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Zhu J, Chen H, Wu J, Li S, Lin W, Wang N, Bai L. Ferroptosis in Glaucoma: A Promising Avenue for Therapy. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300530. [PMID: 38411382 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a blind-leading disease largely since chronic pathological intraocular high pressure (ph-IOP). Hitherto, it is reckoned incurable for irreversible neural damage and challenges in managing IOP. Thus, it is significant to develop neuroprotective strategies. Ferroptosis, initially identified as an iron-dependent regulated death that triggers Fenton reactions and culminates in lipid peroxidation (LPO), has emerged as a focal point in multiple tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. Researches show that iron homeostasis play critical roles in the optic nerve (ON) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), suggesting targeted treatments could be effective. In glaucoma, apart from neural lesions, disrupted metal balance and increased oxidative stress in trabecular meshwork (TM) are observed. These disturbances lead to extracellular matrix excretion disorders, known as sclerotic mechanisms, resulting in refractory blockages. Importantly, oxidative stress, a significant downstream effect of ferroptosis, is also a key factor in cell senescence. It plays a crucial role in both the etiology and risk of glaucoma. Moreover, ferroptosis also induces non-infectious inflammation, which exacerbate glaucomatous injury. Therefore, the relevance of ferroptosis in glaucoma is extensive and multifaceted. In this review, the study delves into the current understanding of ferroptosis mechanisms in glaucoma, aiming to provide clues to inform clinical therapeutic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063, Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, No.182, Chunhui Road, Longmatan District, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, East Chongwenmennei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Wanying Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063, Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, East Chongwenmennei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1023-1063, Shatai South Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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Sun GF, Qu XH, Jiang LP, Chen ZP, Wang T, Han XJ. The mechanisms of natural products for eye disorders by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1270073. [PMID: 38725662 PMCID: PMC11079200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1270073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The human eye is susceptible to various disorders that affect its structure or function, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of eye disorders, making it a potential therapeutic target in the clinic. Natural products have been used in traditional medicine for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern drug development and clinical therapeutics. Recently, there has been a surge in research exploring the efficacy of natural products in treating eye disorders and their underlying physiological mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in eye disorders and summarize the recent advances in the application of natural products targeting mitochondria. In addition, we describe the future perspective and challenges in the development of mitochondria-targeting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Feng Sun
- Institute of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin-Hui Qu
- Institute of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Han
- Institute of Geriatrics, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
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3
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Firth W, Pye KR, Weightman Potter PG. Astrocytes at the intersection of ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:515-536. [PMID: 38652065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Once considered passive cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glia are now known to actively maintain the CNS parenchyma; in recent years, the evidence for glial functions in CNS physiology and pathophysiology has only grown. Astrocytes, a heterogeneous group of glial cells, play key roles in regulating the metabolic and inflammatory landscape of the CNS and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders. This review will outline astrocyte functions in the CNS in healthy ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration, with a focus on the inflammatory responses and mitochondrial function, and will address therapeutic outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Benítez-Fernández R, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Mitophagy in the retina: Viewing mitochondrial homeostasis through a new lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101205. [PMID: 37454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to photooxidative damage and external stressors. Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria within lysosomes, and can be triggered by distinct stimuli such as mitochondrial damage or hypoxia. Here, we review the importance of mitophagy in retinal physiology and pathology. In the developing retina, mitophagy is essential for metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of retina ganglion cells (RGCs). In basal conditions, mitophagy acts as a quality control mechanism, maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool to meet cellular demands. We summarize the different autophagy- and mitophagy-deficient mouse models described in the literature, and discuss the potential role of mitophagy dysregulation in retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we provide an overview of methods used to monitor mitophagy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This review highlights the important role of mitophagy in sustaining visual function, and its potential as a putative therapeutic target for retinal and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benítez-Fernández
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c: Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Retinal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020518. [PMID: 36830076 PMCID: PMC9952431 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most unearthed peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is an important regulator of the nuclear genome during times of stress because it promotes an adaptive stress response to maintain cellular homeostasis. Identifying MOTS-c specific binding partners may aid in deciphering the complex web of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded signals. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction have been linked to aging and the accelerated cell death associated with many types of retinal degenerations. Furthermore, research on MOTS-c ability to revive oxidatively stressed RPE cells has revealed a significant protective role for the molecule. Evidence suggests that senescent cells play a role in the development of age-related retinal disorders. This review examines the links between MOTS-c, mitochondria, and age-related diseases of the retina. Moreover, the untapped potential of MOTS-c as a treatment for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration is reviewed.
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Mowat FM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1Alpha (PGC-1α): A Transcriptional Regulator at the Interface of Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:49-53. [PMID: 37440013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Human age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent age-related disease which causes retinal dysfunction and disability. Genetic and cell culture studies from AMD patients have implicated impaired activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). PGC-1α is a transcriptional co-regulator that acts to control a plethora of metabolic processes relevant to AMD pathophysiology including gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and response to oxidative injury. Perturbation of PGC-1α activity in mice causes AMD-like RPE and retinal pathology. There is potential for therapeutic modulation of the PGC-1α pathway in AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya M Mowat
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (School of Medicine and Public Health), Department of Surgical Sciences (School of Veterinary Medicine), Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Song Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Tian Y, Zhang C. Matrine promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis and reduces oxidative stress in experimental optic neuritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:936632. [PMID: 36238552 PMCID: PMC9552203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.936632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON), characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is one of the leading causes of blindness in patients. Given that RGC, as an energy-intensive cell, is vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction, improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress could protect these cells. Matrine (MAT), an alkaloid derived from Sophoraflavescens, has been shown to regulate immunity and protect neurons in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis and ON. However, the protective mechanism of MAT on RGCs is largely unknown. In this study, we show that MAT treatment significantly reduced the degree of inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of the optic nerve and increased the survival rate of RGCs. The expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of an evolutionarily conserved gene family (sirtuins), was upregulated, as well as its downstream molecules Nrf2 and PGC-1α. The percentage of TOMM20-positive cells was also increased remarkably in RGCs after MAT treatment. Thus, our results indicate that MAT protects RGCs from apoptosis, at least in part, by activating SIRT1 to regulate PGC-1α and Nrf2, which, together, promote mitochondrial biosynthesis and reduce the oxidative stress of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suyan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjie Tian,
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Sui G, Jia L, Song N, Min D, Chen S, Wu Y, Yang G. Aberrant expression of HDL-bound microRNA induced by a high-fat diet in a pig model: implications in the pathogenesis of dyslipidaemia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:280. [PMID: 34090327 PMCID: PMC8180175 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat diet can affect lipid metabolism and trigger cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of studies has revealed the HDL-bound miRNA profiles in familial hypercholesterolaemia; in sharp contrast, relevant studies on high-fat diet-induced dyslipidaemia are lacking. In the current study, HDL-bound miRNAs altered by a high-fat diet were explored to offer some clues for elucidating their effects on the pathogenesis of dyslipidaemia. METHODS Six pigs were randomly divided into two groups of three pigs each, namely, the high-fat diet and the balanced diet groups, which were fed a high-fat diet and balanced diet separately for six months. HDL was separated from plasma, which was followed by dissociation of the miRNA bound to HDL. miRNA sequencing of the isolated miRNA was performed to identify the differential expression profiles between the two groups, which was validated by real-time PCR. TargetScan, miRDB, and miRWalk were used for the prediction of genes targeted by the differential miRNAs. RESULTS Compared with the balanced diet group, the high-fat diet group had significantly higher levels of TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C at six months. miRNA sequencing revealed 6 upregulated and 14 downregulated HDL-bound miRNAs in the high-fat diet group compared to the balanced diet group, which was validated by real-time PCR. GO enrichment analysis showed that dysregulated miRNAs in the high-fat diet group were associated with the positive regulation of lipid metabolic processes, positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic processes, and positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction. Insulin resistance and the Ras signalling pathway were enriched in the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. CONCLUSIONS Twenty HDL-bound miRNAs are significantly dysregulated in high-fat diet-induced dyslipidaemia. This study presents an analysis of a new set of HDL-bound miRNAs that are altered by a high-fat diet and offers some valuable clues for novel mechanistic insights into high-fat diet-induced dyslipidaemia. Further functional verification study using a larger sample size will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Min
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Huang HM, Wu CW, Chen IC, Lee YC, Huang YS, Hung CY, Wu KLH. Maternal high-fructose diet induced early-onset retinopathy via the suppression of synaptic plasticity mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E1173-E1182. [PMID: 33969706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00001.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness, and there is currently no cure. Earlier identification of the progression of retinopathy could provide a better chance for intervention. Diet has profound effects on retinal function. A maternal high-fructose diet (HFD) triggers diseases in multiple organs. However, whether maternal HFD impairs retinal function in adult offspring is currently unknown. By using the rodent model of maternal HFD during pregnancy and lactation, our data indicated a reduced b-wave of electroretinography (ERG) in HFD female offspring at 3 mo of age compared with age-matched offspring of dams fed regular chow (ND). Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses indicated that the distributions and expressions of synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and phospho(p)-Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) were significantly suppressed in the HFD group. Furthermore, the ATP content and the mitochondrial respiratory protein, Mt CPX 4-2, were decreased. Moreover, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in the retina of the HFD group were downregulated. Treatment with coenzyme Q10 (Q10), a key mediator of the electron transport chain, effectively reversed these abovementioned dysfunctions. Together, these results suggested that maternal HFD impaired retinal function in adult female offspring. The mechanism underlying early-onset retinopathy may involve the reduction in the capacity of mitochondrial energy production and the suppression of synaptic plasticity. Most importantly, mitochondria could be a feasible target to reprogram maternal HFD-damaged retinal function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we provide novel evidence that maternal high-fructose diet during gestation and lactation could induce early-onset retinopathy in adult female offspring. Of note, the insufficient energy content, downregulated mitochondrial respiratory complex 4-2, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis might contribute to the decrease of synaptic plasticity resulting in retinal function suppression. Oral application with coenzyme Q10 for 4 wk could at least partially reverse the aforementioned molecular events and retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Mei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Republic of China
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Sheng Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ying Hung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Republic of China
| | - Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Republic of China
- Department of Senior Citizen Services, National Tainan Institute of Nursing, Tainan, Republic of China
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Shakova FM, Kirova YI, Silachev DN, Romanova GA, Morozov SG. Protective Effects of PGC-1α Activators on Ischemic Stroke in a Rat Model of Photochemically Induced Thrombosis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:325. [PMID: 33806692 PMCID: PMC8002020 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological induction and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), a key regulator of ischemic brain tolerance, is a promising direction in neuroprotective therapy. Pharmacological agents with known abilities to modulate cerebral PGC-1α are scarce. This study focused on the potential PGC-1α-modulating activity of Mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate) and Semax (ACTH(4-7) analog) in a rat model of photochemical-induced thrombosis (PT) in the prefrontal cortex. Mexidol (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally, and Semax (25 μg/kg) was administered intranasally, for 7 days each. The expression of PGC-1α and PGC-1α-dependent protein markers of mitochondriogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis was measured in the penumbra via immunoblotting at Days 1, 3, 7, and 21 after PT. The nuclear content of PGC-1α was measured immunohistochemically. The suppression of PGC-1α expression was observed in the penumbra from 24 h to 21 days following PT and reflected decreases in both the number of neurons and PGC-1α expression in individual neurons. Administration of Mexidol or Semax was associated with preservation of the neuron number and neuronal expression of PGC-1α, stimulation of the nuclear translocation of PGC-1α, and increased contents of protein markers for PGC-1α activation. This study opens new prospects for the pharmacological modulation of PGC-1α in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima M. Shakova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Yuliya I. Kirova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Bldg. 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Histology, Embryology and Cytology Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Romanova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sergey G. Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya Str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (Y.I.K.); (G.A.R.); (S.G.M.)
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11
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Kim MH, Kim DH, Yang SG, Kim DY. Improved effect of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:7. [PMID: 33472699 PMCID: PMC7819191 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration, which is among the leading causes of visual loss in elderly people. In the present study, we evaluated the protective role of triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-Niacin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. Methods The cellular viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial function of retinal ARPE-19 cells were determined under treatment with H2O2 or pre-treatment with TPP-Niacin. The expression level of mitochondrial related genes and some transcription factors were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results TPP-Niacin significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS generation, and increased the antioxidant enzymes in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction from the H2O2-induced oxidative stress was also considerably diminished by TPP-Niacin treatment, along with reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and upregulation of the mitochondrial-associated gene. In addition, TPP-Niacin markedly enhanced the expression of transcription factors (PGC-1α and NRF2) and antioxidant-associated genes (especially HO-1 and NQO-1). Conclusion We verified the protective effect of TPP-Niacin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RPE cells. TPP-Niacin is believed to protect against mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating antioxidant-related genes, such as PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1, and NQO-1, in RPE cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-020-00471-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Kim
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, South Korea
| | - Su Geun Yang
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, South Korea.
| | - Dae Yu Kim
- Inha Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. .,Center for Sensor Systems, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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12
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Alqawlaq S, Livne-Bar I, Williams D, D'Ercole J, Leung SW, Chan D, Tuccitto A, Datti A, Wrana JL, Corbett AH, Schmitt-Ulms G, Sivak JM. An endogenous PI3K interactome promoting astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection identifies a novel association with RNA-binding protein ZC3H14. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100118. [PMID: 33234594 PMCID: PMC7948738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes can support neuronal survival through a range of secreted signals that protect against neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cascades. Thus, analyzing the effects of the astrocyte secretome may provide valuable insight into these neuroprotective mechanisms. Previously, we characterized a potent neuroprotective activity mediated by retinal astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) on retinal and cortical neurons in metabolic stress models. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this complex activity in neuronal cells has remained unclear. Here, a chemical genetics screen of kinase inhibitors revealed phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as a central player transducing ACM-mediated neuroprotection. To identify additional proteins contributing to the protective cascade, endogenous PI3K was immunoprecipitated from neuronal cells exposed to ACM or control media, followed by MS/MS proteomic analyses. These data pointed toward a relatively small number of proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with PI3K, and surprisingly only five were regulated by the ACM signal. These hits included expected PI3K interactors, such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA), as well as novel RNA-binding protein interactors ZC3H14 (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 14) and THOC1 (THO complex protein 1). In particular, ZC3H14 has recently emerged as an important RNA-binding protein with multiple roles in posttranscriptional regulation. In validation studies, we show that PI3K recruitment of ZC3H14 is necessary for PDGF-induced neuroprotection and that this interaction is present in primary retinal ganglion cells. Thus, we identified a novel non-cell autonomous neuroprotective signaling cascade mediated through PI3K that requires recruitment of ZC3H14 and may present a promising strategy to promote astrocyte-secreted prosurvival signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph D'Ercole
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara W Leung
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Chan
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tuccitto
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Soundara Pandi SP, Ratnayaka JA, Lotery AJ, Teeling JL. Progress in developing rodent models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108404. [PMID: 33340497 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss, typically affecting individuals from mid-life onwards. Its multifactorial aetiology and the lack of any effective treatments has spurred the development of animal models as research and drug discovery tools. Several rodent models have been developed which recapitulate key features of AMD and provide insights into its underlying pathology. These have contributed to making significant progress in understanding the disease and the identification of novel therapeutic targets. However, a major caveat with existing models is that they do not demonstrate the full disease spectrum. In this review, we outline advances in rodent AMD models from the last decade. These models feature various hallmarks associated with AMD, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, immune dysregulation, genetic mutations and environmental risk factors. The review summarises the methods by which each model was created, its pathological characteristics as well as its relation to the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Priya Soundara Pandi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Jessica L Teeling
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, MP840, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the role of mitochondrial markers in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma and discussing new therapeutic approaches to modulate mitochondrial function and potentially lead to improved outcomes in glaucoma.
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15
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Wan X, Zhu X, Wang H, Feng Y, Zhou W, Liu P, Shen W, Zhang L, Liu L, Li T, Diao D, Yang F, Zhao Q, Chen L, Ren J, Yan S, Li J, Yu C, Ju Z. PGC1α protects against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via enhancing IL10-mediated anti-inflammatory response. FASEB J 2020; 34:10751-10761. [PMID: 32633848 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902476r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are pivotal incidences in hepatic metabolic derangements. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) in IL10-mediated anti-inflammatory response, and its role in hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatocyte-specific PGC1α knock-in (LivPGC1α) mice and the control mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. IL-10 neutralizing antibody was injected into the liver of PGC1α mice. A variety of biological and histological approaches were applied to assess hepatic function. We demonstrated that hepatic PGC1α expression was significantly reduced in mice fed HFD. LivPGC1α livers exhibited enhanced gene expressions involving mitochondrial function, and favored an accelerated lipid metabolism upon HFD. Meanwhile, LivPGC1α mice revealed improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, PGC1α bound and activated the promotor region of IL-10, thereby attenuating inflammatory response in the liver. Administration of IL10 neutralizing antibody to LivPGC1α mice abolished PGC1α-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Further, IL-10 neutralizing antibody intervention aggravated hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in LivPGC1α mice. Taken together, our data indicated that hepatic-specific overexpression of PGC1α exerts a beneficial role in the regulation of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via enhancing IL10-mediated anti-inflammatory response. Pharmacological activation of PGC1α-IL10 axis may be promising for the treatment of fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sanmen People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Peihao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tangliang Li
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daojun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Harun-Or-Rashid M, Pappenhagen N, Zubricky R, Coughlin L, Jassim AH, Inman DM. MCT2 overexpression rescues metabolic vulnerability and protects retinal ganglion cells in two models of glaucoma. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104944. [PMID: 32422282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving cellular access to energy substrates is one strategy to overcome observed declines in energy production and utilization in the aged and pathologic central nervous system. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), the movers of lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies into or out of a cell, are significantly decreased in the DBA/2 J mouse model of glaucoma. In order to confirm MCT decreases are disease-associated, we decreased MCT2 in the retinas of MCT2fl/+ mice using an injection of AAV2-cre, observing significant decline in ATP production and visual evoked potential. Restoring MCT2 levels in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via intraocular injection of AAV2-GFP-MCT2 in two models of glaucoma, the DBA/2 J (D2), and a magnetic bead model of ocular hypertension (OHT), preserved RGCs and their function. Viral-mediated overexpression of MCT2 increased RGC density and axon number, reduced energy imbalance, and increased mitochondrial function as measured by cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activity in both models of glaucoma. Ocular hypertensive mice injected with AAV2:MCT2 had significantly greater P1 amplitude as measured by pattern electroretinogram than mice with OHT alone. These findings indicate overexpression of MCT2 improves energy homeostasis in the glaucomatous visual system, suggesting that expanding energy input options for cells is a viable option to combat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel Pappenhagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Ryan Zubricky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Lucy Coughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States of America.
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17
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Mejia-Vergara AJ, Seleme N, Sadun AA, Karanjia R. Pathophysiology of Conversion to Symptomatic Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Therapeutic Implications: a Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Nashine S, Subramaniam SR, Chwa M, Nesburn A, Kuppermann BD, Federoff H, Kenney MC. PU-91 drug rescues human age-related macular degeneration RPE cells; implications for AMD therapeutics. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6691-6713. [PMID: 31477635 PMCID: PMC6756897 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD, this study is based on the premise that repurposing of mitochondria-stabilizing FDA-approved drugs such as PU-91, might rescue AMD RPE cells from AMD mitochondria-induced damage. The PU-91 drug upregulates PGC-1α which is a critical regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we tested the therapeutic potential of PU-91 drug and examined the additive effects of treatment with PU-91 and esterase inhibitors i.e., EI-12 and EI-78, using the in vitro transmitochondrial AMD cell model. This model was created by fusing platelets obtained from AMD patients with Rho0 i.e., mitochondria-deficient, ARPE-19 cell lines. The resulting AMD RPE cell lines have identical nuclei but differ in their mitochondrial DNA content, which is derived from individual AMD patients. Briefly, we report significant improvement in cell survival, mitochondrial health, and antioxidant potential in PU-91-treated AMD RPE cells compared to their untreated counterparts. In conclusion, this study identifies PU 91 as a therapeutic candidate drug for AMD and repurposing of PU-91 will be a smoother transition from lab bench to clinic since the pharmacological profiles of PU-91 have been examined already.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Nashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Marilyn Chwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anthony Nesburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Baruch D Kuppermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Howard Federoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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19
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Chu L, Xiao L, Xu B, Xu J. Dissociation of HKII in retinal epithelial cells induces oxidative stress injury in the retina. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1377-1387. [PMID: 31432102 PMCID: PMC6713434 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is sensitive to injury resulting from oxidative stress (OS) due to its high oxygen consumption. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa suffer from excessive OS. N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) is used as a mucolytic agent for the clinical treatment of disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and other pulmonary diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of hexokinase 2 (HKII) in retinal OS injury. Amyloid β (Aβ)1‑40 was used to establish a cellular model of OS. Cell viability was measured with a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, and the apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cells were analyzed via flow cytometry with corresponding kits. The mRNA and protein levels were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. It was observed that Aβ1‑40 reduced the expression of HKII in the mitochondria of retinal pigment epithelial ARPE cells and impaired mitochondrial antioxidant functions. Additionally, knockdown of HKII promoted apoptosis, and increased ROS levels and the MMP. NAC attenuated the inhibition of mitochondrial functions induced by Aβ1‑40. The knockdown of HKII was revealed to decrease the levels of Bcl‑2, manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) and copper‑zinc‑SOD, and increase the levels of cleaved caspase‑3, Bax and cytochrome c. The present findings suggested that the dissociation of HKII induced by OS induces apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. This study provided improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of OS on retinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Jingmei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, CMU, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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20
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Jassim AH, Inman DM. Evidence of Hypoxic Glial Cells in a Model of Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1-15. [PMID: 30601926 PMCID: PMC6322635 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Reoxygenation after hypoxia can increase reactive oxygen species and upregulate autophagy. We determined, for the first time, the impact of elevated IOP on hypoxia induction, superoxide accumulation, and autophagy in a bead model of glaucoma. Method Ocular hypertension was achieved with magnetic bead injection into the anterior chamber. Before mice were killed, they were injected with pimonidazole for hypoxia detection and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide detection. Total retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON) axons were quantified, total glutathione (GSH) was measured, and retinal and ON protein and mRNA were analyzed for hypoxia (Hif-1α and Hif-2α), autophagy (LC3 and p62), and SOD2. Results With IOP elevation (P < 0.0001), the retina showed significantly (P < 0.001) decreased GSH compared with control, and a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in RGC density compared with control. Pimonidazole-positive Müller glia, microglia, astrocytes, and RGCs were present in the retinas after 4 weeks of ocular hypertension but absent in both the control and after only 2 weeks of ocular hypertension. The ON showed significant axon degeneration (P < 0.0001). The mean intensity of DHE in the ganglion cell layer and ON significantly increased (P < 0.0001). The ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in autophagic activity in hypertensive retinas compared with control. Conclusions We report a novel observation of hypoxia and a significant decrease in GSH, likely contributing to superoxide accumulation, in the retinas of ocular hypertensive mice. The significant increase in the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I suggests autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assraa H Jassim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
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21
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Alqawlaq S, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. All roads lead to glaucoma: Induced retinal injury cascades contribute to a common neurodegenerative outcome. Exp Eye Res 2018; 183:88-97. [PMID: 30447198 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma describes a distinct optic neuropathy with complex etiology and a variety of associated risk factors, but with similar pathological endpoints. Risk factors such as age, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), low mean arterial pressure, and autoimmune disease, can all be associated with death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve head remodeling. Today, IOP management remains the standard of care, even though IOP elevation is not pathognomonic of glaucoma, and patients can continue to lose vision despite effective IOP control. A contemporary view of glaucoma as a complex, neurodegenerative disease has developed, along with the recognition of a need for new disease modifying retinal treatment strategies and improved outcomes. However, the distinction between risk factors triggering the disease process and retinal injury responses is not always clear. In this review, we attempt to distinguish between the various triggers, and their association with subsequent key RGC injury mechanisms. We propose that distinct glaucomatous risk factors result in similar retinal and optic nerve injury cascades, including oxidative and metabolic stress, glial reactivity, and altered inflammatory responses, which induce common molecular signals to induce RGC apoptosis. This organization forms a coherent disease framework and presents conserved targets for therapeutic intervention that are not limited to specific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Science, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vision Science Research Program, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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22
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Pharmaceutical Induction of PGC-1 α Promotes Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Metabolism and Protects against Oxidative Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9248640. [PMID: 30524663 PMCID: PMC6247391 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9248640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage is a key event in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of ZLN005, a selective PGC-1α transcriptional regulator, in protecting RPE from cytotoxic oxidative damage. Gene expression analysis on ARPE-19 cells treated with ZLN005 shows robust upregulation of PGC-1α and its associated transcription factors, antioxidant enzymes, and mitochondrial genes. Energetic profiling shows that ZLN005 treatment enhances RPE mitochondrial function by increasing basal and maximal respiration rates, and spare respiratory capacity. In addition, ZLN005 robustly protects ARPE-19 cells from cell death caused by H2O2, ox-LDL, and NaIO3 without exhibiting any cytotoxicity under basal conditions. ZLN005 protection against H2O2-mediated cell death was lost in PGC-1α-silenced cells. Our data indicates that ZLN005 efficiently protects RPE cells from oxidative damage through selective induction of PGC-1α and its target antioxidant enzymes. ZLN005 may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for retinal diseases associated with RPE dystrophies.
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Dexmedetomidine Prevents Excessive γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Function after Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:477-489. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
What We Already Know about This Topic
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Background
Postoperative delirium is associated with poor long-term outcomes and increased mortality. General anesthetic drugs may contribute to delirium because they increase cell-surface expression and function of α5 subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, an effect that persists long after the drugs have been eliminated. Dexmedetomidine, an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, prevents delirium in patients and reduces cognitive deficits in animals. Thus, it was postulated that dexmedetomidine prevents excessive function of α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.
Methods
Injectable (etomidate) and inhaled (sevoflurane) anesthetic drugs were studied using cultured murine hippocampal neurons, cultured murine and human cortical astrocytes, and ex vivo murine hippocampal slices. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor function and cell-signaling pathways were studied using electrophysiologic and biochemical methods. Memory and problem-solving behaviors were also studied.
Results
The etomidate-induced sustained increase in α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor cell-surface expression was reduced by dexmedetomidine (mean ± SD, etomidate: 146.4 ± 51.6% vs. etomidate + dexmedetomidine: 118.4 ± 39.1% of control, n = 8 each). Dexmedetomidine also reduced the persistent increase in tonic inhibitory current in hippocampal neurons (etomidate: 1.44 ± 0.33 pA/pF, n = 10; etomidate + dexmedetomidine: 1.01 ± 0.45 pA/pF, n = 9). Similarly, dexmedetomidine prevented a sevoflurane-induced increase in the tonic current. Dexmedetomidine stimulated astrocytes to release brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acted as a paracrine factor to reduce excessive α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in neurons. Finally, dexmedetomidine attenuated memory and problem-solving deficits after anesthesia.
Conclusions
Dexmedetomidine prevented excessive α5 γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function after anesthesia. This novel α2 adrenergic receptor- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathway may be targeted to prevent delirium.
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24
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Moreno ML, Mérida S, Bosch-Morell F, Miranda M, Villar VM. Autophagy Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Two Related Mechanisms Implicated in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1008. [PMID: 30093867 PMCID: PMC6070619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common clinical subtypes of retinal degeneration (RD), and it is a neurodegenerative disease that could cause complete blindness in humans because it ultimately affects the photoreceptors viability. RP afflicts an estimated 1.5 million patients worldwide. The retina is highly susceptible to oxidative stress which can impair mitochondrial function. Many retina pathologies, such as diabetic retinopathy and secondary cone photoreceptor death in RP, have been related directly or indirectly with mitochondrial dysfunction. The possible role of autophagy in retina and cell differentiation is described and also the implications of autophagy dysregulation in RP. The present review shows the crucial role of autophagy in maintaining the retina homeostasis and possible therapeutic approaches for the treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Luz Moreno
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mérida
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Bosch-Morell
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical Ophtalmology, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vincent M Villar
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Structural and Functional Rescue of Chronic Metabolically Stressed Optic Nerves through Respiration. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5122-5139. [PMID: 29760184 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3652-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration can arise from metabolic stress, potentially a result of mitochondrial dysfunction or lack of appropriate substrate input. In this study, we investigated whether the metabolic vulnerability observed during optic neuropathy in the DBA/2J (D2) model of glaucoma is due to dysfunctional mitochondria or impaired substrate delivery to axons, the latter based on our observation of significantly decreased glucose and monocarboxylate transporters in D2 optic nerve (ON), human ON, and mice subjected to acute glaucoma injury. We placed both sexes of D2 mice destined to develop glaucoma and mice of a control strain, the DBA/2J-Gpnmb+, on a ketogenic diet to encourage mitochondrial function. Eight weeks of the diet generated mitochondria, improved energy availability by reversing monocarboxylate transporter decline, reduced glial hypertrophy, protected retinal ganglion cells and their axons from degeneration, and maintained physiological signaling to the brain. A robust antioxidant response also accompanied the response to the diet. These results suggest that energy compromise and subsequent axon degeneration in the D2 is due to low substrate availability secondary to transporter downregulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show axons in glaucomatous optic nerve are energy depleted and exhibit chronic metabolic stress. Underlying the metabolic stress are low levels of glucose and monocarboxylate transporters that compromise axon metabolism by limiting substrate availability. Axonal metabolic decline was reversed by upregulating monocarboxylate transporters as a result of placing the animals on a ketogenic diet. Optic nerve mitochondria responded capably to the oxidative phosphorylation necessitated by the diet and showed increased number. These findings indicate that the source of metabolic challenge can occur upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, the intervention was successful despite the animals being on the cusp of significant glaucoma progression.
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Dexras1 is a homeostatic regulator of exercise-dependent proliferation and cell survival in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5294. [PMID: 29593295 PMCID: PMC5871767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly responsive to exercise, which promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and the integration of newborn granule neurons in the dentate gyrus. Here we show that genetic ablation of the small GTPase, Dexras1, suppresses exercise-induced proliferation of neural progenitors, alters survival of mitotic and post-mitotic cells in a stage-specific manner, and increases the number of mature newborn granule neurons. Dexras1 is required for exercise-triggered recruitment of quiescent neural progenitors into the cell cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of NMDA receptors enhances SGZ cell proliferation in wild-type but not dexras1-deficient mice, suggesting that NMDA receptor-mediated signaling is dependent on Dexras1. At the molecular level, the absence of Dexras1 abolishes exercise-dependent activation of ERK/MAPK and CREB, and inhibits the upregulation of NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, bdnf, trkB and vegf-a expression in the dentate gyrus. Our study reveals Dexras1 as an important stage-specific regulator of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus by enhancing pro-mitogenic signaling to neural progenitor cells and modulating cell survival.
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27
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Guo X, Jiang Q, Tuccitto A, Chan D, Alqawlaq S, Won GJ, Sivak JM. The AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis regulates the astrocyte glutathione system to protect against oxidative and metabolic injury. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 113:59-69. [PMID: 29438738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly sensitive to metabolic and oxidative injury, but endogenous astrocyte mechanisms have a critical capacity to provide protection from these stresses. We previously reported that the master regulator PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α) is necessary for retinal astrocytes to mount effective injury responses, with particular regard to oxidative stress. Yet, this pathway has not been well studied in glia. PGC-1α is a transcriptional co-activator that is dysregulated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. It functions as a master regulator of cellular bioenergetics, with the ability to regulate tissue specific responses. A key inducer of PGC-1α signaling is adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK). Thus, the AMPK-PGC-1α signaling axis coordinates metabolic and oxidative damage responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we report that AMPK selectively regulates expression of GCLM (glutamate cysteine ligase modulatory subunit) in astrocytes, but not neurons, through PGC-1α activation. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH); a critical antioxidant and detoxifying peptide in the CNS. Through this mechanism we describe PGC-1α-dependent induction of GSH synthesis and antioxidant activity in astrocytes, and in the rodent retina in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that therapeutic agonism of this pathway with the AMP mimetic, AICAR, rescues GSH levels in vivo, while reducing RGC death and astrocyte reactivity, following retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. This mechanism presents a novel strategy for enhancing protective astrocyte antioxidant capacity in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Guo
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Jiang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tuccitto
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Chan
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samih Alqawlaq
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gah-Jone Won
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Pinazo-Durán MD, Shoaie-Nia K, Zanón-Moreno V, Sanz-González SM, Benítez del Castillo J, García-Medina JJ. Strategies to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Glaucoma Patients. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:903-918. [PMID: 28677495 PMCID: PMC6120109 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170705101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial pathology involving a variety of pathogenic mechanisms, including oxidative/nitrosative stress. This latter is the consequence of the imbalance between excessive formation and insufficient protection against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. OBJECTIVE Our main goal is to gather molecular information to better managing pathologic variants that may determine the individual susceptibility to oxidative/nitrosative stress (OS/NS) and POAG. METHOD An extensive search of the scientific literature was conducted using PUBMED, the Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and other references on the topic of POAG and OS/NS from human and animal model studies published between 2010 and 2017. Finally, 152 works containing relevant information that may help understanding the role of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, natural compounds and other similar strategies for counteracting OS/NS in POAG were considered. RESULTS A wide variety of studies have proven that antioxidants, among them vitamins B3, C and E, Coenzyme Q10 or melatonin, ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids and other natural compounds (such as coffee, green tea, bear bile, gingko biloba, coleus, tropical fruits, etc.,) may help regulating the intraocular pressure as well as protecting the retinal neurons against OS/NS in POAG. CONCLUSION Based on the impact of antioxidants and ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids at the molecular level in the glaucomatous anterior and posterior eye segments, further studies are needed by integrating all issues involved in glaucoma pathogenesis, endogenous and exogenous risk factors and their interactions that will allow us to reach newer effective biotherapies for preventing glaucomatous irreversible blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Pinazo-Durán
- Address correspondence to this author at the Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO, University Hospital Dr. Peset. Ave/ Gaspar Aguilar 90; 46017, Valencia, Spain; Tel: + 34 961622497;, Fax: + 34 961622748; E-mail:
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29
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Livne-Bar I, Wei J, Liu HH, Alqawlaq S, Won GJ, Tuccitto A, Gronert K, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. Astrocyte-derived lipoxins A4 and B4 promote neuroprotection from acute and chronic injury. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4403-4414. [PMID: 29106385 DOI: 10.1172/jci77398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform critical non-cell autonomous roles following CNS injury that involve either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects. Yet the nature of potential prosurvival cues has remained unclear. In the current study, we utilized the close interaction between astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye to characterize a secreted neuroprotective signal present in retinal astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM). Rather than a conventional peptide neurotrophic factor, we identified a prominent lipid component of the neuroprotective signal through metabolomics screening. The lipoxins LXA4 and LXB4 are small lipid mediators that act locally to dampen inflammation, but they have not been linked directly to neuronal actions. Here, we determined that LXA4 and LXB4 are synthesized in the inner retina, but their levels are reduced following injury. Injection of either lipoxin was sufficient for neuroprotection following acute injury, while inhibition of key lipoxin pathway components exacerbated injury-induced damage. Although LXA4 signaling has been extensively investigated, LXB4, the less studied lipoxin, emerged to be more potent in protection. Moreover, LXB4 neuroprotection was different from that of established LXA4 signaling, and therapeutic LXB4 treatment was efficacious in a chronic model of the common neurodegenerative disease glaucoma. Together, these results identify a potential paracrine mechanism that coordinates neuronal homeostasis and inflammation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Wei
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hsin-Hua Liu
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samih Alqawlaq
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gah-Jone Won
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandra Tuccitto
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Ito YA, Di Polo A. Mitochondrial dynamics, transport, and quality control: A bottleneck for retinal ganglion cell viability in optic neuropathies. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:186-192. [PMID: 28866056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells, the neurons that selectively die in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, are endowed with an exceedingly active metabolism and display a particular vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are exquisitely dynamic organelles that are continually responding to endogenous and environmental cues to readily meet the energy demand of neuronal networks. The highly orchestrated regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, fission, transport and degradation is paramount for the maintenance of energy-expensive synapses at RGC dendrites and axon terminals geared for optimal neurotransmission. The present review focuses on the progress made to date on understanding the biology of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control and how dysregulation of these processes can profoundly affect retinal ganglion cell viability and function in optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko A Ito
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1R9, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1R9, Canada.
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31
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Inman DM, Harun-Or-Rashid M. Metabolic Vulnerability in the Neurodegenerative Disease Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:146. [PMID: 28424571 PMCID: PMC5371671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons can be several orders of magnitude longer than neural somas, presenting logistical difficulties in cargo trafficking and structural maintenance. Keeping the axon compartment well supplied with energy also presents a considerable challenge; even seemingly subtle modifications of metabolism can result in functional deficits and degeneration. Axons require a great deal of energy, up to 70% of all energy used by a neuron, just to maintain the resting membrane potential. Axonal energy, in the form of ATP, is generated primarily through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. In addition, glial cells contribute metabolic intermediates to axons at moments of high activity or according to need. Recent evidence suggests energy disruption is an early contributor to pathology in a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by axonopathy. However, the degree to which the energy disruption is intrinsic to the axon vs. associated glia is not clear. This paper will review the role of energy availability and utilization in axon degeneration in glaucoma, a chronic axonopathy of the retinal projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstown, OH, USA
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32
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Lahousse L, Moyse E, Krantic S, Brusselle GG. Understanding age-related diseases: report of the 2015 Ageing Summit. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:5-9. [PMID: 26721954 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00837-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Lahousse
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Erasmus Medical Center, Dept of Epidemiology, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Moyse
- PRC Laboratory, University François Rabelais/Centre INRA of Tours, Nouzilly, France Cordeliers Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM-Paris-Descartes-University, Paris, France
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Erasmus Medical Center, Dept of Epidemiology, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Livne-Bar I, Lam S, Chan D, Guo X, Askar I, Nahirnyj A, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. Pharmacologic inhibition of reactive gliosis blocks TNF-α-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2386. [PMID: 27685630 PMCID: PMC5059876 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is an early pathological feature common to most neurodegenerative diseases, yet its regulation and impact remain poorly understood. Normally astrocytes maintain a critical homeostatic balance. After stress or injury they undergo rapid parainflammatory activation, characterized by hypertrophy, and increased polymerization of type III intermediate filaments (IFs), particularly glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. However, the consequences of IF dynamics in the adult CNS remains unclear, and no pharmacologic tools have been available to target this mechanism in vivo. The mammalian retina is an accessible model to study the regulation of astrocyte stress responses, and their influence on retinal neuronal homeostasis. In particular, our work and others have implicated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as a key regulator of glutamate recycling, antioxidant activity and cytokine secretion by astrocytes and related Müller glia, with potent influences on neighboring neurons. Here we report experiments with the small molecule inhibitor, withaferin A (WFA), to specifically block type III IF dynamics in vivo. WFA was administered in a model of metabolic retinal injury induced by kainic acid, and in combination with a recent model of debridement-induced astrocyte reactivity. We show that WFA specifically targets IFs and reduces astrocyte and Müller glial reactivity in vivo. Inhibition of glial IF polymerization blocked p38 MAPK-dependent secretion of TNF-α, resulting in markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of IF dynamics in reactive glia protects neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susy Lam
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Chan
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoxin Guo
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Idil Askar
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Nahirnyj
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John G Flanagan
- School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Vision Sciences, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Iacovelli J, Rowe GC, Khadka A, Diaz-Aguilar D, Spencer C, Arany Z, Saint-Geniez M. PGC-1α Induces Human RPE Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1038-51. [PMID: 26962700 PMCID: PMC4788093 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation of the RPE have been implicated in AMD; however, the molecular regulation of RPE metabolism remains unclear. The transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a powerful mediator of mitochondrial function. This study examines the ability of PGC-1α to regulate RPE metabolic program and oxidative stress response. Methods Primary human fetal RPE (hfRPE) and ARPE-19 were matured in vitro using standard culture conditions. Mitochondrial mass of RPE was measured using MitoTracker staining and citrate synthase activity. Expression of PGC-1 isoforms, RPE-specific genes, oxidative metabolism proteins, and antioxidant enzymes was analyzed by quantitative PCR and Western blot. Mitochondrial respiration and fatty-acid oxidation were monitored using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Expression of PGC-1α was increased using adenoviral delivery. ARPE-19 were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species were measured by CM-H2DCFDA fluorescence. Cell death was analyzed by LDH release. Results Maturation of ARPE-19 and hfRPE was associated with significant increase in mitochondrial mass, expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, and PGC-1α gene expression. Overexpression of PGC-1α increased expression of OXPHOS and fatty-acid β-oxidation genes, ultimately leading to the potent induction of mitochondrial respiration and fatty-acid oxidation. PGC-1α gain of function also strongly induced numerous antioxidant genes and, importantly, protected RPE from oxidant-mediated cell death without altering RPE functions. Conclusions This study provides important insights into the metabolic changes associated with RPE functional maturation and identifies PGC-1α as a potent driver of RPE mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Iacovelli
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Glenn C Rowe
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Arogya Khadka
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Daniel Diaz-Aguilar
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Carrie Spencer
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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35
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Moyse E, Lahousse L, Krantic S. Current research in aging: a report from the 2015 Ageing Summit. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 5:187-90. [PMID: 26107317 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing Summit, London, UK, 10-12 February 2015 The Ageing Summit 2015 held on 10-12 February 2015 in London (UK) provided an extensive update to our knowledge of the 'Biology of Ageing' and a forum to discuss the participants' latest research progress. The meeting was subdivided into four thematic sessions: cellular level research including the aging brain; slowing down progression, rejuvenation and self-repair; genetic and epigenetic regulation; and expression and pathology of age-related diseases. Each session included multiple key presentations, three to five short research communications and ongoing poster presentations. The meeting provided an exciting multidisciplinary overview of the aging process from cellular and molecular mechanisms to medico-social aspects of human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Moyse
- PRC Laboratory, University François Rabelais/Centre INRA of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.,Cordeliers Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM-Paris-Descartes-University, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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36
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Demir S, Özer S, Alim S, Güneş A, Ortak H, Yılmaz R. Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in children with obesity. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:434-8. [PMID: 27158616 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.03.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness analysis of peripapillary optic nerve head (PONH) and macula as well as ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in obese children. METHODS Eighty-five children with obesity and 30 controls were included in the study. The thicknesses of the PONH and macula of each subject's right eye were measured by high-resolution spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS The RNFL thicknesses of central macular and PONH were similar between the groups (all P>0.05). The GCIPL thickness was also similar between the groups. However, the RNFL thickness of temporal outer macula were 261.7±13.7 and 268.9±14.3 µm for the obesity and the control group, respectively (P=0.034). CONCLUSION Obesity may cause a reduction in temporal outer macular RNFL thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Demir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
| | - Samet Özer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
| | - Sait Alim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
| | - Alper Güneş
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Ortak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
| | - Resul Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat 60030, Turkey
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Hernández-Martínez FJ, Piñas-García P, Lleó-Pérez AV, Zanón-Moreno VC, Bendala-Tufanisco E, García-Medina JJ, Vinuesa-Silva I, Pinazo-Durán MD. Biomarkers of lipid peroxidation in the aqueous humor of primary open-angle glaucoma patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 91:357-62. [PMID: 26944209 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the lipid peroxidation (PEROX) processes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, and whether this mechanism may be related to disease progression. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective, observational, cross-sectional, non-experimental, and analytical study was conducted on a case and a comparison group, consisting of 175 surgical patients divided into: 1) POAG group (GG; n=88) and 2) comparison group of patients with cataracts (CG; n=87). Demographic data, patient characteristics, lifestyle data, as well as ophthalmological examination were registered in an Excel spreadsheet. Biochemical data were obtained by processing the aqueous humor collected at the beginning of surgery. Determination of malondialdehyde/thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (MDA/TBARS) and total antioxidant activity (AAO) was assayed using enzymatic-colorimetric methods in the aqueous humor samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 15.0 software. RESULTS Aqueous humor MDA/TBARS levels were significantly higher (P<.001) and the AAO significantly lower (P<.001) in the GG than in the GC. The MDA/TBARS directly correlated with intraocular pressure (IOP) values and the cup-to-disc ratio (CDR). Decreased AAO activity correlated inversely with IOP and CDR. Differences between groups were noticeably higher in the GG as regards obesity, alcohol consumption, anxiety, depression, and sedentary lifestyle. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a better predictive ability were: MDA/TBARS, PIO, AAO, CDR, and depression. CONCLUSIONS The POAG patients have a PEROX background that is reflected in the aqueous humor by variations in MDA/TBARS and AAO. Moreover, both the MDA/TBARS and AAO correlated with IOP values and the CDR. We propose that determination of MDA/TBARS and AAO in the aqueous humor of POAG patients can be used as biomarkers for monitoring the disease, as well the changes in lifestyle and other related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Hernández-Martínez
- Servicio Oftalmología, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos (Sevilla), España.
| | - P Piñas-García
- Servicio Oftalmología, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos (Sevilla), España
| | - A V Lleó-Pérez
- Servicio Oftalmología, Hospital Francesc Borja, Gandía (Valencia), España
| | - V C Zanón-Moreno
- Unidad Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Fundación Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), Valencia, España
| | - E Bendala-Tufanisco
- Unidad Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Fundación Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), Valencia, España; Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU San Pablo, Valencia, España
| | - J J García-Medina
- Unidad Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Fundación Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), Valencia, España; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, España
| | - I Vinuesa-Silva
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Punta de Europa, Algeciras, España
| | - M D Pinazo-Durán
- Unidad Investigación Oftalmológica Santiago Grisolía, Fundación Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica (FISABIO), Valencia, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
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Exler RE, Guo X, Chan D, Livne-Bar I, Vicic N, Flanagan JG, Sivak JM. Biomechanical insult switches PEA-15 activity to uncouple its anti-apoptotic function and promote erk mediated tissue remodeling. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:283-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kleesattel D, Crish SD, Inman DM. Decreased Energy Capacity and Increased Autophagic Activity in Optic Nerve Axons With Defective Anterograde Transport. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:8215-27. [PMID: 26720474 PMCID: PMC5110237 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy is a critical process, compromised in neurodegenerative disease, by which terminally differentiated cells like neurons manage cytoskeletal and organelle turnover. How autophagy relates to associated neurodegenerative pathologies remain unclear. We examined autophagy in optic neuropathy by investigating cytoskeletal degradation, mitochondria, and autophagic vesicles in the DBA2/J mouse model of glaucoma exhibiting differing levels of axon transport functionality. METHODS DBA/2J and DBA/2J(wt-gpnmb) control mice 11 to 14 months of age were injected with cholera toxin-B (CTB) to assay anterograde axonal transport. Axonal mitochondria and autophagic vesicles were analyzed with respect to transport integrity in proximal and distal optic nerve using serial block face scanning electron microscopy (3D EM). RESULTS Several indices varied significantly between the DBA/2J and DBA/2J(wt-gpnmb) mice, including mitochondrial volume, average number of autophagic vesicles per axon, and mitochondrial cristae. However, there were no differences in mitochondrial cristae for axons with functional versus dysfunctional CTB transport, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes overt transport blockade. Anterograde transport failure was accompanied by a dissociation of the relationship between mitochondrial and axon volumes. Autophagic vesicle profiles were significantly increased in optic nerve with transport deficit, consistent with greater autophagic activity. Mitochondria within autophagosomes, indicative of mitophagy, were observed in both proximal and distal axons. CONCLUSIONS Loss of anterograde transport in DBA/2J optic nerve is concomitant with diminished mitochondrial volume, increased cytoskeletal breakdown and autophagic activity, and accumulation of autophagic profiles, including signs of mitophagy, in proximal optic nerve. Axons with transport deficit are metabolically underserved, though not necessarily from mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleesattel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
| | - Samuel D. Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
| | - Denise M. Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
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Pinazo-Durán MD, Zanón-Moreno V, Gallego-Pinazo R, García-Medina JJ. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:127-53. [PMID: 26497788 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure for understanding mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open-angle glaucoma. The chapter shows scientific evidence for the role of mitochondrial disbalance and reactive oxygen species in glaucoma neurodegeneration. Mitochondria regulate important cellular functions including reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial alterations result from a wide variety of damaging sources. Reactive oxygen species formed by the mitochondria can act as signaling molecules, inducing lipid peroxidation and/or excitotoxicity with the result of cell lesion and death. Antioxidants may help to counteract oxidative stress and to promote neuroprotection. We provide information that may lead to a new way for diagnosing and treating glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, University and Polytechnic Hospital la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José J García-Medina
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Murcia, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Coughlin L, Morrison RS, Horner PJ, Inman DM. Mitochondrial morphology differences and mitophagy deficit in murine glaucomatous optic nerve. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1437-46. [PMID: 25655803 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Decreased ATP correlates with intraocular pressure exposure in the optic nerves of mice with glaucoma. To understand what underlies this energy deficit, we examined mitochondria in the myelinated optic nerve axons of the DBA/2J mouse, a model of glaucoma secondary to iris pigment disease, and the DBA/2(wt-gpnmb) control strain. METHODS Mitochondrial length, width, surface area, and health status were measured in 30 electron microscopic fields within the myelinated portion of optic nerves from DBA/2J and DBA/2(wt-gpnmb) mice at 3, 6, and 10 months of age. Protein was isolated from optic nerve for analysis of PINK1, Parkin, LC3-I and -II, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) by Western blot. RESULTS The number of mitochondria in DBA/2J optic nerve was increased, and they had significantly smaller surface area. Mitochondria in DBA/2J were closer to the axolemma, more spatially isolated, and their cristae were more disrupted at every age group as compared to DBA/2(wt-gpnmb). Autophagosomes were significantly increased in DBA/2J optic nerve at all ages. Protein analysis showed higher LC3-II to LC3-I ratio in aged DBA/2J optic nerve than in DBA/2(wt-gpnmb). PINK1 and Parkin levels were not statistically different across age groups. LAMP1 was significantly decreased in the aged DBA/2J optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS Decreased surface area, combined with reduced oxidative capacity in mitochondria from the aged DBA/2J axon, indicate that mitochondrial pathology may contribute to the energy deficit in glaucomatous optic nerve. Though autophagosomes were increased in DBA/2J optic nerve, the increased mitochondria and decreased LAMP1 suggest deteriorating mitochondria are not being efficiently recycled by mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Coughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States
| | - Richard S Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States
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