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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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2
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Wang WT, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Le YN, Wu YL, Liu YY, Tu YJ. EBV-microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in EBV-related Fever: A Narrative Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:2-13. [PMID: 36411555 PMCID: PMC10825793 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221118122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, timely and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV) infection-associated fever remain a difficult challenge. EBV encodes 44 mature microRNAs (miRNAs) that inhibit viral lysis, adjust inflammatory response, regulate cellular apoptosis, promote tumor genesis and metastasis, and regulate tumor cell metabolism. Herein, we have collected the specific expression data of EBV-miRNAs in EBV-related fevers, including infectious mononucleosis (IM), EBVassociated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), and EBV-related tumors, and proposed the potential value of EBVmiRNAs as biomarkers to assist in the identification, diagnosis, and prognosis of EBVrelated fever, as well as therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ting Wang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (201203), China
| | - Yun Yang
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (201203), China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Information Center of Science and Technology, Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (201203), China
| | - Yi-ning Le
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai (200433), China
| | - Yu-lin Wu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (201203), China
| | - Yi-yi Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (200032), China
| | - Yan-jie Tu
- Department of Febrile Disease, Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai (201203), China
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3
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Mondal D, Shinde S, Paul S, Thakur S, Velu GSK, Tiwari AK, Dixit V, Amit A, Vishvakarma NK, Shukla D. Diagnostic significance of dysregulated miRNAs in T-cell malignancies and their metabolic roles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230273. [PMID: 37637043 PMCID: PMC10448964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell malignancy is a broad term used for a diverse group of disease subtypes representing dysfunctional malignant T cells transformed at various stages of their clonal evolution. Despite having similar clinical manifestations, these disease groups have different disease progressions and diagnostic parameters. The effective diagnosis and prognosis of such a diverse disease group demands testing of molecular entities that capture footprints of the disease physiology in its entirety. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of genes and, while doing so, leave behind specific miRNA signatures corresponding to cellular expression status in an altered stage of a disease. Using miRNAs as a diagnostic tool is justified, as they can effectively distinguish expressional diversity between various tumors and within subtypes of T-cell malignancies. As global attention for cancer diagnosis shifts toward liquid biopsy, diagnosis using miRNAs is more relevant in blood cancers than in solid tumors. We also lay forward the diagnostic significance of miRNAs that are indicative of subtype, progression, severity, therapy response, and relapse. This review discusses the potential use and the role of miRNAs, miRNA signatures, or classifiers in the diagnosis of major groups of T-cell malignancies like T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The review also briefly discusses major diagnostic miRNAs having prominent metabolic roles in these malignancies to highlight their importance among other dysregulated miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sapnita Shinde
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Souvik Paul
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Suresh Thakur
- Centre for Excellence in Genomics, Trivitron Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India
| | - GSK Velu
- Centre for Excellence in Genomics, Trivitron Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India
| | - Atul Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Bhawan Singh Porte Government College, Pendra, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineeta Dixit
- Department of Botany, Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Namdhari College, Gharwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
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4
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Kashyap D, Rele S, Bagde PH, Saini V, Chatterjee D, Jain AK, Pandey RK, Jha HC. Comprehensive insight into altered host cell-signaling cascades upon Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections in cancer. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:262. [PMID: 37310490 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by mutagenic events that lead to disrupted cell signaling and cellular functions. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Literature suggests that pathogens, mainly Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been associated with the etiology of human cancer. Notably, their co-infection may lead to gastric cancer. Pathogen-mediated DNA damage could be the first and crucial step in the carcinogenesis process that modulates numerous cellular signaling pathways. Altogether, it dysregulates the metabolic pathways linked with cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Modulation in these pathways leads to abnormal growth and proliferation. Several signaling pathways such RTK, RAS/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NFκB, JAK/STAT, HIF1α, and Wnt/β-catenin are known to be altered in cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the oncogenic roles of H. pylori, EBV, and its associated signaling cascades in various cancers. Scrutinizing these signaling pathways is crucial and may provide new insights and targets for preventing and treating H. pylori and EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kashyap
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Samiksha Rele
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Pranit Hemant Bagde
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | | | | | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, Indore, India.
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5
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Diggins NL, Hancock MH. Viral miRNA regulation of host gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 146:2-19. [PMID: 36463091 PMCID: PMC10101914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to combat barriers to productive infection in the host cell. Virally-encoded miRNAs are one such means to regulate host gene expression in ways that benefit the virus lifecycle. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression but do not trigger the adaptive immune response, making them powerful tools encoded by viruses to regulate cellular processes. Diverse viruses encode for miRNAs but little sequence homology exists between miRNAs of different viral species. Despite this, common cellular pathways are targeted for regulation, including apoptosis, immune evasion, cell growth and differentiation. Herein we will highlight the viruses that encode miRNAs and provide mechanistic insight into how viral miRNAs aid in lytic and latent infection by targeting common cellular processes. We also highlight how viral miRNAs can mimic host cell miRNAs as well as how viral miRNAs have evolved to regulate host miRNA expression. These studies dispel the myth that viral miRNAs are subtle regulators of gene expression, and highlight the critical importance of viral miRNAs to the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Diggins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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6
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Skalsky RL. MicroRNA-mediated control of Epstein-Barr virus infection and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101272. [PMID: 36242893 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encode multiple viral microRNAs that are expressed throughout various infection stages. While much progress has been made in evaluating both the viral and host microRNAs (miRNAs) that are detected during infection as well as elucidating their molecular targets in vitro, our understanding of their contributions to pathogenesis in vivo, viral oncogenesis, and clinical implications for these small molecules remains limited. miRNAs are widely recognized as key regulators of global cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and development of immune responses. This review discusses the roles of miRNAs in EBV infection and current advances in miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies potentially applicable toward EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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7
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Zhang T, Chen Z, Deng J, Xu K, Che D, Lin J, Jiang P, Gu X, Xu B. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNA BART22 serves as novel biomarkers and drives malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:664. [PMID: 35907914 PMCID: PMC9338958 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy ubiquitously associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV generates various viral microRNAs (miRNAs) by processing the BHRF1 and BamHI A rightward (BART) transcripts. These BART miRNAs are abundantly expressed in NPC, but their functions and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Our study found that the EBV-encoded microRNA BART-22 was significantly upregulated in NPC tissues and positively correlated with tumor progression. Furthermore, we found that EBV-miR-BART-22 was a significant predictor of poor prognosis in NPC. A reliable nomogram model to predict the preoperative overall survival (OS) of NPC patients was established. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value for 5-year survival was 0.91. Elevated levels of EBV-miR-BART-22 significantly promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of NPC cells in vivo and in vitro. We found that EBV-miR-BART-22 directly targets the 3'-UTR of MOSPD2 mRNA to promote the EMT and metastasis of NPC cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our findings provide a potential prognostic biomarker and new insight into the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Zui Chen
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Jing Deng
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Kaixiong Xu
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Di Che
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Ping Jiang
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 China
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8
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Blümke J, Bauer M, Skiebe SL, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Novel approach to identify putative Epstein–Barr–virus microRNAs regulating host cell genes with relevance in tumor biology and immunology. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2070338. [PMID: 35529676 PMCID: PMC9067544 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2070338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Epstein–Barr virus is associated with several human solid and hematopoietic malignancies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms including virus-encoded microRNAs (miRs), which lead to the malignant transformation of infected cells and immune evasion of EBV-associated tumors, have not yet been characterized. The expression levels of numerous known EBV-specific miRs and their suitability as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers were determined in different human EBV-positive tissues followed by in silico analyses to identify putative EBV-miR-regulated target genes, thereby offering a suitable screening strategy to overcome the limited available data sets of EBV-miRs and their targeted gene networks. Analysis of microarray data sets from healthy human B cells and malignant-transformed EBV-positive B cells of patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) deregulated genes with known functions in oncogenic properties, immune escape and anti-tumoral immune responses. Alignments of in vivo and in silico data resulted in the prediction of putative candidate EBV-miRs and their target genes. Thus, a combinatorial approach of bioinformatics, transcriptomics and in situ expression analyses is a promising tool for the identification of EBV-miRs and their potential targets as well as their eligibility as markers for EBV detection in different EBV-associated human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane Blümke
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcus Bauer
- Institute for Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Saskia Luise Skiebe
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute for Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
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Abusalah MAH, Irekeola AA, Hanim Shueb R, Jarrar M, Yean Yean C. Prognostic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) miRNA biomarkers for survival outcome in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266893. [PMID: 35436288 PMCID: PMC9015129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The EBV-associated epithelial tumours consist 80% of all EBV-associated cancer, where the nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) are considered as the most frequent EBV-associated epithelial tumours. It has been shown that the BART-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in EBV-associated epithelial tumours, hence, these miRNAs may serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for EBV-associated epithelial tumours. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess these EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for NPC and GC.
Method
This systematic review was developed based on PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google scholar databases. The retrieved articles were thoroughly screened in accordance with the selection criteria. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for patient survival outcomes were used to evaluate EBV miRNA expression levels. To assess the risk of bias, funnel plot symmetry and Egger’s bias test were employed.
Result
Eleven studies met the selection criteria for inclusion, and four were included in the meta-analysis. Most of the articles considered in this study were from China, with one study from South Korea. The overall pooled effect size estimation (HR) for upregulated EBV miRNAs was 3.168 (95% CI: 2.020–4.969), demonstrating that upregulated EBV miRNA expression enhanced the mortality risk in NPC and GC patients by three times.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that investigates the significance of EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in NPC and GC patients. The pooled effect estimates of HR of the various studies revealed that higher EBV miRNA expression in NPC and GC may result in a worse survival outcome. To assess the clinical significance of EBV miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers, larger-scale prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mu’taman Jarrar
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- * E-mail: ,
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Emerging Therapeutic Landscape of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas Based on Advances in Biology: Current Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225627. [PMID: 34830782 PMCID: PMC8616039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peripheral T-cell lymphoma is a rare but aggressive tumor. Due to its rarity, the disease has not been completely understood. In our review, we look at this lymphoma at the molecular level based on available literature. We highlight the mechanism behind the progression and resistance of this tumor. In doing so, we bring forth possible mechanism that could be exploited through novel chemotherapy drugs. In addition, we also look at the current available drugs used in treating this disease, as well as highlight other new drugs, describing their potential in treating this lymphoma. We comprehensively have collected and present the available biology behind peripheral T-cell lymphoma and discuss the available treatment options. Abstract T-cell lymphomas are a relatively rare group of malignancies with a diverse range of pathologic features and clinical behaviors. Recent molecular studies have revealed a wide array of different mechanisms that drive the development of these malignancies and may be associated with resistance to therapies. Although widely accepted chemotherapeutic agents and combinations, including stem cell transplantation, obtain responses as initial therapy for these diseases, most patients will develop a relapse, and the median survival is only 5 years. Most patients with relapsed disease succumb within 2 to 3 years. Since 2006, the USFDA has approved five medications for treatment of these diseases, and only anti-CD30-therapy has made a change in these statistics. Clearly, newer agents are needed for treatment of these disorders, and investigators have proposed studies that evaluate agents that target these malignancies and the microenvironment depending upon the molecular mechanisms thought to underlie their pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the currently known molecular mechanisms driving the development and persistence of these cancers and discuss novel targets for therapy of these diseases and agents that may improve outcomes for these patients.
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Yoshimori M, Nishio M, Ohashi A, Tateishi M, Mimura A, Wada N, Saito M, Shimizu N, Imadome KI, Arai A. Interferon-γ Produced by EBV-Positive Neoplastic NK-Cells Induces Differentiation into Macrophages and Procoagulant Activity of Monocytes, Which Leads to HLH. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205097. [PMID: 34680246 PMCID: PMC8533691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a common virus all over the world, infects not only B-cells but also T- and NK-cells. Once infected with EBV, human beings remain infected for life, and EBV renders infected B-cells immortal. EBV-positive NK-cell neoplasms, such as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and chronic active EBV infection, are relatively rare but lethal disorders. They show systemic inflammation and progress to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a life-threatening state of immune hyperactivation. The suppression and prevention of HLH are important to treat the neoplasms. Revealing the mechanism will pave a new path for treatment. We show herein that IFN-γ produced by EBV-positive neoplastic NK-cell is responsible for inducing the differentiation and the activation of M1-like macrophages. Suppressing IFN-γ may regulate HLH in EBV-positive NK-cell neoplasms. Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive T- or NK-cell neoplasms show progressive systemic inflammation and abnormal blood coagulation causing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). It was reported that inflammatory cytokines were produced and secreted by EBV-positive neoplastic T- or NK-cells. These cytokines can induce the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages leading to HLH. To clarify which products of EBV-positive neoplastic T- or NK-cells have effects on monocytes, we performed a co-culture assay of monocytes with the supernatants of EBV-positive T- or NK-cell lines. The expression of differentiation markers, the phagocytosis ability, and the mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines of THP-1, a monocytic cell line, clearly increased after culturing with the supernatants from EBV-NK-cell lines. Co-culturing with the supernatants promoted the expression of CD80 and CD206 as well as M1 and M2 macrophage markers in human monocytes. Co-culturing with the supernatants of EBV-NK-cell lines significantly enhanced the procoagulant activity and the tissue factor expression of monocytes. Interferon (IFN)-γ was elevated extremely not only in the supernatant of EBV-NK-cell lines but also in the plasma of EBV-positive NK-cell neoplasms patients accompanying HLH. Finally, we confirmed that IFN-γ directly enhanced the differentiation into M1-like macrophages and the procoagulant activity of monocytes. Our findings suggest that IFN-γ may potentially serve as a therapeutic target to regulate HLH in EBV-positive NK-cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Yoshimori
- Department of Hematological Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.N.); (A.O.); (M.T.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Ayaka Ohashi
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.N.); (A.O.); (M.T.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Megumi Tateishi
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.N.); (A.O.); (M.T.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Ayaka Mimura
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.N.); (A.O.); (M.T.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Naomi Wada
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Infections, National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD), Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (N.W.); (K.-I.I.)
| | - Minori Saito
- Department of Laboratory Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.N.); (A.O.); (M.T.); (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Ken-Ichi Imadome
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Infections, National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD), Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (N.W.); (K.-I.I.)
| | - Ayako Arai
- Department of Hematological Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-44-977-8111; Fax: +81-44-977-8361
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12
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Virus-Induced Tumorigenesis and IFN System. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100994. [PMID: 34681093 PMCID: PMC8533565 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses favor the development of tumors in mammals by persistent infection and specific cellular pathways modifications by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. They counteract the cellular antiviral defense through viral proteins as well as specific cellular effectors involved in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines critical not only for viral interference but also for their broad range of properties that go beyond the antiviral action. In fact, they can inhibit cell proliferation and modulate differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. However, their principal role is to regulate the development and activity of most effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Various are the mechanisms by which IFNs exert their effects on immune cells. They can act directly, through IFN receptor triggering, or indirectly by the induction of chemokines, the secretion of further cytokines, or by the stimulation of cells useful for the activation of particular immune cells. All the properties of IFNs are crucial in the host defense against viruses and bacteria, as well as in the immune surveillance against tumors. IFNs may be affected by and, in turn, affect signaling pathways to mediate anti-proliferative and antiviral responses in virus-induced tumorigenic context. New data on cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) machinery, as well as cellular communication and microenvironment modification via classical secretion mechanisms and extracellular vesicles-mediated delivery are reported. Recent research is reviewed on the tumorigenesis induced by specific viruses with RNA or DNA genome, belonging to different families (i.e., HPV, HTLV-1, MCPyV, JCPyV, Herpesviruses, HBV, HCV) and the IFN system involvement.
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13
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Valverde A, Seal A, Nares S, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Human herpesvirus-encoded MicroRNA in host-pathogen interaction. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 82:100829. [PMID: 34560402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHV) are ubiquitous, linear dsDNA viruses that establish lifelong latency, disrupted by sporadic reactivation. HHV have evolved diverse ingenious mechanisms to evade robust host defenses. Incorporation of unique stem loop sequences that generate viral microRNAs (v-miRs) exemplifies one such evolutionary adaptation in HHV. These noncoding RNAs can control cellular and viral transcriptomes highlighting their ability in shaping host-HHV interactions. We summarize recent developments in functional characterization of HHV-encoded miRNAs in shaping the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. Non-immunogenic dissemination of v-miRs through exosomes confer added advantage to HHV in incessant modulation of host microenvironment. This review delineates the mechanistic role of v-miRs in facilitating viral persistence and tropism by targeting genes associated with cellular (apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, etc.) and viral life cycle (latency, lytic and reactivation). Burgeoning evidences indicate plausible association of v-miRs in various immune-mediated diseases (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neurological disorders, periodontal diseases, etc.) and herpesvirus-related malignancies indicating their broad-spectrum impact on host cellular pathways. We propose to exploit tisssue and systemic levels of v-miRs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancers and immune-mediated diseases. Therapeutic targeting of v-miRs will advance the promising outcomes of preclinical discoveries to bedside application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Valverde
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Alexandra Seal
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
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14
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Gao F, He S, Jin A. MiRNAs and lncRNAs in NK cell biology and NK/T-cell lymphoma. Genes Dis 2021; 8:590-602. [PMID: 34291131 PMCID: PMC8278539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in directing immune responses has become increasingly clear. Recent evidence conforms that miRNAs and lncRNAs are involved in NK cell biology and diseases through RNA-protein, RNA-RNA, or RNA-DNA interactions. In this view, we summarize the contribution of miRNAs and lncRNAs to NK cell lineage development, activation and function, highlight the biological significance of functional miRNAs or lncRNAs in NKTL and discuss the potential of these miRNAs and lncRNAs as innovative biomarkers/targets for NKTL early diagnosis, target treatment and prognostic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengXia Gao
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - SiRong He
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - AiShun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
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15
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MicroRNA and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153909. [PMID: 34359809 PMCID: PMC8345394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a direct causative agent in around 1.5% of all cancers. The oncogenic properties of EBV are related to its ability to activate processes needed for cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and immune evasion. The EBV latency program is required for the immortalization of infected B cells and involves the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including viral microRNAs. These ncRNAs have different functions that contribute to virus persistence in the asymptomatic host and to the development of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the function and potential clinical utility of EBV microRNAs and other ncRNAs in EBV-associated malignancies. This review is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to provide examples of the importance of ncRNAs.
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16
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Kimura H, Okuno Y, Sato Y, Watanabe T, Murata T. Deletion of Viral microRNAs in the Oncogenesis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667968. [PMID: 34305835 PMCID: PMC8297563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which encodes >80 genes and nearly 50 non-coding RNAs, is a double-stranded DNA virus. EBV is associated with various types of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders not only of B-cell but also T/NK-cell origin. However, the oncogenic mechanism remains poorly understood, including the EBV receptors expressed on T/NK cells, relationship of EBV with host genes, and epigenetic regulation of EBV and host genes. The roles of host and viral non-coding RNAs during tumorigenesis have been elucidated. EBV encodes at least 49 mature microRNAs (miRNAs), of which 44 are located in BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) region, and the remaining five are located in BamHI-H rightward fragment 1. BART miRNAs modulate cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle, and they are considered positive regulators of oncogenesis. We and others have recently reported that EBV-positive lymphomas frequently possess large deletions in BART miRNA clusters, suggesting that some viral miRNAs have suppressive effects on oncogenesis, and that deletion of these miRNAs may aid lymphoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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17
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Functional Interfaces, Biological Pathways, and Regulations of Interferon-Related DNA Damage Resistance Signature (IRDS) Genes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050622. [PMID: 33922087 PMCID: PMC8143464 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-related DNA damage resistant signature (IRDS) genes are a subgroup of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) found upregulated in different cancer types, which promotes resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Along with briefly discussing IFNs and signalling in this review, we highlighted how different IRDS genes are affected by viruses. On the contrary, different strategies adopted to suppress a set of IRDS genes (STAT1, IRF7, OAS family, and BST2) to induce (chemo- and radiotherapy) sensitivity were deliberated. Significant biological pathways that comprise these genes were classified, along with their frequently associated genes (IFIT1/3, IFITM1, IRF7, ISG15, MX1/2 and OAS1/3/L). Major upstream regulators from the IRDS genes were identified, and different IFN types regulating these genes were outlined. Functional interfaces of IRDS proteins with DNA/RNA/ATP/GTP/NADP biomolecules featured a well-defined pharmacophore model for STAT1/IRF7-dsDNA and OAS1/OAS3/IFIH1-dsRNA complexes, as well as for the genes binding to GDP or NADP+. The Lys amino acid was found commonly interacting with the ATP phosphate group from OAS1/EIF2AK2/IFIH1 genes. Considering the premise that targeting IRDS genes mediated resistance offers an efficient strategy to resensitize tumour cells and enhances the outcome of anti-cancer treatment, this review can add some novel insights to the field.
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18
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Drillis G, Goulielmaki M, Spandidos DA, Aggelaki S, Zoumpourlis V. Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their roles in lymphogenesis in all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:393. [PMID: 33777216 PMCID: PMC7988683 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary developments in molecular biology have been combined with discoveries on the analysis of the role of all non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human diseases, particularly in cancer, by examining their roles in cells. Currently, included among these common types of cancer, are all the lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies, which represent a diverse group of neoplasms and malignant disorders. Initial data suggest that non-coding RNAs, particularly long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play key roles in oncogenesis and that lncRNA-mediated biology is an important key pathway to cancer progression. Other non-coding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), are very promising cancer molecular biomarkers. They can be detected in tissues, cell lines, biopsy material and all biological fluids, such as blood. With the number of well-characterized cancer-related lncRNAs and miRNAs increasing, the study of the roles of non-coding RNAs in cancer is bringing forth new hypotheses of the biology of cancerous cells. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of the recent literature referring to all diagnosed ncRNAs that mediate the pathogenesis of all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Drillis
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, Medical School, Laiko University Hospital of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Aggelaki
- Oncology Unit, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilios Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 116 35 Athens, Greece
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19
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Padariya M, Kalathiya U, Mikac S, Dziubek K, Tovar Fernandez MC, Sroka E, Fahraeus R, Sznarkowska A. Viruses, cancer and non-self recognition. Open Biol 2021; 11:200348. [PMID: 33784856 PMCID: PMC8061760 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-host interactions form an essential part of every aspect of life, and this review is aimed at looking at the balance between the host and persistent viruses with a focus on the immune system. The virus-host interaction is like a cat-and-mouse game and viruses have developed ingenious mechanisms to manipulate cellular pathways, most notably the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway, to reside within infected cell while evading detection and destruction by the immune system. However, some of the signals sensing and responding to viral infection are derived from viruses and the fact that certain viruses can prevent the infection of others, highlights a more complex coexistence between the host and the viral microbiota. Viral immune evasion strategies also illustrate that processes whereby cells detect and present non-self genetic material to the immune system are interlinked with other cellular pathways. Immune evasion is a target also for cancer cells and a more detailed look at the interfaces between viral factors and components of the MHC class I peptide-loading complex indicates that these interfaces are also targets for cancer mutations. In terms of the immune checkpoint, however, viral and cancer strategies appear different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monikaben Padariya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sara Mikac
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dziubek
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria C. Tovar Fernandez
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Sroka
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Building 6M, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alicja Sznarkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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20
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Soltani S, Zakeri A, Tabibzadeh A, Zakeri AM, Zandi M, Siavoshi S, Seifpour S, Farahani A. A review on EBV encoded and EBV-induced host microRNAs expression profile in different lymphoma types. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1801-1817. [PMID: 33523370 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature supports the variations in microRNAs expression levels among lymphoma patients due to EBV infection. These alterations can be observed in both EBV-encoded-microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular microRNAs. Moreover, changes in the microRNA profile could be significant in disease progression. This study aimed to assess published literature to obtain a microRNA profile for both EBV-encoded microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular microRNAs among lymphoma patients. We searched common available electronic databases by using relevant keywords. The result demonstrated that EBV infection could alter the microRNA expression levels among lymphoma patients. In Burkitt lymphoma, hsa-miR197 and miR510 were most frequently assessed human micro RNAs. Also, miR-BART6-3P and miR-BART17-5P were the most frequent viral micro RNAs in Burkitt lymphoma. Other human important micro RNAs were hsa-miR155 (in Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), hsa-miR145 (in Nasal natural killer T cell lymphoma (NNKTCL)), miR-96, miR-128a, miR-128b, miR-129, and miR-205 (in Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL)), miR-21, miR-142-3P, miR-126, miR-451 and miR-494-3P (in Nasal natural killer cell lymphoma (NNKCL)). Also, viral assessed micro RNAs were miR-BART1-5P (in DLBCL and NNKTCL), miR-BART-5 (in CHL), and EBV-miR-BART20-5P (in NNKCL). In conclusion, it could be suggested that EBV-encoded-microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular-microRNAs can be utilized as helpful factors for different types of lymphoma diagnoses or prognostic factors. Moreover, the mentioned microRNAs can also be promising therapeutic targets and can be used to modulate the oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zakeri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Zakeri
- Pediatric Surgery Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Siavoshi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saba Seifpour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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21
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Ahmad I, Valverde A, Siddiqui H, Schaller S, Naqvi AR. Viral MicroRNAs: Interfering the Interferon Signaling. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:446-454. [PMID: 31924149 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200109181238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are secreted cytokines with potent antiviral, antitumor and immunomodulatory functions. As the first line of defense against viruses, this pathway restricts virus infection and spread. On the contrary, viruses have evolved ingenious strategies to evade host immune responses including the interferon pathway. Multiple families of viruses, in particular, DNA viruses, encode microRNA (miR) that are small, non-protein coding, regulatory RNAs. Virus-derived miRNAs (v-miR) function by targeting host and virus-encoded transcripts and are critical in shaping host-pathogen interaction. The role of v-miRs in viral pathogenesis is emerging as demonstrated by their function in subverting host defense mechanisms and regulating fundamental biological processes such as cell survival, proliferation, modulation of viral life-cycle phase. In this review, we will discuss the role of v-miRs in the suppression of host genes involved in the viral nucleic acid detection, JAK-STAT pathway, and cytokine-mediated antiviral gene activation to favor viral replication and persistence. This information has yielded new insights into our understanding of how v-miRs promote viral evasion of host immunity and likely provide novel antiviral therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, United States
| | - Araceli Valverde
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, United States
| | - Hasan Siddiqui
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, United States
| | - Samantha Schaller
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, United States
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, United States
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22
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Wang H, Liu W, Luo B. The roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in Epstein-Barr virus associated epithelial cell tumors. Virus Res 2020; 291:198217. [PMID: 33137402 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is highly prevalent in the population and is known to be associated with a variety of human tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancer, and lymphoma; however, the mechanisms of EBV carcinogenesis remain unclear. Recent studies have revealed that many non-coding RNAs participate in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasion, and other processes in EBV-associated tumor, and the interaction between ncRNAs and the potential target genes has gradually become a research hotspot. Therefore, here, we discuss the expression and roles of ncRNAs in EBV-associated epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
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23
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EBV-miR-BART10-3p and EBV-miR-BART22 promote metastasis of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma by activating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:901-913. [PMID: 32533512 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) constitutes the largest subpopulation in EBV-associated tumors worldwide. To date, 44 mature EBV-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) have been identified, but their roles in EBVaGC development are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles and targets of ebv-miR-BART10-3p (BART10-3p) and ebv-miR-BART22 (BART22) in EBVaGC. METHODS EBV miRNA expression in EBVaGCs was evaluated by deep sequencing and qRT-PCR, and relationships between BART10-3p or BART22 expression and clinicolpathological characteristics and survival rates of patients with EBVaGC were analyzed. The roles of BART10-3p and BART22 and their underlying mechanisms were further investigated through exogenous overexpression or silencing in EBVaGC cells, and validated in clinical EBVaGC tissue samples. RESULTS BART10-3p and BART22 were found to be highly expressed in the EBVaGC cell lines SNU719 and YCCEL1. Higher expression of BART10-3p or BART22 in primary EBVaGC samples was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and a worse 5-year overall survival. BART10-3p and BART22 promoted cell migration and invasion by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Dickkopf 1 (DKK1), thereby activating the Wnt signaling pathway and, consequently, upregulating downstream Twist and downregulating downstream E-cadherin. In 874 primary gastric carcinoma samples, APC and DKK1 were found to be lower expressed in EBVaGC than in EBV-negative samples, and their expression levels were inversely correlated with those of BART10-3p and BART22 in 71 EBVaGC samples. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that BART10-3p and BART22 play vital roles in promoting EBVaGC metastasis by targeting APC and DKK1 and, subsequently, activating the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby providing novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for EBVaGC.
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24
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miRNAs: EBV Mechanism for Escaping Host's Immune Response and Supporting Tumorigenesis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050353. [PMID: 32397085 PMCID: PMC7281681 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) is a ubiquitous human oncogenic virus, and the first human virus found to express microRNAs (miRNAs). Its genome contains two regions encoding more than 40 miRNAs that regulate expression of both viral and human genes. There are numerous evidences that EBV miRNAs impact immune response, affect antigen presentation and recognition, change T- and B-cell communication, drive antibody production during infection, and have a role in cell apoptosis. Moreover, the ability of EBV to induce B-cell transformation and take part in mechanisms of oncogenesis in humans is well known. Although EBV infection is associated with development of various diseases, the role of its miRNAs is still not understood. There is abundant data describing EBV miRNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and several studies that have tried to evaluate their role in gastric carcinoma and lymphoma. This review aims to summarize so far known data about the role of EBV miRNAs in altered regulation of gene expression in human cells in EBV-associated diseases.
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25
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Iizasa H, Kim H, Kartika AV, Kanehiro Y, Yoshiyama H. Role of Viral and Host microRNAs in Immune Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32194570 PMCID: PMC7062708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpes virus that was discovered in 1964. Viral non-coding RNAs, such as BamHI-A rightward fragment-derived microRNAs (BART miRNAs) or BamHI-H rightward fragment 1-derived miRNAs (BHRF1 miRNA) in EBV-infected cells have been recently reported. Host miRNAs are also upregulated upon EBV infection. Viral and host miRNAs are important in maintaining viral infection and evasion of host immunity. Although miRNAs in EBV-infected cells often promote cell proliferation by targeting apoptosis or cell cycle, this review focuses on the regulation of the recognition of the host immune system. This review firstly describes the location and organization of two clusters of viral miRNAs, then describes evasion from host immune surveillance systems by modulating viral gene expression or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity by viral miRNAs as well as host miRNAs. Another topic is the enigmatic depletion of viral miRNAs in several types of EBV-infected tumor cells. Finally, this review introduces the strong correlation of nasopharyngeal cancer cases with a newly identified single nucleotide polymorphism that enhances BART miRNA promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hyoji Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Andy Visi Kartika
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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26
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Küçük C, Wang J, Xiang Y, You H. Epigenetic aberrations in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835919900856. [PMID: 32127923 PMCID: PMC7036507 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919900856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive malignancy that usually presents in the upper aerodigestive tract. This malignancy shows substantial geographic variability in incidence, and is characterized by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. Epigenetic aberrations may dysregulate the expression of genes involved in different hallmarks of cancer. A growing body of evidence underscores the importance of epigenetic aberrations in the pathogenesis of NKTCL. Promoter hypermethylation is a common epigenetic mechanism for the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes. Several epigenetically silenced tumour suppressor candidates (e.g. PRDM1, BIM) were identified in this aggressive cancer using locus-specific and genome-wide promoter methylation analyses. Importantly, genes involved in epigenetic modifications were identified to be mutated (e.g. KMT2D) or methylated (e.g. TET2) in NKTCL patients, which may contribute to pathogenesis through global alterations in chromatin states. Cancer-associated microRNAs, some of which are expressed by EBV, and long noncoding RNAs have been observed to be dysregulated in NKTCL. This review focuses on studies investigating epigenetic aberrations in NKTCL to bolster our overall understanding of the role of these abnormalities in disease pathobiology. We also discuss the potential of these epigenetic aberrations to improve diagnosis and prognosis as well as reveal novel targets of therapy for NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Küçük
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou 510095, China
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27
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Mishra R, Kumar A, Ingle H, Kumar H. The Interplay Between Viral-Derived miRNAs and Host Immunity During Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3079. [PMID: 32038626 PMCID: PMC6989438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during cellular processes. The host-encoded miRNAs are known to modulate the antiviral defense during viral infection. In the last decade, multiple DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to produce miRNAs known as viral miRNAs (v-miRNAs) so as to evade the host immune response. In this review, we highlight the origin and biogenesis of viral miRNAs during the viral lifecycle. We also explore the role of viral miRNAs in immune evasion and hence in maintaining chronic infection and disease. Finally, we offer insights into the underexplored role of viral miRNAs as potential targets for developing therapeutics for treating complex viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India.,Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology, Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Xu SJ, Hu HT, Li HL, Chang S. The Role of miRNAs in Immune Cell Development, Immune Cell Activation, and Tumor Immunity: With a Focus on Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101140. [PMID: 31554344 PMCID: PMC6829453 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the primary arena where tumor cells and the host immune system interact. Bidirectional communication between tumor cells and the associated stromal cell types within the TME influences disease initiation and progression, as well as tumor immunity. Macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the stromal compartment and display either pro- or anti-tumor properties, depending on the expression of key regulators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as such regulators. They affect several immune cell functions closely related to tumor evasion of the immune system. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in the differentiation, maturation, and activation of immune cells as well as tumor immunity, focusing particularly on macrophages and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Hong Tao Hu
- Department of Minimal Invasive Intervention, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Hai Liang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
- Department of Minimal Invasive Intervention, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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29
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Wang M, Gu B, Chen X, Wang Y, Li P, Wang K. The Function and Therapeutic Potential of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:657-668. [PMID: 31400608 PMCID: PMC6698931 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the global population. EBV is considered a contributory factor in a variety of malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Notably, EBV was the first virus found to encode microRNAs (miRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that EBV-encoded miRNAs contribute to the carcinogenesis and development of EBV-associated malignancies. EBV miRNAs have been shown to inhibit the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and immune signaling pathways. Therefore, EBV miRNAs perform a significant function in the complex host-virus interaction and EBV-driven carcinogenesis. However, the integrated mechanisms underlying the roles of EBV miRNAs in carcinogenesis remain to be further explored. In this review, we describe recent advances regarding the involvement of EBV miRNAs in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated malignancies and discuss their potential utility as cancer biomarkers. An in-depth investigation into the pro-carcinogenic role of EBV miRNAs will expand our knowledge of the biological processes associated with virus-driven tumors and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Bianli Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China.
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30
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Epstein-Barr Virus and Innate Immunity: Friends or Foes? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060183. [PMID: 31238570 PMCID: PMC6617214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) successfully persists in the vast majority of adults but causes lymphoid and epithelial malignancies in a small fraction of latently infected individuals. Innate immunity is the first-line antiviral defense, which EBV has to evade in favor of its own replication and infection. EBV uses multiple strategies to perturb innate immune signaling pathways activated by Toll-like, RIG-I-like, NOD-like, and AIM2-like receptors as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. EBV also counteracts interferon production and signaling, including TBK1-IRF3 and JAK-STAT pathways. However, activation of innate immunity also triggers pro-inflammatory response and proteolytic cleavage of caspases, both of which exhibit proviral activity under some circumstances. Pathogenic inflammation also contributes to EBV oncogenesis. EBV activates NFκB signaling and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Through differential modulation of the proviral and antiviral roles of caspases and other host factors at different stages of infection, EBV usurps cellular programs for death and inflammation to its own benefits. The outcome of EBV infection is governed by a delicate interplay between innate immunity and EBV. A better understanding of this interplay will instruct prevention and intervention of EBV-associated cancers.
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31
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Mei M, Zhang M. Non-coding RNAs in Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:515. [PMID: 31263681 PMCID: PMC6584837 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is associated with a poor outcome. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which account for 98% of human RNAs, lack the function of encoding proteins but instead have the important function of regulating gene expression, including transcription, translation, RNA splicing, editing, and turnover. However, the roles and mechanisms of aberrantly expressed ncRNAs in NKTCL are not fully clear. Aberrant expressions of microRNA (miRNAs) affect the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (miRNA-21, miRNA-155, miRNA-150, miRNA-142, miRNA-494), NF-κB (miRNA-146a, miRNA-155) and cell cycle signaling pathways to regulate cell function. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded miRNAs and EBV oncoprotein LMP-1 regulated the expression of cellular genes that induce invasion, metastasis, cell cycle progression and cellular transformation. In addition, NKTCL-associated Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ZFAS1 regulated certain pathways and lncRNA MALAT1 acted as a predictive marker. This review article provides an overview of ncRNAs associated with NKTCL, summarizes the function of significantly differentially expressed hotspot non-coding RNAs that contribute to the pathogenesis, diagnoses, treatment and prognosis of NKTCL and discusses the relevance of these ncRNAs to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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32
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Dong M, Chen JN, Huang JT, Gong LP, Shao CK. The roles of EBV-encoded microRNAs in EBV-associated tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 135:30-38. [PMID: 30819444 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be a pathogen causing a number of human cancers, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. An increasing number of studies have indicated that EBV-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) are expressed in a latency type- and tumor type-dependent manner, playing important roles in the development and progression of EBV-associated tumors. By targeting one or more genes of the virus and the host, EBV miRNAs are responsible for the deregulation of a variety of viral and host cell biological processes, including viral replication, latency maintenance, immune evasion, cell apoptosis and metabolism, and tumor proliferation and metastasis. In addition, some EBV miRNAs can be used as excellent diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy predictive biomarkers for EBV-associated tumors. More importantly, EBV miRNA-targeting therapeutics have emerged and have been developing rapidly, which may open a new era in the treatment of EBV-associated tumors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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33
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Iqbal J, Amador C, McKeithan TW, Chan WC. Molecular and Genomic Landscape of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 176:31-68. [PMID: 30596212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99716-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is an uncommon group of lymphoma covering a diverse spectrum of entities. Little was known regarding the molecular and genomic landscapes of these diseases until recently but the knowledge is still quite spotty with many rarer types of PTCL remain largely unexplored. In this chapter, the recent findings from gene expression profiling (GEP) studies, including profiling data on microRNA, where available, will be presented with emphasis on the implication on molecular diagnosis, prognostication, and the identification of new entities (PTCL-GATA3 and PTCL-TBX21) in the PTCL-NOS group. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing have unraveled the mutational landscape in a number of PTCL entities leading to a marked improvement in the understanding of their pathogenesis and biology. While many mutations are shared among PTCL entities, the frequency varies and certain mutations are quite unique to a specific entity. For example, TET2 is often mutated but this is particularly frequent (70-80%) in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and IDH2 R172 mutations appear to be unique for AITL. In general, chromatin modifiers and molecular components in the CD28/T-cell receptor signaling pathways are frequently mutated. The major findings will be summarized in this chapter correlating with GEP data and clinical features where appropriate. The mutational landscape of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, specifically on mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Iqbal
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
| | - Catalina Amador
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
| | - Timothy W McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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34
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Wu Q, Han T, Sheng X, Zhang N, Wang P. Downregulation of EB virus miR-BART4 inhibits proliferation and aggressiveness while promoting radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:741-751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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35
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Lin C, Zong J, Lin W, Wang M, Xu Y, Zhou R, Lin S, Guo Q, Chen H, Ye Y, Zhang B, Pan J. EBV-miR-BART8-3p induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through activating NF-κB and Erk1/2 pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:283. [PMID: 30477559 PMCID: PMC6257964 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is ubiquitously associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV encodes two groups of microRNAs (miRNAs) which are divided into BamHI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1 (BHRF1) and BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs. EBV miR-BART has been found to be involved in the development and progression of NPC. However, so far the role of EBV-miR-BART8-3p in NPC progression remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of EBV-miR-BART8-3p in NPC and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods miRNA expression was profiled in NPC and normal nasopharyngeal mucosal specimens using miRNA sequencing. EBV-miR-BART8-3p and RNF38 expression was quantified with qPCR assay. The migration, invasion and metastasis of NPC cells were evaluated using CCK-8, colony-forming, wound-healing, and migration and invasion assays. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers,metastasis-related markers and NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling proteins were determined using Western blotting. Tumorigenic assay was performed to evaluate the pulmonary metastatic ability of NPC cells in vivo. Results EBV BART miRNAs were highly over-expressed and co-expressed in NPC and might be associated with deactivated immune response in NPC according to the sequencing analysis. EBV-miR-BART8-3p expression was significantly higher in human NPC specimens than in normal nasopharyngeal mucosal specimens. EBV-miR-BART8-3p was found to promote NPC migration, invasion and metastasis, drove an EMT process and upregulated expression of metastasis-related proteins expression in NPC cells. Our data showed EBV-miR-BART8-3p directly targeted RNF38 in NPC cells. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that EBV-miR-BART8-3p plays a significant role in inducing EMT and promoting metastasis through directly targeting RNF38 in NPC cells via the activation of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that EBV-miR-BART8-3p is a potential therapeutic target for NPC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0953-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jingfeng Zong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wansong Lin
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yuanji Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shaojun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiaojuan Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yunbin Ye
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Jianji Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350011, Fujian Province, China.
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Epstein-Barr Virus MicroRNA miR-BART5-3p Inhibits p53 Expression. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01022-18. [PMID: 30209170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01022-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human virus found to encode many microRNAs. It is etiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. During the latent infection period, there are only a few EBV proteins expressed, whereas EBV microRNAs, such as the BamHI-A region rightward transcript (BART) microRNAs, are highly expressed. However, how these BART miRNAs precisely regulate the tumor growth in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma remains obscure. Here, we report that upregulation of EBV-miR-BART5-3p promotes the growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma cells. BART5-3p directly targets the tumor suppressor gene TP53 on its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and consequently downregulates CDKN1A, BAX, and FAS expression, leading to acceleration of the cell cycle progress and inhibition of cell apoptosis. BART5-3p contributes to the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and ionizing irradiation-induced p53 increase. Moreover, BART5-3p also facilitates degradation of p53 proteins. BART5-3p is the first EBV-microRNA to be identified as inhibiting p53 expression and function, which suggests a novel mechanism underlying the strategies employed by EBV to maintain latent infection and promote the development of EBV-associated carcinomas.IMPORTANCE EBV encodes 44 mature microRNAs, which have been proven to promote EBV-associated diseases by targeting host genes and self-viral genes. In EBV-associated carcinomas, the expression of viral protein is limited but the expression of BART microRNAs is extremely high, suggesting that they could be major factors in the contribution of EBV-associated tumorigenesis. p53 is a critical tumor suppressor. Unlike in most human solid tumors, TP53 mutations are rare in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma tissues, suggesting a possibility that some EBV-encoded products suppress the functions of p53. This study provides the first evidence that a BART microRNA can suppress p53 expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR. This study implies that EBV can use its BART microRNAs to modulate the expression of p53, thus maintaining its latency and contributing to tumorigenesis.
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37
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Nan Y, Wu C, Zhang YJ. Interferon Independent Non-Canonical STAT Activation and Virus Induced Inflammation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040196. [PMID: 29662014 PMCID: PMC5923490 DOI: 10.3390/v10040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of secreted proteins that play critical roles in antiviral immunity, antitumor activity, activation of cytotoxic T cells, and modulation of host immune responses. IFNs are cytokines, and bind receptors on cell surfaces to trigger signal transduction. The major signaling pathway activated by IFNs is the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, a complex pathway involved in both viral and host survival strategies. On the one hand, viruses have evolved strategies to escape from antiviral host defenses evoked by IFN-activated JAK/STAT signaling. On the other hand, viruses have also evolved to exploit the JAK/STAT pathway to evoke activation of certain STATs that somehow promote viral pathogenesis. In this review, recent progress in our understanding of the virus-induced IFN-independent STAT signaling and its potential roles in viral induced inflammation and pathogenesis are summarized in detail, and perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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38
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Wang M, Yu F, Wu W, Wang Y, Ding H, Qian L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs as regulators in host immune responses. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:565-576. [PMID: 29805308 PMCID: PMC5968849 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that infects over 90% of the world's adult population. EBV can establish life-long latent infection in host due to the balance between EBV and host immune system. EBV latency is associated with various malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. EBV is the first human virus that has the capability to encode microRNAs (miRNAs). Remarkably, EBV-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in latently-infected cells and serve important function in viral infection and pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. This review will update the current knowledge about EBV miRNAs implicated in host immune responses. An in-depth understanding of the functions of EBV miRNAs in host antiviral immunity will shed light on the EBV-host interactions and provide potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Han Ding
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Lili Qian
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Dengzhou Road 38, Qingdao 266021, China
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Chen JL, Nong GM. [Advances in application of Jurkat cell model in research on infectious diseases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:236-242. [PMID: 29530126 PMCID: PMC7389782 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases can be caused by multiple pathogens, which can produce specific immune response in human body. The immune response produced by T cells is cellular immunity, which plays an important role in the anti-infection process of human body, and can participate in immunological protection and cause immunopathology. The outcome of various infectious diseases is closely related to cellular immune function, especially the function of T cells. Jurkat cells belong to the human acute T lymphocyte leukemia cell line. Jurkat cell model can simulate the function T lymphocytes, so it is widely used in the in vitro studies of T cell signal transduction, cytokines, and receptor expression, and can provide reference and guidance for the treatment of various infectious diseases and the research on their pathogenesis. The Jurkat cell model has been widely used in the in vitro studies of viral diseases and atypical pathogens, but parasitic infection studies using the Jurkat cell model are still rare. This article reviews advances in the application of Jurkat cell model in the research on infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer that represents a major health burden in Southern China and Southeast Asia. Although the close association of NPC with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been demonstrated, its exact role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy is still unclear. The expression of EBV-encoded microRNAs, especially BART miRNAs, which are encoded from the BamHI-A region of the viral genome, is detected at a high level in NPC. miRNAs are small noncoding mRNAs that can positively regulate the virus to ensure accurate expression of viral genomes and to modify the gene expression of host cells by negative regulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that ebv-mir-BARTs play a critical role in host cell survival, immune escape, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cancer metabolism, promoting the generation of NPC. This review will summarize our current understanding of the nature and function of ebv-mir-BARTs in NPC.
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An Epstein-Barr Virus MicroRNA Blocks Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Signaling by Targeting IL-1 Receptor 1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00530-17. [PMID: 28794034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00530-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes >44 viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that are differentially expressed throughout infection, can be detected in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumors, and manipulate several biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Here, we show that EBV BHRF1-2 miRNAs block NF-κB activation following treatment with proinflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Analysis of EBV PAR-CLIP miRNA targetome data sets combined with pathway analysis revealed multiple BHRF1-2 miRNA targets involved in interleukin signaling pathways. By further analyzing changes in cellular gene expression patterns, we identified the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1) as a direct target of miR-BHRF1-2-5p. Targeting the IL1R1 3' untranslated region (UTR) by EBV miR-BHRF1-2-5p was confirmed using 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assays and Western blot assays. Manipulation of EBV BHRF1-2 miRNA activity in latently infected B cells altered steady-state cytokine levels and disrupted IL-1β responsiveness. These studies demonstrate functionally relevant BHRF1-2 miRNA interactions during EBV infection, which is an important step in understanding their roles in pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE IL-1 signaling plays an important role in inflammation and early activation of host innate immune responses following virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that a viral miRNA downregulates the IL-1 receptor 1 during EBV infection, which consequently alters the responsiveness of cells to IL-1 stimuli and changes the cytokine expression levels within infected cell populations. We postulate that this viral miRNA activity not only disrupts IL-1 autocrine and paracrine signaling loops that can alert effector cells to sites of infection but also provides a survival advantage by dampening excessive inflammation that may be detrimental to the infected cell.
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Ribeiro J, Malta M, Galaghar A, Silva F, Afonso LP, Medeiros R, Sousa H. P53 deregulation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 404:37-43. [PMID: 28729047 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TP53 is a tumour suppressor gene frequently mutated in human cancers; nevertheless, in EBV-associated malignancies mutations are uncommon despite frequent deregulation of the p53 pathway. In this study, we aimed to investigate p53 expression, TP53 mRNA levels and TP53 mutations in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). A case-control study was performed using 46 patients: 15 EBVaGC and 31 EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC) cases. p53 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), the evaluation of p53 mRNA levels was performed by RT-qPCR and TP53 mutations were investigated only in EBVaGC cases using the DNA sanger sequencing method. p53 expression was found in 97.8% (45/46) of all gastric cancer cases (including EBVaGC and EBVnGC groups). Despite the high frequency of p53 expression in both groups, the percentages of cells are significantly higher among EBVaGC cases (p = 0.027). Regarding the mRNA levels, we found a significantly increased expression of p53 mRNA in EBVnGC (2-ΔΔCt = 13.4 ± 2.4; p = 0.0029) when compared with EBVaGC. Furthermore, the sequencing analysis of TP53 gene revealed that only one of the 15 EBVaGC cases presented a missense mutation. Our results demonstrated that EBV-associated gastric carcinomas are characterized by a significant decrease of TP53 mRNA levels with a strong p53 expression and rare TP53 mutations when compared with EBV-negative cancers. Considering these results, EBV seems to induce a stabilization of p53 in the EBVaGC independently of the presence of mutations, which remains to be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portugal
| | - Mariana Malta
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Galaghar
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Silva
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto FG EPE, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação 6657, 4200 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto FG EPE, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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An update: Epstein-Barr virus and immune evasion via microRNA regulation. Virol Sin 2017; 32:175-187. [PMID: 28669004 PMCID: PMC6702289 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that ubiquitously establishes
life-long persistence in humans. To ensure its survival and maintain its B cell
transformation function, EBV has developed powerful strategies to evade host immune
responses. Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful
regulators of the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In this review, we summarize
current progress on how EBV utilizes miRNAs for immune evasion. EBV encodes miRNAs
targeting both viral and host genes involved in the immune response. The miRNAs are
found in two gene clusters, and recent studies have demonstrated that lack of these
clusters increases the CD4+ and
CD8+ T cell response of infected cells. These reports
strongly indicate that EBV miRNAs are critical for immune evasion. In addition, EBV
is able to dysregulate the expression of a variety of host miRNAs, which influence
multiple immune-related molecules and signaling pathways. The transport via exosomes
of EBV-regulated miRNAs and viral proteins contributes to the construction and
modification of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. During EBV immune evasion,
viral proteins, immune cells, chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
pro-apoptosis molecules are involved. Our increasing knowledge of the role of miRNAs
in immune evasion will improve the understanding of EBV persistence and help to
develop new treatments for EBV-associated cancers and other diseases.
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Flór TB, Blom B. Pathogens Use and Abuse MicroRNAs to Deceive the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:538. [PMID: 27070595 PMCID: PMC4848994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs) play a role in the survival and amplification of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens. There are various ways in which pathogens can benefit from miR-directed alterations in protein translation and signal transduction. Members of the herpesviridae family have previously been shown to encode multiple miRs, while the production of miRs by viruses like HIV-1 remained controversial. Recently, novel techniques have facilitated the elucidation of true miR targets by establishing miR-argonaute association and the subsequent interactions with their cognate cellular mRNAs. This, in combination with miR reporter assays, has generated physiologically relevant evidence that miRs from the herpesviridae family have the potential to downregulate multiple cellular targets, which are involved in immune activation, cytokine signaling and apoptosis. In addition, viruses and bacteria have also been linked to the induction of host cellular miRs, which have the capacity to mitigate immune activation, cytokine signaling and apoptosis. Interfering with miR expression may be clinically relevant. In the case of hepatitis C infection, the cellular miR-122 is already targeted therapeutically. This not only exemplifies how important miRs can be for the survival of specific viruses, but it also delineates the potential to use miRs as drug targets. In this paper we will review the latest reports on viruses and bacteria that abuse miR regulation for their benefit, which may be of interest in the development of miR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Flór
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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45
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Hu JY, Zhang J, Ma JZ, Liang XY, Chen GY, Lu R, Du GF, Zhou G. MicroRNA-155-IFN-γ Feedback Loop in CD4(+)T Cells of Erosive type Oral Lichen Planus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16935. [PMID: 26594049 PMCID: PMC4655359 DOI: 10.1038/srep16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated immune disorder, and we have indicated a Th1-dominated immune response in OLP. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) could promote Th1 cells polarization. The present study aims to determine the role of miR-155 in immune response of OLP. The expression of miR-155 and the target mRNA was tested by Real-Time PCR. The serum levels of IL-2, 4, 10 and IFN-γ were examined with ELISA. Furthermore, in vitro study was built to observe the function of miR-155 in erosive-type OLP (EOLP). Finally, we determined the expression and correlation of miR-155 and SOCS1 in EOLP CD4+ T cells. The results showed miR-155 was high related with the disease severities. Besides, serum IFN-γ was specifically increased in EOLP group, while IL-4 was decreased. In vitro studies showed miR-155 could reinforce IFN-γ signal transducer, and the induction of IFN-γ could also promote miR-155 expression in EOLP CD4+ T cells. In addition, miR-155 levels were negatively related with SOCS1 mRNA expression in EOLP CD4+ T cells. Our study revealed a positive miR-155- IFN-γ feedback loop in EOLP CD4+ T cell, which might contribute to the Th1-dominated immune response. Furthermore, miR-155 could be used for the evaluation and treatment of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yi Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Ying Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Fei Du
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Epstein-Barr Virus MicroRNA miR-BART20-5p Suppresses Lytic Induction by Inhibiting BAD-Mediated caspase-3-Dependent Apoptosis. J Virol 2015; 90:1359-68. [PMID: 26581978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02794-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with a variety of tumor types. EBV can establish latency or undergo lytic replication in host cells. In general, EBV remains latent in tumors and expresses a limited repertoire of latent proteins to avoid host immune surveillance. When the lytic cycle is triggered by some as-yet-unknown form of stimulation, lytic gene expression and progeny virus production commence. Thus far, the exact mechanism of EBV latency maintenance and the in vivo triggering signal for lytic induction have yet to be elucidated. Previously, we have shown that the EBV microRNA miR-BART20-5p directly targets the immediate early genes BRLF1 and BZLF1 as well as Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD) in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. In this study, we found that both mRNA and protein levels of BRLF1 and BZLF1 were suppressed in cells following BAD knockdown and increased after BAD overexpression. Progeny virus production was also downregulated by specific knockdown of BAD. Our results demonstrated that caspase-3-dependent apoptosis is a prerequisite for BAD-mediated EBV lytic cycle induction. Therefore, our data suggest that miR-BART20-5p plays an important role in latency maintenance and tumor persistence of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma by inhibiting BAD-mediated caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, which would trigger immediate early gene expression. IMPORTANCE EBV has an ability to remain latent in host cells, including EBV-associated tumor cells hiding from immune surveillance. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of EBV latency maintenance remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that miR-BART20-5p inhibited the expression of EBV immediate early genes indirectly, by suppressing BAD-induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, in addition to directly, as we previously reported. Our study suggests that EBV-associated tumor cells might endure apoptotic stress to some extent and remain latent with the aid of miR-BART20-5p. Blocking the expression or function of BART20-5p may expedite EBV-associated tumor cell death via immune attack and apoptosis.
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Kang D, Skalsky RL, Cullen BR. EBV BART MicroRNAs Target Multiple Pro-apoptotic Cellular Genes to Promote Epithelial Cell Survival. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004979. [PMID: 26070070 PMCID: PMC4466530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus that can give rise to cancers of both B-cell and epithelial cell origin. In EBV-induced cancers of epithelial origin, including nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) and gastric carcinomas, the latent EBV genome expresses very high levels of a cluster of 22 viral pre-miRNAs, called the miR-BARTs, and these have previously been shown to confer a degree of resistance to pro-apoptotic drugs. Here, we present an analysis of the ability of individual miR-BART pre-miRNAs to confer an anti-apoptotic phenotype and report that five of the 22 miR-BARTs demonstrate this ability. We next used photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) to globally identify the mRNA targets bound by these miR-BARTs in latently infected epithelial cells. This led to the identification of ten mRNAs encoding pro-apoptotic mRNA targets, all of which could be confirmed as valid targets for the five anti-apoptotic miR-BARTs by indicator assays and by demonstrating that ectopic expression of physiological levels of the relevant miR-BART in the epithelial cell line AGS resulted in a significant repression of the target mRNA as well as the encoded protein product. Using RNA interference, we further demonstrated that knockdown of at least seven of these cellular miR-BART target transcripts phenocopies the anti-apoptotic activity seen upon expression of the relevant EBV miR-BART miRNA. Together, these observations validate previously published reports arguing that the miR-BARTs can exert an anti-apoptotic effect in EBV-infected epithelial cells and provide a mechanistic explanation for this activity. Moreover, these results identify and validate a substantial number of novel mRNA targets for the anti-apoptotic miR-BARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Skalsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bryan R. Cullen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Chen HH, Huang WT, Yang LW, Lin CW. The PTEN-AKT-mTOR/RICTOR Pathway in Nasal Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma Is Activated by miR-494-3p via PTEN But Inhibited by miR-142-3p via RICTOR. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1487-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Capone G, Fasano C, Lucchese G, Calabrò M, Kanduc D. EBV-Associated Cancer and Autoimmunity: Searching for Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:74-89. [PMID: 26344947 PMCID: PMC4494242 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects B-, T-, and NK cells and has been associated not only with a wide range of lymphoid malignancies but also with autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and, in particular, multiple sclerosis. Hence, effective immunotherapeutic approaches to eradicate EBV infection might overthrow cancer and autoimmunity incidence. However, currently no effective anti-EBV immunotherapy is available. Here we use the concept that protein immunogenicity is allocated in rare peptide sequences and search the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) sequence for peptides unique to the viral protein and absent in the human host. We report on a set of unique EBV EBNA1 peptides that might be used in designing peptide-based therapies able to specifically hitting the virus or neutralizing pathogenic autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Candida Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Lucchese
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michele Calabrò
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
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50
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Yu XH, Zhang J, Zheng XL, Yang YH, Tang CK. Interferon-γ in foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 441:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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