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Barachini S, Pardini E, Burzi IS, Sardo Infirri G, Montali M, Petrini I. Molecular and Functional Key Features and Oncogenic Drivers in Thymic Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 38201593 PMCID: PMC10778094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial tumors, comprising thymic carcinomas and thymomas, are rare neoplasms. They differ in histology, prognosis, and association with autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis. Thymomas, but not thymic carcinomas, often harbor GTF2I mutations. Mutations of CDKN2A, TP53, and CDKN2B are the most common thymic carcinomas. The acquisition of mutations in genes that control chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulation occurs in the advanced stages of thymic carcinomas. Anti-angiogenic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown promising results for the treatment of unresectable tumors. Since thymic carcinomas are frankly aggressive tumors, this report presents insights into their oncogenic drivers, categorized under the established hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barachini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Sofia Burzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gisella Sardo Infirri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Montali
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Nasci VL, Liu P, Marks AM, Williams AC, Kriegel AJ. Transcriptomic analysis identifies novel candidates in cardiorenal pathology mediated by chronic peritoneal dialysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10051. [PMID: 37344499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Studies of PD-related CV pathology in animal models are lacking despite the clinical importance. Here we introduce the phenotypic evaluation of a rat model of cardiorenal syndrome in response to chronic PD, complemented by a rich transcriptomic dataset detailing chronic PD-induced changes in left ventricle (LV) and kidney tissues. This study aims to determine how PD alters CV parameters and risk factors while identifying pathways for potential therapeutic targets. Sprague Dawley rats underwent Sham or 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) at 10 weeks of age. Six weeks later an abdominal dialysis catheter was placed in all rats before random assignment to Control or PD (3 daily 1-h exchanges) groups for 8 days. Renal and LV pathology and transcriptomic analysis was performed. The PD regimen reduced circulating levels of BUN in 5/6Nx, indicating dialysis efficacy. PD did not alter blood pressure or cardiovascular function in Sham or 5/6Nx rats, though it attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Importantly PD increased serum triglycerides in 5/6Nx rats. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that PD induced numerous changed transcripts involved with inflammatory pathways, including neutrophil activation and atherosclerosis signaling. We have adapted a uremic rat model of chronic PD. Chronic PD induced transcriptomic changes related to inflammatory signaling that occur independent of 5/6Nx and augmented circulating triglycerides and predicted atherosclerosis signaling in 5/6Nx LV tissues. The changes are indicative of increased CV risk due to PD and highlight several pathways for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Nasci
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Amanda M Marks
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Adaysha C Williams
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Center of Systems Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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3
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Su HY, Yang JJ, Zou R, An N, Chen XC, Yang C, Yang HJ, Yao CW, Liu HF. Autophagy in peritoneal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1187207. [PMID: 37256065 PMCID: PMC10226653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1187207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a widely accepted renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Morphological and functional changes occur in the peritoneal membranes (PMs) of patients undergoing long-term PD. Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is a common PD-related complication that ultimately leads to PM injury and peritoneal ultrafiltration failure. Autophagy is a cellular process of "self-eating" wherein damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and pathogenic microbes are degraded to maintain intracellular environment homeostasis and cell survival. Growing evidence shows that autophagy is involved in fibrosis progression, including renal fibrosis and hepatic fibrosis, in various organs. Multiple risk factors, including high-glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (HGPDS), stimulate the activation of autophagy, which participates in PF progression, in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). Nevertheless, the underlying roles and mechanisms of autophagy in PF progression remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the key roles and potential mechanisms of autophagy in PF to offer novel perspectives on future therapy strategies for PF and their limitations.
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Xu Z, Qiao S, Qian W, Zhu Y, Yan W, Shen S, Wang T. Card9 protects fungal peritonitis through regulating Malt1-mediated activation of autophagy in macrophage. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108941. [PMID: 35850054 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fungal peritonitis is an inflammatory condition of the peritoneum which occurs secondary to peritoneal dialysis. Most cases of peritonitis are caused by microbial invasion into the peritoneal cavity, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Unlike bacterial peritonitis, little is known on fungal peritonitis. Card9, an adapter protein, plays a critical role in anti-fungal immunity. In this study, by using zymosan-induced peritonitis and C. albicans-induced peritonitis mouse model, we demonstrated that fungal peritonitis was exacerbated in Card9-/- mice, compared with WT mice. Next, we found the autophagy activation of peritonealmacrophages was impaired in Card9-/- peritonitis mice. The autophagy agonist, MG132, ameliorated peritonitis in Card9-/- mice. The result of microarray analysis indicates Malt1 was significantly decreased in Card9-/- peritonitis mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Malt1 interacts with P62 and mediates the function of P62 to clear ubiquitinated proteins. After overexpression of Malt1, impaired autophagy activation caused by Card9 deficient was significantly rescued. Together, our results indicate that Card9 protects fungal peritonitis by regulating Malt1-mediated autophagy in macrophages. Our research provides a new idea for the pathogenesis of fungal peritonitis, which is of great significance for the clinical treatment of fungal peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shuping Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenyue Yan
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China.
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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5
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Role of the mTOR-autophagy-ER stress pathway in high fructose-induced metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:10-14. [PMID: 33731774 PMCID: PMC8724298 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common metabolic disease with a global prevalence of 25%. While MAFLD is serious and incurable at the later stage, it can be controlled or reversed at the early stage of hepatosteatosis originating from unhealthy diets. Recent laboratory evidence implicates a critical role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-autophagy signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MAFLD induced by a high-fructose diet mimicking the overconsumption of sugar in humans. This review discusses the possible molecular mechanisms of mTOR-autophagy-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in MAFLD. Based on careful analysis of recent studies, we suggest possible new therapeutic concepts or targets that can be explored for the discovery of new anti-MAFLD drugs.
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Autophagy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020135. [PMID: 33494431 PMCID: PMC7911475 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, which is a conserved biological process and essential mechanism in maintaining homeostasis and metabolic balance, enables cells to degrade cytoplasmic constituents through lysosomes, recycle nutrients, and survive during starvation. Autophagy exerts an anticarcinogenic role in normal cells and inhibits the malignant transformation of cells. On the other hand, aberrations in autophagy are involved in gene derangements, cell metabolism, the process of tumor immune surveillance, invasion and metastasis, and tumor drug-resistance. Therefore, autophagy-targeted drugs may function as anti-tumor agents. Accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have anticarcinogenic properties, including those relating to cellular proliferation inhibition, the induction of apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, the impairment of cell migration, invasion, tumor angiogenesis, and the reduction of multidrug resistance in tumor cells. Flavonoids, which are a group of natural polyphenolic compounds characterized by multiple targets that participate in multiple pathways, have been widely studied in different models for autophagy modulation. However, flavonoid-induced autophagy commonly interacts with other mechanisms, comprehensively influencing the anticancer effect. Accordingly, targeted autophagy may become the core mechanism of flavonoids in the treatment of tumors. This paper reviews the flavonoid-induced autophagy of tumor cells and their interaction with other mechanisms, so as to provide a comprehensive and in-depth account on how flavonoids exert tumor-suppressive effects through autophagy.
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7
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Su YS, Hsieh PY, Li JS, Pao YH, Chen CJ, Hwang LH. The Heat Shock Protein 70 Family of Chaperones Regulates All Phases of the Enterovirus A71 Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1656. [PMID: 32760390 PMCID: PMC7371988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major etiologic agents causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and occasionally causes severe neurological diseases or even death. EV-A71 replicates rapidly in host cells. For a successful infection, viruses produce large quantities of viral proteins in a short period, which requires cellular chaperone proteins for viral protein folding and viral particle assembly. In this study, we explored the roles of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) chaperone subnetwork in the EV-A71 life cycle. Our results revealed that EV-A71 exploits multiple HSP70s at each step of the viral life cycle, i.e., viral entry, translation, replication, assembly and release, and that each HSP70 typically functions in several stages of the life cycle. For example, the HSP70 isoforms HSPA1, HSPA8, and HSPA9 are required for viral entry and the translational steps of the infection. HSPA8 and HSPA9 may facilitate folding and stabilize viral proteins 3D and 2C, respectively, thus contributing to the formation of a replication complex. HSPA8 and HSPA9 also promote viral particle assembly, whereas HSPA1 and HSPA8 are involved in viral particle release. Because of the importance of various HSP70s at distinct steps of the viral life cycle, an allosteric inhibitor, JG40, which targets all HSP70s, significantly blocks EV-A71 infection. JG40 also blocks the replication of several other enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus (CV) A16, CVB1, CVB3, and echovirus 11. Thus, targeting HSP70s may be a means of providing broad-spectrum antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Syuan Li
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Pao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Ahmed K, Zaidi SF, Rehman R, Kondo T. Hyperthermia and protein homeostasis: Cytoprotection and cell death. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102615. [PMID: 32716865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis, the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is an essential pillar for proper cellular function. Among the several cellular mechanisms that disrupt homeostatic conditions in cancer cells, hyperthermia (HT) has shown promising anti-tumor effects. However, cancer cells are also capable of thermoresistance. Indeed, HT-induced protein denaturation and aggregation results in the up regulation of heat shock proteins, a group of molecular chaperones with cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic properties via stress-inducible transcription factor, heat shock factor 1(HSF1). Heat shock proteins assist in the refolding of misfolded proteins and aids in their elimination if they become irreversibly damaged by various stressors. Furthermore, HSF1 also initiates the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to assist in the protein folding capacity of ER and also promotes the translation of pro-survival proteins' mRNA such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF 4). Moreover, HT associated induction of microRNAs is also involved in thermal resistance of cancer cells via up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and down regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase 3 activities. Another cellular protection in response to stressors is Autophagy, which is regulated by the Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein. Kinase activity in mTOR phosphorylates HSF1 and promotes its nuclear translocation for heat shock protein synthesis. Over-expression of heat shock proteins are reported to up-regulate Beclin-1, an autophagy initiator. Moreover, HT-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is sensitized by transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activates the cellular expression of antioxidants and autophagy gene. Furthermore, ROS also potentiates autophagy via activation of Beclin-1. Inhibition of thermotolerance can potentiate HT-induced apoptosis. Here, we outlined that heat stress alters cellular proteins which activates cellular homeostatic processes to promote cell survival and make cancer cells thermotolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafey Rehman
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, 2630, Toyama, Japan
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9
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Pan Z, Wu Q, Xie Z, Wu Q, Tan X, Wang X. Upregulation of HSP72 attenuates tendon adhesion by regulating fibroblast proliferation and collagen production via blockade of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109606. [PMID: 32199935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of fibroblasts creates an environment favoring post-operative tendon adhesion, but targeted therapy of this pathology remains in its infancy. In this study, we explored the effect of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), a major inducible member of the heat shock protein family that can protect cells against many cellular stresses including heat shock, on fibroblast proliferation in tendon adhesion, with its underlying mechanisms investigated. HSP72 expression was examined in an established rat model of tendon injury using RT-qPCR and immunoblot analysis. After conducting ectopic expression and depletion experiments in fibroblast NIH3T3 cells, we determined the effects of HSP72 on the expression of α-SMA and STAT3 signaling pathway-related genes, fibroblast proliferation, as well as collagen production. The mRNA (65.46%) and protein (63.65%) expression of HSP72 was downregulated in the rat model of tendon injury. The in vitro experiments revealed that overexpression of HSP72 inhibited fibroblast proliferation (42.57%) and collagen production (45.60%), as well as reducing α-SMA expression (42.49%) and the extent of STAT3 phosphorylation (55.46%). Moreover, we observed that HSP72 overexpression reduced inflammation as well as the number of inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroblasts in vivo. Furthermore, the inhibited extent of STAT3 phosphorylation contributed to the impaired fibroblast proliferation and collagen production evoked by upregulated HSP72. In summary, the present study unveils an inhibitory role of HSP72 in tendon adhesion via inactivation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. This finding may enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for the prevention against tendon adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Pan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China; Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Qinfen Wu
- Department of Surgery, the Hospital of Hubei Provincial Government, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhe Xie
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Xinti Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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10
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Milani A, Basirnejad M, Bolhassani A. Heat-shock proteins in diagnosis and treatment: an overview of different biochemical and immunological functions. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:215-239. [PMID: 30730280 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been involved in different functions including chaperone activity, protein folding, apoptosis, autophagy and immunity. The HSP families have powerful effects on the stimulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like receptors and scavenger receptors. Moreover, HSP-mediated phagocytosis directly enhances the processing and presentation of internalized antigens via the endocytic pathway in adaptive immune system. These properties of HSPs have been used for development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infectious and noninfectious diseases. Several studies also demonstrated the relationship between HSPs and drug resistance as well as their use as a novel biomarker for detecting tumors in patients. The present review describes different roles of HSPs in biology and medicine especially biochemical and immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis & AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Acetylation of HMGB1 by JNK1 Signaling Promotes LPS-Induced Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Apoptosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2649585. [PMID: 30539006 PMCID: PMC6260401 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2649585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in dialysis effluence is associated with the presence of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in patients and peritoneal dysfunction in acute peritonitis mice model, but it remains unclear whether HMGB1 is involved in peritoneal mesothelial cell injury and functions via molecular posttranslational modifications by acetylation in this process. Here we first showed correlation between HMGB1 acetylation level in dialysis effluence of patients and occurrence of Gram-negative peritonitis. The increased level of acetylated HMGB1 was similarly observed under the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment in both human peritoneal mesothelial cell line (HMrSV5) and mice visceral peritoneum tissue. Overexpression of wild-type, but not hypoacetylation mutant of HMGB1, enhanced LPS-induced apoptosis in HMrSV5 cells, which was accompanied by elevated protein levels of BAX and cleaved-caspase 3 compared to the control. Pretreatment of HMrSV5 cell with JNK inhibitor attenuated LPS-induced HMGB1 acetylation. Consistently, primary peritoneal mesothelial cells from Jnk1-/- mice showed a lower protein contents of acetylated HMGB1, fewer apoptosis, and decreased protein expression of BAX and cleaved-caspase3 after LPS exposure, as compared to those from wild-type mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrated HMGB1 promotes LPS-induced peritoneal mesothelial cells apoptosis, which is associated with JNK1-mediated upregulation of HMGB1 acetylation.
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12
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Rao Y, Wan Q, Su H, Xiao X, Liao Z, Ji J, Yang C, Lin L, Su J. ROS-induced HSP70 promotes cytoplasmic translocation of high-mobility group box 1b and stimulates antiviral autophagy in grass carp kidney cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17387-17401. [PMID: 30237170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays many physiological and pathophysiological roles. However, the roles and the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in response to viral infections are poorly defined in teleost fish, such as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), which is one of the most important aquaculture species in China. In this study, we found that both grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. idella kidney cells and stimulate autophagy. Suppressing ROS accumulation with N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly inhibited GCRV-induced autophagy activation and enhanced GCRV replication. Although ROS-induced autophagy, in turn, restricted GCRV replication, further investigation revealed that the multifunctional cellular protein high-mobility group box 1b (HMGB1b) serves as a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-dependent, pro-autophagic protein in grass carp. Upon H2O2 treatment, cytoplasmic HSP70 translocated to the nucleus, where it interacted with HMGB1b and promoted cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1b. Overexpression and siRNA-mediated knockdown assays indicated that HSP70 and HMGB1b synergistically enhance ROS-induced autophagic activation in the cytoplasm. Moreover, HSP70 reinforced an association of HMGB1b with the C. idella ortholog of Beclin 1 (a mammalian ortholog of the autophagy-associated yeast protein ATG6) by directly interacting with C. idella Beclin 1. In summary, this study highlights the antiviral function of ROS-induced autophagy in response to GCRV infection and reveals the positive role of HSP70 in HMGB1b-mediated autophagy initiation in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Rao
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,the Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,the College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China, and
| | - Hang Su
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiwei Liao
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianfei Ji
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- the College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Lin
- the College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China, and
| | - Jianguo Su
- From the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China, .,the Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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13
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Moosavi MA, Haghi A, Rahmati M, Taniguchi H, Mocan A, Echeverría J, Gupta VK, Tzvetkov NT, Atanasov AG. Phytochemicals as potent modulators of autophagy for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:46-69. [PMID: 29474859 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, and accordingly universal research efforts have focused on exploring novel compounds with autophagy-modulating properties. While a number of synthetic autophagy modulators have been identified as promising cancer therapy candidates, autophagy-modulating phytochemicals have also attracted attention as potential treatments with minimal side effects. In this review, we firstly highlight the importance of autophagy and its relevance in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Subsequently, we present the data on common phytochemicals and their mechanism of action as autophagy modulators. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with harnessing the autophagic potential of phytochemicals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atousa Haghi
- Young Researchers & Elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Zhang D, Zhou J, Ye LC, Li J, Wu Z, Li Y, Li C. Autophagy maintains the integrity of endothelial barrier in LPS-induced lung injury. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:688-698. [PMID: 28328069 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role and underlying regulation mechanism of autophagy in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury (LPS-LI) may provide potentially new pharmacological targets for treatment of acute lung injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional significance of autophagy in LPS-LI. The autophagy of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) and mice was inhibited before they were challenged with LPS. In vitro, permeability, vitality, and the LDH release rate of the cells were detected, the zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) expression and the stress fiber formation were determined. In vivo, the lung injury was assessed. We found LPS caused high permeability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate, lowered viability of the cells, inhibited the ZO-1 expression and induced stress fiber formation, these effects were further aggravated by prohibiting the level of autophagy. Consistently, in in vivo experiments, LPS-induced serious lung injury, which was reflected as edema, leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage in lung tissue, and the high concentration of pro-inflammation cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Inhibiting autophagy further exacerbated LPS-LI. It appears that autophagy played a protective role in LPS-LI in part through restricting the injury of lung microvascular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Le Chi Ye
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Chichi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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15
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TG02 inhibits proteasome inhibitor-induced HSF1 serine 326 phosphorylation and heat shock response in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1848-1853. [PMID: 29296831 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition activates multiple kinases in myeloma cells resulting in the phosphorylation of p53, HSP27, c-JUN, and HSF1.TG02 inhibits proteasome inhibitor (PI)-induced HSF1 pS326, representing a novel mechanism for a TG02 and PI combination.
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16
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Gottlieb RA. Delivering Instant Heat: Shocking the Heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1493-1495. [PMID: 28911513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Redza-Dutordoir M, Kassis S, Ve H, Grondin M, Averill-Bates DA. Inhibition of autophagy sensitises cells to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis: Protective effect of mild thermotolerance acquired at 40 °C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:3050-3064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Zhou Q, Bajo MA, Del Peso G, Yu X, Selgas R. Preventing peritoneal membrane fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2016; 90:515-24. [PMID: 27282936 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term peritoneal dialysis causes morphologic and functional changes in the peritoneal membrane. Although mesothelial-mesenchymal transition of peritoneal mesothelial cells is a key process leading to peritoneal fibrosis, and bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions (glucose, glucose degradation products, and advanced glycation end products or a combination) are responsible for altering mesothelial cell function and proliferation, mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unclear. Peritoneal fibrosis has 2 cooperative parts, the fibrosis process itself and the inflammation. The link between these 2 processes is frequently bidirectional, with each one inducing the other. This review outlines our current understanding about the definition and pathophysiology of peritoneal fibrosis, recent studies on key fibrogenic molecular machinery in peritoneal fibrosis, such as the role of transforming growth factor-β/Smads, transforming growth factor-β β/Smad independent pathways, and noncoding RNAs. The diagnosis of peritoneal fibrosis, including effluent biomarkers and the histopathology of a peritoneal biopsy, which is the gold standard for demonstrating peritoneal fibrosis, is introduced in detail. Several interventions for peritoneal fibrosis based on biomarkers, cytology, histology, functional studies, and antagonists are presented in this review. Recent experimental trials in animal models, including pharmacology and gene therapy, which could offer novel insights into the treatment of peritoneal fibrosis in the near future, are also discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - M-Auxiliadora Bajo
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, REDinREN, Fibroteam, IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Del Peso
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, REDinREN, Fibroteam, IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, REDinREN, Fibroteam, IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Janik S, Schiefer AI, Bekos C, Hacker P, Haider T, Moser J, Klepetko W, Müllauer L, Ankersmit HJ, Moser B. HSP27 and 70 expression in thymic epithelial tumors and benign thymic alterations: diagnostic, prognostic and physiologic implications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24267. [PMID: 27097982 PMCID: PMC4838882 DOI: 10.1038/srep24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic Epithelial Tumors (TETs), the most common tumors in the anterior mediastinum in adults, show a unique association with autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and represent a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Neither risk factors nor established biomarkers for TETs exist. Predictive and diagnostic markers are urgently needed. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are upregulated in several malignancies promoting tumor cell survival and metastases. We performed immunohistochemical staining of HSP27 and 70 in patients with TETs (n = 101) and patients with benign thymic alterations (n = 24). Further, serum HSP27 and 70 concentrations were determined in patients with TETs (n = 46), patients with benign thymic alterations (n = 33) and volunteers (n = 49) by using ELISA. HSPs were differentially expressed in histologic types and pathological tumor stages of TETs. Weak HSP tumor expression correlated with worse freedom from recurrence. Serum HSP concentrations were elevated in TETs and MG, correlated with clinical tumor stage and histologic subtype and decreased significantly after complete tumor resection. To conclude, we found HSP expression in the vast majority of TETs, in physiologic thymus and staining intensities in patients with TETs have been associated with prognosis. However, although interesting and promising the role of HSPs in TETs as diagnostic and prognostic or even therapeutic markers need to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janik
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - A I Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - C Bekos
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - P Hacker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - T Haider
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - J Moser
- Departments of Dermatology and Venereology and Karl Landsteiner Institute of Dermatological Research, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - W Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - L Müllauer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - H J Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Regeneration of Cardiac and Thoracic Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - B Moser
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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20
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Heat Shock Protein 72 Antagonizes STAT3 Signaling to Inhibit Fibroblast Accumulation in Renal Fibrogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:816-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Chiu HW, Chen CH, Chang JN, Chen CH, Hsu YH. Far-infrared promotes burn wound healing by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome caused by enhanced autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:809-19. [PMID: 26864306 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms in burn wound progression is crucial to providing appropriate diagnoses and designing therapeutic regimens for burn patients. When inflammation becomes unregulated, recurrent, or excessive, it interferes with burn wound healing. Autophagy, which is a homeostatic and catabolic degradation process, was found to protect against ischemic injury, inflammatory diseases, and apoptosis in some cases. In the present study, we investigated whether far-infrared (FIR) could ameliorate burn wound progression and promote wound healing both in vitro and in a rat model of deep second-degree burn. We found that FIR induced autophagy in differentiated THP-1 cells (human monocytic cells differentiated to macrophages). Furthermore, FIR inhibited both the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages. In addition, FIR induced the ubiquitination of ASC, which is the adaptor protein of the inflammasome, by increasing tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which is a ubiquitin E3 ligase. Furthermore, the exposure to FIR then promoted the delivery of inflammasome to autophagosomes for degradation. In a rat burn model, FIR ameliorated burn-induced epidermal thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, and loss of distinct collagen fibers. Moreover, FIR enhanced autophagy and suppressed the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the rat skin tissue of the burn model. Based on these results, we suggest that FIR-regulated autophagy and inflammasomes will be important for the discovery of novel therapeutics to promote the healing of burn wounds. KEY MESSAGES Far-infrared (FIR) induced autophagy in THP-1 macrophages. FIR suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome through the activation of autophagy. FIR induced the ubiquitination of ASC by increasing TRAF6. FIR ameliorated burn wound progression and promoted wound healing in a rat burn model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ning Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Industrial and Commercial Design, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzeng Rd., Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.
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22
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Rodríguez ME, Cogno IS, Milla Sanabria LS, Morán YS, Rivarola VA. Heat shock proteins in the context of photodynamic therapy: autophagy, apoptosis and immunogenic cell death. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1090-1102. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00097e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins can mediate resistance to photodynamic therapy by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating autophagy which, in turn, prevents apoptosis and immunogenic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías E. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Río Cuarto (5800)
- Argentina
| | - Ingrid S. Cogno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Río Cuarto (5800)
- Argentina
| | - Laura S. Milla Sanabria
- Departamento de Biología Molecular
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Río Cuarto (5800)
- Argentina
| | - Yanina S. Morán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Río Cuarto (5800)
- Argentina
| | - Viviana A. Rivarola
- Departamento de Biología Molecular
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Río Cuarto (5800)
- Argentina
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23
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Abstract
With the development of peritoneal dialysis in many countries, there has been much interest in the cell biology of peritoneal mesothelial cells. In this chapter we describe a reliable and reproducible method for the culture of rat primary mesothelial cells (RPMCs). This chapter outlines how to isolate mesothelial cells from rat peritoneum. The subculture of primary peritoneal mesothelial cells and the characterization by immunofluorescence is also described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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The role of natural polyphenols in cell signaling and cytoprotection against cancer development. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 32:1-19. [PMID: 27142731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoprotective and anticancer action of dietary in-taken natural polyphenols has for long been attributed only to their direct radical scavenging activities. Currently it is well supported that those compounds display a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological outcomes mediated by their complex metabolism, interaction with gut microbiota as well as direct interactions of their metabolites with key cellular signaling proteins. The beneficial effects of natural polyphenols and their synthetic derivatives are extensively studied in context of cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Herein we focus on cell signaling to explain the beneficial role of polyphenols at the three stages of cancer development: we review the recent proceedings about the impact of polyphenols on the cytoprotective antioxidant response and their proapoptotic action at the premalignant stage, and finally we present data showing how phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, chlorogenic acids) and flavonols (e.g., quercetin) hamper the development of metastatic cancer.
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25
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Kim YJ, Kim JY, Kang SW, Chun GS, Ban JY. Protective effect of geranylgeranylacetone against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma cells. Life Sci 2015; 131:51-6. [PMID: 25921766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), one of the major HSPs, has been reported to suppress apoptosis and formation of pathogenic proteins in neurodegenerative disorders. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an anti-ulcer drug, induces HSP70 and thereby protects against cellular damage in various diseases. We investigated the effect of GGA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MAIN METHODS H2O2-induced neuronal toxicity was measured by a CCK-8 assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. We also assessed oxidative stress and apoptosis by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), caspase-3 activity, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. KEY FINDINGS GGA showed a concentration-dependent inhibition on H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death. H2O2-induced induction of HSP70 was enhanced by GGA pretreatment. GGA effectively suppressed the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2. GGA also blocked the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In addition, GGA attenuated H2O2-induced ROS generation and caspase-3 activity. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that GGA protects SH-SY5Y cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis, at least in part by enhancing HSP70 production. Neuroprotective properties of GGA indicate that this compound may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Youn Kim
- Division for Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kang
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gae Sig Chun
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Ban
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Yu X, Yang X, Huang N. Management of a rapidly growing peritoneal dialysis population at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Perit Dial Int 2015; 34 Suppl 2:S31-4. [PMID: 24962960 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing a rapidly growing peritoneal dialysis program with more than 1000 patients involves multiple challenges, labor constraints, logistics, and excessive geographic distance. This paper describes how Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, manages those issues, while simultaneously improving quality of the care and, subsequently, clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Naya Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
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27
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Wang J, Liu S, Li H, Sun J, Zhang S, Xu X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Miao L. A review of rodent models of peritoneal dialysis and its complications. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 47:209-15. [PMID: 25425436 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the available rodent models of peritoneal dialysis (PD) that have been developed over the past 20 years and the complications associated with their use. Although there are several methods used in different studies, the focus of this article is not to review or provide detailed summaries of these methods. Rather, this article reviews the most common methods of establishing a dialysis model in rodents, the assays used to observe function of the peritoneum in dialysis, and how these models are adapted to study peritonitis and peritoneal fibrosis. We compared the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, which should be helpful in studies of PD and may provide valuable data for further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street 218, Nanguan District, Changchun, China
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28
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Hasima N, Ozpolat B. Regulation of autophagy by polyphenolic compounds as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1509. [PMID: 25375374 PMCID: PMC4260725 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway for cellular constituents and organelles, is an adaptive and essential process required for cellular homeostasis. Although autophagy functions as a survival mechanism in response to cellular stressors such as nutrient or growth factor deprivation, it can also lead to a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD) called autophagy-induced cell death or autophagy-associated cell death (type II PCD). Current evidence suggests that cell death through autophagy can be induced as an alternative to apoptosis (type I PCD), with therapeutic purpose in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptosis. Thus, modulating autophagy is of great interest in cancer research and therapy. Natural polyphenolic compounds that are present in our diet, such as rottlerin, genistein, quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol, can trigger type II PCD via various mechanisms through the canonical (Beclin-1 dependent) and non-canonical (Beclin-1 independent) routes of autophagy. The capacity of these compounds to provide a means of cancer cell death that enhances the effects of standard therapies should be taken into consideration for designing novel therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the autophagy- and cell death-inducing effects of these polyphenolic compounds in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hasima
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Institute Science Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia [3] Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - B Ozpolat
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs - Red and Charline McCombs Institute for the Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Kang R, Lotze MT, Zeh HJ, Billiar TR, Tang D. Cell death and DAMPs in acute pancreatitis. Mol Med 2014; 20:466-77. [PMID: 25105302 PMCID: PMC4277549 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death and inflammation are key pathologic responses of acute pancreatitis (AP), the leading cause of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AP by linking local tissue damage to systemic inflammation syndrome. Endogenous DAMPs released from dead, dying or injured cells initiate and extend sterile inflammation via specific pattern recognition receptors. Inhibition of the release and activity of DAMPs (for example, high mobility group box 1, DNA, histones and adenosine triphosphate) provides significant protection against experimental AP. Moreover, increased serum levels of DAMPs in patients with AP correlate with disease severity. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism, diagnosis and management of AP. DAMPs might be an attractive therapeutic target in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Gehrmann M, Stangl S, Foulds GA, Oellinger R, Breuninger S, Rad R, Pockley AG, Multhoff G. Tumor imaging and targeting potential of an Hsp70-derived 14-mer peptide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105344. [PMID: 25165986 PMCID: PMC4148261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously used a unique mouse monoclonal antibody cmHsp70.1 to demonstrate the selective presence of a membrane-bound form of Hsp70 (memHsp70) on a variety of leukemia cells and on single cell suspensions derived from solid tumors of different entities, but not on non-transformed cells or cells from corresponding 'healthy' tissue. This antibody can be used to image tumors in vivo and target them for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Tumor-specific expression of memHsp70 therefore has the potential to be exploited for theranostic purposes. Given the advantages of peptides as imaging and targeting agents, this study assessed whether a 14-mer tumor penetrating peptide (TPP; TKDNNLLGRFELSG), the sequence of which is derived from the oligomerization domain of Hsp70 which is expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells, can also be used for targeting membrane Hsp70 positive (memHsp70+) tumor cells, in vitro. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The specificity of carboxy-fluorescein (CF-) labeled TPP (TPP) to Hsp70 was proven in an Hsp70 knockout mammary tumor cell system. TPP specifically binds to different memHsp70+ mouse and human tumor cell lines and is rapidly taken up via endosomes. Two to four-fold higher levels of CF-labeled TPP were detected in MCF7 (82% memHsp70+) and MDA-MB-231 (75% memHsp70+) cells compared to T47D cells (29% memHsp70+) that exhibit a lower Hsp70 membrane positivity. After 90 min incubation, TPP co-localized with mitochondrial membranes in memHsp70+ tumors. Although there was no evidence that any given vesicle population was specifically localized, fluorophore-labeled cmHsp70.1 antibody and TPP preferentially accumulated in the proximity of the adherent surface of cultured cells. These findings suggest a potential association between membrane Hsp70 expression and cytoskeletal elements that are involved in adherence, the establishment of intercellular synapses and/or membrane reorganization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates the specific binding and rapid internalization of TPP by tumor cells with a memHsp70+ phenotype. TPP might therefore have potential for targeting and imaging the large proportion of tumors (∼50%) that express memHsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Breuninger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Medical Department II, Translational Gastroenterological Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alan G. Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) ‘‘Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology’’, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
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Gruen M, Laux-Biehlmann A, Zollner TM, Nagel J. Use of dynamic weight bearing as a novel end-point for the assessment of abdominal pain in the LPS-induced peritonitis model in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 232:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Herzog R, Bender TO, Vychytil A, Bialas K, Aufricht C, Kratochwill K. Dynamic O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of proteins affects stress responses and survival of mesothelial cells exposed to peritoneal dialysis fluids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2778-88. [PMID: 24854264 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to respond and survive stressful conditions is determined, in part, by the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to proteins (O-GlcNAcylation), a post-translational modification dependent on glucose and glutamine. This study investigates the role of dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of mesothelial cell proteins in cell survival during exposure to glucose-based peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF). Immortalized human mesothelial cells and primary mesothelial cells, cultured from human omentum or clinical effluent of PD patients, were assessed for O-GlcNAcylation under normal conditions or after exposure to PDF. The dynamic status of O-GlcNAcylation and effects on cellular survival were investigated by chemical modulation with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) to decrease or O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino N-phenyl carbamate (PUGNAc) to increase O-GlcNAc levels. Viability was decreased by reducing O-GlcNAc levels by DON, which also led to suppressed expression of the cytoprotective heat shock protein 72. In contrast, increasing O-GlcNAc levels by PUGNAc or alanyl-glutamine led to significantly improved cell survival paralleled by higher heat shock protein 72 levels during PDF treatment. Addition of alanyl-glutamine increased O-GlcNAcylation and partly counteracted its inhibition by DON, also leading to improved cell survival. Immunofluorescent analysis of clinical samples showed that the O-GlcNAc signal primarily originates from mesothelial cells. In conclusion, this study identified O-GlcNAcylation in mesothelial cells as a potentially important molecular mechanism after exposure to PDF. Modulating O-GlcNAc levels by clinically feasible interventions might evolve as a novel therapeutic target for the preservation of peritoneal membrane integrity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Zytoprotec GmbH, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thorsten O Bender
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Vychytil
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Zytoprotec GmbH, Vienna, Austria; and
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Wei M, Duan D, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li Z. Autophagy may protect MC3T3-E1 cells from fluoride-induced apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2309-15. [PMID: 24682525 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is an essential trace element for all mammalian species; however, excess fluoride intake is known to be toxic to cells in animals and humans. The toxicity of fluoride is mainly exerted via induction of apoptosis. Autophagy is induced by numerous cytotoxic stimuli; however, it is often unclear whether, under specific conditions, autophagy has a pro‑survival or a pro‑apoptotic role. To answer this critical question, the present study assessed autophagy and apoptosis simultaneously in single cells. It was demonstrated that fluoride was able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis and autophagy, whereas autophagy appeared to be protective. Further analysis revealed that MAPK/JNK‑dependent autophagy may be protective in fluoride‑induced apoptosis. It is anticipated that the presented single‑cell approach may be a powerful tool for gaining a quantitative understanding of the complex regulation of autophagy, its effect on cell fate and its association with other cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Duan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhongli Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Wang J, Feng X, Zeng Y, Fan J, Wu J, Li Z, Liu X, Huang R, Huang F, Yu X, Yang X. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced autophagy is involved in the restriction of Escherichia coli in peritoneal mesothelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:255. [PMID: 24219662 PMCID: PMC3833177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host cell autophagy is implicated in the control of intracellular pathogen. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the most common organism caused single-germ enterobacterial peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis. In this study, we investigated autophagy of peritoneal mesothelial cells and its role in defense against E.coli. RESULTS Autophagy in human peritoneal mesothelial cell line (HMrSV5) was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a dose-dependent and time-dependent way, which was demonstrated by increased expression of Beclin-1 and light chain 3 (LC3)-II, the accumulation of punctate green fluorescent protein-LC3, and a higher number of monodansylcadaverine-labeled autophagic vacuoles. After incubation of HMrSV5 cells with E.coli following LPS stimulation, both the intracellular bactericidal activity and the co-localization of E.coli (K12-strain) with autophagosomes were enhanced. Conversely, blockade of autophagy with 3-methyladenine, wortmannin or Beclin-1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) led to a significant reduction in autophagy-associated protein expression, attenuation of intracellular bactericidal activity, and reduced co-localization of E.coli with monodansylcadaverine-labeled autophagosomes. In addition, treatment of HMrSV5 cells with LPS caused a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. Both knockdown of TLR4 with siRNA and pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 with Polymyxin B significantly decreased LPS-induced autophagy. Furthermore, TLR4 siRNA attenuated remarkably LPS-induced intracellular bactericidal activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated for the first time that LPS-induced autophagy in peritoneal mesothelial cells could enhance the intracellular bactericidal activity and the co-localization of E.coli with autophagosomes. The activation of TLR4 signaling was involved in this process. These results indicate that LPS-induced autophagy may be a cell-autonomous defense mechanism triggered in peritoneal mesothelial cells in response to E.coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58th, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Mutant γPKC that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 upregulates Hsp70, which protects cells from the mutant's cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:25-30. [PMID: 24021284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several missense mutations in the protein kinase Cγ (γPKC) gene have been found to cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. We previously demonstrated that the mutant γPKC found in SCA14 is misfolded, susceptible to aggregation and cytotoxic. Molecular chaperones assist the refolding and degradation of misfolded proteins and prevention of the proteins' aggregation. In the present study, we found that the expression of mutant γPKC-GFP increased the levels of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in SH-SY5Y cells. To elucidate the role of this elevation, we investigated the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of Hsp70 on the aggregation and cytotoxicity of mutant γPKC. Knockdown of Hsp70 exacerbated the aggregation and cytotoxicity of mutant γPKC-GFP by inhibiting this mutant's degradation. These findings suggest that mutant γPKC increases the level of Hsp70, which protects cells from the mutant's cytotoxicity by enhancing its degradation.
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Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Autophagy: An Integral Component of the Mammalian Stress Response. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 1:176-188. [PMID: 24358454 PMCID: PMC3865984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells and tissues respond to chemical and physical stress by inducing adaptive or protective mechanisms that prolong survival. Among these, the major stress inducible proteins (heat shock proteins, glucose regulated proteins, heme oxygenase-1) provide cellular protection through protein chaperone and/or anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. In recent years it has become clear that autophagy, a genetically-programmed and evolutionarily-conserved cellular process represents another adaptive response to cellular stress. During autophagy cytosolic material, including organelles, proteins, and foreign pathogens, are sequestered into membrane-bound vesicles termed autophagosomes, and then delivered to the lysosome for degradation. Through recycling of cellular biochemicals, autophagy provides a mechanism for adaptation to starvation. Recent research has uncovered selective autophagic pathways that target distinct cargoes to autophagosomes, including mechanisms for the clearance of aggregated protein, and for the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy). Autophagy can be induced by multiple forms of chemical and physical stress, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, and plays an integral role in the mammalian stress response. Understanding of the interaction and co-regulation of autophagy with other stress-inducible systems will be useful in the design and implementation of therapeutics targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Neutelings T, Lambert CA, Nusgens BV, Colige AC. Effects of mild cold shock (25°C) followed by warming up at 37°C on the cellular stress response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69687. [PMID: 23936078 PMCID: PMC3720612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature variations in cells, tissues and organs may occur in a number of circumstances. We report here that reducing temperature of cells in culture to 25°C for 5 days followed by a rewarming to 37°C affects cell biology and induces a cellular stress response. Cell proliferation was almost arrested during mild hypothermia and not restored upon returning to 37°C. The expression of cold shock genes, CIRBP and RBM3, was increased at 25°C and returned to basal level upon rewarming while that of heat shock protein HSP70 was inversely regulated. An activation of pro-apoptotic pathways was evidenced by FACS analysis and increased Bax/Bcl2 and BclX(S/L) ratios. Concomitant increased expression of the autophagosome-associated protein LC3II and AKT phosphorylation suggested a simultaneous activation of autophagy and pro-survival pathways. However, a large proportion of cells were dying 24 hours after rewarming. The occurrence of DNA damage was evidenced by the increased phosphorylation of p53 and H2AX, a hallmark of DNA breaks. The latter process, as well as apoptosis, was strongly reduced by the radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, indicating a causal relationship between ROS, DNA damage and cell death during mild cold shock and rewarming. These data bring new insights into the potential deleterious effects of mild hypothermia and rewarming used in various research and therapeutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Neutelings
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue Biology, Interdisciplinary Grouping of Applied Genoproteomic-Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Gong W, Wang ZY, Chen GX, Liu YQ, Gu XY, Liu WW. Invasion potential of H22 hepatocarcinoma cells is increased by HMGB1-induced tumor NF-κB signaling via initiation of HSP70. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1249-56. [PMID: 23836405 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional relationship and cross-regulation between damage-associated molecular patterns and NF‑κB in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. In the present study, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) was secreted in response to feed second phase of NF‑κB activation from heat shock protein (HSP) 70 that may result in a higher invasion potential of hepatocarcinoma cells. HSP70 promoted the proliferation of H22 hepatocarcinoma cells through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 signaling and induced the early phosphorylation of NF-κB, which reached maximum levels within 30 min. However, HSP70 promoted the upregulation of Beclin-1 expression via Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in tumor cells and the release of HMGB1 from tumor cells. Inhibition of Beclin-1/c-JNK production prevented the second, but not the first, phase of NF-κB phosphorylation, implicating Beclin-1/c-JNK in the second phase of phosphorylation. HSP70 induced Beclin-1-derived HMGB1 production at 4 h, which occurred before the rise in the second phosphorylation that occurred at 6 h. Exogenous HMGB1 also induced the rapid phosphorylation of NF-κB and upregulated the expression of MMP-9, inhibited the rapid phosphorylation of NF-κB and reduced MMP-9 by receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) inhibitor that prevented HMGB1-induced cell invasion in vitro, which demonstrated that the biological significance of HMGB1/RAGE is key to the second, but not the first, phase of NF-κB phosphorylation in tumor cells. HSP70 triggered a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation in H22 cells. The second phase of NF-κB phosphorylation mediated by HSP70 is implicated in the increase of tumor cell malignant invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- Department of Oncology, XiangYang Central Hospital, Hubei University of Arts and Science, XiangYang, Hubei 441021, P.R. China
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Non-specific protein modifications by a phytochemical induce heat shock response for self-defense. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58641. [PMID: 23536805 PMCID: PMC3594166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that some phytochemicals provide beneficial effects for human health. Recently, a number of mechanistic studies have revealed that direct interactions between phytochemicals and functional proteins play significant roles in exhibiting their bioactivities. However, their binding selectivities to biological molecules are considered to be lower due to their small and simple structures. In this study, we found that zerumbone, a bioactive sesquiterpene, binds to numerous proteins with little selectivity. Similar to heat-denatured proteins, zerumbone-modified proteins were recognized by heat shock protein 90, a constitutive molecular chaperone, leading to heat shock factor 1-dependent heat shock protein induction in hepa1c1c7 mouse hepatoma cells. Furthermore, oral administration of this phytochemical up-regulated heat shock protein expressions in the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats. Interestingly, pretreatment with zerumbone conferred a thermoresistant phenotype to hepa1c1c7 cells as well as to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It is also important to note that several phytochemicals with higher hydrophobicity or electrophilicity, including phenethyl isothiocyanate and curcumin, markedly induced heat shock proteins, whereas most of the tested nutrients did not. These results suggest that non-specific protein modifications by xenobiotic phytochemicals cause mild proteostress, thereby inducing heat shock response and leading to potentiation of protein quality control systems. We considered these bioactivities to be xenohormesis, an adaptation mechanism against xenobiotic chemical stresses. Heat shock response by phytochemicals may be a fundamental mechanism underlying their various bioactivities.
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Oczypok EA, Oury TD, Chu CT. It's a cell-eat-cell world: autophagy and phagocytosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:612-22. [PMID: 23369575 PMCID: PMC3589073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The process of cellular eating, or the phagocytic swallowing of one cell by another, is an ancient manifestation of the struggle for life itself. Following the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells, increased cellular and then multicellular complexity was accompanied by the emergence of autophagic mechanisms for self-digestion. Heterophagy and autophagy function not only to protect the nutritive status of cells, but also as defensive responses against microbial pathogens externally or the ill effects of damaged proteins and organelles within. Because of the key roles played by phagocytosis and autophagy in a wide range of acute and chronic human diseases, pathologists have played similarly key roles in elucidating basic regulatory phases for both processes. Studies in diverse organ systems (including the brain, liver, kidney, lung, and muscle) have defined key roles for these lysosomal pathways in infection control, cell death, inflammation, cancer, neurodegeneration, and mitochondrial homeostasis. The literature reviewed here exemplifies the role of pathology in defining leading-edge questions for continued molecular and pathophysiological investigations into all forms of cellular digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Oczypok
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charleen T. Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cao S, Li S, Li H, Xiong L, Zhou Y, Fan J, Yu X, Mao H. The potential role of HMGB1 release in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54647. [PMID: 23359306 PMCID: PMC3554653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding nuclear protein, has been implicated as an endogenous danger signal in the pathogenesis of infection diseases. However, the potential role and source of HMGB1 in the peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluence of patients with peritonitis are unknown. First, to evaluate HMDB1 levels in peritoneal dialysis effluence (PDE), a total of 61 PD patients were enrolled in this study, including 42 patients with peritonitis and 19 without peritonitis. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, physical examination findings and laboratory parameters were recorded. HMGB1 levels in PDE were determined by Western blot and ELISA. The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in PDE were quantified by ELISA. By animal model, inhibition of HMGB1 with glycyrrhizin was performed to determine the effects of HMGB1 in LPS-induced mice peritonitis. In vitro, a human peritoneal mesothelial cell line (HMrSV5) was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), HMGB1 extracellular content in the culture media and intracellular distribution in various cellular fractions were analyzed by Western blot or immunofluorescence. The results showed that the levels of HMGB1 in PDE were higher in patients with peritonitis than those in controls, and gradually declined during the period of effective antibiotic treatments. Furthermore, the levels of HMGB1 in PDE were positively correlated with white blood cells (WBCs) count, TNF-α and IL-6 levels. However, pretreatment with glycyrrhizin attenuated LPS-induced acute peritoneal inflammation and dysfunction in mice. In cultured HMrSV5 cells, LPS actively induced HMGB1 nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation and release in a time and dose-dependent fashion. Moreover, cytosolic HMGB1 was located in lysosomes and secreted via a lysosome-mediated secretory pathway following LPS stimulation. Our study demonstrates that elevated HMGB1 levels in PDE during PD-related peritonitis, at least partially, from peritoneal mesothelial cells, which may be involved in the process of PD-related peritonitis and play a critical role in acute peritoneal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Orrenius S, Kaminskyy VO, Zhivotovsky B. Autophagy in toxicology: cause or consequence? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 53:275-97. [PMID: 23072380 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research on autophagy and its effects on cell metabolism and physiology has increased dramatically during recent years. Multiple forms of autophagy have been characterized, and many of the genes involved in the regulation of this process have been identified. The importance of autophagy for embryonic development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult organism has been demonstrated convincingly, and several human diseases have been linked to deficiencies in autophagy. Most often, autophagy serves as a protective mechanism, but persistent activation of autophagy can result in cell death. This is true for many toxic agents. In fact, there are ample examples of cross talk between autophagy and other modes of cell death after exposure to toxicants. However, the relative contribution of autophagy to the overall toxicity of these compounds is not always clear, and further research is needed to clarify the toxicological significance of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Orrenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gu J, Huang LX, Shen Y, Huang LH, Feng QL. Hsp70 and small Hsps are the major heat shock protein members involved in midgut metamorphosis in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:535-543. [PMID: 22957810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important chaperones, which are involved in various signal pathways and regulate lots of physiological processes. Early research suggested that some Hsps are involved in insect development. However, few studies have been carried out to explore the roles of Hsps, especially in larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the present study, 49 Hsp unigenes were identified in the Spodoptera litura transcriptome and their mRNA expression profiles during midgut metamorphosis were examined using a tag-based digital gene expression system. The genes with the most different levels of expression were then cloned and their expression patterns in midguts from sixth instar larvae to pupae were analysed using real time quantitative PCR. The responses of these genes to juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) were also studied. The results showed that the mRNA levels of 22 Hsp unigenes changed significantly during midgut metamorphosis. Amongst these 22 unigenes, hsp70, hsp20.4 and hsp20.8 were the most up-regulated members, and hsp15.9, hsp19.3 and hsp22.0 were the most down-regulated ones. Further studies showed that hsp70, hsp20.4 and hsp20.8 were remarkably up-regulated by JH. In addition, 20E slightly increased the mRNA levels of both hsp20.4 and hsp20.8. However, hsp15.9, hsp19.3 and hsp22.0 did not respond to either JH or 20E. These results indicate that Hsp70 and small Hsps (sHsps) are probably the major players in midgut metamorphosis in S. litura. The current findings provide valuable insights into the roles of the Hsp superfamily in insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Keijzer C, Wieten L, van Herwijnen M, van der Zee R, Van Eden W, Broere F. Heat shock proteins are therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:849-57. [PMID: 22793002 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.706605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exploitation of antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) as critical regulators in the control of chronic inflammatory diseases is hampered by the obscure nature of most disease-relevant autoantigens. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are possible targets for Tregs due to their enhanced expression in inflamed (stressed) tissues and there is evidence that Hsp can induce anti-inflammatory immunoregulatory T-cell responses. AREAS COVERED Recent publications showing that exogenous administration of stress proteins has induced immunoregulation in various models of inflammatory disease have also been shown to be effective in first clinical trials in humans. Now, in the light of a growing interest in T-cell regulation, it is of interest to further explore the mechanisms through which Hsp can be utilized to trigger immunoregulatory pathways, capable of suppressing such a wide and diversified spectrum of inflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Therapeutic approaches via exploitation of antigen-specific Tregs will benefit from tailor-made combination therapies. Combining current therapeutic approaches with Hsp-specific therapies thereby enhancing natural immune regulation might expedite the entry of antigen-specific regulatory T cells into the therapeutic arsenal of the anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Keijzer
- University Utrecht, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Department Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan, Netherlands
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Gu X, Lu Y, Chen J, He H, Li P, Yang T, Li L, Liu G, Chen Y, Zhang L. Mechanisms mediating propofol protection of pulmonary epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:447-53. [PMID: 22360610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an anaesthetic agent with anti-oxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to determine whether propofol can protect pulmonary epithelial (A549) cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death and, if so, the mechanisms involved. The effects of LPS alone and in combination with propofol on A549 cell death were investigated. Cell viability was determined using the colourimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptotic A549 cells were detected by flow cytometry, as propidium iodide-negative and annexin-V-positive cells, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase 9 activity, Ca(2+) concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analysed by immunofluorescent methods. Aconitase 2 (ACO2), microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) and beclin-1 levels were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and/or western blot analysis. Exposure of A549 cells to 1-50 μg/mL LPS for 3-24 h resulted in the concentration- and time-dependent induction of cell death. Cell apoptosis accounted for approximately 77% of cell death induced by LPS. Propofol (5-150 μmol/L) concentration-dependently inhibited LPS-induced A549 cell death. This protective effect of propofol was accompanied by prevention of LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (reductions in MMP, ACO2 expression and ATP) and was associated with the inhibition of LPS-induced activation of apoptotic signals (caspase 9 activity, ROS overproduction and Ca(2+) accumulation). In addition, propofol blocked LPS-induced overexpression of the autophagy-associated proteins LC3 and beclin-1. The data indicate that propofol protects A549 cells against LPS-induced apoptosis, and probably autophagy, by blocking LPS-induced activation of ROS/caspase 9 pathways and upregulation of LC3 and beclin-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
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