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Brampton C, Pomozi V, Le Corre Y, Zoll J, Kauffenstein G, Ma C, Hoffmann PR, Martin L, Le Saux O. Bone Marrow-Derived ABCC6 Is an Essential Regulator of Ectopic Calcification In Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1772-1783.e3. [PMID: 38367909 PMCID: PMC11260544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Physiological calcification of soft tissues is a common occurrence in aging and various acquired and inherited disorders. ABCC6 sequence variations cause the calcification phenotype of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) as well as some cases of generalized arterial calcification of infancy, which is otherwise caused by defective ENPP1. ABCC6 is primarily expressed in the liver, which has given the impression that the liver is central to the pathophysiology of PXE/generalized arterial calcification of infancy. The emergence of inflammation as a contributor to the calcification in PXE suggested that peripheral tissues play a larger role than expected. In this study, we investigated whether bone marrow-derived ABCC6 contributes to the calcification in PXE. In Abcc6‒/‒ mice, we observed prevalent mineralization in several lymph nodes and surrounding connective tissues and an extensive network of lymphatic vessels within vibrissae, a calcified tissue in Abcc6‒/‒ mice. Furthermore, we found evidence of lymphangiogenesis in patients with PXE and mouse skin, suggesting an inflammatory process. Finally, restoring wild-type bone marrow in Abcc6‒/‒ mice produced a significant reduction of calcification, suggesting that the liver alone is not sufficient to fully inhibit mineralization. With evidence that ABCC6 is expressed in lymphocytes, we suggest that the adaptative immune system and inflammation largely contribute to the calcification in PXE/generalized arterial calcification of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California, USA
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yannick Le Corre
- PXE National Reference Center (MAGEC Nord), University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- UMR INSERM 1260, Nano Regenerative Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Peter R Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE National Reference Center (MAGEC Nord), University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France; CNRS 6015, UMR INSERM U1083, MITOVASC Laboratory, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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Pfau K, Lengyel I, Ossewaarde-van Norel J, van Leeuwen R, Risseeuw S, Leftheriotis G, Scholl HPN, Feltgen N, Holz FG, Pfau M. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - Genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 102:101274. [PMID: 38815804 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an autosomal-recessively inherited multisystem disease. Mutations in the ABCC6-gene are causative, coding for a transmembrane transporter mainly expressed in hepatocytes, which promotes the efflux of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This results in low levels of plasma inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a critical anti-mineralization factor. The clinical phenotype of PXE is characterized by the effects of elastic fiber calcification in the skin, the cardiovascular system, and the eyes. In the eyes, calcification of Bruch's membrane results in clinically visible lesions, including peau d'orange, angioid streaks, and comet tail lesions. Frequently, patients must be treated for secondary macular neovascularization. No effective therapy is available for treating the cause of PXE, but several promising approaches are emerging. Finding appropriate outcome measures remains a significant challenge for clinical trials in this slowly progressive disease. This review article provides an in-depth summary of the current understanding of PXE and its multi-systemic manifestations. The article offers a detailed overview of the ocular manifestations, including their morphological and functional consequences, as well as potential complications. Lastly, previous and future clinical trials of causative treatments for PXE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Redmer van Leeuwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Risseeuw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- University Hospital Nice, Vascular Physiology and Medicine Unit, 06000, Nice, France
| | | | - Nicolas Feltgen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
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3
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Hereditary Ectopic Calcification Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315288. [PMID: 36499615 PMCID: PMC9738718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification (EC) is characterized by an abnormal deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in soft tissues such as blood vessels, skin, and brain parenchyma. EC contributes to significant morbidity and mortality and is considered a major health problem for which no effective treatments currently exist. In recent years, growing emphasis has been placed on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of EC. Impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased levels of reactive oxygen species can be directly linked to key molecular pathways involved in EC such as adenosine triphosphate homeostasis, DNA damage signaling, and apoptosis. While EC is mainly encountered in common diseases such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, studies in rare hereditary EC disorders such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome have been instrumental in identifying the precise etiopathogenetic mechanisms leading to EC. In this narrative review, we describe the current state of the art regarding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in hereditary EC diseases. In-depth knowledge of aberrant mitochondrial metabolism and its local and systemic consequences will benefit the research into novel therapies for both rare and common EC disorders.
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4
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Brampton C, Pomozi V, Chen LH, Apana A, McCurdy S, Zoll J, Boisvert WA, Lambert G, Henrion D, Blanchard S, Kuo S, Leftheriotis G, Martin L, Le Saux O. ABCC6 deficiency promotes dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3881. [PMID: 33594095 PMCID: PMC7887252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82966-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCC6 deficiency promotes ectopic calcification; however, circumstantial evidence suggested that ABCC6 may also influence atherosclerosis. The present study addressed the role of ABCC6 in atherosclerosis using Ldlr-/- mice and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) patients. Mice lacking the Abcc6 and Ldlr genes were fed an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks before intimal calcification, aortic plaque formation and lipoprotein profile were evaluated. Cholesterol efflux and the expression of several inflammation, atherosclerosis and cholesterol homeostasis-related genes were also determined in murine liver and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, we examined plasma lipoproteins, vascular calcification, carotid intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis in a cohort of PXE patients with ABCC6 mutations and compared results to dysmetabolic subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. We found that ABCC6 deficiency causes changes in lipoproteins, with decreased HDL cholesterol in both mice and humans, and induces atherosclerosis. However, we found that the absence of ABCC6 does not influence overall vascular mineralization induced with atherosclerosis. Decreased cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells and other molecular changes such as increased pro-inflammation seen in both humans and mice are likely contributors for the phenotype. However, it is likely that other cellular and/or molecular mechanisms are involved. Our study showed a novel physiological role for ABCC6, influencing plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in a haploinsufficient manner, with significant penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Li-Hsieh Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ailea Apana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gilles Lambert
- University of La Réunion Medical School (France) INSERM UMR1188 DéTROI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute - UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Simon Blanchard
- Département d'Immunologie et d'Allergologie, University Hospital of Angers, 49000, Angers, France
- Inserm U1232, CRCINA, University of Angers, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Sheree Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06107, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M) UMR CNRS 7073, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
- BNMI, CNRS 6214/INSERM 1083, University Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St. BSB222E, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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5
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Verschuere S, Van Gils M, Nollet L, Vanakker OM. From membrane to mineralization: the curious case of the ABCC6 transporter. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4109-4133. [PMID: 33131056 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6 gene/protein (ABCC6) is an ATP-dependent transmembrane transporter predominantly expressed in the liver and the kidney. ABCC6 first came to attention in human medicine when it was discovered in 2000 that mutations in its encoding gene, ABCC6, caused the autosomal recessive multisystemic mineralization disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Since then, the physiological and pathological roles of ABCC6 have been the subject of intense research. In the last 20 years, significant findings have clarified ABCC6 structure as well as its physiological role in mineralization homeostasis in humans and animal models. Yet, several facets of ABCC6 biology remain currently incompletely understood, ranging from the precise nature of its substrate(s) to the increasingly complex molecular genetics. Nonetheless, advances in our understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms causing mineralization lead to several treatment options being suggested or already tested in pilot clinical trials for ABCC6 deficiency. This review highlights current knowledge of ABCC6 and the challenges ahead, particularly the attempts to translate basic science into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Verschuere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,Ectopic Mineralization Research Group Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Gils
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,Ectopic Mineralization Research Group Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lukas Nollet
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,Ectopic Mineralization Research Group Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier M Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,Ectopic Mineralization Research Group Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Hernández Bel L, Esteve Martínez A, Rodríguez López R, Monferrer Adsuara C, Hernández Garfella ML, Cervera Taulet E. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum in childhood in patient with β-thalassaemia. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2020; 95:555-558. [PMID: 32593604 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by elastic tissue alterations and caused by mutations in a single gene, ABCC6, on chromosome 16p that includes manifestations that are predominantly cutaneous, ocular and cardiovascular. PXE-like lesions in association with β-thalassemia have previously been reported in the literature in patients with β-thalassaemia intermediate and major, being clinically indistinguishable from classic PXE. The case is presented of a 10-year-old boy with β-thalassaemia minor and characteristic lesions of PXE. It is worth noting the benefit of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis and monitoring of the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hernández Bel
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General, Valencia, España.
| | | | | | | | | | - E Cervera Taulet
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital General, Valencia, España
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7
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Omarjee L, Nitschke Y, Verschuere S, Bourrat E, Vignon MD, Navasiolava N, Leftheriotis G, Kauffenstein G, Rutsch F, Vanakker OM, Martin L. Severe early-onset manifestations of pseudoxanthoma elasticum resulting from the cumulative effects of several deleterious mutations in ENPP1, ABCC6 and HBB: transient improvement in ectopic calcification with sodium thiosulfate. Br J Dermatol 2019; 183:367-372. [PMID: 31646622 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disorder characterized by fragmentation and progressive calcification of elastic fibres in connective tissues. Overlap has been reported between the inherited PXE phenotype associated with ENPP1, ABCC6 or NT5E mutations and acquired PXE clinical manifestations associated with haemoglobinopathies induced by HBB mutations. No treatment is currently available for PXE. A young boy presented with severe early-onset systemic calcifications occurring in the skin as elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) and in the arteries, causing mesenteric and limb ischaemia. Analyses revealed deleterious ABCC6, ENPP1 and HBB mutations. The diagnosis of severe PXE was retained and we have coined the term 'PXE+ syndrome' to describe the cumulative effects of the various mutations in this uncommon phenotype. Given the severity, rapid progression and a potentially fatal prognosis, intravenous sodium thiosulfate (STS) was initiated at 25 g three times weekly for 6 months. Numerous side-effects prompted dosage adjustment to 10 g intravenously daily. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at 6 months. Asthaenia, anorexia and pre-/postprandial pain had subsided, entailing weight gain. Abdominal EPS had diminished. Calcific stenosis of the coeliac and mesenteric arteries was no longer detectable on arterial ultrasonography. Follow-up revealed only transient efficacy of STS. Discontinuation of treatment to evaluate the persistence of effects resulted in relapse of the initial symptomatology after 4 months. STS efficacy is conceivably due to strong antioxidant properties and chelation of calcium to form soluble calcium thiosulfate complexes. This case is suggestive of PXE+ syndrome for which STS may represent potential treatment in severe cases. What's already known about this topic? Generalized arterial calcification of infancy may occur in association with ABCC6 mutations and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) can be linked to ENPP1 mutations. A PXE-like phenotype has also been reported in a subset of patients with inherited haemoglobinopathies, namely sickle cell disease or β-thalassaemia, related to HBB mutations. To date, there is still no cure for PXE. What does this study add? We report a severe case of PXE resulting from the cumulative effects of several deleterious mutations in ENPP1, ABCC6 and HBB. We suggest the term 'PXE+ syndrome' to describe such patients. Sodium thiosulfate therapy could represent a potential option in severe cases of PXE+ syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Omarjee
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM 1083, 49100, Angers, France.,PXE Reference Centre (MAGEC Nord), University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM CIC1414, Vascular Medicine Unit, Rennes, France.,PXE Vascular Consultation Centre, CHU Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France.,Vascular Medicine Unit, Redon Hospital, 35600, Redon, France
| | - Y Nitschke
- Münster University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - S Verschuere
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Bourrat
- Department of Paediatrics, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M-D Vignon
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - N Navasiolava
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM 1083, 49100, Angers, France.,PXE Reference Centre (MAGEC Nord), University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - G Leftheriotis
- Department of Physiology and Vascular Investigation, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - G Kauffenstein
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM 1083, 49100, Angers, France
| | - F Rutsch
- Münster University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - O M Vanakker
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Martin
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM 1083, 49100, Angers, France.,PXE Reference Centre (MAGEC Nord), University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
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8
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Heydarian S, Jafari R, Dailami KN, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpour E, Heirani M, Yekta A, Mahjoob M, Khabazkhoob M. Ocular abnormalities in beta thalassemia patients: prevalence, impact, and management strategies. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:511-527. [PMID: 31602527 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta thalassemia (β-thalassemia) is a hereditary disease caused by defective globin synthesis and can be classified into three categories of minor (β-TMi), intermedia (β-TI), and major (β-TM) thalassemia. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of β-thalassemia and its treatment methods on different parts of the eye and how early-diagnostic methods of ocular complications in this disorder would prevent further ocular complications in these patients by immediate treatment and diet change. METHODS We developed a search strategy using a combination of the words Beta thalassemia, Ocular abnormalities, Iron overload, chelation therapy to identify all articles from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to December 2018. To find more articles and to ensure that databases were thoroughly searched, the reference lists of selected articles were also reviewed. RESULTS Complications such as retinopathy, crystalline lens opacification, color vision deficiency, nyctalopia, depressed visual field, reduced visual acuity, reduced contrast sensitivity, amplitude reduction in a-wave and b-wave in Electroretinography (ERG), and decrease in the Arden ratio in Electrooculography (EOG) have all been reported in β-thalassemia patients undergoing chelation therapy. CONCLUSION Ocular problems due to β-thalassemia may be a result of anemia, iron overload in the body tissue, side effects of iron chelators, and the complications of orbital bone marrow expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydarian
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Jafarzadehpour
- Department of Optometry, Rehabilitation Faculty, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heirani
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Monireh Mahjoob
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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De Vilder EYG, Cardoen S, Hosen MJ, Le Saux O, De Zaeytijd J, Leroy BP, De Reuck J, Coucke PJ, De Paepe A, Hemelsoet D, Vanakker OM. Pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene are associated with an increased risk for ischemic stroke. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:822-831. [PMID: 29722917 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes a high mortality and morbidity worldwide. It results from a complex interplay of incompletely known environmental and genetic risk factors. We investigated the ABCC6 gene as a candidate risk factor for ischemic stroke because of the increased ischemic stroke incidence in the autosomal recessive disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum, caused by biallelic pathogenic ABCC6 variants, the higher cardiovascular risk in heterozygous carriers and the established role of ABCC6 dysfunction in myocardial ischemia. We established segregation of a known pathogenic ABCC6 variant (p.[Arg1314Gln]) in 11/19 family members of an ischemic stroke patient in a large multigenerational family suffering from ischemic stroke and/or cardiovascular disease at a relatively young age. In an independent case-control study in 424 ischemic stroke patients and 250 healthy controls, pathogenic ABCC6 variants were 4.9 times more frequent (P = 0.036; 95% CI 1.11-21.33) in the ischemic stroke patient cohort. To study cellular consequences of ABCC6 deficiency in the brain, immunostaining of brain sections in Abcc6-deficient mice and wild-type controls were performed. An upregulation of Bmp4 and Eng and a downregulation of Alk2 was identified in Abcc6-/- mice, suggesting an increase in apoptosis and angiogenesis. As both of these processes are induced in ischemia, we propose that a pro-ischemic state may explain the higher risk to suffer from ischemic stroke in patients carrying a pathogenic ABCC6 variant, as this may lower the threshold to develop acute ischemic events in these patients. In conclusion, this study identified heterozygous ABCC6 variants as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Further, dysregulation of Bmp (Bmp4, Alk2) and Tgfβ (Eng) signaling in the brain of Abcc6-/- mice could lead to a pro-ischemic state, lowering the threshold to develop acute ischemic events. These data demonstrate the importance of a molecular analysis of the ABCC6 gene in patients diagnosed with cryptogenic ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y G De Vilder
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation - Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Cardoen
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammad J Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI
| | - Julie De Zaeytijd
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacques De Reuck
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Kauffenstein G, Yegutkin GG, Khiati S, Pomozi V, Le Saux O, Leftheriotis G, Lenaers G, Henrion D, Martin L. Alteration of Extracellular Nucleotide Metabolism in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1862-1870. [PMID: 29501384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare genetic condition primarily caused by hepatic ABCC6 transporter dysfunction. Most clinical manifestations of PXE are due to premature calcification of elastic fibers. However, the vascular impact of PXE is pleiotropic and remains ill defined. ABCC6 expression has recently been associated with cellular nucleotide export. We studied the impact of ABCC6 deficiency on blood levels of adenosine triphosphate and related metabolites and on soluble nucleotidase activities in PXE patients and Abcc6-/- mice. In addition, we investigated the expression of genes encoding ectocellular purinergic signaling proteins in mouse liver and aorta. Plasma adenosine triphosphate and pyrophosphate levels were significantly reduced in PXE patients and in Abcc6-/- mice, whereas adenosine concentration was not modified. Moreover, 5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activity was increased in the serum of PXE patients and Abcc6-/- mice. Consistent with alterations of purinergic signaling, the expression of genes involved in purine and phosphate transport/metabolism was dramatically modified in Abcc6-/- mouse aorta, with much less impact on the liver. ABCC6 deficiency causes impaired vascular homeostasis and tissue perfusion. Our findings suggest that these alterations are linked to changes in extracellular nucleotide metabolism that are remote from the liver. This opens new perspectives for the understanding of PXE pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Kauffenstein
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, Angers University, France; University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Salim Khiati
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, Angers University, France
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Guy Lenaers
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, Angers University, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, Angers University, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM U1083, Angers University, France; University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report multimodal imaging in a novel case of angioid streaks in a patient with Turner syndrome with 10-year follow-up. METHODS Case report of a patient with Turner syndrome and angioid streaks followed at Bellevue Hospital Eye Clinic from 2007 to 2017. Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography angiography were obtained. RESULTS Angioid streaks with choroidal neovascularization were noted in this patient with Turner syndrome without other systemic conditions previously correlated with angioid streaks. CONCLUSION We report a case of angioid streaks with choroidal neovascularization in a patient with Turner syndrome. We demonstrate that angioid streaks, previously associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Paget disease of bone, and hemoglobinopathies, may also be associated with Turner syndrome, and may continue to develop choroidal neovascularization, suggesting the need for careful ophthalmic examination in these patients.
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12
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Favre G, Laurain A, Aranyi T, Szeri F, Fulop K, Le Saux O, Duranton C, Kauffenstein G, Martin L, Lefthériotis G. The ABCC6 Transporter: A New Player in Biomineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091941. [PMID: 28891970 PMCID: PMC5618590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited metabolic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Since the first description of the disease in 1896, alleging a disease involving the elastic fibers, the concept evolved with the further discoveries of the pivotal role of ectopic mineralization that is preponderant in the elastin-rich tissues of the skin, eyes and blood vessel walls. After discovery of the causative gene of the disease in 2000, the function of the ABCC6 protein remains elusive. More than 300 mutations have been now reported and the concept of a dermal disease has progressively evolved toward a metabolic disorder resulting from the remote effects caused by lack of a circulating anti-mineralization factor. Very recently, evidence has accumulated that this anti-mineralizing factor is inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). This leads to decreased PPi/Pi (inorganic phosphate) ratio that results from the lack of extracellular ATP release by hepatocytes and probably renal cells harboring the mutant ABCC6 protein. However, the mechanism by which ABCC6 dysfunction causes diminished ATP release remains an enigma. Studies of other ABC transporters, such as ABCC7 or ABCC1 could help our understanding of what ABCC6 exact function is. Data and a hypothesis on the possible roles of ABCC6 in acquired metabolic diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Favre
- FINSERM, U 1081, Aging and Diabetes Team, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France.
- CNRS, UMR7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France.
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Audrey Laurain
- Nephrology Department, University Hospital, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Flora Szeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Fulop
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Christophe Duranton
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M) UMR CNRS 7073, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Gilles Kauffenstein
- UMR CNRS 6015-Inserm 1083, School of Medicine, Bretagne Loire University, 49045 Angers, France.
- PXE Health and Research Center, University Hospital of Angers, 49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ludovic Martin
- UMR CNRS 6015-Inserm 1083, School of Medicine, Bretagne Loire University, 49045 Angers, France.
- PXE Health and Research Center, University Hospital of Angers, 49045 Angers, France.
| | - Georges Lefthériotis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France.
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M) UMR CNRS 7073, 06107 Nice, France.
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13
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Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a genetic metabolic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. The lack of functional ABCC6 protein leads to ectopic mineralization that is most apparent in the elastic tissues of the skin, eyes and blood vessels. The clinical prevalence of PXE has been estimated at between 1 per 100,000 and 1 per 25,000, with slight female predominance. The first clinical sign of PXE is almost always small yellow papules on the nape and sides of the neck and in flexural areas. The papules coalesce, and the skin becomes loose and wrinkled. The mid-dermal elastic fibers are short, fragmented, clumped and calcified. Dystrophic calcification of Bruch's membrane, revealed by angioid streaks, may trigger choroidal neovascularization and, ultimately, loss of central vision and blindness in late-stage disease. Lesions in small and medium-sized artery walls may result in intermittent claudication and peripheral artery disease. Cardiac complications (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris) are thought to be relatively rare but merit thorough investigation. Ischemic strokes have been reported. PXE is a metabolic disease in which circulating levels of an anti-mineralization factor are low. There is good evidence to suggest that the factor is inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and that the circulating low levels of PPi and decreased PPi/Pi ratio result from the lack of ATP release by hepatocytes harboring the mutant ABCC6 protein. However, the substrate(s) bound, transported or modulated by the ABCC6 protein remain unknown. More than 300 sequence variants of the ABCC6 gene have been identified. There is no cure for PXE; the main symptomatic treatments are vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor therapy (for ophthalmic manifestations), lifestyle, lipid-lowering and dietary measures (for reducing vascular risk factors), and vascular surgery (for severe cardiovascular manifestations). Future treatment options may include gene therapy/editing and pharmacologic chaperone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Germain
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Versailles - Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Paris-Saclay University, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny, France.
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14
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Pomozi V, Brampton C, van de Wetering K, Zoll J, Calio B, Pham K, Owens JB, Marh J, Moisyadi S, Váradi A, Martin L, Bauer C, Erdmann J, Aherrahrou Z, Le Saux O. Pyrophosphate Supplementation Prevents Chronic and Acute Calcification in ABCC6-Deficient Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1258-1272. [PMID: 28416300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue calcification occurs in several common acquired pathologies, such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, or can result from genetic disorders. ABCC6, a transmembrane transporter primarily expressed in liver and kidneys, initiates a molecular pathway inhibiting ectopic calcification. ABCC6 facilitates the cellular efflux of ATP, which is rapidly converted into pyrophosphate (PPi), a major calcification inhibitor. Heritable mutations in ABCC6 underlie the incurable calcification disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum and some cases of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Herein, we determined that the administration of PPi and the bisphosphonate etidronate to Abcc6-/- mice fully inhibited the acute dystrophic cardiac calcification phenotype, whereas alendronate had no significant effect. We also found that daily injection of PPi to Abcc6-/- mice over several months prevented the development of pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like spontaneous calcification, but failed to reverse already established lesions. Furthermore, we found that the expression of low amounts of the human ABCC6 in liver of transgenic Abcc6-/- mice, resulting in only a 27% increase in plasma PPi levels, led to a major reduction in acute and chronic calcification phenotypes. This proof-of-concept study shows that the development of both acute and chronic calcification associated with ABCC6 deficiency can be prevented by compensating PPi deficits, even partially. Our work indicates that PPi substitution represents a promising strategy to treat ABCC6-dependent calcification disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janna Zoll
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Bianca Calio
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kevin Pham
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Jesse B Owens
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Joel Marh
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Université Bretagne-Loire, Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, National Center for Scientific Research 6214/INSERM 1083, Angers, France; University Hospital Angers, Center for PXE Consultation, Angers, France
| | - Carolin Bauer
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik Universität zu Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik Universität zu Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik Universität zu Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Centre Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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15
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Schumacher T, Benndorf RA. ABC Transport Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease-A Brief Summary. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040589. [PMID: 28383515 PMCID: PMC6154303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases due to their involvement in cholesterol homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, endothelial function, vascular inflammation, as well as platelet production and aggregation. In this regard, ABC transporters, such as ABCA1, ABCG5 and ABCG8, were initially found to be responsible for genetically-inherited syndromes like Tangier diseases and sitosterolemia. These findings led to the understanding of those transporter’s function in cellular cholesterol efflux and thereby also linked them to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Subsequently, further ABC transporters, i.e., ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCB6, ABCC1, ABCC6 or ABCC9, have been shown to directly or indirectly affect cellular cholesterol efflux, the inflammatory response in macrophages, megakaryocyte proliferation and thrombus formation, as well as vascular function and blood pressure, and may thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD and its complications. Furthermore, ABC transporters, such as ABCB1, ABCC2 or ABCG2, may affect the safety and efficacy of several drug classes currently in use for CVD treatment. This review will give a brief overview of ABC transporters involved in the process of atherogenesis and CVD pathology. It also aims to briefly summarize the role of ABC transporters in the pharmacokinetics and disposition of drugs frequently used to treat CVD and CVD-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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16
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Pomozi V, Brampton C, Szeri F, Dedinszki D, Kozák E, van de Wetering K, Hopkins H, Martin L, Váradi A, Le Saux O. Functional Rescue of ABCC6 Deficiency by 4-Phenylbutyrate Therapy Reduces Dystrophic Calcification in Abcc6 -/- Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:595-602. [PMID: 27826008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Soft-tissue calcification is associated with aging, common conditions such as diabetes or hypercholesterolemia, and with certain genetic disorders. ABCC6 is an efflux transporter primarily expressed in liver facilitating the release of adenosine triphosphate from hepatocytes. Within the liver vasculature, adenosine triphosphate is converted into pyrophosphate, a major inhibitor of ectopic calcification. ABCC6 mutations thus lead to reduced plasma pyrophosphate levels, resulting in the calcification disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum and some cases of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Most mutations in ABCC6 are missense, and many preserve transport activity but are retained intracellularly. We have previously shown that the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) promotes the maturation of ABCC6 mutants to the plasma membrane. In a humanized mouse model of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, we investigated whether 4-PBA treatments could rescue the calcification inhibition potential of selected ABCC6 mutants. We used the dystrophic cardiac calcification phenotype of Abcc6-/- mice as an indicator of ABCC6 function to quantify the effect of 4-PBA on human ABCC6 mutants transiently expressed in the liver. We showed that 4-PBA administrations restored the physiological function of ABCC6 mutants, resulting in enhanced calcification inhibition. This study identifies 4-PBA treatment as a promising strategy for allele-specific therapy of ABCC6-associated calcification disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Pomozi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Flóra Szeri
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Dedinszki
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kozák
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hi'ilani Hopkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ludovic Martin
- University of Angers, Angers, France; CHU Angers, Centre de consultation PXE, Angers, France
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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17
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Gusdorf L, Mitcov M, Maradeix S, Cunat S, Martin L, Cribier B. [Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disease with deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and cutis laxa features]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 143:279-83. [PMID: 26944767 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)-like syndrome is characterized by the association of PXE and cutis laxa (CL) features with a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. It was first described in 1971 and was identified as a distinct genetic entity in 2007 with analysis of the GGCX (γ-glutamyl carboxylase) gene, which is involved in congenital deficiency in vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Here we report a new case of this extremely rare syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 23-year-old female patient was seen for the emergence of loose and redundant skin following extensive weight loss. She also presented a deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Physical examination revealed excessive, leathery skin folds in the axillary and neck regions. A skin biopsy revealed polymorphous and fragmented elastic fibers in the reticular dermis. These were mineralized, as was demonstrated by Von Kossa staining. The clinical features of CL associated with the histopathological features of PXE and vitamin K-dependent clotting factor deficiency led us to a diagnosis of PXE-like syndrome. A molecular study of the GGCX gene showed compound heterozygosity. DISCUSSION The GGCX gene is usually responsible for PXE-like syndrome. GGCX encodes a γ-glutamyl carboxylase necessary for activation of gla-proteins. Gla-proteins are involved both in coagulation factors in the liver and in the prevention of ectopic mineralization of soft tissues. Uncarboxylated forms of gla-proteins in fibroblast would thus enable mineralization and fragmentation of elastic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gusdorf
- Clinique dermatologique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - M Mitcov
- Clinique dermatologique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - S Maradeix
- Cabinet de dermatologie, 11, rue du Maréchal-Foch, 67500 Haguenau, France
| | - S Cunat
- Laboratoire d'hématologie, CHU de Montpellier, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - L Martin
- Service de dermatologie, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France
| | - B Cribier
- Clinique dermatologique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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18
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Bhoiwala DL, Dunaief JL. Retinal abnormalities in β-thalassemia major. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:33-50. [PMID: 26325202 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with beta (β)-thalassemia (β-TM: β-thalassemia major, β-TI: β-thalassemia intermedia) have a variety of complications that may affect all organs, including the eye. Ocular abnormalities include retinal pigment epithelial degeneration, angioid streaks, venous tortuosity, night blindness, visual field defects, decreased visual acuity, color vision abnormalities, and acute visual loss. Patients with β-thalassemia major are transfusion dependent and require iron chelation therapy to survive. Retinal degeneration may result from either retinal iron accumulation from transfusion-induced iron overload or retinal toxicity induced by iron chelation therapy. Some who were never treated with iron chelation therapy exhibited retinopathy, and others receiving iron chelation therapy had chelator-induced retinopathy. We will focus on retinal abnormalities present in individuals with β-thalassemia major viewed in light of new findings on the mechanisms and manifestations of retinal iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devang L Bhoiwala
- Department of Ophthalmology, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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19
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De Vilder EYG, Hosen MJ, Vanakker OM. The ABCC6 Transporter as a Paradigm for Networking from an Orphan Disease to Complex Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:648569. [PMID: 26356190 PMCID: PMC4555454 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic etiology of complex disorders largely results from the study of rare monogenic disorders. Often these common and rare diseases show phenotypic overlap, though monogenic diseases generally have a more extreme symptomatology. ABCC6, the gene responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an autosomal recessive ectopic mineralization disorder, can be considered a paradigm gene with relevance that reaches far beyond this enigmatic orphan disease. Indeed, common traits such as chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disorders have been linked to the ABCC6 gene. While during the last decade the awareness of the wide ramifications of ABCC6 has increased significantly, the gene itself and the transmembrane transporter it encodes have not unveiled all of the mysteries that surround them. To gain more insights, multiple approaches are being used including next-generation sequencing, computational methods, and various "omics" technologies. Much effort is made to place the vast amount of data that is gathered in an integrated system-biological network; the involvement of ABCC6 in common disorders provides a good view on the wide implications and potential of such a network. In this review, we summarize the network approaches used to study ABCC6 and the role of this gene in several complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y. G. De Vilder
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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20
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Miglionico R, Armentano MF, Carmosino M, Salvia AM, Cuviello F, Bisaccia F, Ostuni A. Dysregulation of gene expression in ABCC6 knockdown HepG2 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:517-26. [PMID: 25169437 PMCID: PMC6275862 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCC6 protein is an ATP-dependent transporter that is mainly found in the basolateral plasma membrane of hepatocytes. ABCC6 deficiency is the primary cause of several forms of ectopic mineralization syndrome. Mutations in the human ABCC6 gene cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by ectopic calcification of the elastic fibers in dermal, ocular and vascular tissues. Mutations in the mouse ABCC6 gene were also associated with dystrophic cardiac calcification. Reduced levels of ABCC6 protein were found in a β-thalassemic mouse model. Moreover, some cases of generalized arterial calcification in infancy are due to ABCC6 mutations. In order to study the role of ABCC6 in the pathogenesis of ectopic mineralization, the expressions of genes involved in this process were evaluated in HepG2 cells upon stable knockdown of ABCC6 by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology. ABCC6 knockdown in HepG2 cells causes a significant upregulation of the genes promoting mineralization, such as TNAP, and a parallel downregulation of genes with anti-mineralization activity, such as NT5E, Fetuin A and Osteopontin. Although the absence of ABCC6 has been already associated with ectopic mineralization syndromes, this study is the first to show a direct relationship between reduced ABCC6 levels and the expression of pro-mineralization genes in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Miglionico
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Maria Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Flavia Cuviello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Faustino Bisaccia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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21
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Li Q, Guo H, Chou DW, Berndt A, Sundberg JP, Uitto J. Mouse models for pseudoxanthoma elasticum: genetic and dietary modulation of the ectopic mineralization phenotypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89268. [PMID: 24586646 PMCID: PMC3929712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a heritable ectopic mineralization disorder, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Null mice (Abcc6−/−) recapitulate the genetic, histopathologic and ultrastructural features of PXE, and they demonstrate early and progressive mineralization of vibrissae dermal sheath, which serves as a biomarker of the overall mineralization process. Recently, as part of a mouse aging study at The Jackson Laboratory, 31 inbred mouse strains were necropsied, and two of them, KK/HlJ and 129S1/SvImJ, were noted to have vibrissae dermal mineralization similar to Abcc6−/− mice. These two strains were shown to harbor a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs32756904) in the Abcc6 gene, which resulted in out-of-frame splicing and marked reduction in ABCC6 protein expression in the liver of these mice. The same polymorphism is present in two additional mouse strains, DBA/2J and C3H/HeJ, with similar reduction in Abcc6 protein levels, yet these mice did not demonstrate tissue mineralization when kept on standard rodent diet. However, all four mouse strains, when placed on experimental diet enriched in phosphate and low in magnesium, developed extensive ectopic mineralization. These results indicate that the genetic background of mice and the mineral composition of their diet can profoundly modulate the ectopic mineralization process predicated on mutations in the Abcc6 gene. These mice provide novel model systems to study the pathomechanisms and the reasons for strain background on phenotypic variability of PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David W. Chou
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annerose Berndt
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Brampton C, Aherrahrou Z, Chen LH, Martin L, Bergen AA, Gorgels TG, Erdfdi J, Schunkert H, Szabó Z, Váradi A, Le Saux O. The level of hepatic ABCC6 expression determines the severity of calcification after cardiac injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:159-70. [PMID: 24479134 PMCID: PMC3873484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Because vascular or cardiac mineralization is inversely correlated with morbidity and long-term survival, we investigated the role of ABCC6 in the calcification response to cardiac injury in mice. By using two models of infarction, nonischemic cryoinjury and the pathologically relevant coronary artery ligation, we confirmed a large propensity to acute cardiac mineralization in Abcc6−/− mice. Furthermore, when the expression of ABCC6 was reduced to approximately 38% of wild-type levels in Abcc6+/− mice, no calcium deposits in injured cardiac tissue were observed. In addition, we used a gene therapy approach to deliver a functional human ABCC6 via hydrodynamic tail vein injection to approximately 13% of mouse hepatocytes, significantly reducing the calcification response to cardiac cryoinjury. We observed that the level and distribution of known regulators of mineralization, such as osteopontin and matrix Gla protein, but not osteocalcin, were concomitant to the level of hepatic expression of human and mouse ABCC6. We notably found that undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein precisely colocalized within areas of mineralization, whereas osteopontin was more diffusely distributed in the area of injury, suggesting a prominent association for matrix Gla protein and osteopontin in ABCC6-related dystrophic cardiac calcification. This study showed that the expression of ABCC6 in liver is an important determinant of calcification in cardiac tissues in response to injuries and is associated with changes in the expression patterns of regulators of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Lübeck/Hamburg/Kiel, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Li-Hsieh Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Integrated Neurovascular and Mitochondrial Biology, L’UNAM University, UMR CNRS/INSERM, Angers School of Medicine, Angers, France
| | - Arthur A.B. Bergen
- Department of Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G.M.F. Gorgels
- Department of Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Erdfdi
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Lübeck/Hamburg/Kiel, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- German Heart Center Munich, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Zalán Szabó
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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23
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Barteselli G, Dell'arti L, Finger RP, Charbel Issa P, Marcon A, Vezzola D, Mapelli C, Cassinerio E, Cappellini MD, Ratiglia R, Viola F. The spectrum of ocular alterations in patients with β-thalassemia syndromes suggests a pathology similar to pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ophthalmology 2013; 121:709-18. [PMID: 24314836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence and spectrum of ocular fundus abnormalities in patients with β-thalassemia and to investigate risk factors for their development. DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 255 patients with β-thalassemia major (TM) and β-thalassemia intermedia (TI) were consecutively recruited and investigated. METHODS Patients underwent best correct visual acuity, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and fundus photography, including fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and near-infrared reflectance imaging using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO). Hematologic parameters were determined, including mean ferritin levels, aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, calcium, pre-transfusion hemoglobin, history of splenectomy, and liver iron concentration. Factors associated with the ocular phenotype were assessed using logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ocular phenotype as determined by clinical examination and used multimodal imaging. RESULTS A total of 153 patients (60.0%) affected by TM and 102 patients (40.0%) affected by TI participated, of whom 216 (84.7%) were receiving iron-chelating therapy. Ocular fundus abnormalities characteristic of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were detected by cSLO in 70 of 255 patients (27.8%) and included peau d'orange (19.6%), angioid streaks (12.9%), pattern dystrophy-like changes (7.5%), and optic disc drusen (2.0%). Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like changes were more frequent in patients with TI (P<0.001). Patients with PXE-like fundus changes were older than patients without these fundus changes (P<0.001). In both patients with TI and TM, age (P = 0.001) and splenectomy (P = 0.001) had the strongest association with presence of PXE-like fundus changes in multivariate analyses. A total of 43 of 255 patients (16.9%) showed increased retinal vascular tortuosity independently of the PXE-like fundus changes, which was associated with aspartate amino transferase (P = 0.036), hemoglobin (P = 0.008), and ferritin levels (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like fundus changes are a frequent finding in patients with β-thalassemia. In TI, these changes increase with duration or severity of the disease. This particular ocular phenotype suggests an ocular pathology similar to PXE. Retinal vascular tortuosity may be an additional disease manifestation independent of the PXE-like syndrome. Patients with long-standing disease requiring iron-chelating treatment and a history of splenectomy need regular ophthalmic checkups because they are at risk of developing PXE-like fundus changes and potentially of subsequent choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Barteselli
- Ophthalmological Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Dell'arti
- Ophthalmological Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert P Finger
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Alessia Marcon
- Rare Diseases Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Vezzola
- Ophthalmological Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mapelli
- Ophthalmological Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cassinerio
- Rare Diseases Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria D Cappellini
- Rare Diseases Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ratiglia
- Rare Diseases Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Viola
- Ophthalmological Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Boraldi F, Garcia-Fernandez M, Paolinelli-Devincenzi C, Annovi G, Schurgers L, Vermeer C, Cianciulli P, Ronchetti I, Quaglino D. Ectopic calcification in β-thalassemia patients is associated with increased oxidative stress and lower MGP carboxylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1832:2077-84. [PMID: 23899606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of beta-thalassemia (β-thal) patients in the course of the disease exhibit ectopic calcification affecting skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system. Clinical and histopathological features have been described similar to those in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), although different genes are affected in the two diseases. Cultured dermal fibroblasts from β-thal patients with and without PXE-like clinical manifestations have been compared for parameters of redox balance and for the expression of proteins, which have been already associated with the pathologic mineralisation of soft connective tissues. Even though oxidative stress is a well-known condition of β-thal patients, our results indicate that the occurrence of mineralized elastin is associated with a more pronounced redox disequilibrium, as demonstrated by the intracellular increase of anion superoxide and of oxidized proteins and lipids. Moreover, fibroblasts from β-thal PXE-like patients are characterized by decreased availability of carboxylated matrix Gla protein (MGP), as well as by altered expression of proteins involved in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation process. Results demonstrate that elastic fibre calcification is promoted when redox balance threshold levels are exceeded and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation process is affected decreasing the activity of MGP, a well-known inhibitor of ectopic calcification. Furthermore, independently from the primary gene defect, these pathways are similarly involved in fibroblasts from PXE and from β-thal PXE-like patients as well as in other diseases leading to ectopic calcification, thus suggesting that can be used as markers of pathologic mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; PXELab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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25
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Pomozi V, Brampton C, Fülöp K, Chen LH, Apana A, Li Q, Uitto J, Le Saux O, Váradi A. Analysis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum-causing missense mutants of ABCC6 in vivo; pharmacological correction of the mislocalized proteins. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:946-953. [PMID: 24352041 PMCID: PMC3962510 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the ABCC6 gene cause soft-tissue calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and, in some patients, generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI). PXE is characterized by late onset and progressive mineralization of elastic fibers in dermal, ocular, and cardiovascular tissues. GACI patients present a more severe, often prenatal arterial calcification. We have tested 10 frequent disease-causing ABCC6 missense mutants for the transport activity by using Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells, characterized the subcellular localization in MDCKII (Madin-Darby canine kidney (cell line)) cells and in mouse liver, and tested the phenotypic rescue in zebrafish. We aimed at identifying mutants with preserved transport activity but with improper plasma membrane localization for rescue by the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Seven of the mutants were transport-competent but mislocalized in mouse liver. The observed divergence in cellular localization of mutants in MDCKII cells versus mouse liver underlined the limitations of this 2D in vitro cell system. The functionality of ABCC6 mutants was tested in zebrafish, and minimal rescue of the morpholino-induced phenotype was found. However, 4-PBA, a drug approved for clinical use, restored the plasma membrane localization of four ABCC6 mutants (R1114P, S1121W, Q1347H, and R1314W), suggesting that allele-specific therapy may be useful for selected patients with PXE and GACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Pomozi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christopher Brampton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Krisztina Fülöp
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Li-Hsieh Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ailea Apana
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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26
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Arányi T, Bacquet C, de Boussac H, Ratajewski M, Pomozi V, Fülöp K, Brampton CN, Pulaski L, Le Saux O, Váradi A. Transcriptional regulation of the ABCC6 gene and the background of impaired function of missense disease-causing mutations. Front Genet 2013; 4:27. [PMID: 23483032 PMCID: PMC3593682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ATP-binding cassette family C member 6 (ABCC6) gene encodes an ABC transporter protein expressed primarily in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidneys and the intestines. We review here the mechanisms of this restricted tissue-specific expression and the role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α which is responsible for the expression pattern. Detailed analyses uncovered further regulators of the expression of the gene pointing to an intronic primate-specific regulator region, an activator of the expression of the gene by binding CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, which interacts with other proteins acting in the proximal promoter. This regulatory network is affected by various environmental stimuli including oxidative stress and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 pathway. We also review here the structural and functional consequences of disease-causing missense mutations of ABCC6. A significant clustering of the missense disease-causing mutations was found at the domain–domain interfaces. This clustering means that the domain contacts are much less permissive to amino acid replacements than the rest of the protein. We summarize the experimental methods resulting in the identification of mutants with preserved transport activity but failure in intracellular targeting. These mutants are candidates for functional rescue by chemical chaperons. The results of such research can provide the basis of future allele-specific therapy of ABCC6-mediated disorders like pseudoxanthoma elasticum or the generalized arterial calcification in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Arányi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
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27
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Ronchetti I, Boraldi F, Annovi G, Cianciulli P, Quaglino D. Fibroblast involvement in soft connective tissue calcification. Front Genet 2013; 4:22. [PMID: 23467434 PMCID: PMC3588566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft connective tissue calcification is not a passive process, but the consequence of metabolic changes of local mesenchymal cells that, depending on both genetic and environmental factors, alter the balance between pro- and anti-calcifying pathways. While the role of smooth muscle cells and pericytes in ectopic calcifications has been widely investigated, the involvement of fibroblasts is still elusive. Fibroblasts isolated from the dermis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) patients and of patients exhibiting PXE-like clinical and histopathological findings offer an attractive model to investigate the mechanisms leading to the precipitation of mineral deposits within elastic fibers and to explore the influence of the genetic background and of the extracellular environment on fibroblast-associated calcifications, thus improving the knowledge on the role of mesenchymal cells on pathologic mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Boraldi
- PXELab, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Giulia Annovi
- PXELab, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Quaglino
- PXELab, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
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28
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Lefthériotis G, Omarjee L, Le Saux O, Henrion D, Abraham P, Prunier F, Willoteaux S, Martin L. The vascular phenotype in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and related disorders: contribution of a genetic disease to the understanding of vascular calcification. Front Genet 2013; 4:4. [PMID: 23408347 PMCID: PMC3569880 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a complex and dynamic process occurring in various physiological conditions such as aging and exercise or in acquired metabolic disorders like diabetes or chronic renal insufficiency. Arterial calcifications are also observed in several genetic diseases revealing the important role of unbalanced or defective anti- or pro-calcifying factors. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disease (OMIM 264800) characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation and calcification in various soft conjunctive tissues including the skin, eyes, and arterial media. The PXE disease results from mutations in the ABCC6 gene, encoding an ATP-binding cassette transporter primarily expressed in the liver, kidneys suggesting that it is a prototypic metabolic soft-tissue calcifying disease of genetic origin. The clinical expression of the PXE arterial disease is characterized by an increased risk for coronary (myocardial infarction), cerebral (aneurysm and stroke), and lower limb peripheral artery disease. However, the structural and functional changes in the arterial wall induced by PXE are still unexplained. The use of a recombinant mouse model inactivated for the Abcc6 gene is an important tool for the understanding of the PXE pathophysiology although the vascular impact in this model remains limited to date. Overlapping of the PXE phenotype with other inherited calcifying diseases could bring important informations to our comprehension of the PXE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Lefthériotis
- PXE Health and Research Centre, University Hospital of Angers Angers, France ; L'UNAM, UMR CNRS 6214 - Inserm 1083, Medical School of Angers Angers, France
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29
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Rasmussen MR, Sommerlund M, Moestrup SK. Is classical pseudoxanthoma elasticum a consequence of hepatic 'intoxication' due to ABCC6 substrate accumulation in the liver? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:37-46. [PMID: 30731651 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a serious genetic disorder with ectopic mineralization affecting the skin, the eye and the cardiovascular system. The disease is predominantly caused by mutations in the transmembrane ABC protein ABCC6, a putative small substrate transporter. Interestingly, ABCC6 seems virtually absent in the affected organs, whereas a high expression is seen in hepatocytes. This and further published experimental evidence indicate that PXE is a systemic, metabolic liver disease where circulatory changes affect the peripheral mineralization process. Owing to the well-characterized transport of organic substrates by related ABC proteins, it has been proposed that PXE is caused by impaired export of an antimineralization compound to the blood. The authors here present an alternative hypothesis that explains ectopic mineralization in PXE as a consequence of hepatic accumulation of ABCC6 substrate(s) that via gene-regulating effects leads to altered hepatic secretion and activation of antimineralization/anticalcification proteins such as fetuin-A and Gla proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Rostved Rasmussen
- a Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- b Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, P. P. Ørumsgade 11, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- a Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- c Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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30
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Le Saux O, Martin L, Aherrahrou Z, Leftheriotis G, Váradi A, Brampton CN. The molecular and physiological roles of ABCC6: more than meets the eye. Front Genet 2012; 3:289. [PMID: 23248644 PMCID: PMC3520154 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mineralization occurs in the context of several common conditions, including advanced age, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, chronic renal failure, and certain genetic conditions. Metabolic, mechanical, infectious, and inflammatory injuries promote ectopic mineralization through overlapping yet distinct molecular mechanisms of initiation and progression. The ABCC6 protein is an ATP-dependent transporter primarily found in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. ABCC6 exports unknown substrates from the liver presumably for systemic circulation. ABCC6 deficiency is the primary cause for chronic and acute forms of ectopic mineralization described in diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), β-thalassemia, and generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) in humans and dystrophic cardiac calcification (DCC) in mice. These pathologies are characterized by mineralization of cardiovascular, ocular, and dermal tissues. PXE and to an extent GACI are caused by inactivating ABCC6 mutations, whereas the mineralization associated with β-thalassemia patients derives from a liver-specific change in ABCC6 expression. DCC is an acquired phenotype resulting from cardiovascular insults (ischemic injury or hyperlipidemia) and secondary to ABCC6 insufficiency. Abcc6-deficient mice develop ectopic calcifications similar to both the human PXE and mouse DCC phenotypes. The precise molecular and cellular mechanism linking deficient hepatic ABCC6 function to distal ectopic mineral deposition is not understood and has captured the attention of many research groups. Our previously published work along with that of others show that ABCC6 influences other modulators of calcification and that it plays a much greater physiological role than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
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31
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Ratajewski M, de Boussac H, Sachrajda I, Bacquet C, Kovács T, Váradi A, Pulaski L, Arányi T. ABCC6 expression is regulated by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein activating a primate-specific sequence located in the first intron of the gene. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2709-17. [PMID: 22763786 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare recessive genetic disease causing skin, eye, and cardiovascular lesions, is characterized by the calcification of elastic fibers. The disorder is due to loss-of-function mutations of the ABCC6 gene, but the pathophysiology of the disease is still not understood. Here we investigated the transcriptional regulation of the gene, using DNase I hypersensitivity assay followed by luciferase reporter gene assay. We identified three DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSs) specific to cell lines expressing ABCC6. These HSs are located in the proximal promoter and in the first intron of the gene. We further characterized the role of the HSs by luciferase assay and demonstrated the transcriptional activity of the intronic HS. We identified the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) as a factor binding the second intronic HS by chromatin immunoprecipitation and corroborated this finding by luciferase assays. We also showed that C/EBPβ interacts with the proximal promoter of the gene. We propose that C/EBPβ forms a complex with other regulatory proteins including the previously identified regulatory factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). This complex would account for the tissue-specific expression of the gene and might serve as a metabolic sensor. Our results point toward a better understanding of the physiological role of ABCC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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32
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Rincon MR, Oppenheimer K, Bonney EA. Selective accumulation of Th2-skewing immature erythroid cells in developing neonatal mouse spleen. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:719-30. [PMID: 22701342 PMCID: PMC3371569 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors likely regulate neonatal immunity and self-tolerance. However, evidence that the neonatal immune system is suppressed or deviated is varied depending on the antigen and the timing of antigen exposure relative to birth. These disparate findings may be related to the availability of the appropriate antigen presenting cells but also point to the possibility of homeostatic changes in non-lymphoid cells in the relevant lymphoid tissues. Here we show that, while leukocytes are the most abundant cell population present in spleen during the first 4-5 days after birth, a massive accumulation of nucleated immature erythroid population in the spleen takes places on day 6 after birth. Although the relative frequency of these immature erythorid cells slowly decreases during the development of neonates, they remain one of the most predominant populations up to three weeks of age. Importantly, we show that the immature erythroid cells from neonate spleen have the capacity to modulate the differentiation of CD4 T cells into effector cells and provide a bias towards a Th2 type instead of Th1 type. These nucleated erythroid cells can produce cytokines that participate in the Th2/Th1 balance, an important one being IL-6. Thus, the selective accumulation of immature erythroid cells in the spleen during a specific period of neonatal development may explain the apparent differences observed in the type(s) of immune responses generated in infants and neonates. These findings are potentially relevant to the better management of immune deficiency in and to the design of vaccination strategies for the young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes R Rincon
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Department of Medicine/Immunobiology, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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33
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Fülöp K, Jiang Q, Wetering KVD, Pomozi V, Szabó PT, Arányi T, Sarkadi B, Borst P, Uitto J, Váradi A. ABCC6 does not transport vitamin K3-glutathione conjugate from the liver: relevance to pathomechanisms of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:468-71. [PMID: 22056557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is a cofactor required for gamma-glutamyl carboxylation of several proteins regulating blood clotting, bone formation and soft tissue mineralization. Vitamin K3 is an important intermediate during conversion of the dietary vitamin K1 to the most abundant vitamin K2 form. It has been suggested that ABCC6 may have a role in transporting vitamin K or its derivatives from the liver to the periphery. This activity is missing in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in ABCC6 characterized by abnormal soft tissue mineralization. Here we examined the efflux of the glutathione conjugate of vitamin K3 (VK3GS) from the liver in wild type and Abcc6(-/-) mice, and in transport assays in vitro. We found in liver perfusion experiments that VK3GS is secreted into the inferior vena cava, but we observed no significant difference between wild type and Abcc6(-/-) animals. We overexpressed the human ABCC6 transporter in Sf9 insect and MDCKII cells and assayed its vitamin K3-conjugate transport activity in vitro. We found no measurable transport of VK3GS by ABCC6, whereas ABCC1 transported this compound at high rate in these assays. These results show that VK3GS is not the essential metabolite transported by ABCC6 from the liver and preventing the symptoms of pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Fülöp
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Uitto J, Bercovitch L, Terry SF, Terry PF. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: progress in diagnostics and research towards treatment : Summary of the 2010 PXE International Research Meeting. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1517-26. [PMID: 21671388 PMCID: PMC3121926 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a prototypic heritable disorder with ectopic mineralization, manifests with characteristic skin findings, ocular involvement, and cardiovascular problems. The classic forms of PXE are due to loss-of-function mutations in the ABCC6 gene, which encodes ABCC6, a putative transmembrane efflux transporter expressed primarily in the liver. While considerable progress has recently been made in understanding the molecular genetics and pathomechanisms of PXE, no effective or specific treatment is currently available for this disorder. PXE International, the premiere patient advocacy organization, organized a workshop in November 2010 to assess the current state of diagnostics and research to develop an agenda towards treatment of PXE. This overview summarizes the progress in PXE research, with emphasis on molecular therapies for this, currently intractable, disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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