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Çakır U, Balogh P, Ferenczik A, Brodszky V, Krenács T, Kárpáti S, Sárdy M, Holló P, Fábián M. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 and collagen XVII endodomain expression in human cutaneous melanomas: can they serve as prognostic factors? Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611809. [PMID: 39252786 PMCID: PMC11381273 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence is increasing globally. Although novel therapies have improved the survival of primary melanoma patients over the past decade, the overall survival rate for metastatic melanoma remains low. In addition to traditional prognostic factors such as Breslow thickness, ulceration, and mitotic rate, novel genetic and molecular markers have been investigated. In our study, we analyzed the expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) and the endodomain of collagen XVII (COL17) in relation to clinicopathological factors in primary cutaneous melanomas with known lymph node status in both sexes, using immunohistochemistry. We found, that GPER1 expression correlated with favorable clinicopathological factors, including lower Breslow thickness, lower mitotic rate and absence of ulceration. In contrast, COL17 expression was associated with poor prognostic features, such as higher tumor thickness, higher mitotic rate, presence of ulceration and presence of regression. Melanomas positive for both GPER1 and COL17 had significantly lower mean Breslow thickness and mitotic rate compared to cases positive for COL17 only. Our data indicate that GPER1 and COL17 proteins may be of potential prognostic value in primary cutaneous melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Çakır
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Balogh
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Cellular Pathology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anikó Ferenczik
- Doctoral School of Economics, Business and Informatics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Health Policy, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valentin Brodszky
- Department of Health Policy, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Holló
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Fábián
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Dong H, Zeng X, Xu J, He C, Sun Z, Liu L, Huang Y, Sun Z, Cao Y, Peng Z, Qiu YA, Yu T. Advances in immune regulation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112369. [PMID: 38824903 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen and related receptors have been shown to have a significant impact on human development, reproduction, metabolism and immune regulation and to play a critical role in tumor development and treatment. Traditionally, the nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs) ERα and ERβ have been thought to be involved in mediating the estrogenic effects. However, our group and others have previously demonstrated that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is the third independent ER, and estrogen signaling mediated by GPER is known to play an important role in normal physiology and a variety of abnormal diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have progressively revealed GPER involvement in the maintenance of the normal immune system, abnormal immune diseases, and inflammatory lesions, which may be of significant clinical value primarily in the immunotherapy of tumors. In this article, we review current advances in GPER-related immunomodulators and provide a theoretical basis and potential clinical targets to ameliorate immune-related diseases and immunotherapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zeng
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Chongwu He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Zhengkui Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yanxiao Huang
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Peng
- Department of Lymphohematology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Yu-An Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Tenghua Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang 330029, China.
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3
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Fu S, Ke H, Yuan H, Xu H, Chen W, Zhao L. Dual role of pregnancy in breast cancer risk. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 352:114501. [PMID: 38527592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive history is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer in women. Pregnancy can promote short-term breast cancer risk, but also reduce a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer. Changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy are one of the key factors in breast cancer risk. This article summarizes the changes in hormone levels before and after pregnancy, and the roles of hormones in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. Other factors, such as changes in breast morphology and mammary gland differentiation, changes in the proportion of mammary stem cells (MaSCs), changes in the immune and inflammatory environment, and changes in lactation before and after pregnancy, also play key roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. This review discusses the dual effects and the potential mechanisms of pregnancy on breast cancer risk from the above aspects, which is helpful to understand the complexity of female breast cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Fu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | | | - Huaimeng Xu
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang 330031, China.
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4
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Hall KA, Filardo EJ. The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER): A Critical Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2460. [PMID: 37887304 PMCID: PMC10605794 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, with increasing concern regarding the overall rising incidence of disease and exposure to environmental estrogens. Estrogens, both endogenous and environmental, manifest their actions through intracellular and plasma membrane receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and GPER. Collectively, they act to promote a broad transcriptional response that is mediated through multiple regulatory enhancers, including estrogen response elements (EREs), serum response elements (SREs), and cyclic AMP response elements (CREs). Yet, the design and rational assignment of antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer has strictly relied upon an endogenous estrogen-ER binary rubric that does not account for environmental estrogens or GPER. New endocrine therapies have focused on the development of drugs that degrade ER via ER complex destabilization or direct enzymatic ubiquitination. However, these new approaches do not broadly treat all cancer-involved receptors, including GPER. The latter is concerning since GPER is directly associated with tumor size, distant metastases, cancer stem cell activity, and endocrine resistance, indicating the importance of targeting this receptor to achieve a more complete therapeutic response. This review focuses on the critical importance and value of GPER-targeted therapeutics as part of a more holistic approach to the treatment of estrogen-driven malignancies.
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5
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Schüler-Toprak S, Skrzypczak M, Gründker C, Ortmann O, Treeck O. Role of Estrogen Receptor β, G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor and Estrogen-Related Receptors in Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2845. [PMID: 37345182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian and endometrial cancers are affected by estrogens and their receptors. It has been long known that in different types of cancers, estrogens activate tumor cell proliferation via estrogen receptor α (ERα). In contrast, the role of ERs discovered later, including ERβ and G-protein-coupled ER (GPER1), in cancer is less well understood, but the current state of knowledge indicates them to have a considerable impact on both cancer development and progression. Moreover, estrogen related receptors (ERRs) have been reported to affect pathobiology of many tumor types. This article provides a summary and update of the current findings on the role of ERβ, GPER1, and ERRs in ovarian and endometrial cancer. For this purpose, original research articles on the role of ERβ, GPER1, and ERRs in ovarian and endometrial cancers listed in the PubMed database have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schüler-Toprak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Skrzypczak
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Treeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Das PK, Saha J, Pillai S, Lam AKY, Gopalan V, Islam F. Implications of estrogen and its receptors in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4367-4379. [PMID: 36207986 PMCID: PMC9972078 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancer types, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Estrogen receptors such as ERα and ERβ activate intracellular signaling cascades followed by binding to estrogen, resulting in important changes in cellular behaviors. The nuclear estrogen receptors, i.e. ERβ and ERα are responsible for the genomic actions of estrogens, whereas the other receptor, such as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) regulates rapid non-genomic actions, which lead to secondary gene expression changes in cells. ERβ, the predominant estrogen receptor expressed in both normal and non-malignant colonic epithelium, has protective roles in colon carcinogenesis. ERβ may exert the anti-tumor effect through selective activation of pro-apoptotic signaling, increasing DNA repair, inhibiting expression of oncogenes, regulating cell cycle progression, and also by changing the micro-RNA pool and DNA-methylation. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of estrogen and its receptors in CRC pathogenesis could provide a new horizon for effective therapeutic development. Furthermore, using synthetic or natural compounds as ER agonists may induce estrogen-mediated anti-cancer activities against colon cancer. In this study, we report the most recent pre-clinical and experimental evidences related to ERs in CRC development. Also, we reviewed the actions of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, which have a protective role against CRC development by acting as ER agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joti Saha
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alfred K-Y Lam
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:295-320. [PMID: 36662583 PMCID: PMC10153636 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activates a diverse array of signaling pathways. The pharmacology and functional roles of GPER in physiology and disease reveal important roles in responses to both natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in numerous physiological systems. These functions have implications in the treatment of myriad disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the complex pharmacology of GPER and summarizes major physiological functions of GPER and the therapeutic implications and ongoing applications of GPER-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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8
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Khan S, Varricchio A, Ricciardelli C, Yool AJ. Invasiveness of endometrial cancer cell lines is potentiated by estradiol and blocked by a traditional medicine Guizhi Fuling at clinically relevant doses. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1015708. [PMID: 36727068 PMCID: PMC9885141 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1015708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Traditional Chinese medicine, Guizhi Fuling (here called Fuling), has been confirmed in meta-analysis studies to reduce recurrence of endometriosis and improve pregnancy outcomes; however, the possible use of Fuling as a fertility-preserving treatment in endometrial cancer has not previously been tested. Results here are the first to demonstrate dose-dependent inhibition of cell motility by Fuling in two endometrial cancer cell lines, classified as Grade I which is responsive to progesterone treatment, and Grade III (MFE-280) which is resistant. The major outcome of this study was the novel demonstration that Fuling (30-80 µg/ml) significantly inhibits invasiveness in both high and low grades of EC cells, achieving 70-80% block of trans-barrier migration without cytotoxicity. This effective dose range is estimated to be comparable to that used in human clinical trials and traditional practice. Results here further show that clinically relevant doses of Fuling override the motility-promoting effects of estradiol in endometrial cancer cell lines. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has to date been the standard therapy to treat metastatic or inoperable endometrial cancers; however, success rates are low with high rates of recurrence, due in part to acquired resistance to medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy. The discovery here that Fuling appears to control the spread of treatment-resistant advanced cancers is an exciting prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Khan
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alanah Varricchio
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,*Correspondence: Andrea J. Yool,
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9
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Neonatal feeding of an estrogen receptor β agonist induces external adenomyosis-like lesions in ICR mouse. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/rd9.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Li S, Chen J, Chen X, Yu J, Guo Y, Li M, Pu X. Therapeutic and prognostic potential of GPCRs in prostate cancer from multi-omics landscape. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997664. [PMID: 36110544 PMCID: PMC9468875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PRAD) is a common and fatal malignancy. It is difficult to manage clinically due to drug resistance and poor prognosis, thus creating an urgent need for novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers. Although G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been most attractive for drug development, there have been lack of an exhaustive assessment on GPCRs in PRAD like their molecular features, prognostic and therapeutic values. To close this gap, we herein systematically investigate multi-omics profiling for GPCRs in the primary PRAD by analyzing somatic mutations, somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs), DNA methylation and mRNA expression. GPCRs exhibit low expression levels and mutation frequencies while SCNAs are more prevalent. 46 and 255 disease-related GPCRs are identified by the mRNA expression and DNA methylation analysis, respectively, complementing information lack in the genome analysis. In addition, the genomic alterations do not exhibit an observable correlation with the GPCR expression, reflecting the complex regulatory processes from DNA to RNA. Conversely, a tight association is observed between the DNA methylation and mRNA expression. The virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation further identify four potential drugs in repositioning to PRAD. The combination of 3 clinical characteristics and 26 GPCR molecular features revealed by the transcriptome and genome exhibit good performance in predicting progression-free survival in patients with the primary PRAD, providing candidates as new biomarkers. These observations from the multi-omics analysis on GPCRs provide new insights into the underlying mechanism of primary PRAD and potential of GPCRs in developing therapeutic strategies on PRAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Pu, ; Menglong Li,
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Pu, ; Menglong Li,
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11
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Zhang X, Lu JJ, Abudukeyoumu A, Hou DY, Dong J, Wu JN, Liu LB, Li MQ, Xie F. Glucose transporters: Important regulators of endometrial cancer therapy sensitivity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933827. [PMID: 35992779 PMCID: PMC9389465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is of great importance in cancer cellular metabolism. Working together with several glucose transporters (GLUTs), it provides enough energy for biological growth. The main glucose transporters in endometrial cancer (EC) are Class 1 (GLUTs 1-4) and Class 3 (GLUTs 6 and 8), and the overexpression of these GLUTs has been observed. Apart from providing abundant glucose uptake, these highly expressed GLUTs also participate in the activation of many crucial signaling pathways concerning the proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of EC. In addition, overexpressed GLUTs may also cause endometrial cancer cells (ECCs) to be insensitive to hormone therapy or even resistant to radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, GLUT inhibitors may hopefully become a sensitizer for EC precision-targeted therapies. This review aims to summarize the expression regulation, function, and therapy sensitivity of GLUTs in ECCs, aiming to provide a new clue for better diagnosis and treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jing Lu
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayitila Abudukeyoumu
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Yu Hou
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Nan Wu
- Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Research Center, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Lei P, Wang H, Yu L, Xu C, Sun H, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhang DL. A correlation study of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets in Uterine Corpus Endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Bubb M, Beyer ASL, Dasgupta P, Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Evert K, Wirtz RM, Schulz S, Lupp A. Assessment of G Protein-Coupled Oestrogen Receptor Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissues Using a Novel Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095191. [PMID: 35563581 PMCID: PMC9099907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical oestrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, a G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified that primarily mediates the rapid, non-genomic signalling of oestrogens. Data on GPER expression at the protein level are contradictory; therefore, the present study was conducted to re-evaluate GPER expression by immunohistochemistry to obtain broad GPER expression profiles in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues, especially those not investigated in this respect so far. We developed and thoroughly characterised a novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPER antibody, 20H15L21, using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry. The antibody was then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissue samples. In normal tissue, GPER was identified in distinct cell populations of the cortex and the anterior pituitary; islets and pancreatic ducts; fundic glands of the stomach; the epithelium of the duodenum and gallbladder; hepatocytes; proximal tubules of the kidney; the adrenal medulla; and syncytiotrophoblasts and decidua cells of the placenta. GPER was also expressed in hepatocellular, pancreatic, renal, and endometrial cancers, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, and pheochromocytomas. The novel antibody 20H15L21 will serve as a valuable tool for basic research and the identification of GPER-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bubb
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna-Sophia Lieselott Beyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Pooja Dasgupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Katja Evert
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralph M. Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9325678; Fax: +49-3641-9325652
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14
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Investigation of the Antitumor Effects of Tamoxifen and Its Ferrocene-Linked Derivatives on Pancreatic and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030314. [PMID: 35337112 PMCID: PMC8950591 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a long-known anti-tumor drug, which is the gold standard therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer patients. According to previous studies, the conjugation of the original tamoxifen molecule with different functional groups can significantly improve its antitumor effect. The purpose of this research was to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity of different ferrocene-linked tamoxifen derivates. Tamoxifen and its ferrocene-linked derivatives, T5 and T15 were tested in PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cells, where the incorporation of the ferrocene group improved the cytotoxicity on all cell lines. PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 express ERα and GPER1 (G-protein coupled ER 1). However, ERβ is only expressed by MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tamoxifen is a known agonist of GPER1, a receptor that can promote tumor progression. Analysis of the protein expression profile showed that while being cytotoxic, tamoxifen elevated the levels of different tumor growth-promoting factors (e.g., Bcl-XL, Survivin, EGFR, Cathepsins, chemokines). On the other hand, the ferrocene-linked derivates were able to lower these proteins. Further analysis showed that the ferrocene-linked derivatives significantly elevated the cellular oxidative stress compared to tamoxifen treatment. In conclusion, we were able to find two molecules possessing better cytotoxicity compared to their unmodified parent molecule while also being able to counter the negative effects of the presence of the GPER1 through the ER-independent mechanism of oxidative stress induction.
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15
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Yu K, Huang ZY, Xu XL, Li J, Fu XW, Deng SL. Estrogen Receptor Function: Impact on the Human Endometrium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:827724. [PMID: 35295981 PMCID: PMC8920307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.827724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of estrogen in the female endometrium is well established. On the basis of responses to steroid hormones (progesterone, androgen, and estrogen), the endometrium is considered to have proliferative and secretory phases. Estrogen can act in the endometrium by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs) to induce mucosal proliferation during the proliferative phase and progesterone receptor (PR) synthesis, which prepare the endometrium for the secretory phase. Mouse knockout studies have shown that ER expression, including ERα, ERβ, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the endometrium is critical for normal menstrual cycles and subsequent pregnancy. Incorrect expression of ERs can produce many diseases that can cause endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia (EH), and endometrial cancer (EC), which affect numerous women of reproductive age. ERα promotes uterine cell proliferation and is strongly associated with an increased risk of EC, while ERβ has the opposite effects on ERα function. GPER is highly expressed in abnormal EH, but its expression in EC patients is paradoxical. Effective treatments for endometrium-related diseases depend on understanding the physiological function of ERs; however, much less is known about the signaling pathways through which ERs functions in the normal endometrium or in endometrial diseases. Given the important roles of ERs in the endometrium, we reviewed the published literature to elaborate the regulatory role of estrogen and its nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in maintaining the function of endometrium and to provide references for protecting female reproduction. Additionally, the role of drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, fulvestrant and G-15 in the endometrium are also described. Future studies should focus on evaluating new therapeutic strategies that precisely target specific ERs and their related growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Huang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Hirtz A, Lebourdais N, Rech F, Bailly Y, Vaginay A, Smaïl-Tabbone M, Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Dumond H. GPER Agonist G-1 Disrupts Tubulin Dynamics and Potentiates Temozolomide to Impair Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123438. [PMID: 34943948 PMCID: PMC8699794 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor in adults, which is very aggressive, with a very poor prognosis that affects men twice as much as women, suggesting that female hormones (estrogen) play a protective role. With an in silico approach, we highlighted that the expression of the membrane G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) had an impact on GBM female patient survival. In this context, we explored for the first time the role of the GPER agonist G-1 on GBM cell proliferation. Our results suggested that G-1 exposure had a cytostatic effect, leading to reversible G2/M arrest, due to tubulin polymerization blockade during mitosis. However, the observed effect was independent of GPER. Interestingly, G-1 potentiated the efficacy of temozolomide, the current standard chemotherapy treatment, since the combination of both treatments led to prolonged mitotic arrest, even in a temozolomide less-sensitive cell line. In conclusion, our results suggested that G-1, in combination with standard chemotherapy, might be a promising way to limit the progression and aggressiveness of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hirtz
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Nolwenn Lebourdais
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Fabien Rech
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurochirurgie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Yann Bailly
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Athénaïs Vaginay
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | | | - Hélène Dubois-Pot-Schneider
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
| | - Hélène Dumond
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.H.); (N.L.); (F.R.); (Y.B.); (A.V.); (H.D.-P.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372746115
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17
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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18
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Bertoni APS, Manfroi PDA, Tomedi J, Assis-Brasil BM, de Souza Meyer EL, Furlanetto TW. The gene expression of GPER1 is low in fresh samples of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and in silico analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111397. [PMID: 34273443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), whose incidence has been increasing in the last years, occurs more frequently in women. Experimental studies suggested that estrogen could be an important risk factor for the higher female incidence. In fact, it has been demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) could increase proliferation and dedifferentiation in thyroid follicular cells. Genomic estrogen responses are typically mediated through classical estrogen receptors, the α and β isoforms, which have been described in normal and abnormal human thyroid tissue. Nevertheless, effects mediated through G protein estrogen receptor 1 (GPR30/GPER/GPER1), described in some thyroid cancer cell lines, could be partially responsible for the regulation of growth in normal cells. In this study, GPER1 gene and protein expression are described in non-malignant and in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), as well as its association with clinical features of patients with PTC. The GPER1 expression was lower in PTC as compared to paired non-malignant thyroid tissues in fresh samples of PTC and in silico analysis of GEO and TCGA databases. In PTC cases of TCGA database, low GPER1 mRNA expression was independently associated with metastatic lymph nodes, female gender, and BRAF mutation. Besides, GPER1 mRNA levels were positively correlated with mRNA levels of thyroid differentiation genes. These results support the hypothesis that GPER1 have a role in PTC tumorigenesis and might be a potential target for its therapy. Further studies are needed to determine the functionality of these receptors in normal and diseased thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santin Bertoni
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (DCBS) e Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Araujo Manfroi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Joelson Tomedi
- Serviço de Patologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tania Weber Furlanetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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19
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GPR30 Activation by 17β-Estradiol Promotes p62 Phosphorylation and Increases Estrogen Receptor α Protein Expression by Inducing Its Release from a Complex Formed with KEAP1. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090906. [PMID: 34575683 PMCID: PMC8468056 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens can elicit rapid cellular responses via the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), followed by estrogen receptor α (ERα/ESR1)-mediated genomic effects. Here, we investigated whether rapid estrogen signaling via GRP30 may affect ESR1 expression, and we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms. The exposure of human endometrial cancer cells to 17β-estradiol promoted p62 phosphorylation and increased ESR1 protein expression. However, both a GPR30 antagonist and GPR30 silencing abrogated this phenomenon. GPR30 activation by 17β-estradiol elicited the SRC/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Intriguingly, unphosphorylated p62 and ESR1 were found to form an intracellular complex with the substrate adaptor protein KEAP1. Upon phosphorylation, p62 promoted ESR1 release from the complex, to increase its protein expression. Given the critical role played by p62 in autophagy, we also examined how this process affected ESR1 expression. The activation of autophagy by everolimus decreased ESR1 by promoting p62 degradation, whereas autophagy inhibition with chloroquine increased ESR1 expression. The treatment of female C57BL/6 mice with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine—which promotes p62 expression—increased both phosphorylated p62 and ESR1 expression in uterine epithelial cells. Collectively, our results indicate that 17β-estradiol-mediated GPR30 activation elicits the SRC/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and promotes p62 phosphorylation. In turn, phosphorylated p62 increased ESR1 expression by inducing its release from complexes that included KEAP1. Our findings may lead to novel pharmacological strategies aimed at decreasing ESR1 expression in estrogen-sensitive cells.
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20
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Qie Y, Qin W, Zhao K, Liu C, Zhao L, Guo LH. Environmental Estrogens and Their Biological Effects through GPER Mediated Signal Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116826. [PMID: 33706245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental chemicals have been found to exert estrogenic effects in cells and experimental animals by activating nuclear receptors such as estrogen receptors and estrogen-related receptors. These compounds include bisphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate flame retardants, phthalates and metalloestrogens. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) exists widely in numerous cells/tissues of human and other vertebrates. A number of studies have demonstrated that GPER plays a vital role in mediating the estrogenic effects of environmental pollutants. Even at very low concentrations, these chemicals may activate GPER pathways, thus affect many aspects of cellular functions including proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis, resulting in cancer progression, cardiovascular disorders, and reproductive dysfunction. This review summarized the environmental occurrence and human exposure levels of these pollutants, and integrated current experimental evidence toward revealing the underlying mechanisms of pollutant-induced cellular dysfunction via GPER. The GPER mediated rapid non-genomic actions play an important role in the process leading to the adverse effects observed in experimental animals and even in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Keda Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310007, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Pepermans RA, Sharma G, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer and Stromal Cells: Functions and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030672. [PMID: 33802978 PMCID: PMC8002620 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological systems. Its role in driving estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancers is well established, but it also has important roles in a number of other cancers, acting both on tumor cells directly as well as in the function of multiple cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and adipocytes, which can greatly impact carcinogenesis. One of its receptors, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has gained much interest over the last decade in both health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that GPER contributes to clinically observed endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer while also playing a complex role in a number of other cancers. Recent discoveries regarding the targeting of GPER in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, particularly in melanoma, have led to the initiation of the first Phase I clinical trial for the GPER-selective agonist G-1. Furthermore, its functions in metabolism and corresponding pathophysiological states, such as obesity and diabetes, are becoming more evident and suggest additional therapeutic value in targeting GPER for both cancer and other diseases. Here, we highlight the roles of GPER in several cancers, as well as in metabolism and immune regulation, and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting this estrogen receptor as a potential treatment for cancer as well as contributing metabolic and inflammatory diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Pepermans
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-5647
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22
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Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV, Milliana A, Tse WKF. Association between GPER gene polymorphisms and GPER expression levels with cancer predisposition and progression. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06428. [PMID: 33748487 PMCID: PMC7970143 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a female sex steroid hormone that plays a significant role in physiological functions. Evidence suggests that estrogen-signaling pathways are closely linked to cancer development and progression. The novel G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER or GPR30) has been shown to influence cancer predisposition and progression, although results of related studies remain equivocal. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate the relationship between GPER gene polymorphisms and GPER expression levels, with cancer predisposition and progression. The pooled results showed that two GPER polymorphisms, rs3808350 and rs3808351, were significantly associated with cancer predisposition, especially in the Asian population, but no significant association was detected for rs11544331. In parallel, we also found that cancer aggressiveness and progression correlated with rs3808351 and GPER expression in cancerous tissues. Altogether, our findings suggest that GPER plays a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis and progression. We suggest that rs3808350 and rs3808351 may be used as a prospective biomarker for cancer screening; while rs3808351 and GPER expression can be used to examine the prognosis of patients with cancer. Further biological studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Batu, East Java, 65151, Indonesia
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Alvi Milliana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Batu, East Java, 65151, Indonesia
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan
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23
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GPER1 and microRNA: Two Players in Breast Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010098. [PMID: 33374170 PMCID: PMC7795792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. However, the molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer remains poorly defined due to its heterogeneity. Several studies have reported that G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1 (GPER1) plays a crucial role in breast cancer progression, by binding to estrogens or synthetic agonists, like G-1, thus modulating genes involved in diverse biological events, such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and metastasis. In addition, it has been established that the dysregulation of short sequences of non-coding RNA, named microRNAs (miRNAs), is involved in various pathophysiological conditions, including breast cancer. Recent evidence has indicated that estrogens may regulate miRNA expression and therefore modulate the levels of their target genes, not only through the classical estrogen receptors (ERs), but also activating GPER1 signalling, hence suggesting an alternative molecular pathway involved in breast tumor progression. Here, the current knowledge about GPER1 and miRNA action in breast cancer is recapitulated, reporting recent evidence on the liaison of these two players in triggering breast tumorogenic effects. Elucidating the role of GPER1 and miRNAs in breast cancer might provide new tools for innovative approaches in anti-cancer therapy.
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24
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Rouhimoghadam M, Lu AS, Salem AK, Filardo EJ. Therapeutic Perspectives on the Modulation of G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor, GPER, Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591217. [PMID: 33329395 PMCID: PMC7719807 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert their physiological and pathophysiological effects via cellular receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Estrogen-regulated physiology is tightly controlled by factors that regulate estrogen bioavailability and receptor sensitivity, while disruption of these control mechanisms can result in loss of reproductive function, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, obesity, insulin resistance, endometriosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Restoration of estrogen physiology by modulating estrogen bioavailability or receptor activity is an effective approach for treating these pathological conditions. Therapeutic interventions that block estrogen action are employed effectively for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer as well as for precocious puberty and anovulatory infertility. Theoretically, treatments that block estrogen biosynthesis should prevent estrogen action at ERs and GPER, although drug resistance and ligand-independent receptor activation may still occur. In addition, blockade of estrogen biosynthesis does not prevent activation of estrogen receptors by naturally occurring or man-made exogenous estrogens. A more complicated scenario is provided by anti-estrogen drugs that antagonize ERs since these drugs function as GPER agonists. Based upon its association with metabolic dysregulation and advanced cancer, GPER represents a therapeutic target with promise for the treatment of several critical health concerns facing Western society. Selective ligands that specifically target GPER have been developed and may soon serve as pharmacological agents for treating human disease. Here, we review current forms of estrogen therapy and the implications that GPER holds for these therapies. We also discuss existing GPER targeted drugs, additional approaches towards developing GPER-targeted therapies and how these therapies may complement existing modalities of estrogen-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rouhimoghadam
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Anh S. Lu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward J. Filardo
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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25
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Pal U, Ghosh S, Limaye AM. DNA methylation in the upstream CpG island of the GPER locus and its relationship with GPER expression in colon cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7547-7555. [PMID: 32936384 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a proposed tumor suppressor, relays short-term non-genomic responses in target cells and tissues. It frequently undergoes down-modulation in primary tumors of the breast, ovary, and endometrium. Liu and co-workers recently reported loss of GPER expression in colorectal cancer and attributed it to DNA methylation-dependent silencing. We hypothesized that GPER expression is inversely correlated with methylation in the upstream CpG island (upCpGi) in the GPER locus. Methylation in the upCpGi was analysed by bisulfite sequencing and correlated with GPER expression in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. Eight downstream CpGs of the upCpGi was differentially methylated across the cell lines. Methylation in this differentially methylated region (DMR) correlated inversely with GPER expression. Two cell lines, namely SW620 and COLO-320DM, were compared in terms of their viability in response to varying concentrations of G1, a GPER specific agonist. SW-620 cells, which had the least methylated DMR and the highest level of GPER expression, showed significant loss of viability with 1 µM G1. COLO-320DM, which had the most methylated DMR and the lowest level of GPER expression, did not show a significant response to 1 µM G1. At 5 µM G1, SW620 cells showed a greater reduction in viability than COLO-320DM cells. DNA methylation in the DMR is inversely correlated with GPER expression. DNA methylation-dependent silencing of GPER may be, at least in part, the underlying reason behind the loss of estrogen's oncoprotective effect via GPER in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttariya Pal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sujasha Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Anil Mukund Limaye
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Emons G, Mustea A, Tempfer C. Tamoxifen and Endometrial Cancer: A Janus-Headed Drug. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092535. [PMID: 32906618 PMCID: PMC7564212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tamoxifen, an antiestrogen, is a potent drug to treat and prevent hormone dependent breast cancer. As it has low toxicity and is widely available, tamoxifen has become one of the most frequently prescribed anticancer drugs worldwide. A major side effect of tamoxifen is to increase the risk of uterine corpus cancer (endometrial cancer). This happens after long-term (>2 years) application, especially in postmenopausal women with preexisting pathologies in the uterus. On the other hand, tamoxifen is an efficacious treatment for certain forms of advanced endometrial cancer, thus making it a Janus-headed drug that can support the development of endometrial cancer on one hand and be used as a remedy for this disease on the other. This article reviews the clinical data on these controversial effects of tamoxifen and the possible explanations. Abstract Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the treatment and prevention of estrogen receptor (ER)—positive breast cancer. However, tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer (EC) by about 2–7 fold, and more aggressive types of EC with poor prognoses are observed in tamoxifen users. On the other hand, tamoxifen is an efficacious treatment for advanced or recurrent EC with low toxicity. The differential agonistic or antagonistic effects of tamoxifen on ERα are explained by the tissue-specific expression profiles of co-activators and co-repressors of the receptor. The estrogen-agonistic effect of tamoxifen in endometrial cancers can also be explained by the expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1), a membrane-bound estrogen receptor for which tamoxifen and other “antiestrogens” are pure agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Emons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-39-65632; Fax: +49-551-39-62153
| | - Alexander Mustea
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Clemens Tempfer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruhr University, 44625 Herne, Germany;
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Lv X, Miao C, Liu M, Wang X, Wang L, Wang D. 17β-Estradiol via Orai1 activates calcium mobilization to induce cell proliferation in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22603. [PMID: 32844545 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal estrogen-sensitive gynecological cancer. Studies have reported that estrogen induces rapid cellular calcium mobilization in cells and can determine the fate of a cell. We found that estrogen increased the calcium release-activated calcium channel modulator 1 (Orai1) protein expression levels in SK-OV-3 cells. However, to date, there has been no research on the functional relationship and molecular mechanism of estrogen-regulating Orai1 during EOC development. In our study, Orai1 had a high expression level in high-grade serous ovarian tumor tissues and SK-OV-3 cells. Estrogen promoted cell proliferation and migration while inhibiting cell apoptosis in SK-OV-3 cells. Orai1 silencing suppressed estrogen-induced cell migration and proliferation. Overexpression of Orai1, however, enhanced the ability of 17β-estradiol (E2) to exert its function. Estrogen induced rapid calcium influx in SK-OV-3 cells. Knockdown of Orai1 in SK-OV-3 cells blocked E2-induced stored-operated Ca2+ influx. The messenger RNA expression of caspase 3, matrix metallopeptidase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 were regulated via Orai1 under E2 treatment. Our results suggest that estrogen, by regulating Orai1, induced calcium influx to determine cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lv
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlei Miao
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyan Liu
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Di Wang
- Plastic Surgery Institute, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Grande F, Occhiuzzi MA, Lappano R, Cirillo F, Guzzi R, Garofalo A, Jacquot Y, Maggiolini M, Rizzuti B. Computational Approaches for the Discovery of GPER Targeting Compounds. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32849301 PMCID: PMC7417359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert a panel of biological activities mainly through the estrogen receptors α and β, which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Diverse studies have shown that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER, previously known as GPR30) also mediates the multifaceted effects of estrogens in numerous pathophysiological events, including neurodegenerative, immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders and the progression of different types of cancer. In particular, GPER is implicated in hormone-sensitive tumors, albeit diverse issues remain to be deeply investigated. As such, this receptor may represent an appealing target for therapeutics in different diseases. The yet unavailable complete GPER crystallographic structure, and its relatively low sequence similarity with the other members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, hamper the possibility to discover compounds able to modulate GPER activity. Consequently, a reliable molecular model of this receptor is required for the design of suitable ligands. To date, convergent approaches involving structure-based drug design and virtual ligand screening have led to the identification of several GPER selective ligands, thus providing important information regarding its mode of action and function. In this survey, we summarize results obtained through computer-aided techniques devoted to the assessment of GPER ligands toward their usefulness in innovative treatments of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria A. Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rita Guzzi
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yves Jacquot
- Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR 8038, INSERM U1268, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Sagiroglu S, Kılınc M, Doganer A, Bilal N, Orhan I, Kılıc MA. G protein coupled oestrogen receptor 1, aromatase, 17β-HSD and cAMP level in mutational falsetto. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1121-1127. [PMID: 31989268 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Puberphonia or mutational falsetto (MF) is seen more in males, and hormonal changes are considered to be among the aetiological causes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the molecules [G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1), aromatase, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels] related to receptors and pathways in patients with MF. METHODS The study included 30 MF patients and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. Voice recordings were made of the MF patients and acoustic analyses were applied. The serum GPER-1, aromatase, 17β-HSD, cAMP levels and TSH, estradiol, prolactin, progesterone, and testosterone levels were evaluated in venous blood samples. RESULTS In the MF patients, the GPER-1 level determined of mean 3.68 (1.95-4.26) pg/ml, 17 beta dehydrogenase of 5.25 (2.73-6.77) ng/ml, and cAMP of 24.62 (11.62-30.35) ng/ml were statistically signficantly higher than those of the control group (p = 0.008, p = 0.002, p = 0.003, respectively). The aromatase level in the MF patients was found to be 3.48 (2.01-4.91) and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.067). CONCLUSION The GPER-1, 17β-HSD, and cAMP levels were found to be higher in the MF patients than in the control group, suggesting that they could be of importance in the diagnosis and treatment of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saime Sagiroglu
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Metin Kılınc
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Adem Doganer
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bilal
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Israfil Orhan
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Kılıc
- Department of Otorhinolaringology, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hernández-Silva CD, Villegas-Pineda JC, Pereira-Suárez AL. Expression and Role of the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPR30/GPER) in the Development and Immune Response in Female Reproductive Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32973677 PMCID: PMC7468389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue and represents the second leading cause of death in women worldwide, as female reproductive-related neoplasms are the main cause of incidence and mortality. Female reproductive cancers have a close relationship to estrogens, the principal female sex steroid hormones. Estrogens exert their actions by the nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). ERα, and ERβ act as transcription factors mediating genomic effects. Besides, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30) was recently described as a seven-transmembrane receptor that mediates non-genomic estrogenic signaling, including calcium mobilization, cAMP synthesis, cleavage of matrix metalloproteinases, transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the subsequent activation of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, which are the reasons why it is related to cellular processes, such as cell-cycle progression, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Since its discovery, selective agonists and antagonists have been found and developed. GPER has been implicated in a variety of hormone-responsiveness tumors, such as breast, endometrial, ovarian, cervical, prostate, and testicular cancer as well as lung, hepatic, thyroid, colorectal, and adrenocortical cancers. Nevertheless, GPER actions in cancer are still debatable due to the conflicting information that has been reported to date, since many reports indicate that activation of this receptor can modulate carcinogenesis. In contrast, many others show that its activation inhibits tumor activity. Besides, estrogens play an essential role in the regulation of the immune system, but little information exists about the role of GPER activation on its modulation within cancer context. This review focuses on the role that the stimulation of GPER plays in female reproductive neoplasms, specifically breast, endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancers, in its tumor activity and immune response regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
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Périan S, Vanacker JM. GPER as a Receptor for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32973678 PMCID: PMC7466721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with endogenous hormonal systems at various levels, resulting in adverse health effects. EDCs belong to diverse chemical families and can accumulate in the environment, diet and body fluids, with different levels of persistence. Their action can be mediated by several receptors, including members of the nuclear receptor family, such as estrogen and androgen receptors. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a seven-transmembrane domain receptor, has also attracted attention as a potential target of EDCs. This review summarizes our current knowledge concerning GPER as a mediator of EDCs' effects.
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Szewczuk W, Szewczuk O, Czajkowski K, Grala B, Semczuk A. Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumor concomitant with simple endometrial hyperplasia: a case study with selected immunohistochemistry. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519886984. [PMID: 31870196 PMCID: PMC7607058 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519886984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumors are often associated with endometrial hyperplasia or even uterine cancer. Herein, we present a case report of a 65-year-old female patient who had undergone curettage of the uterine cavity several times due to abnormal and irregular uterine bleeding. Owing to recurrent episodes of vaginal bleeding as well as ineffective pharmacological treatment of simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, the patient underwent a laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Owing to an enlarged right ovary with bluish color, intra-operative pathological examination was immediately performed. Surprisingly, an ovarian adult-type granulosa cell tumor was diagnosed, and the surgery was extended to pelvic lymphadenectomy and omentectomy. Immunohistochemical staining with selected antibodies (Arginase 2, Nidogen 2, BAF250a/ARID1A, GPR30, SF-1/NR5A, and 1LRH-2E1/NR5A2) was also performed. In conclusion, in cases of recurrent vaginal bleeding concomitant with endometrial hyperplasia, the existence of rare ovarian tumors connected with extensive estrogenic stimulation must be taken into account. Immunostaining with selected antibodies (Arginase 2, Nidogen 2, ARID1A, or GPR30) may help elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms associated with the BAF250a/development of various ovarian/endometrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Szewczuk
- Department of Pathology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oksana Szewczuk
- IInd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- IInd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Grala
- Department of Pathology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Semczuk
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Espedal H, Fonnes T, Fasmer KE, Krakstad C, Haldorsen IS. Imaging of Preclinical Endometrial Cancer Models for Monitoring Tumor Progression and Response to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121885. [PMID: 31783595 PMCID: PMC6966645 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in industrialized countries. Most patients are cured by surgery; however, about 15% of the patients develop recurrence with limited treatment options. Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mouse models represent useful tools for preclinical evaluation of new therapies and biomarker identification. Preclinical imaging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and optical imaging during disease progression enables visualization and quantification of functional tumor characteristics, which may serve as imaging biomarkers guiding targeted therapies. A critical question, however, is whether the in vivo model systems mimic the disease setting in patients to such an extent that the imaging biomarkers may be translatable to the clinic. The primary objective of this review is to give an overview of current and novel preclinical imaging methods relevant for endometrial cancer animal models. Furthermore, we highlight how these advanced imaging methods depict pathogenic mechanisms important for tumor progression that represent potential targets for treatment in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Espedal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: (H.E.); (I.S.H.)
| | - Tina Fonnes
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (T.F.); (C.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristine E. Fasmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (T.F.); (C.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingfrid S. Haldorsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: (H.E.); (I.S.H.)
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Varshosaz J, Hassanzadeh F, Hashemi-Beni B, Minaiyan M, Enteshari S. Tissue Distribution and Systemic Toxicity Evaluation of Raloxifene Targeted Polymeric Micelles of Poly (Styrene-Maleic Acid)-Poly (Amide- Ether-Ester-Imide)-Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Loaded With Docetaxel in Breast Cancer Bearing Mice. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:280-291. [PMID: 31538904 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190919163731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the low water solubility of Docetaxel (DTX), it is formulated with ethanol and Tween 80 with lots of side effects. For this reason, special attention has been paid to formulate it in new drug nano-carriers. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety, antitumor activity and tissue distribution of the novel synthesized Raloxifene (RA) targeted polymeric micelles. METHODS DTX-loaded RA-targeted polymeric micelles composed of poly(styrene-maleic acid)- poly(amide-ether-ester-imide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (SMA-PAEE-PEG) were prepared and their antitumor activity was studied in MC4-L2 tumor-bearing mice compared with non-targeted micelles and free DTX. Safety of the micelles was studied by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining of tumors and major organs of the mice. The drug accumulation in the tumor and major organs was measured by HPLC method. RESULTS The results showed better tumor growth inhibition and increased survival of mice treated with DTX-loaded in targeted micelles compared to the non-targeted micelles and free DTX. Histopathological studies, H&E staining of tumors and immunohistochemical examination showed the potential of DTX-loaded RA-targeted micelles to inhibit tumor cells proliferation. The higher accumulation of the DTX in the tumor tissue after injection of the micelles compared to the free DTX may indicate the higher uptake of the targeted micelles by the G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptors (GPER). CONCLUSION The results indicate that RA-conjugated polymeric micelles may be a strong and effective drug delivery system for DTX therapy and uptake of the drug into tumor cells, and overcome the disadvantages and side effects of conventional DTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Hashemi-Beni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Minaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Enteshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Deng J, Wang W, Yu G, Ma X. MicroRNA‑195 inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by targeting G protein‑coupled estrogen receptor 1 in endometrial carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4023-4032. [PMID: 31545414 PMCID: PMC6797983 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to exert promoting effects on the progression of a number of cancer types, including endometrial carcinoma (EC). MicroRNA (miRNA or miR)-195 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor. This study aimed to explore the potential role of miR-195 in the EMT process of EC. miR-195 overexpression (Mimics) and mimics control (Mock) vectors were constructed and transfected into human endometrial cancer cells (AN3-CA and Hec1A) using Lipofectamine 2000, and cell viability was detected using the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The invasive and migratory capacities of the cells transfected with the Mimics or Mock vectors were assessed by Transwell and wound healing assays. Relative mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Using TargetScan prediction, the potential target of miR-195 was identified and was further verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Following transfection with miR-195 mimics, the viability of the AN3-CA and Hec1A cells decreased in a time-dependent manner, specifically at 24 h. The wound closure rate and the number of invaded cells in the Mimics group were much lower than those in the Control and Mock groups (P<0.01). miR-195 overexpression significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), while it downregulated the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT were also notably decreased (P<0.01). G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) was identified as a target of miR-195. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that the inhibitory effects of miR195 on EC cell migration and invasion are associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and GPER expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
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Ino Y, Akimoto T, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Ueda A, Ota M, Magara K, Tagami Y, Murata M, Hasegawa T, Saito T, Sawada N, Osanai M. Elevated expression of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with uterine cervical adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:351-359. [PMID: 31483053 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Uterine cervical adenocarcinoma has a worse prognosis than that of squamous cell carcinoma and useful diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed. Estrogen is one of the key regulators of several cancers, however, the estrogen signaling has not been focused on in cervical adenocarcinoma. Here, we shows expression profile of classical estrogen receptor (ER) and a novel membrane type estrogen receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), in surgical specimens (n=53). GPR30 was strongly expressed on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm in adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and adenocarcinoma, and its expression was especially strong at the invasion front in most of the cases of GPR30-positive adenocarcinoma. Nuclear staining of ER was strong in non-neoplastic glands, whereas it was almost absent in most of the AIS and adenocarcinoma cases. There was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between immunoreactivity of GPR30 and that of ER in cervical AIS and adenocarcinoma lesions (Spearman's correlation, r=-0.324, p=0.017). ROC curve analysis revealed that immunoreactivity of GPR30 successfully distinguished neoplasms from non-neoplastic glands with high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (75.5%). GPR30 positivity was significantly correlated with histological type (p=0.009), tumor diameter (p=0.003), tumor size (p<0.001), lymphovascular infiltration (p=0.005) and UICC stage (p<0.001). ER expression was correlated only with tumor factor (p=0.047). GPR30-high patients had poor prognosis with a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) period (p=0.0309). GPR30 expression is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taishi Akimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asako Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misaki Ota
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Magara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Tagami
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Jacenik D, Beswick EJ, Krajewska WM, Prossnitz ER. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in colon function, immune regulation and carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4092-4104. [PMID: 31435166 PMCID: PMC6700692 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play important roles in the development and progression of multiple tumor types. Accumulating evidence points to the significance of estrogen action not only in tumors of hormonally regulated tissues such as the breast, endometrium and ovary, but also in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The effects of estrogens in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are mediated by the nuclear estrogen receptors α and β, as well as the membrane-bound G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). The roles of GPER in CRC development and progression, however, remain poorly understood. Studies on the functions of GPER in the colon have shown that this estrogen receptor regulates colonic motility as well as immune responses in CRC-associated diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. GPER is also involved in cell cycle regulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, proliferation, apoptosis, vascularization, cell migration, and the regulation of fatty acid and estrogen metabolism in CRC cells. Thus, multiple lines of evidence suggest that GPER may play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of GPER to colon function and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Wanda M Krajewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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Jung J. Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer Progression. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:209-214. [PMID: 31341549 PMCID: PMC6629442 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In cancer progression, sex hormones and their receptors are thought to be major factors. Many studies have reported the effects of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) in cancer development and progression. Among them, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a G proteincoupled receptor, has been identified as an estrogen membrane receptor unrelated to nuclear ER. The mechanism of GPER, including its biological action, function, and role, has been studied in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss the relation between GPER and estrogen or estrogen agonists/antagonists and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Hong DG, Park JY, Chong GO, Lee YH, Lee HJ, Shinn JU, Lee YS, Seong WJ. Transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 30 gene polymorphisms and uterine adenomyosis in Korean women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:498-501. [PMID: 30626229 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1540572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the genetic distributions of 14G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between women with and without uterine adenomyosis. The study population comprised 69 Korean women. Uterine tissues from the adenomyosis and non-adenomyosis groups were used for DNA extraction. Pre-designed PCR/Sanger or Sequencing Primer and TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays were used for the SNP genotyping of the GPR30 gene. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the GPR30 expression. Differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups were calculated using Fisher's exact test. The rs3802141 CT genotype was more common in the control group (p = .02), and the rs4266553 CC genotype was more common in the adenomyosis group (p = .02). The C allele of the SNP rs4266553 was more common in the adenomyosis group (p = .02). GPR30 expression was confirmed in 69 individuals in both groups. GPR30 gene polymorphism is presumed to affect the risk of adenomyosis with limited sample size. Further large-scale study is needed to explain the genetic influence of GPR30 gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gy Hong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Gun Oh Chong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Lee
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Jung Un Shinn
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Yoon Soon Lee
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Won Joon Seong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the hormonal receptor status in uterine adenosarcoma (AS) and uterine AS with sarcomatous overgrowth (AS + SO), including those with high-grade histologic features (nuclear pleomorphism, atypical mitoses, necrosis), with or without heterologous elements. Estrogen receptor (ER) status, including estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), and progesterone receptor (PgR) status were examined. METHODS From August 2001 to November 2013, 11 patients with histologic diagnosis of uterine AS were identified. Tumor tissue sections were stained for ERα, ERβ, GPER, and PgR and examined both for percentage of overall cells stained and for intensity of staining. Descriptive statistics were calculated using clinicopathologic data abstracted from the medical record. RESULTS Eight cases of AS and 3 cases of AS with high-grade features were identified. Seven of 8 tumor samples of AS showed strong or moderate intensity immunostaining for ERα; all AS + SO tumor samples showed minimal to no immunoreactivity for ERα. There was a significant decrease in ERα H scores in high-grade tumors when compared with AS (P = 0.01). Lower PgR H scores were observed in high-grade tumors compared with those in AS (P = 0.04). Estrogen receptor β immunostaining was variable, and GPER immunostaining was absent in the majority of tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS Higher expression of ERα and PgR was observed in AS when compared with those with AS + SO and high-grade features. Both tumor subtypes showed similar levels of ERβ and GPER expression, although significant differences in ERβ and GPER expression were not detected. In contrast to our previous findings in uterine carcinosarcoma, ERs ERβ and GPER do not seem to play a significant role in AS in this study.
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Zhang F, Peng L, Huang Y, Lin X, Zhou L, Chen J. Chronic BDE-47 Exposure Aggravates Malignant Phenotypes and Chemoresistance by Activating ERK Through ERα and GPR30 in Endometrial Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1079. [PMID: 31737560 PMCID: PMC6834531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to certain compounds contribute to cell plasticity, tumor progression and even chemoresistance. 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most frequently detected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples, is a known estrogen disruptor closely associated with the development of hormone-dependent cancers. However, the effect of BDE-47 on endometrial carcinoma (EC), an estrogen-dependent cancer, remains to be elucidated. Mechanisms of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and G-protein-coupled receptor-30 (GPR30) involved in BDE-47 carcinogenesis are yet to be identified. This study aims to investigate the effect of BDE-47 on the invasive phenotype of estrogen-dependent EC cells. BDE-47-treated cells, such as Ishikawa-BDE-47 and HEC-1B-BDE-47 cells, exhibited increased cell viability and enhanced metastatic ability. In vivo studies showed larger tumor volumes and more metastasis in mice injected with Ishikawa-BDE-47 cells compared with parental Ishikawa cells. MTT assay showed that BDE-47 exposure could attenuate sensitivity of EC cells to cisplatin or paclitaxel treatment in vitro. Western blotting revealed overexpression of ERα, GPR30, pEGFR (phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor), and pERK (phosphorylated extracellular-regulated protein kinase) in Ishikawa-BDE-47 and HEC-1B-BDE-47 cells. Knockdown of ERα or GPR30 by small interfering RNA reversed the stimulating effect of BDE-47 on cell growth, migration and invasion of EC cells. Additionally, treatment with pEGFR or pERK inhibitor impaired cell viability, migration and invasion in Ishikawa-BDE-47 and HEC-1B-BDE-47 cells. Overall, our results indicate that chronic BDE-47 exposure triggers phenotypic plasticity, promotes progression and even chemoresistance in EC cells, at least in part, via ERα/GPR30 and EGFR/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yiteng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xueqiong Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Zhou
| | - Jiongyu Chen
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Jiongyu Chen
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Fang T, Li J, Wu X. Shenmai injection improves the postoperative immune function of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients by inhibiting differentiation into Treg cells via miR-103/GPER1 axis. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:324-331. [PMID: 30267584 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Shenmai injection (SMI) is increasingly used in tumor combination therapy, devoting to enhancing anti-tumor effects and reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. This study aimed to explore the role of SMI in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) treatment. Flow cytometry was used to examine Treg cells percentage in CD4 + T cells. The expression of RNA and protein was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Inducers were used to stimulate CD4 + T cells to differentiate into Treg cells. The interaction between miR-103 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) was confirmed with the dual luciferase assays. Cell transfection and recombinant plasmids were used to achieve endogenous expression. Compared with patients not treated with 131 I, the Treg cells percentage and Foxp3 expression were clearly increased in patients with 131 I radiotherapy, just the opposite in SMI combination therapy. SMI inhibited the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Treg cells. Aberrant expression of miR-103 and GPER1 induced by 131 I was reversed by SMI and 131 I combination therapy. GPER1 was negatively regulated by miR-103 and SMI inhibits the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Treg cells via miR-103/GPER1 axis, which improves the postoperative immunological function of PTC patients with 131 I radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Fang
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjiang Wu
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Crosstalk between Notch, HIF-1α and GPER in Breast Cancer EMT. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072011. [PMID: 29996493 PMCID: PMC6073901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway acts in both physiological and pathological conditions, including embryonic development and tumorigenesis. In cancer progression, diverse mechanisms are involved in Notch-mediated biological responses, including angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). During EMT, the activation of cellular programs facilitated by transcriptional repressors results in epithelial cells losing their differentiated features, like cell–cell adhesion and apical–basal polarity, whereas they gain motility. As it concerns cancer epithelial cells, EMT may be consequent to the evolution of genetic/epigenetic instability, or triggered by factors that can act within the tumor microenvironment. Following a description of the Notch signaling pathway and its major regulatory nodes, we focus on studies that have given insights into the functional interaction between Notch signaling and either hypoxia or estrogen in breast cancer cells, with a particular focus on EMT. Furthermore, we describe the role of hypoxia signaling in breast cancer cells and discuss recent evidence regarding a functional interaction between HIF-1α and GPER in both breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). On the basis of these studies, we propose that a functional network between HIF-1α, GPER and Notch may integrate tumor microenvironmental cues to induce robust EMT in cancer cells. Further investigations are required in order to better understand how hypoxia and estrogen signaling may converge on Notch-mediated EMT within the context of the stroma and tumor cells interaction. However, the data discussed here may anticipate the potential benefits of further pharmacological strategies targeting breast cancer progression.
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Sharma G, Prossnitz ER. G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) and Sex-Specific Metabolic Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1043:427-453. [PMID: 29224106 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome display disparate prevalence and regulation between males and females. Human, as well as rodent, females with regular menstrual/estrous cycles exhibit protection from weight gain and associated chronic diseases. These beneficial effects are predominantly attributed to the female hormone estrogen, specifically 17β-estradiol (E2). E2 exerts its actions via multiple receptors, nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ, and the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, previously termed GPR30). The roles of GPER in metabolic homeostasis are beginning to emerge but are complex and remain unclear. The discovery of GPER-selective pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists) and the availability of GPER knockout mice have significantly enhanced our understanding of the functions of GPER in normal physiology and disease. GPER action manifests pleiotropic effects in metabolically active tissues such as the pancreas, adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle. Cellular and animal studies have established that GPER is involved in the regulation of body weight, feeding behavior, inflammation, as well as glucose and lipid homeostasis. GPER deficiency leads to increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction in mice. In contrast, pharmacologic stimulation of GPER in vivo limits weight gain and improves metabolic output, revealing a promising novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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High Expression of Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Endometrial Cancer Patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 28:675-683. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) plays a key role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 is overexpressed in various cancers and reported to be correlated with a poor prognosis. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of UCHL1 in endometrial cancer.MethodsThe expression of UCHL1 in endometrial cancer was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in 56 and 215 resected tumor specimens, respectively.ResultsThe 4-year survival rates of the high UCHL1 messenger RNA expression group and high UCHL1 protein expression group were 78% and 71%, respectively, compared with 96% and 95% for the low UCHL1 messenger RNA expression group and low UCHL1 protein expression group, respectively. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests indicated a significant correlation between expression of UCHL1 and disease-free survival and overall survival. Moreover, multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis showed that UCHL1 was a significant independent marker for predicting a poor disease-free survival and overall survival. In 43 patients with metastatic lesions, immunohistochemical analysis of metastatic lesions revealed that the recurrence rate and mortality rate were 62% and 41%, respectively, in 29 UCHL1-positive patients and 36% and 29%, respectively, in 14 UCHL1-negative patients.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that high UCHL1 expression is a strong marker of poor prognosis of endometrial cancer. Furthermore, we suggest that UCHL1 may be involved in the development of distant metastasis in endometrial cancer.
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Nuvoli B, Sacconi A, Cortese G, Germoni S, Murer B, Galati R. Reduction of estradiol in human malignant pleural mesothelioma tissues may prevent tumour growth, as implied by in in-vivo and in-vitro models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47116-47126. [PMID: 27323398 PMCID: PMC5216928 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate intratumoural estradiol and estrogen-receptors (ERα, ERβ and GPR30) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) to understand their function. Here, we report that immunohistochemistry of estradiol showed cytoplasmatic staining in 95% of fifty-seven human MPM samples with a trend toward a negative correlation between estradiol levels and the median post-diagnosis survival time. ERβ was only focally positive in 5.3% of cases, GPR30 and ERα were negative in our cases of MPM. GPR30 was detected mainly in glycosylated form in MPM cells. Moreover, G15, a GPR30 antagonist, induced MPM cell death. Altogether, these data suggest that MPM cells produce E2 interact with glycosylated forms of GPR30, and this facilitates tumour growth. Estradiol was found in MPM cells and plasma from mice mesothelioma xenografts. Concurrent reduction in tumour mass and plasmatic estradiol levels were observed in the mice treated with exemestane, suggesting that the reduction of E2 levels inhibit MPM growth. Thus, it appears that agents reducing estradiol levels could be useful to MPM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nuvoli
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agent Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Germoni
- SAFU Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Murer
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mestre Hospital, Venezia, Italy
| | - Rossella Galati
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agent Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Barton M, Filardo EJ, Lolait SJ, Thomas P, Maggiolini M, Prossnitz ER. Twenty years of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER: Historical and personal perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:4-15. [PMID: 28347854 PMCID: PMC5716468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a critical role in many aspects of physiology, particularly female reproductive function, but also in pathophysiology, and are associated with protection from numerous diseases in premenopausal women. Steroids and the effects of estrogen have been known for ∼90 years, with the first evidence for a receptor for estrogen presented ∼50 years ago. The original ancestral steroid receptor, extending back into evolution more than 500 million years, was likely an estrogen receptor, whereas G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) trace their origins back into history more than one billion years. The classical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that confer estrogen sensitivity upon many genes. It was soon apparent that these, or novel receptors may also be responsible for the "rapid"/"non-genomic" membrane-associated effects of estrogen. The identification of an orphan GPCR (GPR30, published in 1996) opened a new field of research with the description in 2000 that GPR30 expression is required for rapid estrogen signaling. In 2005-2006, the field was greatly stimulated by two studies that described the binding of estrogen to GPR30-expressing cell membranes, followed by the identification of a GPR30-selective agonist (that lacked binding and activity towards ERα and ERβ). Renamed GPER (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor) by IUPHAR in 2007, the total number of articles in PubMed related to this receptor recently surpassed 1000. In this article, the authors present personal perspectives on how they became involved in the discovery and/or advancement of GPER research. These areas include non-genomic effects on vascular tone, receptor cloning, molecular and cellular biology, signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacology of GPER, highlighting the roles of GPER and GPER-selective compounds in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer and the obligatory role of GPER in propagating cardiovascular aging, arterial hypertension and heart failure through the stimulation of Nox expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Edward J Filardo
- Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Sharma G, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Prossnitz ER. Roles of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER in metabolic regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:31-37. [PMID: 28223150 PMCID: PMC5563497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is differentially regulated in males and females. The lower incidence of obesity and associated diseases in pre-menopausal females points towards the beneficial role of the predominant estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2). The actions of E2 are elicited by nuclear and extra-nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ, as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, previously termed GPR30). The roles of GPER in the regulation of metabolism are only beginning to emerge and much remains unclear. The present review highlights recent advances implicating the importance of GPER in metabolic regulation. Assessment of the specific metabolic roles of GPER employing GPER-deficient mice and highly selective GPER-targeted pharmacological agents, agonist G-1 and antagonists G-15 and G36, is also presented. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies involving either GPER deficiency or selective activation suggests that GPER is involved in body weight regulation, glucose and lipid homeostasis as well as inflammation. The therapeutic potential of activating GPER signaling through selective ligands for the treatment of obesity and diabetes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Diabetes Discovery and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Prossnitz ER. GPER modulators: Opportunity Nox on the heels of a class Akt. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:73-81. [PMID: 28285016 PMCID: PMC5591048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The (patho)physiology of estrogen and its receptors is complex. It is therefore not surprising that therapeutic approaches targeting this hormone include stimulation of its activity through supplementation with either the hormone itself or natural or synthetic agonists, inhibition of its activity through the use of antagonists or inhibitors of its synthesis, and tissue-selective modulation of its activity with biased ligands. The physiology of this hormone is further complicated by the existence of at least three receptors, the classical nuclear estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30), with overlapping but distinct pharmacologic profiles, particularly of anti-estrogenic ligands. GPER-selective ligands, as well as GPER knockout mice, have greatly aided our understanding of the physiological roles of GPER. Such ligands have revealed that GPER activation mediates many of the rapid cellular signaling events (including Ca2+ mobilization, ERK and PI3K/Akt activation) associated with estrogen activity, as opposed to the nuclear ERs that are traditionally described to function as ligand-induced transcriptional factors. Many of the salutary effects of estrogen throughout the body are reproduced by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, which, owing to its minimal effects on reproductive tissues, can be considered a non-feminizing estrogenic compound, and thus of potential therapeutic use in both women and men. On the contrary, until recently GPER-selective antagonists had predominantly found preclinical application in cancer models where estrogen stimulates cell growth and survival. This viewpoint changed recently with the discovery that GPER is associated with aging, particularly that of the cardiovascular system, where the GPER antagonist G36 reduced hypertension and GPER deficiency prevented cardiac fibrosis and vascular dysfunction with age, through the downregulation of Nox1 and as a consequence superoxide production. Thus, similar to the classical ERs, both agonists and antagonists of GPER may be of therapeutic benefit depending on the disease or condition to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Stimulatory actions of IGF-I are mediated by IGF-IR cross-talk with GPER and DDR1 in mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52710-52728. [PMID: 27384677 PMCID: PMC5288143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) system has been largely involved in the pathogenesis and development of various tumors. We have previously demonstrated that IGF-IR cooperates with the G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER) and the collagen receptor discoidin domain 1 (DDR1) that are implicated in cancer progression. Here, we provide novel evidence regarding the molecular mechanisms through which IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling triggers a functional cross-talk with GPER and DDR1 in both mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. In particular, we show that IGF-I activates the transduction network mediated by IGF-IR leading to the up-regulation of GPER and its main target genes CTGF and EGR1 as well as the induction of DDR1 target genes like MATN-2, FBN-1, NOTCH 1 and HES-1. Of note, certain DDR1-mediated effects upon IGF-I stimulation required both IGF-IR and GPER as determined knocking-down the expression of these receptors. The aforementioned findings were nicely recapitulated in important biological outcomes like IGF-I promoted chemotaxis and migration of both mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. Overall, our data suggest that IGF-I/IGF-IR system triggers stimulatory actions through both GPER and DDR1 in aggressive tumors as mesothelioma and lung tumors. Hence, this novel signaling pathway may represent a further target in setting innovative anticancer strategies.
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