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Islam MT, Chowdhury R, Bhuia MS, Chakrabarty B, Kundu N, Akbor MS, Sheikh S, Chowdhury RI, Ansari SA, Ansari IA, Islam MA. Daidzin enhances memory and the antischizophrenia drug olanzapine's effects, possibly through the 5-HT 2A and D 2 receptor interaction pathways. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22259. [PMID: 39233388 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects identification and disturbs our thinking and motivational capacity. Long-term use of daidzin (DZN) is evident to enhance attention and memory in experimental animals. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DZN on Swiss mice. To check animals' attention, identification, thinking, and motivational ability, we performed behavioral studies using marble burying, dust removal, and trained swimming protocols. For this, a total of 36 male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into six groups, consisting of 6 animals in each group, as follows: control (vehicle), DZN-1.25, DZN-2.5, DZN-5 mg/kg, olanzapine (OLN)-2, and a combination of DZN-1.25 with OLN-2. Additionally, in silico studies are also performed to understand the possible molecular mechanisms behind this neurological effect. Findings suggest that DZN dose-dependently and significantly (p < .05) increased marble burying and removed dust while reducing the time to reach the target point. DZN-1.25 was found to enhance OLN's effect significantly (p < .05), possibly via agonizing its activity in animals. In silico findings suggest that DZN has strong binding affinities of -10.1 and -10.4 kcal/mol against human serotonin 2 A (5-HT2A) and dopamine 2 (D2) receptors, respectively. Additionally, DZN exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties. We suppose that DZN may exert its attention- and memory-enhancing abilities by interacting with 5-HT2A and D2 receptors. It may exert a synergistic antischizophrenia-like effect with the standard drug, OLN. Further studies are required to discover the exact molecular mechanism for this neurological function in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Drug Innovation Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center Ltd., Bangladesh, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Raihan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Drug Innovation Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center Ltd., Bangladesh, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Drug Innovation Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center Ltd., Bangladesh, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Brototi Chakrabarty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Neloy Kundu
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Showkot Akbor
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Salehin Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Drug Innovation Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center Ltd., Bangladesh, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Rokibul Islam Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Drug Innovation Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center Ltd., Bangladesh, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Md Amirul Islam
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Azargoonjahromi A. Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms of KarXT (Xanomeline-Trospium) in Schizophrenia Treatment. Clin Drug Investig 2024; 44:471-493. [PMID: 38904739 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-024-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Standard schizophrenia treatment involves antipsychotic medications that target D2 dopamine receptors. However, these drugs have limitations in addressing all symptoms and can lead to adverse effects such as motor impairments, metabolic effects, sedation, sexual dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and tardive dyskinesia. Recently, KarXT has emerged as a novel drug for schizophrenia. KarXT combines xanomeline, a muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 agonist, with trospium, a nonselective antimuscarinic agent. Of note, xanomeline can readily cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, thus, enter into the brain, thereby stimulating muscarinic receptors (M1 and M4). By doing so, xanomeline has been shown to target negative symptoms and potentially improve positive symptoms. Trospium, on the other hand, is not able to cross BBB, thereby not affecting M1 and M4 receptors; instead, it acts as an antimuscarinic agent and, hence, diminishes peripheral activity of muscarinic receptors to minimize side effects probably stemming from xanomeline in other organs. Accordingly, ongoing clinical trials investigating KarXT's efficacy in schizophrenia have demonstrated positive outcomes, including significant improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score and cognitive function compared with placebo. These findings emphasize the potential of KarXT as a promising treatment for schizophrenia, providing symptom relief while minimizing side effects associated with xanomeline monotherapy. Despite such promising evidence, further research is needed to confirm the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of KarXT in managing schizophrenia. This review article explores the current findings and potential mechanisms of KarXT in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Janbazan Blv, 14th Alley, Jahrom, Shiraz, 7417773539, Fars, Iran.
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Karki P, Rangaswamy M. A Review of Historical Context and Current Research on Cannabis Use in India. Indian J Psychol Med 2023; 45:105-116. [PMID: 36925496 PMCID: PMC10011848 DOI: 10.1177/02537176221109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cultivation and use of cannabis is historically rooted in the Indian subcontinent and this rich heritage of cannabis use dates back to at least two thousand years. Cannabis remains an illicit substance in India despite its changing status globally with many countries legalizing cannabis use in recent years. Scientific research on cannabis use in India has also been sparse. Method Extensive search of online databases resulted in the identification of 29 original research studies pertaining to one of three areas of cannabis research; a) prevalence of cannabis use b) psychological correlates of cannabis use, c) cannabis use in substance use treatment settings. Findings We found that most Indian studies used very basic quantitative research designs and had poor scientific rigor. Samples were small, region specific and included only males. Data analyses were limited to descriptive methods. The criteria for cannabis use in most of the reviewed studies were not rigorous and prone to biases. Conclusion & Implications With changing attitudes and loosening of restrictions on cannabis use, the prevalence of new users is rising dramatically particularly in the college going population. This presents a strong need for research on motivations and attitudes to cannabis use and how those can influence patterns of use, and also the short- and long-term effects of use. More studies with stronger research designs (both cross sectional and longitudinal) are required for the study of cannabis use and this knowledge will be critical for managing the growing substance epidemic, generating public health solutions as well as formulating effective policy frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakat Karki
- Dept. of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Dept. of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Otlhapile OE, Gitau CW, Kuria MW. The prevalence of substance use disorders and associated patterns among patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Botswana. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023:912174231156027. [PMID: 36752226 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231156027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Substance use disorders (SUDs) have risen substantially, especially in developing nations, and has become one of the world's most significant public health and socioeconomic challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of substance use disorders among patients admitted at the main psychiatric hospital, Sbrana Psychiatric Hospital in Botswana. METHOD The study design was descriptive cross-sectional, involving patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. SUDs were assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) v13.0. Bivariate analysis was conducted to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and SUDs. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to rule out the effect of confounders. RESULTS The final analysis involved one hundred and one (101) participants. Participants ages ranged from 18-60 years with over half (59.4%) being male. Majority of participants (85.1%) had ever used studied substances; with 63.4% found to have substance use disorders. The most frequently used substances were tobacco, cannabis, alcohol and cocaine at 58.4%, 42.6%, 34.7% and 12.8% respectively. SUDs were more common among participants who were male, younger age of 18-35 years, single, tertiary education and unemployed. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of substance use and SUDs among psychiatric patients in Botswana. Structured screening and interventions to manage substance use disorders should be part of routine care at the psychiatric health care facilities in Botswana. Consideration should be given to screening all patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Botswana for SUDs using the ASSIST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine W Gitau
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary W Kuria
- Department of Psychiatry, 107854Univeristy of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Alawadi S, Naguy A. Cannabis for psychiatric disorders - Has The Pendulum Swung Too Far? Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 69:102995. [PMID: 34974321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strong interest in cannabinoids as potential treatment for psychiatric disorders has led to numerous studies. Particularly, cannabidiol (CBD) has promise as a pharmacotherapy for psychotic disorders as well as anxiety disorders. Herein we shed some light on therapeutic potential while examining extant evidence. Literature is still nascent. This should be balanced against the ubiquitous use of cannabis in patients with psychiatric disorders that has been strongly tied to frequent relapses and heightened violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiqa Alawadi
- Public Authority of the Disabled Affairs (PADA), And Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Naguy
- Al-Manara CAP Centre, Kuwait Centre for Mental Health (KCMH), Jamal Abdul-Nassir St, Shuwaikh, Kuwait.
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Prevalence and Demographic Correlates of Substance Use among Adults with Mental Illness in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105428. [PMID: 34069572 PMCID: PMC8161045 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the prevalence and demographic correlates of substance use among individuals with mental illness in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatient Clinic of a large hospital in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A pre-validated tool on alcohol and psychoactive drug use was administered to 390 individuals with mental illness. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to explore the demographic correlates of alcohol and psychoactive drug use. Of the total participants (N = 390), 64.4% and 33.3% reported lifetime (ever used) and past-year use of alcohol, respectively, but the prevalence of risky alcohol use was 18.5%. After adjusting for relevant covariates, only male sex, younger age, and rural residence remained significantly associated with risky alcohol use. The prevalence of ever-use and past-year use of psychoactive substances was 39.7% and 17.4%, respectively. The most common substance ever used was cannabis (37.4%). Male sex, younger age, owning a business, and being unemployed were significantly associated with higher odds of lifetime and past-year use of psychoactive substances. Findings highlight the need for dedicated infrastructure and staff training in the management of these dual diagnoses in the region.
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Kiburi SK, Molebatsi K, Ntlantsana V, Lynskey MT. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of psychosis: Are there factors that moderate this relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Subst Abus 2021; 42:527-542. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kanana Kiburi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbagathi Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keneilwe Molebatsi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vuyokazi Ntlantsana
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- Addiction Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings college London, London, UK
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Sideli L, Murray RM, Schimmenti A, Corso M, La Barbera D, Trotta A, Fisher HL. Childhood adversity and psychosis: a systematic review of bio-psycho-social mediators and moderators. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1761-1782. [PMID: 32624020 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The association between childhood adversity (CA) and psychosis has been extensively investigated in recent years. An increasing body of research has also focused on the mediating or moderating role of biological and psychological mechanisms, as well as other risk factors that might account for the link between CA and psychosis. We conducted a systematic search of the PsychINFO, Embase, Ovid, and Web of Science databases for original articles investigating the role of genetic vulnerabilities, environmental factors, psychological and psychopathological mechanisms in the association between CA and psychosis up to August 2019. We included studies with individuals at different stages of the psychosis continuum, from subclinical psychotic experiences to diagnosed disorders. From the 28 944 records identified, a total of 121 studies were included in this review. Only 26% of the studies identified met the criteria for methodological robustness. Overall, the current evidence suggests that CA may be associated with psychosis largely independently of genetic vulnerabilities. More consistent and robust evidence supports interaction between early and recent adversities, as well as the mediating role of attachment and mood symptoms, which is suggestive of an affective pathway between CA and psychosis across the continuum from subclinical experiences to diagnosable disorder. This review highlighted numerous methodological issues with the existing literature, including selection bias, heterogeneity of measurement instruments utilised, and lack of control for potential confounders. Future research should address these limitations to more accurately estimate mediation and moderation effects on the CA-psychosis association to inform the development of preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sideli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Corso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele La Barbera
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Trotta
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Tony Hillis Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
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Ogbonna PN, Iheanacho PN, Ogbonnaya NP, Mbadugha CJ, Ndubuisi I, Chikeme PC. Prevalence of mental illness among adolescents (15-18 years) treated at Federal Neurospsychiatric Hospital, Enugu Nigeria, from 2004 to 2013. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2020; 34:7-13. [PMID: 32035592 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mental illness among adolescents treated at Federal Neurospsychiatric Hospital, Enugu Nigeria. METHODS A retrospective descriptive design was used to assess 1255 adolescents within the age of 15-18 years diagnosed with mental illness from 2004 to 2013. A proforma designed by the researchers was used to document information on prevalence, type, and relationship with age and gender. RESULTS The prevalence of mental illness within the 10 year period was 9.9%. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 869 (69.2%) were the commonest conditions recorded. Higher prevalence of mental illness was seen among males 752 (59.9%) compared to females 503 (40.1%). Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 384 (76.3%); depressive disorders 20 (4.0%) were more common among female adolescents while substance-related and addictive disorders 84(11.2%) and neurodevelopmental disorders 48(6.8%) were more common among male adolescents. The prevalence of mental illness increased with age, being highest at 18 years and lowest at 15 years while prevalence of drug induced psychosis was 90 (7.2%). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the need to focus on the mental health of adolescents by planning preventive programs and creating awareness on mental health promoting strategies, and to introduce child and adolescent psychiatric health services in the study setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasure Nwakego Ogbonna
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Peace Njideka Iheanacho
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Ngozi Phoebe Ogbonnaya
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Chisom Joy Mbadugha
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Ifeoma Ndubuisi
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
| | - Paulina Chigwara Chikeme
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, University of Nigeria Enugu campus, Enugu state, Nigeria.
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Setién-Suero E, Suárez-Pinilla P, Ferro A, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Crespo-Facorro B, Ayesa-Arriola R. Childhood trauma and substance use underlying psychosis: a systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1748342. [PMID: 32373286 PMCID: PMC7191903 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1748342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are mental diseases caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and a number of environmental factors. Among these factors, the role of traumatic events suffered in childhood, as well as that of substance use, have been of particular research interest. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review to clarify whether there is an interaction between childhood trauma and substance use related to the diagnosis or symptoms of SSD. It was also the objective of this review to collate the associations that may exist between the three variables of the study (trauma, substance use and psychosis). Methods: We conducted a systematic search resulting in 240 articles. We considered all of the original articles that explored childhood trauma and substance use in patients suffering from SSD. Results: Twenty-three articles were selected for this review. Several of the reviewed papers found associations between childhood trauma and substance use with SSD, as well as interactions between trauma and drug use on SSD. Conclusions: The results suggest that childhood trauma and substance use may be present at the basis of psychosis. This double hit on the pathogenesis could have clinical implications, since each of these impacts could be considered a window of opportunity for the primary prevention of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Setién-Suero
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain.,IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Suárez-Pinilla
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain.,IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| | - Adele Ferro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain.,IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Biomedical Research Institute (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain.,IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
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Singh S, Balhara YPS. A review of Indian research on co-occurring cannabis use disorders& psychiatric disorders. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:186-195. [PMID: 29265019 PMCID: PMC5761028 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_791_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Cannabis is a widely used illicit drug and its use is often associated with co-occurring psychiatric disorders. This systematic review was aimed to provide information on the published Indian studies on co-occurring cannabis use disorders and psychiatric disorders. METHODS An electronic search of available Indian literature using relevant search terms was carried out in May 2015 and 52 articles in English language published from India were included in the current review. RESULTS Studies on cannabis and associated psychotic disorders (n=16) chiefly described acute episodes with predominant positive symptoms, following cannabis use. Some studies (n=6) observed an overall increased prevalence of all psychiatric disorders and symptoms owing to cannabis use, while others (n=14) elaborated on high rates of substance use in those with psychiatric disorders. The effect of cannabis use on cognitive function was the focus of some of the Indian studies (n=7). All these studies barring one had all male subjects, and a single study described the service delivery model for those with dual diagnosis disorders in India. Most of the research used cross-sectional observational design and focussed on treatment-seeking population. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS A review of Indian literature on cannabis use and its association with psychiatric disorders indicates a high co-prevalence of psychotic disorders, especially in vulnerable individuals as well as high rates of co-occurrence of other psychiatric comorbidities. However, there is limited focus on exploring the aetiological association between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders; understanding the neurobiology of this association and management-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Department of Psychiatry; National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Paruk S, Jhazbhay K, Singh K, Sartorius B, Burns JK. A comparative study of socio-demographic and substance use correlates in early-onset psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:339-347. [PMID: 27038079 PMCID: PMC5045739 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbid substance use, particularly cannabis among adolescents with mental illness, is a major public health concern in developing countries with limited mental health resources. Better understanding of the association between cannabis use and other polysubstance use and early mental illness will provide for more targeted early interventions. AIM This aim of this study was to examine the socio-demographic profile and cannabis use characteristics among adolescents with first-episode early-onset psychosis (EOP) and compare with age-matched and gender-matched adolescents with first-episode non-psychotic mental illness (controls). METHOD Forty-five adolescents with first-episode EOP and 45 controls were assessed using a clinical interview, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening test (ASSIST) for substance-related problems. RESULTS There were significant socio-demographic differences among the adolescents with EOP (73% Black, 64% from low family income, 44% from rural areas) compared with controls (24% Black, 53% from low family income, 2% from rural areas). Although there was no difference in lifetime cannabis use, EOP adolescents differed in motivation for cannabis use, had increased current cannabis use (38%, P = 0.01) and more frequent use (52%, P = 0.04) compared with controls (16% current and 18% frequent use). EOP adolescents reported more hazardous use with higher ASSIST mean cannabis-specific involvement scores (EOP 10,2; controls 2,3; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The differences in socio-demographic variables may reflect the marked disparity in access to mental health care for rural Black youth. Psychotic youth may be more vulnerable to comorbid cannabis-related problems than other mentally ill adolescents. The study highlights the need for early introduction of substance use interventions among adolescents with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeeda Paruk
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khatija Jhazbhay
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Keshika Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Public Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jonathan K Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Banis GE, Winkler T, Barton P, Chocron SE, Kim E, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ben-Yoav H, Ghodssi R. The Binding Effect of Proteins on Medications and Its Impact on Electrochemical Sensing: Antipsychotic Clozapine as a Case Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E69. [PMID: 28763030 PMCID: PMC5620613 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ), a dibenzodiazepine, is demonstrated as the optimal antipsychotic for patients suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Like many other drugs, understanding the concentration of CLZ in a patient's blood is critical for managing the patients' symptoms, side effects, and overall treatment efficacy. To that end, various electrochemical techniques have been adapted due to their capabilities in concentration-dependent sensing. An open question associated with electrochemical CLZ monitoring is whether drug-protein complexes (i.e., CLZ bound to native blood proteins, such as serum albumin (SA) or alpha-1 acid-glycoprotein (AAG)) contribute to electrochemical redox signals. Here, we investigate CLZ-sensing performance using fundamental electrochemical methods with respect to the impact of protein binding. Specifically, we test the activity of bound and free fractions of a mixture of CLZ and either bovine SA or human AAG. Results suggest that bound complexes do not significantly contribute to the electrochemical signal for mixtures of CLZ with AAG or SA. Moreover, the fraction of CLZ bound to protein is relatively constant at 31% (AAG) and 73% (SA) in isolation with varying concentrations of CLZ. Thus, electrochemical sensing can enable direct monitoring of only the unbound CLZ, previously only accessible via equilibrium dialysis. The methods utilized in this work offer potential as a blueprint in developing electrochemical sensors for application to other redox-active medications with high protein binding more generally. This demonstrates that electrochemical sensing can be a new tool in accessing information not easily available previously, useful toward optimizing treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Banis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Patricia Barton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Sheryl E Chocron
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Suite 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA.
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Suite 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2201 J.M. Patterson Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, 2173 A.V. Williams Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Akel T. Recovery from spinal cord infarction associated with cannabis use. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:492-495. [PMID: 28134030 PMCID: PMC5537969 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1258969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular accidents have been associated with illicit drug use. The most commonly used substance worldwide is cannabis. It has been related to acute ischemic cerebral stroke in multiple reports, with different mechanisms suggested. FINDINGS This is a case of Acute Spinal Cord Ischemia Syndrome (ASCIS) in a 25-year-old male who presented 20 minutes after smoking cannabis. Although a direct causal relationship between cannabis and cerebrovascular accidents is difficult to establish, there might be an association. CONCLUSION The presented patient didn't have any vascular risk factors, and his symptoms started 20 minutes after smoking cannabis. This signifies a possible association between ASCIS and cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Akel
- Correspondence to: Tamer Akel, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA.
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Williams J, Hagger-Johnson G. Childhood academic ability in relation to cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence into early adulthood: Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012989. [PMID: 28228447 PMCID: PMC5337673 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to determine the association between childhood academic ability and the onset and persistence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use across adolescence in a representative sample of English schools pupils. Previous research has produced conflicting findings. DESIGN Data from 7 years of the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), 2004-2010 (age 13/14-19/20). SETTING Self-completion questionnaires during home visits, face-to-face interviews and web-based questionnaires. PARTICIPANTS Data from 6059 participants (3093 females) with information on academic ability around age 11 and health behaviours from age 13/14 to 16/17 (early adolescence) and from age 18/19 to 19/20 (late adolescence). OUTCOME MEASURES Regularity of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and cannabis use from early to late adolescence. RESULTS In multinomial logistic regression models adjusting for a range of covariates, the high (vs low) academic ability reduced the risk of persistent cigarette smoking (RR=0.62; CI 95% 0.48 to 0.81) in early adolescence. High (vs low) academic ability increased the risk of occasional (RR=1.25; CI 95% 1.04 to 1.51) and persistent (RR=1.83; CI 95% 1.50 to 2.23) regular alcohol drinking in early adolescence and persistent (RR=2.28; CI 95% 1.84 to 2.82) but not occasional regular alcohol drinking in late adolescence. High (vs low) academic ability was also positively associated with occasional (RR=1.50; CI 95% 1.22 to 1.83) and persistent (RR=1.91; CI 95% 1.57 to 2.34) cannabis use in late adolescence. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of over 6000 young people in England, high childhood academic at age 11 is associated with a reduced risk of cigarette smoking but an increased risk of drinking alcohol regularly and cannabis use. These associations persist into early adulthood, providing evidence against the hypothesis that high academic ability is associated with temporary 'experimentation' with substance use.
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Young CC, Calloway SJ. Transition Planning for the College Bound Adolescent with a Mental Health Disorder. J Pediatr Nurs 2015; 30:e173-82. [PMID: 26173385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Health promotion, disease prevention and anticipatory guidance are the hallmarks of nursing practice, particularly in pediatrics. While there is a wealth of information on anticipatory guidance for the pediatric patient at different ages and developmental stages, there is a paucity of information on anticipatory guidance for the adolescent and emerging adult in transitioning to manage their own health care. While an established need for anticipatory guidance and a transition plan from pediatric to adult health care is apparent for youth routinely followed for significant medical, intellectual, or developmental conditions, a group particularly vulnerable to destabilization of their health as they transition to self-directed adult health care management is composed of youth with mental health disorders. The risk for destabilization increases as they move away from social supports to the university setting. This article reviews available literature on anticipatory guidance for the college bound adolescent with a mental health disorder and makes recommendations for transition planning including examining the college and community services that would support mental health as well as personal choices regarding lifestyle habits while attending the university. Recommendations are made for nurses to be the leaders in filling this anticipatory guidance gap in preparing youth with mental health disorders for a successful transition to and through college life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Young
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Susan J Calloway
- School of Nursing, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX.
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Abstract
Since its inception cannabis has been observed to be associated with various psycho-pathology. In this paper, the authors have reviewed the advancement made in this area over the last decade. The association between cannabis and schizophrenia has been researched more intensively. The controversy regarding the reliability, clinical utility, and the existence of a cannabis withdrawal syndrome has also been settled. Recent studies also buttressed the possibility of acute and chronic effect of cannabis on various cognitive functions. There has been a plethora of research regarding the treatment for cannabis use disorders. But the new and most interesting area of research is concentrated on the endocannabinoid system and its contribution in various psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Abayomi O, Adelufosi AO. Psychosocial interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence among persons with co-occurring cannabis use and psychotic disorders. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode Abayomi
- Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital; Psychiatry; P.M.B 4007 Ogbomoso Oyo Nigeria 210214
| | - Adegoke Oloruntoba Adelufosi
- Northern Regional Health Authority; Community Mental Health Program; 867 Thompson Drive South Thompson Manitoba Canada
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Løberg EM, Helle S, Nygård M, Berle JØ, Kroken RA, Johnsen E. The Cannabis Pathway to Non-Affective Psychosis may Reflect Less Neurobiological Vulnerability. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 25477825 PMCID: PMC4235385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of cannabis use reported in non-affective psychosis. Early prospective longitudinal studies conclude that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis, and neurochemical studies on cannabis have suggested potential mechanisms for this effect. Recent advances in the field of neuroscience and genetics may have important implications for our understanding of this relationship. Importantly, we need to better understand the vulnerability × cannabis interaction to shed light on the mediators of cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis. Thus, the present study reviews recent literature on several variables relevant for understanding the relationship between cannabis and psychosis, including age of onset, cognition, brain functioning, family history, genetics, and neurological soft signs (NSS) in non-affective psychosis. Compared with non-using non-affective psychosis, the present review shows that there seem to be fewer stable cognitive deficits in patients with cannabis use and psychosis, in addition to fewer NSS and possibly more normalized brain functioning, indicating less neurobiological vulnerability for psychosis. There are, however, some familiar and genetic vulnerabilities present in the cannabis psychosis group, which may influence the cannabis pathway to psychosis by increasing sensitivity to cannabis. Furthermore, an earlier age of onset suggests a different pathway to psychosis in the cannabis-using patients. Two alternative vulnerability models are presented to integrate these seemingly paradoxical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Helle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merethe Nygård
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Øystein Berle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune A. Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Herzig DA, Nutt DJ, Mohr C. Alcohol and Relatively Pure Cannabis Use, but Not Schizotypy, are Associated with Cognitive Attenuations. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:133. [PMID: 25324787 PMCID: PMC4178377 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated schizotypy relates to similar cognitive attenuations as seen in psychosis and cannabis/polydrug use. Also, in schizotypal populations cannabis and polydrug (including licit drug) use are enhanced. These cognitive attenuations may therefore either be a behavioral marker of psychotic (-like) symptoms or the consequence of enhanced drug use in schizotypal populations. To elucidate this, we investigated the link between cognitive attenuation and cannabis use in largely pure cannabis users (35) and non-using controls (48), accounting for the potential additional influence of both schizotypy and licit drug use (alcohol, nicotine). Cognitive attenuations commonly seen in psychosis were associated with cannabis and alcohol use, but not schizotypy. Future studies should therefore consider (i) non-excessive licit substance use (e.g., alcohol) in studies investigating the effect of cannabis use on cognition and (ii) both enhanced illicit and licit substance use in studies investigating cognition in schizotypal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Herzig
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute for Response-Genetics, University of Zurich, Kilchberg, Switzerland
- Clienia AG Littenheid, Littenheid, Switzerland
| | - David J. Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Mohr
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Iyegbe C, Campbell D, Butler A, Ajnakina O, Sham P. The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for GxE research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:169-82. [PMID: 24435092 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder. The level of risk in the general population is sustained by the persistence of social, environmental and biological factors, as well as their interactions. Socio-environmental risk factors for schizophrenia are well established and robust. The same can belatedly be said of genetic risk factors for the disorder. Recent progress in schizophrenia genetics is primarily fuelled by genome-wide association, which is able to leverage substantial proportions of additional explained variance previously classified as 'missing'. Here, we provide an outline of the emerging genetic landscape of schizophrenia and demonstrate how this knowledge can be turned into a simple empirical measure of genetic risk, known as a polygenic risk score. We highlight the statistical framework used to assess the clinical potential of the new score and finally, draw relevance to and discuss the clinical implications for the study of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK,
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