to medical informatics professionals who also used the devices for 4 weeks but were forbidden to use disinfecting agents. The quality of a single, standardized disinfection process was then determined by a final surface disinfection process of all devices in the infection control laboratory. No personal data were logged with the devices. The evaluation was performed observer blinded with respect to the clinical setting they were deployed in and personnel that used the devices. Results We discovered a 2.7-fold (Mann-Whitney U test, z=-3.402, P=.000670) lower bacterial load on the devices used in the clinical environment that underwent a standardized daily disinfection routine with isopropanol wipes following the instructions provided by “deBac-app”. Under controlled conditions, an average reduction of the mainly Gram-positive normal skin microbiological load of 99.4% (Mann-Whitney U test, z=-3.1798, P=.001474) for the nonclinical group and 98.1% (Mann-Whitney U test, z=3.1808, P=.001469) for the clinical group was achieved using one complete disinfecting cycle. Conclusions Normal use of tablet PCs leads to a remarkable amount of microbial surface contamination. Standardized surface disinfection with isopropanol wipes as guided by the application significantly reduces this microbial load. When performed regularly, the disinfection process helps with maintaining a low germ count during use. This should reduce the risk of subsequent nosocomial pathogen transmission. Unfortunately, applying a disinfection procedure such as the one we propose may lead to losing the manufacturer’s warranty for the devices; this remains an unsolved issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs-Vito Albrecht
- PL Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Antioxidant Functions of Nitric Oxide Synthase in a Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:312146. [PMID: 23690783 PMCID: PMC3638668 DOI: 10.1155/2013/312146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide and its derivative peroxynitrites are generated by host defense system to control bacterial infection. However certain Gram positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus possess a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase (SaNOS) in their chromosome. In this study it was determined that under normal growth conditions, expression of SaNOS was highest during early exponential phase of the bacterial growth. In oxidative stress studies, deletion of SaNOS led to increased susceptibility of the mutant cells compared to wild-type S. aureus. While inhibition of SaNOS activity by the addition of L-NAME increased sensitivity of the wild-type S. aureus to oxidative stress, the addition of a nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, restored oxidative stress tolerance of the SaNOS mutant. The SaNOS mutant also showed reduced survival after phagocytosis by PMN cells with respect to wild-type S. aureus.
Collapse
|