1
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Richter WR, Weston BL, Sunderman MM, Willenberg Z, Ratliff K, Wood JP. Neutralization of ricin toxin on building interior surfaces using liquid decontaminants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302967. [PMID: 38722908 PMCID: PMC11081333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic protein, capable of inhibiting protein synthesis within cells, and is produced from the beans of the Ricinus communis (castor bean) plant. Numerous recent incidents involving ricin have occurred, many in the form of mailed letters resulting in both building and mail sorting facility contamination. The goal of this study was to assess the decontamination efficacy of several commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cleaners and decontaminants (solutions of sodium hypochlorite [bleach], quaternary ammonium, sodium percarbonate, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide) against a crude preparation of ricin toxin. The ricin was inoculated onto four common building materials (pine wood, drywall joint tape, countertop laminate, and industrial carpet), and the decontaminants were applied to the test coupons using a handheld sprayer. Decontamination efficacy was quantified using an in-vitro cytotoxicity assay to measure the quantity of bioactive ricin toxin extracted from test coupons as compared to the corresponding positive controls (not sprayed with decontaminant). Results showed that decontamination efficacy varied by decontaminant and substrate material, and that efficacy generally improved as the number of spray applications or contact time increased. The solutions of 0.45% peracetic acid and the 20,000-parts per million (ppm) sodium hypochlorite provided the overall best decontamination efficacy. The 0.45% peracetic acid solution achieved 97.8 to 99.8% reduction with a 30-min contact time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bailey L. Weston
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Zach Willenberg
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Katherine Ratliff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Wood
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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2
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Xie A, Sax H, Daodu O, Alam L, Sultan M, Rock C, Stewart CM, Perry SJ, Gurses AP. Environmental cleaning and disinfection in the operating room: a systematic scoping review through a human factors and systems engineering lens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38477015 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence and identify gaps in the literature on environmental cleaning and disinfection in the operating room based on a human factors and systems engineering approach guided by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model. DESIGN A systematic scoping review. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched 4 databases (ie, PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, CINAHL) for empirical studies on operating-room cleaning and disinfection. Studies were categorized based on their objectives and designs and were coded using the SEIPS model. The quality of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies with a nonequivalent groups design was assessed using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. RESULTS In total, 40 studies were reviewed and categorized into 3 groups: observational studies examining the effectiveness of operating-room cleaning and disinfections (11 studies), observational study assessing compliance with operating-room cleaning and disinfection (1 study), and interventional studies to improve operating-room cleaning and disinfection (28 studies). The SEIPS-based analysis only identified 3 observational studies examining individual work-system components influencing the effectiveness of operating-room cleaning and disinfection. Furthermore, most interventional studies addressed single work-system components, including tools and technologies (20 studies), tasks (3 studies), and organization (3 studies). Only 2 studies implemented interventions targeting multiple work-system components. CONCLUSIONS The existing literature shows suboptimal compliance and inconsistent effectiveness of operating-room cleaning and disinfection. Improvement efforts have been largely focused on cleaning and disinfection tools and technologies and staff monitoring and training. Future research is needed (1) to systematically examine work-system factors influencing operating-room cleaning and disinfection and (2) to redesign the entire work system to optimize operating-room cleaning and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Xie
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hugo Sax
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oluseyi Daodu
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lamia Alam
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marium Sultan
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Clare Rock
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - C Matthew Stewart
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Shawna J Perry
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville Medical Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | - Ayse P Gurses
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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3
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Yu P, Yang R, Cen C. Evaluation of the prevention effect of high-quality nursing quality control in disinfection supply center on nosocomial infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e35459. [PMID: 38215132 PMCID: PMC10783402 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the application effect of high-quality nursing quality control in disinfection supply center. The control group consisted of 1850 medical devices managed using the conventional quality control mode from January 2021 to December 2021, while the observation group consisted of 1900 medical devices managed using the high-quality nursing quality control mode from January 2022 to December 2022. The qualified rates of equipment cleaning, sterilization, and packaging were analyzed in both the observation and control groups. The occurrence of nosocomial infections in 2021 and 2022 were compared, and the changes in the Beck-Srivaatava stress scale index (BSSI) and Symptom Checklist-90 scores of the staff before and after implementing the high-quality nursing quality control mode were analyzed. The qualified rate of equipment cleaning, sterilization, and packaging in the observation group were 99.08%, 99.73%, and 99.78%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < .05). The incidence of nosocomial infections in interventional and surgical cases in 2022 was 0.79%, which was significantly lower than that in 2021 (P < .05). The BSSI score of female staff was (68.76 ± 7.81) points, which was higher than that of male staff (P < .05). After the implementation of the high-quality nursing quality control mode, the BSSI score of the staff was (47.76 ± 9.12) points, which was significantly lower than that before implementation (P < .05). After the implementation of the high-quality nursing quality control mode, the staff's Symptom Checklist-90 scores for somatization, compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, and paranoia were (1.28 ± 0.29), (1.53 ± 0.24), (1.50 ± 0.21), (1.46 ± 0.32), (1.44 ± 0.26), and (1.38 ± 0.30) points, respectively, showing a decrease compared to before implementation (P < .05). The high-quality nursing quality control mode has great application value in the disinfection supply center. It can effectively improve the qualified rates of equipment cleaning, sterilization, and packaging, prevent nosocomial infections and improve the working pressure and psychological health of staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Renhe Hospital Affiliated to China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Nursing, Renhe Hospital Affiliated to China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Changfei Cen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renhe Hospital Affiliated to China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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4
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Xu L, Song S, Graham NJD, Yu W. Direct generation of DBPs from city dust during chlorine-based disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120839. [PMID: 37980862 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite, are extensively used in our daily lives. In particular, during the recent Covid-19 pandemic and post-pandemic period, excessive amounts of chlorine-based disinfectants were used both indoors and outdoors to interrupt virus transmission. However, the interaction between disinfectants and city dust during the disinfection process has not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic characteristics (e.g. morphology, size, elemental composition, and organic content, etc.) of dust collected from various indoor and outdoor areas. The results showed that the organic carbon content of indoor dust reached 6.14 %, with a corresponding measured dissolved organic carbon value of 4.17 ± 0.23 mg/g (normalized to the dust weight). Concentrations of regulated DBPs, resulting from the interaction between dust and NaClO, ranged from 57.78 ± 2.72 to 102.80 ± 22.63 µg/g for THMs and from 119.18 ± 6.50 to 285.14 ± 36.95 µg/g for HAAs (normalized to the dust weight). More significantly, using non-target analysis through gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-qTOF-MS), we identified a total of 68, 89, and 87 types of halogenated DBPs from three typical indoor and outdoor sites (R-QH, C-JS, and W-BR, respectively). These unknown DBPs included compounds with higher toxicity compared to regulated DBPs. These findings highlight that city dust is a significant source of DBP generation during chlorine-based disinfection, posing potential harm to both the ecological environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shian Song
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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5
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Paszkiewicz O, Yoshiiri K, Wang K, Kowalska E. Can photocatalysis help in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic? CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2023; 40:100769. [PMID: 36846296 PMCID: PMC9942773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mould fungi are serious threats to humans and animals (allergen) and might be the main cause of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. The common methods of disinfection are not highly effective against fungi due to the high resistance of fungal spores. Recently, photocatalysis has attracted significant attention towards antimicrobial action. Outstanding properties of titania photocatalysts have already been used in many areas, e.g., for building materials, air conditioner filters, and air purifiers. Here, the efficiency of photocatalytic methods to remove fungi and bacteria (risk factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 co-infection) is presented. Based on the relevant literature and own experience, there is no doubt that photocatalysis might help in the fight against microorganisms, and thus prevent the severity of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kenta Yoshiiri
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W5, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kunlei Wang
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W5, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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6
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Mogul R, Miller DR, Ramos B, Lalla SJ. Metabolomic and cultivation insights into the tolerance of the spacecraft-associated Acinetobacter toward Kleenol 30, a cleanroom floor detergent. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1090740. [PMID: 36950167 PMCID: PMC10025500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stringent cleaning procedures during spacecraft assembly are critical to maintaining the integrity of life-detection missions. To ensure cleanliness, NASA spacecraft are assembled in cleanroom facilities, where floors are routinely cleansed with Kleenol 30 (K30), an alkaline detergent. Methods Through metabolomic and cultivation approaches, we show that cultures of spacecraft-associated Acinetobacter tolerate up to 1% v/v K30 and are fully inhibited at ≥2%; in comparison, NASA cleanrooms are cleansed with ~0.8-1.6% K30. Results For A. johnsonii 2P08AA (isolated from a cleanroom floor), cultivations with 0.1% v/v K30 yield (1) no changes in cell density at late-log phase, (2) modest decreases in growth rate (~17%), (3) negligible lag phase times, (4) limited changes in the intracellular metabolome, and (5) increases in extracellular sugar acids, monosaccharides, organic acids, and fatty acids. For A. radioresistens 50v1 (isolated from a spacecraft surface), cultivations yield (1) ~50% survivals, (2) no changes in growth rate, (3) ~70% decreases in the lag phase time, (4) differential changes in intracellular amino acids, compatible solutes, nucleotide-related metabolites, dicarboxylic acids, and saturated fatty acids, and (5) substantial yet differential impacts to extracellular sugar acids, monosaccharides, and organic acids. Discussion These combined results suggest that (1) K30 manifests strain-dependent impacts on the intracellular metabolomes, cultivation kinetics, and survivals, (2) K30 influences extracellular trace element acquisition in both strains, and (3) K30 is better tolerated by the floor-associated strain. Hence, this work lends support towards the hypothesis that repeated cleansing during spacecraft assembly serve as selective pressures that promote tolerances towards the cleaning conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Mogul
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Miller
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Brian Ramos
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sidharth J. Lalla
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
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7
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Stubbs AD, Lao M, Wang C, Abbatt JPD, Hoffnagle J, VandenBoer TC, Kahan TF. Near-source hypochlorous acid emissions from indoor bleach cleaning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:56-65. [PMID: 36602445 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00405d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning surfaces with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) bleach can lead to high levels of gaseous chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl); these have high oxidative capacities and are linked to respiratory issues. We developed a novel spectral analysis procedure for a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) analyzer to enable time-resolved (3 s) HOCl quantification. We measured HOCl levels in a residential bathroom while disinfecting a bathtub and sink, with a focus on spatial and temporal trends to improve our understanding of exposure risks during bleach use. Very high (>10 ppmv) HOCl levels were detected near the bathtub, with lower levels detected further away. Hypochlorous acid concentrations plateaued in the room at a level that depended on distance from the bathtub. This steady-state concentration was maintained until the product was removed by rinsing. Mobile experiments with the analyzer inlet secured to the researcher's face were conducted to mimic potential human exposure to bleach emissions. The findings from mobile experiments were consistent with the spatial and temporal trends observed in the experiments with fixed inlet locations. This work provides insight on effective strategies to reduce exposure risk to emissions from bleach and other cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastacia D Stubbs
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - Melodie Lao
- Dept. of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | | - Tara F Kahan
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada.
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8
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Pasqua S, Monaco F, Cardinale F, Bonelli S, Conaldi PG, D’Apolito D. Growth Performance and Recovery of Nosocomial Aspergillus spp. in Blood Culture Bottles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102026. [PMID: 36296302 PMCID: PMC9608713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, Aspergillus spp. grow in culture media, but frequently, blood cultures of patients with invasive Aspergillosis are negative, even if until now, the reasons are not clear. This aspect underlines the lack of a good strategy for the cultivation and isolation of Aspergillus spp. In order to develop a complete analytical method to detect Aspergillus in clinical and pharmaceutical samples, we investigated the growth performance of two blood culture systems versus the pharmacopeia standard method. At <72 h, all test systems showed comparable sensitivity, about 1−2 conidia. However, the subculture analysis showed a suboptimal recovery for the methods, despite the positive growth and the visualization of the “Aspergillus balls” in the culture media. To investigate this issue, we studied three different subculture approaches: (i) the use of a sterile subculture unit, (ii) the use of a sterile subculture unit and the collection of a larger aliquot (100 µL), following vigorous agitation of the vials, and (iii) to decapsulate the bottle, withdrawing and centrifuging the sample, and aliquot the pellet onto SDA plates. Our results showed that only the third procedure recovered Aspergillus from all positive culture bottles. This work confirmed that our strategy is a valid and faster method to culture and isolate Aspergillus spp. from blood culture bottles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pasqua
- Unità Prodotti Cellulari (GMP), Fondazione Ri.MED c/o IRCCS-ISMETT, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Unità di Medicina di Laboratorio e Biotecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardinale
- Unità di Medicina di Laboratorio e Biotecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research IRCCS ISMETT, Via Ernesto Tricomi 5, 90145 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Unità di Medicina di Laboratorio e Biotecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Danilo D’Apolito
- Unità Prodotti Cellulari (GMP), Fondazione Ri.MED c/o IRCCS-ISMETT, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Unità di Medicina di Laboratorio e Biotecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: mailto: or ; Tel.: +39-091-2192472
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Hardison RL, Nelson SW, Barriga D, Ruiz NF, Ghere JM, Fenton GA, Lindstrom DJ, James RR, Stewart MJ, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Ryan SP, Howard MW. Evaluation of surface disinfection methods to inactivate the beta coronavirus Murine Hepatitis Virus. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:455-468. [PMID: 35687041 PMCID: PMC9547328 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2088768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The list of EPA-approved disinfectants for coronavirus features many products for use on hard, non-porous materials. There are significantly fewer products registered for use on porous materials. Further, many common, high-touch surfaces fall in between non-porous materials such as glass and porous materials such as soft fabrics. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of selected commercially available disinfectant products against coronaviruses on common, high-touch surfaces. Four disinfectants (Clorox Total 360, Bleach solution, Vital Oxide, and Peroxide Multi-Surface Cleaner) were evaluated against Murine Hepatitis Virus A59 (MHV) as a surrogate coronavirus for SARS-CoV-2. MHV in cell culture medium was inoculated onto four materials: stainless steel, latex-painted drywall tape, Styrene Butadiene rubber (rubber), and bus seat fabric. Immediately (T0) or 2-hr (T2) post-inoculation, disinfectants were applied by trigger-pull or electrostatic sprayer and either held for recommended contact times (Spray only) or immediately wiped (Spray and Wipe). Recovered infectious MHV was quantified by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Bleach solution, Clorox Total 360, and Vital Oxide were all effective (>3-log10 reduction or complete kill of infectious virus) with both the Spray Only and Spray and Wipe methods on stainless steel, rubber, and painted drywall tape when used at recommended contact times at both T0 and T2 hr. Multi-Surface Cleaner unexpectedly showed limited efficacy against MHV on stainless steel within the recommended contact time; however, it showed increased (2.3 times greater efficacy) when used in the Spray and Wipe method compared to Spray Only. The only products to achieve a 3-log10 reduction on fabric were Vital Oxide and Clorox Total 360; however, the efficacy of Vital Oxide against MHV on fabric was reduced to below 3-log10 when applied by an electrostatic sprayer compared to a trigger-pull sprayer. This study highlights the importance of considering the material, product, and application method when developing a disinfection strategy for coronaviruses on high-touch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Barriga
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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10
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Changaris DG, Carenbauer AL. Potassium Linoleate (Isomerized) Satisfies the United States Environmental Protection Agency MB-05-16 for Hospital Disinfectant on Hard, Non-porous Surfaces. Cureus 2022; 14:e22851. [PMID: 35273892 PMCID: PMC8901164 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium conjugated linoleic acid or potassium linoleate (isomerized), 86 mM, satisfies the United States Environmental Protection Agency protocol hospital disinfectant for non-porous surfaces MB-05-16 with one-minute treatment. This stringent protocol requires separate preparations of Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (American Type Culture Collection 15442) unstirred for 48 hours, submerging 10 mm polished cylinders in the culture, and placing for 45 minutes in a 37°C humidified chamber before treating. Since potassium linoleate (isomerized) also satisfies the United States Environmental Protection Agency protocol MB-35-00 for Candida auris, this study establishes potassium linoleate (isomerized) as an effective cross-kingdom antimicrobial plant salt, soap, or cleanser. We affirm the need for formal post-treatment plating on agar to establish efficacy and not rely on OD600 when testing for antimicrobial capacity. Aqueous dilution of the soap causes variable opalescence making optical density an unreliable marker for antimicrobial efficacy.
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11
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Jones IA, Silver K, Joshi LT. Letter to the editor. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:241. [PMID: 34653530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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12
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Zhang J, Wang X, Sun Z, Zhu B. How dirty are the pens in health-care environment? An easily overlooked detail of hand hygiene. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:108-110. [PMID: 34320408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pens, common in hospitals, may be a potential vehicle for cross-infection. In this study, the number of pathogens on different pens and the positive rates of several common multi-drug-resistant bacteria were calculated and compared according to the nature of use and material. In addition, the effect of pens on bacterial transmission was explored through simulation experiments. High levels of bacteria were found on pens and the simulations demonstrated transmission of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University/ Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University/ Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University/ Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Cadnum JL, Pearlmutter BS, Haq MF, Jencson AL, Donskey CJ. Effectiveness and real-world materials compatibility of a novel hydrogen peroxide disinfectant cleaner. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1572-1574. [PMID: 34416312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel 4% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant was effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile spores, carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, and 2 strains of Candida auris. In laboratory testing, a sodium hypochlorite disinfectant caused fading and loss of pliability of a hospital mattress, but the hydrogen peroxide disinfectant did not. These findings suggest that the hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant may be a useful addition to the sporicidal disinfectant products available for use in healthcare settings.
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