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McIntosh RD, Andrus EC, Walline HM, Sandler CB, Goudsmit CM, Moravek MB, Stroumsa D, Kattari SK, Brouwer AF. Prevalence and Determinants of Cervicovaginal, Oral, and Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in a Population of Transgender and Gender Diverse People Assigned Female at Birth. LGBT Health 2024; 11:437-445. [PMID: 38530059 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervicovaginal, oral, and anogenital cancer, and cervical cancer screening options include HPV testing of a clinician-collected sample. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people assigned female at birth (AFAB) face many barriers to preventive care, including cancer screening. Self-sampling options may increase access and participation in HPV testing and cancer screening. This study estimated the prevalence of HPV in self-collected cervicovaginal, oral, and anal samples from Midwestern TGD individuals AFAB. Methods: We recruited TGD individuals AFAB for an observational study, mailing them materials to self-collect cervicovaginal, oral, and anal samples at home. We tested samples for high-risk (HR; 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) and other HPV genotypes (6, 11, 66, 68, 73, 90) using a polymerase chain reaction mass array test. Prevalence ratios for HPV infection at each site as a function of participant characteristics were estimated in log-binomial models. Results: Out of 137 consenting participants, 102 completed sample collection. Among those with valid tests, 8.8% (HR = 6.6%; HPV 16/18 = 3.3%) were positive for oral HPV, 30.5% (HR = 26.8%; HPV 16/18 = 9.7%) for cervicovaginal HPV, and 39.6% (HR = 33.3%; HPV 16/18 = 8.3%) for anal HPV. A larger fraction of oral (71.4%) than anal infections (50.0%) were concordant with a cervicovaginal infection of the same type. Conclusions: We detected HR cervicovaginal, oral, and anal HPV in TGD people AFAB. It is essential that we reduce barriers to cancer screening for TGD populations, such as through the development of a clinically approved self-screening HPV test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D McIntosh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily C Andrus
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather M Walline
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire B Sandler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Molly B Moravek
- Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic, Center for Reproductive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daphna Stroumsa
- Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic, Center for Reproductive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shanna K Kattari
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hidalgo-Tenorio C, Moya R, Omar M, Muñoz L, SamPedro A, López-Hidalgo J, Garcia-Vallecillos C, Gómez-Ronquillo P. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Nonavalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Women Living with HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:838. [PMID: 39203964 PMCID: PMC11359547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives were to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the nonavalent human papillomavirus (nHPV) vaccine in adult Spanish women living with HIV (WLHIV); the prevalence of anal and cervical dysplasia and nHPV vaccine genotypes in the anus and cervix; and risk factors for high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection in anal mucosa. METHODS In this single-center, open-arm, non-randomized clinical trial, the nHPV vaccine was administered at 0, 2, and 6 months to WLHIV enrolled between February 2020 and November 2023, measuring vaccine antibody titers pre-vaccination and at 2, 6, and 7 months after the first dose. Cervical and anal cytology and HPV PCR genotyping studies were performed. Women with abnormal cytology and/or anal or cervical HPV infection at baseline underwent high-resolution anoscopy and/or colposcopy. RESULTS A total of 122 participants were included with mean age of 49.6 years: 52.5% smoked; 10.7% had anal-genital condylomatosis; 38.5% were infected by HR-HPV in the anus and 25.4% in the cervix, most frequently HPV 16; 19.1% had anal intraepithelial neoplasia 1-(AIN1); and 3.1% had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 and 2 (CIN1/CIN2). Vaccine administration did not modify viral-immunological status (CD4 [809 ± 226.8 cells/uL vs. 792.35 ± 349.95; p = 0.357]) or plasma HIV load (3.38 ± 4.41 vs. 1.62 ± 2.55 cop/uL [log]; p = 0.125). Anti-HPV antibodies ([IQR: 0-0] vs. 7.63 nm [IQR: 3.46-19.7]; p = 0.0001) and seroconversion rate (8.2% vs. 96.7% [p = 0.0001]) were increased at 7 versus 0 months. There were no severe vaccine-related adverse reactions; injection-site pain was reported by around half of the participants. HR-HPV infection in the anus was solely associated with a concomitant cervix infection (HR 5.027; 95% CI: 1.009-25.042). CONCLUSIONS nHPV vaccine in adult WLHIV is immunogenic and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-V.); (P.G.-R.)
| | - Raquel Moya
- Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Mohamed Omar
- Infectious Disease Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén, 23007 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Leopoldo Muñoz
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Antonio SamPedro
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Javier López-Hidalgo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Coral Garcia-Vallecillos
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-V.); (P.G.-R.)
| | - Patricia Gómez-Ronquillo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS-Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain; (C.G.-V.); (P.G.-R.)
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3
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Liu Y, Bhardwaj S, Sigel K, Winters J, Terlizzi J, Gaisa MM. Anal cancer screening results from 18-to-34-year-old men who have sex with men living with HIV. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:21-27. [PMID: 37728489 PMCID: PMC10842989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Men who have sex with men living with HIV (MSM LWH) are at highest risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anal cancer. There is no consensus on the optimal screening initiation age. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of anal HPV disease among MSM LWH under the age of 35, which is a currently proposed screening age threshold. Between 2014 and 2020, 1255 18-to-34-year-old MSM LWH underwent anal cytology screening. 916 were co-tested for high-risk HPV (HR-HPV). 467 underwent high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) and biopsy. Cancer registry data were queried. Predictors of abnormal cytology (ie, ≥ASCUS) and histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were evaluated using unadjusted logistic regression models. Median age was 28 years (range, 18-34). 19% received at least one dose of HPV vaccine. Abnormal cytology rate was 65%. HR-HPV and HPV16 prevalence were 87% and 30%. Biopsy results were benign (10%), LSIL (43%) and HSIL (47%). No cases of prevalent or incident anal cancers were detected. Findings were similar between age subgroups (18-24, 25-29 and 30-34) except for a higher prevalence of AIN 3 in the 30-34 group (19%). Abnormal cytology was significantly associated with HR-HPV infection. Histological HSIL was associated with HR-HPV infection and cytological LSIL or worse. The absence of anal cancer in a large cohort of MSM LWH under the age of 35, despite high prevalence of anal HR-HPV infection and precancer, supports an age-based anal cancer screening strategy for MSM LWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Winters
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Terlizzi
- Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael M. Gaisa
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Džundová MN, Sehnal B, Zikán M, Kocián R, Dubová O, Hubka P, Dostálek L, Kabele P, Brtnický T, Slama J. Risk Factors for the Anal and Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections among Women with Severe Cervical Lesions: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3183. [PMID: 38137404 PMCID: PMC10741157 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of HPV infection in the anogenital and oropharyngeal regions is broadly accepted. The aim of the study was to define risk factors for anal and oral HPV infections in high-risk patients with biopsy-proven severe cervical lesions (CIN2+). Altogether immunocompetent 473 females with CIN2+ were categorized into the study group and another 245 women into the control group. The strongest risk factor for anal HPV infection was the presence of cervical HPV infection (p < 0.001). Furthermore, ten or more lifetime sexual partners (p = 0.013), a sexual non-coital contact with the anal area (p < 0.001), and actively practicing anal-penetrative intercourse (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with anal HPV. A history of genital warts in the woman (p = 0.010) and the presence of genital warts in the male partner (p = 0.029) were found statistically significant for the risk of oral HPV infection. Our data suggest that the presence of HPV infection, especially high-risk genotypes, in one anatomical site poses the greatest risk for HPV infection in another anatomical site. The cervix is the main reservoir of infection, but the risk factors for anal and oral HPV infections are dissimilar according to different anatomical distances and more complex routes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nipčová Džundová
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Borek Sehnal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Michal Zikán
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Roman Kocián
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, General University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (L.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Olga Dubová
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Petr Hubka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Lukáš Dostálek
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, General University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (L.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Pavel Kabele
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Tomáš Brtnický
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bulovka University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 18081 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.N.D.); (M.Z.); (O.D.); (P.H.); (P.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Jiri Slama
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, General University Hospital, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (L.D.); (J.S.)
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of anal cancer and contemporary approaches for anal precancer detection, beginning with a discussion of the biology and natural history of anal squamous cell carcinoma, the predominant human papillomavirus -associated histologic subtype of anal cancer. This section is followed by a description of the epidemiology of anal cancer, including trends in incidence and mortality, a discussion of populations with elevated risk for anal cancer and an overview of associated risk factors. The remainder of the chapter provides the most up-to-date evidence on tools and approaches for anal cancer prevention, screening, and early detection; including, the role of human papillomavirus vaccination for primary prevention; anal cytology, high resolution anoscopy and novel biomarkers for secondary prevention; and digital anal-rectal examination for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camryn M Cohen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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McIntosh RD, Andrus EC, Walline HM, Sandler CB, Goudsmit CM, Moravek MB, Stroumsa D, Kattari SK, Brouwer AF. Prevalence and determinants of cervicovaginal, oral, and anal HPV infection in a population of transgender and gender diverse people assigned female at birth. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.15.23294129. [PMID: 37645745 PMCID: PMC10462201 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.23294129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction HPV causes oral, cervicovaginal, and anogenital cancer, and cervical cancer screening options include HPV testing of a physician-collected sample. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people assigned female at birth (AFAB) face discrimination and stigma in many healthcare settings; are believed to be a lower risk for cervical cancer by many physicians; are less likely to be up to date on preventive health care services such as pelvic health exams; and are more likely to have inadequate results from screening tests. Self-sampling options may increase access and participation in HPV testing and cancer screening. Methods We recruited 137 TGD individuals AFAB for an observational study, mailing them a kit to self-collect cervicovaginal, oral, and anal samples at home. We tested samples for HPV genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73 and 90 using a PCR mass array test. Results 102 participants completed the study. Among those with valid tests, 8.8% were positive for oral HPV, 30.5% were positive for cervicovaginal HPV, and 39.6% were positive for anal HPV. A large fraction of anal (50.0%) and oral (71.4%) infections were concordant with a cervicovaginal infection of the same type. Conclusions HPV infection in TGD people AFAB may be just as high, if not higher, than in cisgender women. It is essential that we reduce barriers to cancer screening for TGD populations, such as through the development of a clinically approved self-screening HPV test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. McIntosh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily C. Andrus
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Heather M. Walline
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Claire B. Sandler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Molly B. Moravek
- Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic, Center for Reproductive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daphna Stroumsa
- Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic, Center for Reproductive Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shanna K. Kattari
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Women’s and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew F. Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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7
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Boarini LR, Sobrado CW, Mota GR, Villa LL, de Albuquerque IC, Queiroz NSF, Facanali CBG, Nadal SR, Cecconello I. Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with a higher prevalence of HPV in the anorectal fistula tract. A comparative study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100219. [PMID: 37257365 PMCID: PMC10244904 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is the main risk factor for anal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether this occurs due to a higher frequency of human papillomavirus remains unclear. The authors aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV and high-risk HPV in patients with perianal Crohn's disease, compared with a control group. METHODS The authors conducted a two-center cross-sectional study in which perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease patients were matched for age and sex with patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease. Biopsy specimens were obtained from fistulous tracts during examination under anesthesia for both groups. The samples were sent for HPV detection and genotyping using the INNO-LiPA test. RESULTS A total of 108 subjects (54 in each group) were recruited. The perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group showed a statistically higher frequency of HPV in the fistulous tract than the control group (33.3% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.046). Separate analyses on high-risk types demonstrated that there was a numerically higher frequency of HPV in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group. In multiple logistic regression, patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease were found to have a chance of HPV 3.29 times higher than patients without Crohn's disease (OR = 3.29; 95% CI 1.20‒9.01), regardless of other variables. The types most frequently identified in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group were HPV 11 (12.96%) and HPV 16 (9.26%). CONCLUSION Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with a higher prevalence of HPV than in patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rodrigues Boarini
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Walter Sobrado
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giana Rabello Mota
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Natalia Sousa Freitas Queiroz
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Cecconello
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Liu Y, Weiss K, Zamudio AR, Hayes MP, Saleh M, Gaisa MM, Sigel K. Primary Anal Cancer Screening Results From 381 Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:932-938. [PMID: 36196502 PMCID: PMC10319954 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with human immunodeficiency virus (WWH) have an elevated risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anal cancer. Primary anal cancer screening results from this population could inform practice guidelines. METHODS In total, 381 WWH with anal cytology screening, high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing and genital (cervical or vaginal) cotesting within 6 months were identified during 2012-2019. Those with anal cytology of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or worse underwent high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy. Independent predictors of anal hrHPV, HPV16, and histological anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (aHSIL) were identified using adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS Prevalence of anal hrHPV, HPV16, and ASCUS or worse cytology was 61%, 13%, and 68%. Histological aHSIL was detected in 42% of WWH with ASCUS or worse anal cytology. Prevalence of genital hrHPV, HPV16, and ASCUS or worse cytology was 30%, 4%, and 28%. Genital hrHPV predicted anal hrHPV (odds ratio [OR], 5.05), while genital HPV16 predicted anal HPV16 (OR, 9.52). Genital hrHPV and anal HPV16 predicted histological aHSIL (ORs, 2.78 and 10.9). CONCLUSIONS Anal HPV disease was highly prevalent in this primary screening cohort of WWH. While genital screening results predicted anal disease, rates of isolated anal HPV disease were substantial, supporting universal anal cancer screening for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Weiss
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrés Ramírez Zamudio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica Prasad Hayes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mona Saleh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael M Gaisa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Tehranian A, Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi A, Seifollahi A, Mansouri P, Maleki-Hajiagha A, Aghajani R. Concurrent anorectal and cervical cytology in women with positive and negative cervical smear test results: A cross-sectional study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 161:100-105. [PMID: 36183298 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the exponentially growing concerns about the increase of anal cancer rates in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the authors evaluated concurrent anorectal and cervical cytology in women with positive and negative cervical smear tests. METHOD The current investigation was designed as a cross-sectional study conducted in Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between November 2020 and November 2021. Cervical cytology, HPV test, and anal cytology samples were prepared. Then women with abnormal cervical cytology and/or positive high-risk HPV were referred to a colposcopy clinic for further evaluation. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-three women were recruited during the study period. These women were divided into two groups of positive cervical cytology (n = 161) and negative cervical cytology (n = 382). There were no cases of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in either group. Negative anal cytology was reported in 99 (61.5%) of participants with a positive cervical cytology and 254 (66.7%) of participants with a negative cervical cytology. A total of 62 (38.5%) anal samples in the positive group and 127 (33.3%) in the negative group were unsatisfactory for further evaluation. CONCLUSION We were unable to show any correlation between abnormal cervical cytology, dysplasia, or cervical high-risk HPV with anal abnormal cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Tehranian
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Seifollahi
- Pathology Department, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mansouri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Aghajani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Anal Cancer: The Past, Present and Future. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:3232-3250. [PMID: 36975459 PMCID: PMC10047250 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression are major risk factors for anal cancer. The management of anal cancer has evolved over the past several decades and continues to do so. Chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay for treatment for most patients with early-stage disease, whereas systemic therapy is the primary treatment for patients with metastatic disease. Patients with persistent disease or recurrence following chemoradiation therapy are treated with salvage surgery. Access to novel cytotoxic combinations and immunotherapy has improved the outcomes of patients with advanced disease. This review provides an overview of advances in the management of anal cancer over the past two decades. This paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and management of localized and advanced anal squamous cell cancer, highlights current knowledge gaps in the management of anal cancer, and discusses future directions.
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11
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Wei F, Xia N, Ocampo R, Goodman MT, Hessol NA, Grinsztejn B, Ortiz AP, Zhao F, Kojic EM, Kaul R, Heard I, Morhason-Bello IO, Moscicki AB, de Pokomandy A, Palefsky JM, Rodrigues LLS, Dube Mandishora RS, Ramautarsing RA, Franceschi S, Godbole SV, Tso FK, Menezes LJ, Lin C, Clifford GM. Age-Specific Prevalence of Anal and Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection and High-Grade Lesions in 11 177 Women by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status: A Collaborative Pooled Analysis of 26 Studies. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:488-497. [PMID: 35325151 PMCID: PMC10152502 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-specific data on anal, and corresponding cervical, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are needed to inform female anal cancer prevention. METHODS We centrally reanalyzed individual-level data from 26 studies reporting HPV prevalence in paired anal and cervical samples by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and age. For women with HIV (WWH) with anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or worse (HSIL+), we also investigated concurrent cervical cytopathology. RESULTS In HIV-negative women, HPV16 prevalence decreased significantly with age, both at anus (4.3% at 15-24 years to 1.0% at ≥55 years; ptrend = 0.0026) and cervix (7.4% to 1.7%; ptrend < 0.0001). In WWH, HPV16 prevalence decreased with age at cervix (18.3% to 7.2%; ptrend = 0.0035) but not anus (11.5% to 13.9%; ptrend = 0.5412). Given anal HPV16 positivity, concurrent cervical HPV16 positivity also decreased with age, both in HIV-negative women (ptrend = 0.0005) and WWH (ptrend = 0.0166). Among 48 WWH with HPV16-positive anal HSIL+, 27 (56%) were cervical high-risk HPV-positive, including 8 with cervical HPV16, and 5 were cervical HSIL+. CONCLUSIONS Age-specific shifts in HPV16 prevalence from cervix to anus suggest that HPV infections in the anus persist longer, or occur later in life, than in the cervix, particularly in WWH. This is an important consideration when assessing the utility of cervical screening results to stratify anal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wei
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rebeca Ocampo
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nancy A Hessol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ortiz
- Puerto Rico Cancer Control and Population Sciences Division, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erna M Kojic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai West and Morningside, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Heard
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Institut Endocrinologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Médecine Interne, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié- Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Imran O Morhason-Bello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Alexandra de Pokomandy
- McGill University Department of Family Medicine and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luana L S Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Racheal S Dube Mandishora
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Medical Microbiology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Silvia Franceschi
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sheela V Godbole
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Fernanda K Tso
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lynette J Menezes
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chunqing Lin
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gary M Clifford
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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12
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Leone AG, Trapani D, Schabath MB, Safer JD, Scout NFN, Lambertini M, Berardi R, Marsoni S, Perrone F, Cinieri S, Miceli R, Morano F, Pietrantonio F. Cancer in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons: A Review. JAMA Oncol 2023; 9:556-563. [PMID: 36757703 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Transgender and gender-diverse individuals face unique challenges, including barriers to health care access and inequities in treatment, that may influence cancer risk and outcomes. Observations In this narrative review, a scoping review was conducted focusing on primary and secondary prevention and epidemiology of cancer, barriers to health care services, and health care practitioners' knowledge about specific issues pertaining to transgender and gender-diverse individuals. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase, were reviewed for citations from their inception to December 31, 2021. This review revealed that transgender and gender-diverse people had a high prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol use and high rates of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV. Transgender and gender-diverse individuals were less likely to adhere to cancer screening programs and had a higher incidence of HIV- and HPV-associated cancers. Social and economic determinants seemed to drive these disparities in risk factors and outcomes. A lack of knowledge about gender minorities' health needs among health care practitioners was evidenced, and it represented a major hurdle to cancer prevention, care, and survivorship for transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Discrimination, discomfort caused by gender-labeled oncological services, stigma, and lack of cultural sensitivity of health care practitioners were other barriers met by transgender and gender-diverse persons in the oncology setting. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that transgender and gender-diverse peoples' needs in the cancer care continuum are not optimally addressed. Effective solutions are needed to offer the best care to every patient in a person-centric and gender diversity-sensitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Trapani
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joshua D Safer
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, New York, New York
| | - N F N Scout
- National LGBT Cancer Network, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, Unità Operativa Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Oncology Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Marsoni
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Perrone
- Clinical Trial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale di Summa A. Perrino, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Rosalba Miceli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Morano
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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13
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Deshmukh AA, Damgacioglu H, Georges D, Sonawane K, Ferlay J, Bray F, Clifford GM. Global burden of HPV-attributable squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in 2020, according to sex and HIV status: A worldwide analysis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:417-428. [PMID: 36054026 PMCID: PMC9771908 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is caused by HPV, and is elevated in persons living with HIV (PLWHIV). We aimed to estimate sex- and HIV-stratified SCCA burden at a country, regional and global level. Using anal cancer incidence estimates from 185 countries available through GLOBOCAN 2020, and region/country-specific proportions of SCCA vs non-SCCA from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) Volume XI database, we estimated country- and sex-specific SCCA incidence. Proportions of SCCA diagnosed in PLWHIV, and attributable to HIV, were calculated using estimates of HIV prevalence (UNAIDS 2019) and relative risk applied to SCCA incidence. Of 30 416 SCCA estimated globally in 2020, two-thirds occurred in women (19 792) and one-third among men (10 624). Fifty-three percent of male SCCA and 65% of female SCCA occurred in countries with a very high Human Development Index (HDI). Twenty-one percent of the global male SCCA burden occurred in PLWHIV (n = 2203), largely concentrated in North America, Europe and Africa. While, only 3% of global female SCCA burden (n = 561) occurred in PLWHIV, mainly in Africa. The global age-standardized incidence rate of HIV-negative SCCA was higher in women (0.55 cases per 100 000) than men (0.28), whereas HIV-positive SCCA was higher in men (0.07) than women (0.02). HIV prevalence reached >40% in 22 countries for male SCCA and in 10 countries for female SCCA, mostly in Africa. Understanding global SCCA burden by HIV status can inform SCCA prevention programs (through HPV vaccination, screening and HIV control) and help raise awareness to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish A. Deshmukh
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haluk Damgacioglu
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Damien Georges
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Kalyani Sonawane
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Gary M. Clifford
- Early Detection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
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14
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Anal Cancer in High-Risk Women: The Lost Tribe. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010060. [PMID: 36612055 PMCID: PMC9817901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries the incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been rising; especially in women over the age of 60 years who present with more advanced disease stage than men. Historically, anal SCC screening has focused on people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (PLWH) who are considered to be at the highest risk of anal SCC, and its precancerous lesion, anal squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). Despite this, women with vulval high-grade squamous epithelial lesions (HSIL) and SCCs have been shown to be as affected by anal HSIL and SCC as some PLWH. Nevertheless, there are no guidelines for the management of anal HSIL in this patient group. The ANCHOR trial demonstrated that treating anal HSIL significantly reduces the risk of anal SCC in PLWH, there is therefore an unmet requirement to clarify whether the screening and treatment of HSIL in women with a prior genital HSIL is also beneficial. This review presents the current evidence supporting the screening, treatment, and surveillance of anal HSIL in high-risk women with a previous history of genital HSIL and/or SCC.
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15
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Larsen HK, Kjaer SK, Haedersdal M, Kjaer AK, Bonde JH, Sørensen SS, Thomsen LT. Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients Compared With Immunocompetent Controls. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1993-1999. [PMID: 35438132 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anogenital (pre)cancers, including anal high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cancer. Previous studies on anal high-risk HPV (hrHPV) among KTRs are sparse. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we included 247 KTRs and 248 controls from a dermatology department and 5 nephrology departments in Denmark during 2016-2017. All participants provided an anal cytobrush sample that was tested for HPV DNA. Participants completed a questionnaire on lifestyle and sexual habits. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of anal hrHPV in KTRs compared with controls and risk factors for anal hrHPV in KTRs. RESULTS The anal hrHPV prevalence was higher in female KTRs (45.5%) than in controls (27.2%). Female KTRs had almost 3-fold higher adjusted odds of anal hrHPV than controls (adjusted OR, 2.87 [95% confidence interval, 1.57-5.22]). In contrast, among men we did not observe increased prevalence or odds of anal hrHPV in KTRs compared with controls (prevalence, 19.4% vs 23.6%; adjusted OR, 0.85 [95% 95% confidence interval, .44-1.64]). Among hrHPV-positive KTRs, 63% and 52% of men and women, respectively, were infected with hrHPV types covered by the nonavalent HPV vaccine (type 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, or 58). Current smoking, >10 lifetime sexual partners, history of genital warts, and among men having had receptive anal sex were risk factors for anal hrHPV in KTRs. CONCLUSIONS Female KTRs had an increased risk of anal hrHPV compared with immunocompetent controls. Our findings indicate that pretransplant HPV vaccination should be considered to prevent anal high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cancer caused by anal hrHPV infection in KTRs. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03018327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Kiellberg Larsen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hansen Bonde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Schwartz Sørensen
- Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise T Thomsen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Takeda K, Risley C, Kousar A, Briley KP, Prenshaw K, Talluri R, Geisinger KR, Rebellato LM. Post‐kidney transplant cancers: Racial and ethnic differences in sun‐exposed skin versus non‐sun‐exposed anogenital skin. Cancer Med 2022; 12:7348-7355. [PMID: 36373513 PMCID: PMC10067113 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant recipients have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of developing malignancies over the general population. Cancer is the second most common cause of death for recipients. The magnitude of the risk depends on the cancer type and increases in viral-related malignancies. Skin cancer is the most common. However, data in most cancer registries is limited to cutaneous melanomas, thereby limiting the epidemiologic examination of cancer risk in non-melanoma skin cancer. Our goal was to evaluate post-kidney transplant cancer cases and sites in our population to guide screening recommendations. METHODS Between 2009 and 2015, a retrospective study of adult kidney recipients transplanted at East Carolina University was conducted. The first cancer diagnosis after transplant through February 18, 2020, was captured and analyzed. Patient demographics, cancer sites, and histological diagnoses were analyzed and compared. p16 immunohistochemistry was used as a surrogate marker for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. RESULTS Retrospectively, kidney transplant recipients were analyzed (N = 439), the majority were non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals, 312 (71.1%), and 127 (28.9%) were non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals. Of these, 59 (13.4%) developed a posttransplant malignancy, with the majority on sun-exposed skin found in NHW. NHB had all anogenital/mucosa skin cancers on non-sun-exposed skin. Of these detected in NHB, all were squamous cell carcinomas, with five out of six (83.3%) being positive for p16. CONCLUSIONS Posttransplant malignancy differed significantly by race, site, and potential source of etiology. The majority of malignancies are likely explained by acceleration of precursor lesions from prior exposure to ultraviolet rays or HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Carolann Risley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Cancer Center and Research Institute University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Nursing, School of Medicine Jackson Mississippi USA
| | - Aisha Kousar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Kimberly P. Briley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Karyn Prenshaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center Greenville North Carolina USA
| | - Rajesh Talluri
- Department of Data Science, School of Population Health University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi USA
| | - Kim R. Geisinger
- Walter Reed Military Medical Center The Joint Pathology Center Silver Springs Maryland USA
| | - Lorita M. Rebellato
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University and Vidant Medical Center Greenville North Carolina USA
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17
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Pache B, Balaya V, Mathis J, Hübner M, Sahli R, Cavassini M, Sempoux C, Mathevet P, Jacot-Guillarmod M. Prevalence of anal dysplasia and HPV genotypes in gynecology patients: The ANGY cross-sectional prospective clinical study protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276438. [PMID: 36269726 PMCID: PMC9586359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are highly prevalent in the sexually active populations, with a significant burden in terms of health and psychological cost in all class ages. High-risk (HR) HPV genotypes are associated with anogenital dysplasia and cancers, and anal HPV-induced cancer is increasingly observed in women. The interactions of HPV genotype's between the anus and the cervix, and the subsequent occurrence of dysplasia remains unclear. This clinical study set out to test the hypothesis that risk factors for anal HR-HPV and dysplasia may differ in women with or without cervical dysplasia or in HIV-positive women. METHODS Cervical and anal HPV genotypes and cytology testing will be performed prospectively in a cohort of women recruited in a tertiary university hospital in Switzerland. Women will be allocated to three groups: 1) normal previous cervical smear; 2) high-grade cervical dysplasia (H-SIL) at previous cervical smear; 3) HIV+, independently of previous cervical smear result. General inclusion criteria comprised the followings: Female-Age > = 18 years; Satisfactory understanding of French; No objection to HIV testing. Specific inclusion criteria are: Group 1, no past or current gynecological dysplasia and HIV negative; Group 2, Gynecological dysplasia (H-SIL) or carcinoma in situ demonstrated by histology (vulvar, vaginal or cervical) and HIV negative; Group 3: HIV-positive (regardless of viremia or CD4 count) with or without gynecological dysplasia. General exclusion criteria are: Pregnancy; History of anal dysplasia/cancer; Status after pelvic radiotherapy; Absence of anus and anal canal. Estimated prevalences of anal dysplasia are: in group 1, 1% (0-2%); in group 2, 15% (5-27%), and in group 3, 30% (19-45%). With a 10% margin error, a sample size of 120 women per group is required to reach 90% power for detecting statistical significance (unilateral α error of 5%). DISCUSSION The primary endpoint is the prevalence of anal and cervical dysplasia, and description of the respective HPV genotypes in each group. The results of this study could improve the standard of screening of cervical and anal dysplasia in women through evidence of concomitant presence of HPV's and/or dysplasia in anus or cervix to support vaccination for instance. Beginning of recruitment started in September 2016. Results should be presented in end of 2022. Preliminary analysis for first 100 patients reveals that the mean age of the population is 39.6 (± 10.9) years with mean age of first sexual intercourse of 18.5 (± 3.9) years. In this cohort, 12% are vaccinated and 38% having had anal intercourse. Overall, 43% of the studied population had cervical HR-HPV in the studied population, and 53% had normal cytology. Anal LR HPV and HR HP were found in 27.6% and 38.4% of all patients respectively. Eighty percent had normal anal cytology. Groups 1,2 and 3 had a significant difference in terms of age, gestity, parity, age of first sexual intercourse, systematic use of condom, number of cervical LR HPV and HR HPV and abnormal cervical cytologies. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was approved by the institutional review board-CER-VD#2015-00200-on the 29th of June 2016 and is registered on the Swiss National Clinical Trials Portal (SNCTP), SNCTP000002567, Registered 29 June 2016, https://www.kofam.ch/en/snctp-portal/study/40742/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Pache
- Gynecology Department, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincent Balaya
- Gynecology Department, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Jérôme Mathis
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Biel Hospital Center, Biel, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Berne and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hübner
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Sahli
- Formerly at the Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Cavassini
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Mathevet
- Gynecology Department, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Jacot-Guillarmod
- Gynecology Department, Department Women-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Women with Cervical High-Risk Human Papillomavirus: Be Aware of Your Anus! The ANGY Cross-Sectional Clinical Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205096. [PMID: 36291879 PMCID: PMC9600245 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anogenital human papillomaviruses (HPV) are highly prevalent in sexually active populations, with HR-HPV being associated with dysplasia and cancers. The consequences of cervical HPV infection are well-known, whereas those of the anus are less clear. The correlation of cervical and anal HPVs with the increasing number of anal cancers in women has not been studied yet. The objective of our prospective study was to determine whether cervical and anal HPV correlated in a cohort of women recruited in a university hospital in Switzerland. Recruitment was conducted in the gynecology clinic, the colposcopy clinic, and the HIV clinic. Cervical and anal HPV genotyping and cytology were performed. Overall, 275 patients were included (360 were initially planned), and among them, 102 (37%) had cervical HR-HPV. Patients with cervical HR-HPV compared to patients without cervical HR-HPV were significantly younger (39 vs. 44 yrs, p < 0.001), had earlier sexual intercourse (17.2 vs. 18.3 yrs, p < 0.01), had more sexual partners (2.9 vs. 2.2, p < 0.0001), more dysplastic cervical cytology findings (42% vs. 19%, p < 0.0001) and higher prevalence of anal HR-HPV (59% vs. 24%, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the HR-HPV group reported more anal intercourse (44% vs. 29%, p < 0.015). Multivariate analysis retained anal HR-HPV as independent risk factor for cervical HR-HPV (OR3.3, CI 1.2−9.0, p = 0.02). The results of this study emphasize that it is of upmost importance to screen women for anal HR-HPV when diagnosing cervical HR-HPV.
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19
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Kusters JM, Heijne JC, van Benthem BH, King AJ, Schim van der Loeff MF. Type-specific concurrent anogenital HPV detection among young women and MSM attending Dutch sexual health clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2022; 99:sextrans-2022-055484. [PMID: 35842228 PMCID: PMC10313988 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2022-055484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate type-specific concurrent anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and examine associations with concurrent detection. METHODS Data from a Dutch repeated cross-sectional study among young sexual health clinic visitors (Papillomavirus Surveillance among STI clinic Youngsters in the Netherlands) between 2009 and 2019 were used. Cohen's kappa was used to assess the degree of type-specific concordance of HPV detection between anal and genital sites for 25 HPV genotypes for women and men who have sex with men (MSM) separately. Associations with type-specific concurrent HPV were identified. Receptive anal intercourse (RAI) was forced into the model to investigate its influence. RESULTS Among women (n=1492), type-specific concurrent anogenital detection was common; kappa was above 0.4 for 20 genotypes. Among MSM (n=614), kappa was <0.4 for all genotypes. The only significant association with type-specific concurrent anogenital detection among women was genital chlamydia (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2). RAI was not associated. CONCLUSIONS Type-specific concurrent anogenital HPV detection was common among young women, and uncommon among MSM. For women, concurrent HPV detection was associated with genital chlamydia. Our results are suggestive of autoinoculation of HPV among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ma Kusters
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Cm Heijne
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Hb van Benthem
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey J King
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Brum VDOR, Tricoti ADSO, Pannain GD, Drumond DG, Leite ICG. Cytology-based Screening for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Immunocompetent Brazilian Women with a History of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Cancer. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA : REVISTA DA FEDERACAO BRASILEIRA DAS SOCIEDADES DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA 2022; 44:678-685. [PMID: 35940173 PMCID: PMC9948098 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and possible variables associated with anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer in immunocompetent women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving immunocompetent women with a histological diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer, conducted between January 2016 and September 2020. All women underwent anal cytology and answered a questionnaire on characterization and potential risk factors. Women with altered cytology were submitted to anoscopy and biopsy. RESULTS A total of 69 women were included in the study. Of these, 7 (10.1%) had abnormal anal cytology results: (high-grade lesion, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade lesions: 28,5% each; low grade lesion: 14,3%). Of the anoscopies, 3 (42.8%) showed alterations. Of the 2 (28,5% of all abnormal cytology results) biopsies performed, only 1 showed low-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. The average number of pregnancies, vaginal deliveries, and abortions was associated with abnormal anal cytology. However, the highest mean regarding the cesarean sections was associated with normal cytology. CONCLUSION The prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia was compatible with data from recent studies, especially those conducted in Brazil. Opportunistic screening for anal intraepithelial neoplasia in this high-risk population should be considered. Anal cytology is suitable for this purpose, due to its low cost and feasibility in public health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian de Oliveira Rodrigues Brum
- Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service, Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UH-UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra de Souza Oliveira Tricoti
- Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service, Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UH-UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Duque Pannain
- Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service, Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UH-UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Gasparetii Drumond
- Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service, Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UH-UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite
- Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service, Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UH-UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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21
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Gupta R, Kaur A, Sandeep, Singh S, Gupta S. Anal cytological abnormalities and human papillomavirus infection in women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2022; 23:378-389. [PMID: 35150185 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a summary estimate of the prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as well as their covariates in women living with HIV (WLHIV). METHODS Four databases - PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Web of Science - were searched up to 31 May 2021 for studies reporting on the prevalence and/or covariates of abnormal anal cytology and/or anal HPV infection in WLHIV. The data were extracted independently by two authors using standardized extraction forms. Random effect models were used to estimate the summary effect sizes. RESULTS A total of 29 studies were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities in WLHIV was 28.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.8-35.5]. High-grade cytological lesions were seen in 12.1% (95% CI: 8.5-17.2) of the abnormal smears. HPV infection (any type) in the anal samples was detected in 60.7% (95% CI: 54.1-68.0) of the samples while high-risk HPV was found in 44.0% (95% CI: 37.6-51.5). A positive association was seen between anal cytological abnormality and factors such as receptive anal intercourse [meta-risk ratio (meta-RR) = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3-1.8], having multiple sexual partners (1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.5), CD4 count < 200 cells/µL (4.6, 95% CI: 3.0-6.9), anal HPV (4.6, 95% CI: 2.4-8.8), abnormal cervical cytology (2.3, 95% CI: 2.0-2.8), and cervical HPV (meta-RR 4.6, 95% CI: 2.2-9.8). Anal HPV infection was significantly associated with cervical HPV positivity (2.5, 95% CI: 1.2-5.3). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the high prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and HPV infection in WLHIV. The positive association of anal cytological abnormality with parameters such as abnormal cervical cytology, cervical HPV infection and low CD4 count suggests that anal sex history and examination may be considered in WLHIV undergoing screening for sexually transmitted infection and possessing any of these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Avineet Kaur
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Sandeep
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Sompal Singh
- Department of Pathology, Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
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22
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Melo KMRL, Eleutério Junior J, Peixoto RAC, Rebouças KCF, Eleutério RMN. Anal High-risk HPV and Liquid-based Cytology of Immunocompetent Brazilian Women with Genital High-risk HPV. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA : REVISTA DA FEDERACAO BRASILEIRA DAS SOCIEDADES DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRICIA 2022; 44:280-286. [PMID: 35139570 PMCID: PMC9948116 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of the occurrence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and abnormal anal cytology in immunocompetent women with and without HPV-induced genital lesions. METHODS This analytical cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between July 2017 and December 2018 in a specialized outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Fortaleza, CE. Fifty-seven immunocompetent women with and without genital intraepithelial lesions were assessed; they were divided into two groups: group 1 was comprised of women with HPV-associated genital lesions (n = 26), and group 2 was comprised of those without HPV-associated genital lesions (n = 31). Samples for liquid-based cytology and high-risk DNA-HPV polymerase chain reaction real-time tests were collected from the cervix and anus. All cases were evaluated using high-resolution anoscopy; biopsies were performed when required. The Fisher exact and chi-squared tests were applied for consolidated data in the contingency table, and the Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for independent variables. RESULTS Anal high-risk HPV infections were more frequent in group 1 (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-18.3; p = 0.012), along with concomitant high-risk HPV infections in the uterine cervix and the anus (OR 18.8; 95% CI, 2.20-160; p < 0.001). The incidence of high-risk cervical HPV infection was associated with high-risk anal HPV infection (OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.34-18.3; p = 0.012). There was no statistical difference concerning abnormal anal cytology or anoscopy between the groups, and no anal intraepithelial lesion was found in either group. CONCLUSION Immunocompetent women with HPV-associated genital lesions and high-risk cervical HPV were more likely to have high-risk anal HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eleutério Junior
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Autran Coelho Peixoto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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23
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Eleutério J, Surimã W, Lima MAT, Bezerra JVS, Eleutério RMN. Liquid‐based
cytology and
HPV DNA
test in anal specimens from women with cervical cancer. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 50:99-104. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Eleutério
- Doctoral Course in Pathology – Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
- Department of Women's Child and Adolescent Health ‐ Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
- Eleutério Laboratory Fortaleza Brazil
| | | | | | - Joao V. S. Bezerra
- Doctoral Course in Pathology – Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza Brazil
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24
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Bushara O, Krogh K, Weinberg SE, Finkelman BS, Sun L, Liao J, Yang GY. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Promotes Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Anal Squamous Carcinogenesis: An Immunologic and Pathobiologic Review. Pathobiology 2021; 89:1-12. [PMID: 34535611 DOI: 10.1159/000518758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy with rising incidence, both in the United States and internationally. The primary risk factor for anal SCC is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there is a growing burden of disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HPV coinfection, with the incidence of anal SCC significantly increasing in this population. This is particularly true in HIV-infected men. The epidemiologic correlation between HIV-HPV coinfection and anal SCC is established; however, the immunologic mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. SUMMARY HIV-related immunosuppression due to low circulating CD4+ T cells is one component of increased risk, but other mechanisms, such as the effect of HIV on CD8+ T lymphocyte tumor infiltration and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in antitumor and antiviral response, is emerging as significant contributors. The goal of this article is to review existing research on HIV-HPV coinfected anal SCC and precancerous lesions, propose explanations for the detrimental synergy of HIV and HPV on the pathogenesis and immunologic response to HPV-associated cancers, and discuss implications for future treatments and immunotherapies in HIV-positive patients with HPV-mediated anal SCC. Key Messages: The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma is increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Locoregional HIV infection may enhance human papillomavirus oncogenicity. Chronic inflammation due to HIV infection may contribute to CD8+ T lymphocyte exhaustion by upregulating PD-1 expression, thereby blunting cytotoxic antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Bushara
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katrina Krogh
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Edward Weinberg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Steven Finkelman
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Morhason-Bello IO, Baisley K, Pavon MA, Adewole IF, Bakare R, de Sanjosé S, Francis SC, Watson-Jones D. Prevalence and genotype specific concordance of oro-genital and anal human papillomavirus infections among sexually active Nigerian women. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:59. [PMID: 34496909 PMCID: PMC8424803 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers are increasingly reported globally, including in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, with the exception of cervical HPV infection, data from SSA on the epidemiology of oral and genital HPV infections are limited. This study assessed the prevalence and concordance of oro-genital and anal HPV genotype specific infections among women in the general population.
Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in sexually active women aged 18–45 years in Ibadan, Nigeria. After a face-to-face interview and clinical examination, oral, cervical, vulvar, and anal samples were collected from participants and tested by the Anyplex II 28 HPV assay. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were used to report prevalence and risk factors associated with HPV infections. Results The prevalence of any vulva, cervical, anal, and oral HPV infections was 68.0% (210/309), 59.7% (182/305), 56.8% (172/303), and 16.1% (14/286), respectively. There was an inverse relationship between age-group and HPV prevalence of HPV in all anatomic sites except for the oral HPV infections. HPV 35 was the most prevalent high-risk HPV genotype in the vulva, cervix and oral cavity. Associated risk factors for HPV infection in each of the anatomic sites were reported. Overall, 10.0% (31/310) women had concordance of any HPV type in the four anatomic sites. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of oro-genital and anal HPV infections among sexually active Nigerian women, with concordance of HPV types in the cervix, vulva, anus and oral cavity. We advocate large longitudinal studies that will involve sampling of multiple anatomic sites and inclusion of other women in the community for better understanding of HPV epidemiology in this region. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-021-00398-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran O Morhason-Bello
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine/University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Institute of Advance Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Kathy Baisley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Miquel Angel Pavon
- Infection and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac F Adewole
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine/University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed Bakare
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Infection and Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, ICO, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199-203, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Suzanna C Francis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania.,Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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26
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Zhang X, Lu D, Szporn AH, Zakowski MF, Si Q. A comparative study of the genotype profiles of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in male and female HIV-positive patients and their correlation with anal cytology and biopsy. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2021; 11:21-30. [PMID: 34625384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although anal cancer is more common in women, most of the studies on the role of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection in anal squamous lesions have focused on high-risk male patients. Therefore, we compared the genotype profile and clinicopathologic correlation of hrHPV infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 2254 HIV+ patients (1931 men and 323 women) who had undergone anal Papanicolaou tests at our institution; 1189 of them also had follow-up biopsy data available. HPV genotyping was performed using the Roche Cobas system and correlated with the cytologic and histologic diagnosis. RESULTS Compared with the HIV+ men, the HIV+ women had a significantly lower rate of hrHPV infection (67.5% versus 78.5%; P < 0.0001) but a significantly higher rate of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) on anal Papanicolaou tests (4.6% versus 2.5%; P < 0.05). Other high-risk HPV (ohrHPV), as a group, is much more common than HPV16 or HPV18 in both genders. HIV+ women had significantly lower HPV16 and ohrHPV infection rates than did HIV+ men. However, the HPV18 infection rates were similar between HIV+ women and HIV+ men. For both genders, the rates of HSILs or high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN2-3) were significantly increased when coinfection of ohrHPV with either HPV16 or HPV18 was present. CONCLUSIONS Although both HIV+ men and HIV+ women have an increased risk of hrHPV infection, HIV+ women have different hrHPV genotype profiles and higher rates of high-grade lesions. Coinfection with different genotypes of hrHPV can significantly increase the risk of HSILs or AIN2-3 in both genders and could requires vigilant clinical and laboratory follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Arnold H Szporn
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Maureen F Zakowski
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Qiusheng Si
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Brogden DRL, Kontovounisios C, Mandalia S, Tekkis P, Mills SC. The Role of Demographics, Social Deprivation and Ethnicity on Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incidence in England. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163621. [PMID: 34441917 PMCID: PMC8396856 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ASCC) is an HPV-related malignancy with increasing incidence in high-income economies. Although ethnicity and social deprivation are known to be risk factors in other malignancies, little is known about socioeconomic status and risk of ASCC. This is a cross-sectional study following the STROBE Statement. Demographic data from the English Clinical Outcomes and Services Dataset (COSD) were extracted for all patients diagnosed with ASCC in England between 2013 and 2018. Outcomes included ethnicity, social deprivation, staging and treatment. This study included 5457 patients. Incidence increased by 23.4% in 5 years, with female incidence increasing more rapidly than male incidence (28.6% vs. 13.5%). Men were more likely to present with early staging (p < 0.001) and have surgery as their only treatment (p < 0.001). The rate of incidence of Stage 1 tumours in men was 106.9%; however, women had the greatest increase in metastatic tumours (76.1%). Black Caribbean and Black African patients were more likely to present at an earlier age with later staging (p < 0.001) and social deprivation was associated with younger age (p < 0.001). ASCC incidence is rapidly increasing in patterns consistent with two separate populations: one male with early staging, the other female and related to social deprivation and ethnicity factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. L. Brogden
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK; (D.R.L.B.); (P.T.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK; (D.R.L.B.); (P.T.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-784-558-9286
| | - Sundhiya Mandalia
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Paris Tekkis
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK; (D.R.L.B.); (P.T.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Sarah C. Mills
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW10 9NH, UK; (D.R.L.B.); (P.T.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
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28
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Squillace N, Bernasconi DP, Lapadula G, Soria A, Sabbatini F, Colella E, Rossi M, Tamburini AM, Leone BE, Brenna A, Malandrin S, Cavallero A, Di Lucia A, Braga M, Bonfanti P. HPV 16 and 18 contribute to development of anal dysplasia in HIV infection irrespective of gender and sexual orientation. HIV Med 2021; 22:860-866. [PMID: 34293254 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was too investigate prevalence and persistence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cytological abnormalities (CAs) in the anal swabs of people living with HIV (PLWH): men who have sex with men (MSM), men who have sex with women (MSW) and women (W). METHODS Between March 2010 and January 2019, an anal swab for cytological and HPV genotyping tests was offered to all PLWH attending our clinic. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of infection. RESULTS In all, 354 PLWH were screened: 174 MSM, 90 MSW and 61 W. Prevalence of at least one high-risk (HR) HPV was higher in MSM (91%) and W (85%) than in MSW (77%) (P < 0.05). Cytological abnormalities were found in 21.1% of the entire population. At multivariable regression analysis a lower risk for HPV infection was found for W than for MSM [odds ratio = 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.115-0.513)] and for MSW than for MSM [0.37 (0.180-0.773)] and there was a significantly higher risk of CAs in PLWH with HPV 16 and 18 [3.3 (1.04-10.49)]. A total of 175 PLWH (103 MSM, 33 MSW and 26 W) had at least one follow-up visit (T1) after a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 3.6 (2.1-5.7) years. The acquisition rate of HR-HPV was high, with 66.7% of PLWH negative for HR-HPV at T0 who became positive at T1 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of CAs was stable (20.6%). A significant association between CAs at T1 and persistence of HPV-16 and/or 18 was found (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HPV 16 and 18 are associated with the presence and development of CAs irrespective of sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Squillace
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Paolo Bernasconi
- Bicocca Bioinformatics Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre - B4 School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lapadula
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soria
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Sabbatini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa Colella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Marianna Rossi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Eugenio Leone
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Brenna
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Sergio Malandrin
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cavallero
- Microbiology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Adriana Di Lucia
- Department of Surgery, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Braga
- Department of Surgery, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonfanti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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Abstract
Up to 95% of all anal cancers are associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV); however, no established preclinical model exists for high-grade anal disease and cancer mediated by a natural papillomavirus infection. To establish an infection-mediated model, we infected both immunocompromised NSG and immunocompetent FVB/NJ mice with the recently discovered murine papillomavirus MmuPV1, with and without the additional cofactors of UV B radiation (UVB) and/or the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Infections were tracked via lavages and swabs for MmuPV1 DNA, and pathology was assessed at the endpoint. Tissues were analyzed for biomarkers of viral infection and papillomavirus-mediated disease, and the localization of viral infection was investigated using biomarkers to characterize the anal microanatomical zones.
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30
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Parta M, Cole K, Avila D, Duncan L, Baird K, Schuver BB, Wilder J, Palmer C, Daub J, Hsu AP, Zerbe CS, Marciano BE, Cuellar-Rodriguez JM, Bauer TR, Nason M, Calvo KR, Merideth M, Stratton P, DeCherney A, Shah NN, Holland SM, Hickstein DD. Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Outcomes Related to Human Papillomavirus Disease in GATA2 Deficiency. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:435.e1-435.e11. [PMID: 33965189 PMCID: PMC9827722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GATA2 deficiency is a bone marrow failure syndrome effectively treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), which also addresses the predisposition to many infections (prominently mycobacterial). However, many GATA2-deficient persons who come to HCT also have prevalent and refractory human papilloma virus disease (HPVD), which can be a precursor to cancer. We analyzed 75 HCT recipients for the presence of HPVD to identify patient characteristics and transplantation results that influence HPVD outcomes. We assessed the impact of cellular recovery and iatrogenic post-transplantation immunosuppression, as per protocol (PP) or intensified/prolonged (IP) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis or treatment, on the persistence or resolution of HPVD. Our experience with 75 HCT recipients showed a prevalence of 49% with anogenital HPVD, which was either a contributing or primary factor in the decision to proceed to HCT. Of 24 recipients with sufficient follow-up, 13 had resolution of HPVD, including 8 with IP and 5 with PP. Eleven recipients had persistent HPVD, including 5 with IP and 6 with PP immunosuppression. No plausible cellular recovery group (natural killer cells or T cells) showed a significant difference in HPV outcomes. One recipient died of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, presumably of anogenital origin, at 33 months post-transplantation after prolonged immunosuppression for chronic GVHD. Individual cases demonstrate the need for continued aggressive monitoring, especially in the context of disease prevalent at transplantation or prior malignancy. HCT proved curative in many cases in which HPVD was refractory and recurrent prior to transplantation, supporting a recommendation that HPVD should be considered an indication rather than contraindication to HCT, but post-transplantation monitoring should be prolonged with a high level of vigilance for new or recurrent HPVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Parta
- Clinical Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Kristen Cole
- Nursing Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniele Avila
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Duncan
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristin Baird
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bazetta Blacklock Schuver
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Wilder
- Clinical Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cindy Palmer
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Janine Daub
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer M Cuellar-Rodriguez
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas R Bauer
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa Merideth
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pamela Stratton
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan DeCherney
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dennis D Hickstein
- Immune Deficiency-Cellular Therapy Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Screening Women for Anal Cancers: Guidance for Health Care Professionals. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:509-516. [PMID: 33606380 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anal cancer is rare in the general population but is steadily increasing in incidence over the past decade especially in women. Identification and screening of women with high risk facilitates detection of anal precancer and early-stage cancer, improves survival, and potentially uses less invasive therapies compared with the conventional chemoradiation treatments used for advanced cancers. No recently published guidelines currently describe details about screening women for anal squamous cell cancer (ASCC). The available evidence supports the existence of groups of women with higher prevalence of ASCC (e.g., women with human immunodeficiency virus, immune suppression, or previous lower-genital high-grade lesion or cancer) who would likely benefit from screening with some combination of anal cytology and human papillomavirus testing. Additional research is needed to establish the cost-effectiveness and the influence of screening on ASCC mortality rates.
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Wohlmuth C, Ghorab Z, Shier M, Tinmouth J, Salit IE, Covens A, Zhang L, Vicus D. Cytology-based screening for anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129:140-147. [PMID: 33002327 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified in the pathogenesis of anal cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and HPV in women aged ≥40 years who have a history of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or cancer and to estimate the prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) using cytology as the primary screening modality. METHODS Women who had a history of high-grade cervical SIL or cancer and were ≥40 years of age were included in this prospective study. Anal cytology with HPV-DNA testing was performed. All patients with abnormal anal cytology were referred for high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), and abnormal lesions were biopsied and treated if pathologically confirmed. Abnormal anal cytology correlated with HPV status, HRA findings, and clinical and demographic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 317 women completed the study. Of these, 96 (30.3%) had abnormal anal cytology (high-grade SIL, 12.5%; low-grade SIL, 19.8%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade SIL, 6.3%; atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 61.5%) and 101 (31.9%) were HPV-DNA-positive. There was a significant association between abnormal cytology results and the presence of high-risk HPV. Of the 96 patients with abnormal cytology, 30 (31.3%) had biopsy-proven AIN on HRA, representing 9.5% of the total patient cohort; of these, 10 (33.3%) had low-grade AIN and 20 (66.7%) had high-grade AIN. Older age and smoking were significant risk factors for abnormal anal cytology. CONCLUSION Women aged ≥40 years with a history of high-grade cervical SIL or cancer have a high rate of AIN. Screening for anal cancer may therefore be considered in this patient population. The optimal screening approach should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wohlmuth
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zeina Ghorab
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Shier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Tinmouth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irving E Salit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan Covens
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liying Zhang
- MacroStat Biostatistics, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Vicus
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Lopez-Cavanillas B, G Benitez C, Serrano M, Sendagorta E, Hernandez A, Bartha JL. Analysis of the prevalence of human papillomavirus and abnormal anal cytology in women at risk. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 41:1139-1144. [PMID: 33459109 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1845630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to analyze the association between anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and abnormal anal cytology in women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2+). We also analysed what other risk factors might be significant. We carried out a prevalence study from April 2015 to March 2017 at La Paz University Hospital. Genotyping of HPV, anal cytology and high-resolution anoscopy were performed. Of 171 patients recruited, 53 cases (31%) were diagnosed as histological CIN 2+: there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of anal HPV (OR = 0.8), nor the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 0.8-5.7) compared to women with CIN 1 or no cervical dysplasia. Immunosuppression (OR = 2.51, 95% CI 1-6.3, p < .05), cervical HPV (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.9-8.0, p < .01) and being older than 40 years old (p < .05) were also associated with anomalous anal results.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Anal HR-HPV and abnormal anal cytology may precede anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN): a premalignant lesion that may progress to anal cancer. It is known that there are four populations which present a higher risk of developing anal cancer compared to the general population: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, other immunocompromised populations, men who have sex with men and women with a history of disease secondary to HPV infection.What do the results of this study add? This study allowed us to compare the prevalence of anal HPV and abnormal anal cytology in women with CIN 2+: it analysed whether these women already presented alterations in anal tests at the moment of the diagnosis of the preneoplastic cervical lesion. It also provides information for the management of the populations at a higher risk of developing anal cancer; specifically, the group of women with a prior history of HPV-associated anogenital disease.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our findings improve the existing evidence on anal HPV infection and anal cytology on the least studied population at risk. Data could be useful for further research in order to clarify the role of anal screening in this population and standardise the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Lopez-Cavanillas
- Cervical Pathology and Lower Genital Tract Unit, Gynaecology Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina G Benitez
- Cervical Pathology and Lower Genital Tract Unit, Gynaecology Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Serrano
- Cervical Pathology and Lower Genital Tract Unit, Gynaecology Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sendagorta
- Unit of Anoscopy, Dermatology Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Hernandez
- Gynaecologic Oncology Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Bartha
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Service, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Lahiri CD, Nguyen ML, Mehta CC, Mosunjac M, Tadros T, Unger ER, Rajeevan MS, Richards J, Ofotokun I, Flowers L. Pilot Study of Markers for High-grade Anal Dysplasia in a Southern Cohort From the Women's Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1121-1128. [PMID: 31058984 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anal cancer rates have increased, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (HIV+) women. We assessed factors associated with anal precancer in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women from the Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study cohort. METHODS All participants underwent high-resolution anoscopy and anal cytology and had anal and cervical samples collected. Specimens were tested for 37 human papillomavirus (HPV) types and for FAM19A4 and microRNA124-2 promoter methylation. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were conducted with histologic anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (A-HSIL) as the dependent variable. RESULTS Seventy-five women were enrolled: 52 (69%) were HIV+ with three-fourths having undetectable viral load; 64 (86%) were black; mean age was 49 ± 8 years. Forty-nine (65%) anal cytology samples were abnormal, and 38 (51%) of anal samples were positive for at least 1 of 13 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Thirteen (18%) anal biopsies identified A-HSIL. Hypermethylation of FAM19A4 and/or microRNA124-2 was found in 69 (95%) anal samples and 19 (26%) cervical samples. In multivariate analyses, the odds of having A-HSIL were >6 times higher in women with anal hrHPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.27-29.18], P = .02) and with positive cervical methylation (aOR, 6.49 [95% CI, 1.66-25.35], P = .007), but not significantly higher in women with positive anal methylation. CONCLUSIONS Anal hrHPV and promoter hypermethylation in the cervix show promise as biomarkers for anal cancer screening in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women. Greater understanding of gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation in anal carcinogenesis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile D Lahiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia.,Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia
| | - Minh Ly Nguyen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia.,Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia
| | - C Christina Mehta
- Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia
| | - Marina Mosunjac
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia
| | - Talaat Tadros
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth R Unger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia
| | - Mangalathu S Rajeevan
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia
| | - Jendai Richards
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia
| | - Ighovwerha Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia.,Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia
| | - Lisa Flowers
- Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia
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35
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Stier EA, Lensing SY, Darragh TM, Deshmukh AA, Einstein MH, Palefsky JM, Jay N, Berry-Lawhorn JM, Wilkin T, Wiley DJ, Barroso LF, Cranston RD, Levine R, Guiot HM, French AL, Citron D, Rezaei MK, Goldstone SE, Chiao E. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anal High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1701-1707. [PMID: 31292602 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) have disproportionately high rates of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus compared with the general population of women. Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) precede anal cancer, and accurate studies of HSIL prevalence among WLHIV in the United States are lacking. METHODS The AIDS Malignancy Consortium 084 study was a multicenter national trial to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for anal HSIL in a US cohort. Eligible participants were WLHIV aged ≥18 years with no history of anal HSIL. Study participants had an examination including collection of cervical/vaginal and anal specimens, followed by high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy. RESULTS We enrolled 256 women with evaluable anal pathology. The mean age was 49.4 years, 64% women were non-Hispanic black, 67% were former or current smokers, and 56% reported ever having anal sex with a man. The median CD4 T-cell count was 664 cells/μL. The prevalence of anal histologic HSIL (hHSIL) was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22%-33%). There was a strong concordance (240/254) between local and consensus pathologists for hHSIL vs less than hHSIL (κ = 0.86 [95% CI, .79-.93]). Current CD4 count of ≤200 cells/μL was the strongest predictor of consensus anal hHSIL diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 10.34 [95% CI, 3.47-30.87]). History of anoreceptive intercourse was also associated with hHSIL (aOR, 2.44 [95% CI, 1.22-4.76]). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of anal hHSIL in WLHIV in the United States was 27% in this study where all participants received high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Shelly Y Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - Teresa M Darragh
- Department of Pathology, Mount Zion Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Ashish A Deshmukh
- Department of Management Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Mark H Einstein
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Women's Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark
| | | | - Naomi Jay
- Anal Neoplasia Clinic, Research, and Education Center, San Francisco, California
| | - J Michael Berry-Lawhorn
- Anal Neoplasia Clinic, Research, and Education Center, San Francisco, California.,Division of Hematology Oncology, UCSF
| | - Timothy Wilkin
- Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Luis F Barroso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ross D Cranston
- University of Vic, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Levine
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Humberto M Guiot
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan
| | - Audrey L French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, CORE Center/Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deborah Citron
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M Katayoon Rezaei
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Elizabeth Chiao
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine.,Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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36
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Sánchez-Corredor CD, Guerrero-Machado M, Rubio-Romero JA, Ángel-Müller E, Rey-Serrano G, Díaz-Cruz LA. Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus infection and abnormal cytology of the anal transformation zone in women with cervical dysplasia. Bogotá, Colombia, 2017-2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 71:345-355. [PMID: 33515441 DOI: 10.18597/rcog.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of anal infection caused by high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) and of abnormal anal cytology in women with confirmed cervical dysplasia. METHODS Cross sectional study that included patients between 30 and 65 years of age with a new diagnosis of cervical dysplasia by histopathology attended in two lower genital tract colposcopy and pathology units (one public and one private institution), conducted between December 2017 and April 2019. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immune compromise (use of steroids, transplant, chemo therapy), pregnancy or anorectal malformations were excluded. Consecutive sampling. Socio demographic variables, intercourse type, degree of cervical dysplasia, positive results of HR HPV Polymerase Chain Reaction test in anal canal and HR - HPV type indentified (16-18 or others) were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS Of 188 candidates, 100 were included in the analysis. A 32 % prevalence of high-risk HPV infection and a 2.8 % prevalence of abnormal cytology in the anal canal (ASCUS) were found. Of the HR-HPV infections in the anal canal, 68.8 % corresponded to HR-HPV genotypes different from 16 or 18. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of HR HPV infection in women with lower genital tract dysplasia was 32%. It is important to determine the usefulness of screening for anal mucosa compromise by HPV virus associated with a high risk of cancer in women with cervical dysplasia. Studies are needed on the prognosis of anal HR-HPV infection in women with cervical dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Guerrero-Machado
- Especialista en Obstetricia y Ginecología Universidad Nacional de Colombia; especialista en Cirugía Endoscópica Ginecológica, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la SaludBogotáColombia
| | - Jorge Andrés Rubio-Romero
- Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia; magíster en Epidemiología Clínica. Profesor titular, Departamento de Obstetricia y GinecologíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá (Colombia)
| | - Edith Ángel-Müller
- Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia. Profesora titular, Departamento de Obstetricia y GinecologíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá(Colombia)
| | - Gustavo Rey-Serrano
- Especialista en Obstetricia y GinecologíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia; magíster en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá (Colombia)
| | - Luz Amparo Díaz-Cruz
- Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia. Profesora asociada, Departamento de Obstetricia y GinecologíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá (Colombia)
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37
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Leber K, van Beurden M, Zijlmans HJ, Dewit L, Richel O, Vrouenraets SME. Screening for intra-anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions in women with a history of human papillomavirus-related vulvar or perianal disease: results of a screening protocol. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1991-1998. [PMID: 32810359 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Women with a history of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical, vaginal or vulvar high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions (HSILs) or cancer are at increased risk of developing anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions (SILs) or a squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA). Screening for intra-anal SILs with high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) in high-risk populations is a subject of debate. In this study we aimed to answer the following question: what is the prevalence of intra-anal (H)SIL in women with HPV-related vulvar and/or perianal disease using HRA for screening? METHOD A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of intra-anal (H)SIL in women with a history of vulvar and/or perianal HSIL or (superficially invasive) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study was performed between 2015 and 2018 following implementation of a protocol for intra-anal screening using HRA. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients, 10 with a history of (superficially invasive) SCC (four vulvar, five perianal, one multizonal) and 17 with HSIL as the worst diagnosis (two perianal, 15 multizonal) were screened for intra-anal lesions using HRA. No anal cancer was found at screening, 6 (22%) patients were diagnosed with intra-anal HSIL and 12 (44%) patients with intra-anal low-grade SIL. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of intra-anal HSIL in women previously diagnosed with vulvar and perianal HSIL. Given the clear link between HSIL and SCCA, screening for intra-anal lesions in women with HPV-related genital pathology seems warranted. Future studies should focus on the effect of HSIL treatment on the prevention of anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Beurden
- Department of Gynaecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J Zijlmans
- Department of Gynaecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Dewit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Richel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Screening strategies for the detection of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in women living with HIV. AIDS 2020; 34:2249-2258. [PMID: 32947592 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-infected women (WLHIV) have more than 10-fold higher risk for squamous cell cancer of the anus. Experts suggest cytology-based strategies developed for cervical cancer screening may prevent anal cancer by detecting anal cytologic or histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (hHSIL) for treatment. Currently, there is no consensus on anal-hHSIL screening strategies for WLHIV. DESIGN Between 2014 and 2016, 276 WLHIV were recruited at 12 US AIDS Malignancy Consortium clinical trials sites to evaluate hHSIL prevalence and (test) screening strategies. METHODS Participants completed detailed questionnaire, underwent anal assessments including high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing using hrHPV-Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) and hrHPV-APTIMA, anal cytology, and concurrent high-resolution anoscopy. Screening test characteristics for predicting hHSIL validated by central review of histologic diagnosis were estimated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and false-omission rate. Paired analyses compared sensitivity and specificity for hrHPV single tests to anal cytology alone. RESULTS 83% (229/276) of enrolled WLHIV had complete anal assessment data and were included in this analysis. Mean age was 50, 62% black and 60 (26%) had hHSIL. Anal cyotology (>atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance), hrHPV-HC2, and hrHPV-APTIMA sensitivity estimates were similarly high (83, 77, and 75%, respectively, P values > 0.2). Specificity was higher for both hrHPV-APTIMA and hrHPV-HC2 compared with anal cytology (67 vs. 50%, P < 0.001) and (61 vs. 50%, P = 0.020), respectively. CONCLUSION Anal hrHPV testing demonstrated similar sensitivity for anal cytology (>atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) to predict anal hHSIL. Among tests with similar sensitivity, the specificity was significantly higher for hrHPV-APTIMA and hrHPV-HC2. Thus, anal hrHPV testing may be an important alternative strategy to anal cytology for anal hHSIL screening among WLHIV.
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Kavalukas SL, Yang F, Wexner SD, Nogueras JJ. Anal dysplasia as an incidental finding: the importance of specimen evaluation. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1597-1602. [PMID: 32640480 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has increased dramatically in the USA. The squamous intraepithelial lesion has been identified as a precursor lesion to SCC, stratifying the abnormality into low grade or high grade. There have been studies on the prevalence of incidentally found SCC in haemorrhoidectomy specimens, but there are no studies to date on the incidence of dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline incidence of dysplasia that provides helpful information for future epidemiological studies. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent haemorrhoidectomy from 2005 to 2019. Pathology regarding the type of dysplasia, medications, and diagnoses that may predispose to immunosuppression were collected. RESULTS In all, 810 patients with a mean age of 51.7 (range 20-91) years underwent haemorrhoidectomy. Eighteen (2.2%) of the patients had abnormal pathology (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 3; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 12; SCC, 2; adenocarcinoma, 1). Thirty-seven (4.5%) of the entire cohort had some risk factors for immunosuppression: chronic steroid use (nine), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (13), biologic medications (six), transplant recipients (two) and immunocompromising diseases (four). Only 4/18 patients had an immunosuppression risk in that all four of these patients were HIV-positive. Surveillance following excision was undertaken for an average of 6 (range 1-12) months, during which time four patients underwent a repeat biopsy. DISCUSSION Anal dysplasia found in an otherwise asymptomatic population has a prevalence of 2.2%. This finding supports the routine examination of benign anorectal specimens undergoing microscopic examination. Interestingly, the majority of the patients identified had no immunosuppressant risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Kavalukas
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - F Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - S D Wexner
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - J J Nogueras
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Florida, USA
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Delara R, Chen L, Young-Fadok T, Wasson M. Recurrent Condylomata Acuminata in a Transplant Patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 120:711-712. [PMID: 32870246 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Prasad-Hayes M, Ganz EM, Poggio JL, Lenskaya V, Malcolm T, Deshmukh A, Zheng W, Sigel K, Gaisa MM. HIV-positive women with anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: a study of 153 cases with long-term anogenital surveillance. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1589-1594. [PMID: 32152521 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at increased risk for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anal cancer. Given the "field effect" of HPV pathogenesis, some recommend that anal cancer screening should be limited to WLHIV with prior genital disease. This study aimed to characterize the relationship between anal and genital disease in WLHIV in order to better inform anal cancer screening guidelines. We retrospectively studied 153 WLHIV with biopsy-proven anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (AHSIL) and long-term evaluable cervical/vaginal/vulvar histopathology. Based on the absence or presence of genital HSIL, subjects were categorized as having isolated AHSIL or multicentric HSIL. Demographics, HIV parameters and cervical/anal HPV status were recorded. Chi-square test was used for bivariate analyses. Of 153 WLHIV with AHSIL, 110 (72%) had isolated AHSIL, while 43 (28%) had multicentric HSIL (28 cervical, 16 vulvar, and 8 vaginal HSIL). The median genital surveillance was 8 years (range 1-27). Cervical HPV16/18 infection was associated with multicentric disease (P = 0.001). Overall, 53% of multicentric cases presented genital HSIL preceding AHSIL with median interval 13 years (range 2-23). Paired anal and cervical high-risk HPV results were available for 60 women within 12 months of AHSIL diagnosis: 30 (50%) had anal infection alone, while 30 (50%) had anal/cervical coinfection by 16/18 (15%), non-16/18 (13%), or different types (22%). In conclusion, WLHIV frequently develop AHSILs without pre-existing genital disease or after long latency following a genital HSIL diagnosis. Our findings support anal cancer screening for WLHIV irrespective of prior genital disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Monica Prasad-Hayes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric M Ganz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Lucas Poggio
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Volha Lenskaya
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Threshia Malcolm
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashish Deshmukh
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, UT Health School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael M Gaisa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Patarapadungkit N, Khonhan P, Pisuttimarn P, Pientong C, Ekalaksananan T, Koonmee S. Human Papillomavirus Detection and Abnormal Anal Cytology in HIV-infected Patients Using p16/Ki-67 Dual-Staining. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2013-2019. [PMID: 32711427 PMCID: PMC7573428 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.7.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and detected anal squamous intraepithelial lesions by modified liquid-based cytology (LBC) and p16/Ki67 dual-staining. METHODS Anal swabs (n=393) were collected from patients with HIV infection. Anal cells were kept in 95% ethyl alcohol for modified LBC. DNA was extracted from cells for HPV detection and genotyping using real-time PCR and reverse line blot hybridization. RESULTS Nine samples (2.3%) were unsatisfactory specimens, 74.8% (294/393) were negative for intraepithelial malignancies (NILM) and 22.9% (90/393) exhibited squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). In the latter category, 13.7% of samples (54/393) contained atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 6.9% (27/393) were classified as low-grade SIL (LSIL) and 2.3% (9/393) as high-grade SIL (HSIL). A total of 331 from 393 swab samples were suitable for detection of HPV infection. Among these, 34.1% (113/331) were positive. HPV 58 (15.9%) was the most common genotype, followed by HPV 18 (14.2%) and HPV 16 (11.5%). The severity of abnormal cells was significantly associated with HPV infection. Dual staining with p16/Ki-67 was performed on 130 samples: in 30.8% (40/130) of samples positive staining was significantly associated with severity of abnormal cells. Agreement between cytology, p16/Ki67 dual-staining and high-risk HPV detection was 100% in HSIL samples. Interestingly, eight apparently NIML cases might have contained abnormal cells, since they were positive by both p16/Ki67 dual-staining and high-risk HPV detection. CONCLUSION Anal specimens screened using modified LBC with 95% ethyl alcohol solution as the fixative are suitable for screening anal precancerous lesions by cytology, HPV testing and p16/Ki-67 dual staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Patarapadungkit
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Parinyabhorn Khonhan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chamsai Pientong
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- HPV & EBV and carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supinda Koonmee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Lekoane KMB, Kuupiel D, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Ginindza TG. The interplay of HIV and human papillomavirus-related cancers in sub-Saharan Africa: scoping review. Syst Rev 2020; 9:88. [PMID: 32321580 PMCID: PMC7178989 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV (PLHIV) are at a high risk of developing HPV-related cancers. HPV-related malignancies occur frequently and/or are high among PLHIV, with cervical cancer as a designated AIDS-defining condition. We aimed to explore the evidence on the interplay of HIV and HPV-related cancers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS The scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We searched for literature from the following databases: PubMed; World Health Organization (WHO) Library; Science Direct; Google Scholar and EBSCOhost (Academic search complete, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, CINAHL). Studies reporting on evidence HIV and HPV-related cancers interplay in SSA were eligible for inclusion in this review. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used for reporting the search results. Thematic analysis used to reveal the emerging themes from the included studies. RESULTS A total of 74 potentially eligible articles were screened. Of these, nine (7 reviews, 1 transversal case controls, and 1 quantitative study) were eligible for data extraction. The studies reported about a total of 16,351 participants in different settings. The nine included studies showed evidence of cervical cancer among HIV-infected women and distribution of HPV infection and cervical abnormalities among HIV-positive individuals. In the four studies generalizing about HIV and anal cancer, only one reported about HPV. Two studies generally reported about HIV and head and neck cancers and one reported about interaction of HIV with vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and penile cancer, respectively. CONCLUSION HIV positivity is associated with increased prevalence of HPV infection on different anatomic sites, which will result in increased burden of HPV-related cancers among PLHIV. Furthermore, primary studies with robust study designs aimed at investigating the risk developing HPV-related cancers among PLHIV are recommended. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017062403.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabelo Matjie Bridget Lekoane
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Tivani P Mashamba-Thompson
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Themba G Ginindza
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Nasioutziki M, Chatzistamatiou K, Loufopoulos PD, Vavoulidis E, Tsampazis N, Pratilas GC, Liberis A, Karpa V, Parcharidis E, Daniilidis A, Spanos K, Dinas K. Cervical, anal and oral HPV detection and HPV type concordance among women referred for colposcopy. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:22. [PMID: 32318115 PMCID: PMC7160926 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause benign and malignant tumours in the anogenital tract and the oropharynx both in men and women. The aim of the presented study was to investigate cervical, anal, and oral HPV-detection rates among women referred to colposcopy for abnormal Cervical Cancer (CaCx) screening results and assess the concordance of HPV-types among these anatomical sites. METHODS Women referred to colposcopy at a single centre due to abnormal cytology, conducted for CaCx screening, were subjected to cervical Liquid-based Cytology (LBC) smear testing, anal and oral sampling. Routine colposcopy consisted in multiple biopsies and/or Endocervical Curettage (ECC). HPV-detection was performed by PCR genotyping in all three anatomical sites. In high-risk (hr) HPV-DNA positive samples either from anal canal or oral cavity, anal LBC cytology and anoscopy were performed, or oral cavity examination respectively. Descriptive statistics was used for the analysis of HPV-detection rates and phi-coefficient for the determination of HPV-positivity concordance between the anatomical sites. RESULTS Out of 118 referred women, hr. HPV-DNA was detected in 65 (55.1%), 64 (54.2%) and 3 (2.5%) at cervix, anal canal and oral cavity respectively while low-risk HPV-DNA was detected in 14 (11.9%) and 11 (9.3%) at cervix and anal canal respectively. The phi-coefficient for cervix/anal canal was 0.392 for HPV16, 0.658 for HPV31, 0.758 for HPV33, - 0.12 for HPV45, 0.415 for HPV52 and 0.473 for HPV58. All values were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that most HPV-types, high-risk and low-risk, detected in the cervix of women with prevalent cervical dysplasia, correlate with the ones detected in their anal canal. This particularly applies for the HPV-types included in the nonavalent HPV-vaccine (HPVs 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nasioutziki
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kimon Chatzistamatiou
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis-Dimitrios Loufopoulos
- 1st Department of General Surgery, Anal & Colorectal Clinic, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Vavoulidis
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsampazis
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George-Chrysostomos Pratilas
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Liberis
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Karpa
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanggelos Parcharidis
- Stomatology Clinic, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos Daniilidis
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Spanos
- 1st Department of General Surgery, Anal & Colorectal Clinic, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dinas
- 2nd Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department, Molecular & Morphological Clinical Cytopathology Laboratory, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hur H, Jung KW, Kim BW, Oh CM, Won YJ, Oh JH, Kim NK. Long-term Oncologic Outcome and Its Relevant Factors in Anal Cancer in Korea: A Nationwide Data Analysis. Ann Coloproctol 2020; 36:35-40. [PMID: 32146787 PMCID: PMC7069677 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2019.07.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anal cancer is a rare disease in Korea, and thus survival analyses are limited by small sample sizes. This study used the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) for a survival analysis and for assessing characteristics of anal cancer in a large sample of Koreans. Methods From the KCCR, data on 3,615 patients who were diagnosed and treated for anal cancer from 1993 to 2015 were retrieved. Clinicopathologic variables including age, sex, histological type, and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) stage were reviewed, and a survival analysis was performed according to these variables. Results The 5-year relative survival rate improved from 39.7% in 1993–1995 to 66.5% in 2011–2015. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common and showed the highest survival rate. Males and older patients (≥40 years and ≥70 years) showed poor prognoses. Conclusion The survival rate for anal cancer in Korea has improved steadily over time. The characteristics related to survival were the histological type, sex, and age. These statistics will be fundamental for future Korean anal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Hur
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Jung
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Kim
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang-Mo Oh
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Won
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Korean Colorectal Cancer Study Group (KOCCS), The Korean Society of Coloproctology, Seoul, Korea
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Pokharel K, Gilbar PJ, Mansfield SK, Nair LM, So A. Elevated beta human chorionic gonadotropin in a non-pregnant female diagnosed with anal squamous cell carcinoma. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2019; 26:1266-1269. [PMID: 31840564 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219893428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated serum beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) in a female normally indicates pregnancy or possibly, gestational trophoblastic disease or ovarian germ cell tumours. Expression of β-hCG has been demonstrated in cervical and endometrial carcinoma and other non-germ cell tumours of the ovary, vulva, breast, prostate, lung, colon, oral/facial tissue and stomach. CASE REPORT We report a 43-year-old premenopausal woman with p16 positive squamous cell anal cancer. Pre-treatment urinary screening was positive for β-hCG (218 IU/L), which was confirmed on serum and expressed in the tumour. Pelvic ultrasound ruled out pregnancy. Cervical cytology detected human papilloma virus p16 infection and a potential squamous intraepithelial lesion. Management and outcome: She received definitive chemoradiation (Mitomycin/5-fluorouracil) for six weeks. β-hCG, taken four weeks post completion, had returned to normal levels (<2 IU/L). DISCUSSION Cases of elevated serum β-hCG are documented in different cancers including breast, gastric, lung, ovarian and renal cell. In our case, the elevated β-hCG is probably ectopic excretion by the squamous cell carcinoma tumour in the anus. While this has never been reported previously in the anus, it is likely due to the documented risk of development of precancerous as well as cancerous anal and cervical lesions through human papilloma virus infection. Raised levels of β-hCG have been reported in cervical cancers. Other possible causes of β-hCG elevation were excluded. Following treatment, her β-hCG level returned to normal strengthening the hypothesis that β-hCG elevation was due to the anal carcinoma. In conclusion, unexplained ectopic secretion of β-hCG may be the first sign of a primary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khageshwor Pokharel
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,Private Practice Clinics, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Peter J Gilbar
- Cancer Care Services, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Scott K Mansfield
- Private Practice Clinics, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Lekshmi M Nair
- ICON Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Hospital, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Albertina So
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Toowoomba Laboratory, Toowoomba, Australia
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Albuquerque A, Rios E, Schmitt F. Recommendations Favoring Anal Cytology as a Method for Anal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:1942. [PMID: 31817212 PMCID: PMC6966611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicians are increasingly facing the decision of performing anal cancer screening in high-risk groups. Anal cytology is commonly the first approach. We systematically reviewed recommendations favoring anal cytology for anal cancer screening. Three databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, from January 2007 to 12 September 2019. The references cited by the retrieved articles and the websites of relevant organizations were also searched without language restrictions. Studies reporting guidelines from regional or national societies, institutes, or groups were included. Eight papers met the inclusion criteria and were selected, five were from the United States of America (USA) and three from Europe. There were no national recommendations published. There was one guideline specifically for solid-organ transplant recipients. The other seven targeted HIV-positive patients, with HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) included as a screening group in all of these. Two recommendations favored screening in all HIV-positive patients. Five recommendations targeting HIV-positive patients made considerations about the cytology follow-up, recommending at least annual cytology in case of a normal result, and in case of squamous cytological abnormalities, a referral for anoscopy/high-resolution anoscopy. There were no recommendations for upper and lower age limits for screening. In conclusion, several societies recommend anal cancer screening using anal cytology in HIV-positive MSM patients. There is a lack of screening recommendations for other high-risk groups, with only one society recommending screening in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Albuquerque
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (F.S.)
- Gastroenterology Department St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Elisabete Rios
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (F.S.)
- Pathology Department Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (E.R.); (F.S.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and staging of malignancies. Many common lymphoproliferative and other solid tumor malignancies can be viral-related. CONCLUSION. This review discusses the imaging findings that can be associated with common viral-induced malignancies. Knowledge of these imaging presentations can help narrow the differential diagnosis to reach a specific diagnosis through a precise workup and proper management.
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49
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Screening for Anal Cancer in Women With a History of Vulvar High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2019; 23:265-271. [DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Reagan M. CAUSES OF CANCER. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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